Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
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{{Requests for deletion/Archives}}
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= Undeletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFU}}
{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}}

==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
{{clear}}
&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted for lack of a valid NFCC. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:34, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==
{{closed|1=consensus to delete [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:38, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}
The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This is one of [[User:Panic2k4|Panic2k4's]] books, not a WP import. They remain an active, if sporadic, contributor and may well return to this in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:41, 24 October 2024 (UTC)
*:I just realized they were never notified about the nom, so I'll go ahead and do so on their talk page for posterity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:10, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==
{{closed|1=clear consensus to delete [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:45, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

{{end closed}}

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The page has a list of chapters/sections, but these are not linked. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:56, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:55, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:54, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. Subpages are redlinks except for [[Australian Property Law/Introduction]], which does not save the material. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:09, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. Has a list of redlinks for subpages; there is one subpage: [[Algebra and Number Theory/Elementary Number Theory]]. This is not useful and has been abandoned for too long. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:05, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:06, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:07, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:07, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:52, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{del}} per nom. The only subpage is this: [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max/HDRI Maps]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:51, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:50, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:49, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': a book selecting vocabulary into introductory groups is very different from a lexical database such as Wiktionary. In Wiktionary, one does not know where to start learning the vocabulary. Admittedly, the title gives excessively broad scope, so something should probably be done. (The argument with 50 views/day has some force.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. All indicated subpages are redlinks. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:27, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The only subpage: [[Mercury Programming/Types]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:26, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. No subpages; all listed subpages are redlinks. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}}. For the record, the page starts: &quot;This project is to create an Open Source religion and philosophy, transparent and accessible to all, directed to interest all without discrimination.&quot; By the way, I would not mind instead quasi-deleting by moving to userspace of the main author so that anyone can review later what kind of material is being deleted. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:03, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The only subpage: [[Programming for the consultant/Approaching A New Code Base]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:24, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom; could be speedy. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:00, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The one existing subpage is [[Radiata Stories/Character Recruitment]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:23, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:21, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom, but I think a change of [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] is needed so that we can delete useless stubs abandoned for a long time. The nominated page cannot be of any use as is. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:59, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}}: no meaningful content. A bit of meaningful content is in [[Guide to Unix]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:53, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom: almost no meaningful content. No further reading. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:54, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:55, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this feels like it was an attempt to use Wikibooks to organize a university project and collect student writings; even if it had made more progress, it's not clear that the outcome would have been a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management]] ==

As best I can tell, this was intended at one point to be an internal resource for employees of an ODU (Old Dominion University) career office; what little of it exists is primarily focused on minutae irrelevant to anyone outside that office, like [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management/Get Oriented/How we do it|who to email to schedule an information session]] or a collection of [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management/Get Up-to-Date/CAP Meeting|meeting notes]]. It's also all been essentially untouched since 2007. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:49, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per stated reasoning —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:11, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Golf]] ==

Extremely minimal content; educational/book scope is unclear; abandoned for &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Counterterror Joint Command]] ==

Unclear how this falls into WB scope—doesn't seem to be an educational book, and educational scope is undefined; abandoned as well —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:17, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is perplexing; it's written like a policy proposal on behalf of an agency, not a textbook. From context I ''think'' it's about the [[:w:National Police Agency (Taiwan)]], but it's entirely unclear whether this was intended as an official report or some sort of weird fan fiction. Either way, it doesn't belong here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:31, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Flight Attendant Manual]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; consists only of a list of country codes and the phonetic alphabet. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:19, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of the ODU Art Department]] ==

A collection of fragmentary biographies and interviews of members of the ODU (Old Dominion University) art department. Some of these are individually interesting, I guess, but they don't really add up to a history of the department, let alone to an instructional text. Most editing activity appears to have been around 2008-09; there's almost no activity since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Making Neon Signs]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Was imported from WP (as the nominator suspected) and is still just a WP article, not a textbook. Out of scope and abandoned. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:31, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}

Seems just like an imported WP article; educational book scope unclear; abandoned for years —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Understanding the National Certificate of Educational Achievement]] ==

Scope unclear; very little content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:30, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Release Management]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; very little content; unclear what its scope as a book is —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Management for IT Professionals]] ==

Minimal content; book scope unclear; abandoned almost 2 decades —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Living in Bangkok]] ==

Minimal content; consists of single chapter that contains likely outdated information —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:14, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Limburgish]] ==

Abandoned; single chapter with minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:19, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
:In general, I think deletion not solve anything. While the contents is minimal, it's still better than nothing at all. Rather, an invitation should be made to expand on it. --[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|Ooswesthoesbes]] ([[User talk:Ooswesthoesbes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ooswesthoesbes|contribs]]) 06:27, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|Ooswesthoesbes]]! While I understand your perspective, I unfortunately disagree. Wikibooks has a huge number of abandoned stubs like this one, which I think results in clutter and makes the entire project less useful as a result. Due to their nature and structure, books require a greater committed investment to make than, say, WP articles, and these little scraps are rarely developed here. This book has had plenty of opportunity for expansion since you started it over a decade ago, but nobody has actually made any effort to do so. Based on the evidence from the past decade, when weighing the likelihood of the book being properly developed going forward versus the active negative impact of its continued presence in this state, I favor deletion. Moreover, in the rare case that someone came along later and wanted to revive this book specifically, it could be undeleted. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:55, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Introduction to BASIC]] ==

Consists only of a few paragraphs and then a compilation of links —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Media Vault]] ==

Book-like scope is unclear; very minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:35, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - how-to content isn't necessarily out of scope, but this only describes how to perform a single (fairly straightforward) task, for a product which has been off the market for ~15 years and is unlikely to be of interest to future editors. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 01:02, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[GUI Design Principles]] ==

Single page that was never properly integrated into a book as it should have been —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:37, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender 3D: Game-making in Blender]] ==

Obsolete book with almost no content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:38, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basketball]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; doesn't contain much beyond what you'd find in a WP article —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:41, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Bug Free Programming]] ==

Unclear how exactly this constitutes an educational book; scope is unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:45, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Wow, I didn't even remember this one. I think it's perfectly clear how this is educational and the scope couldn't be clearer, either, but I'm not going to finish it so go ahead and delete it. [[User:Főszerkesztő Úr|Főszerkesztő Úr]] ([[User talk:Főszerkesztő Úr|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Főszerkesztő Úr|contribs]]) 12:35, 23 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation
in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Citroën XM]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; very minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Happiness]] ==

Significant NPOV issues; not much content; abandoned for &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:58, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Islamic Studies Grade 1]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade with very little content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:03, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - the table of contents makes it clear that this book was intended to house POV religious content (e.g. a chapter titled &quot;Allah Is The One&quot;). This is incompatible with [[WB:NPOV]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 01:12, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Austrian German]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; scope not well outlined, main page only; minimal content insufficient for book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

== Several pages in [[Hobo tourism]] and [[Hobo travel journalism]] ==

The following pages are entirely self-promotional content that is suitable for a blog but not WB (same contributor made the [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Various pages in Basics of fine-art photography|now-deleted pages from above]]).

* [[Hobo tourism/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Third African trip]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Visiting Death]]
* [[Hobo tourism/One day in an Afghan prison]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Around the world with empty pockets]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Indian dreams]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Two hundred days in Latin America]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Mongolian huyvaldagch]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's solo expedition to Africa (2017/18)]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Latin American expedition of Viktor Pinchuk]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Bum tour of winter Japan]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Creative trip to Mongolia]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Creative trip to India]]
* [[Hobo tourism/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)]]
* [[Hobo tourism/African Robbery]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/With a backpack around the planet (rubric in the newspaper “Southern Capital”)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Returning from distant wanderings (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Republic of Crimea&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Wind of wanderings (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Crimean Time&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Around the World (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Crimean Observer&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Travel notes (rubric in the ProX magazine)]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:01, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - I would support deleting the entire book, not just these chapters. Even aside from the self-promotional content listed above, other chapters give some ''extremely questionable'' advice on sleeping arrangements, such as:
:* Trespassing on private property ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells]]; [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction]])
:* Sleeping inside archaeological sites ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid]])
:* Harassing locals if they don't let you into their house ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings]] - &quot;independently knock on any dwelling, asking for a place under a canopy in the yard; with a negative result, repeating the action repeatedly&quot;)
:[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:45, 25 October 2024 (UTC)

== files from Phoenix Wright ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes ([[WB:NFCC]]#8): [[:File:AAIME Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:PWAAJFA episode1.png]], [[:File:PW JFA Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:Gyakuten Kenji 2 Official Artwork.png]], [[:File:AJ officialart.jpg]], [[:File:PW T&amp;T Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:SMB2 dream staircase art.jpg]]. 

Galleries ([[WB:NFCC]]#3): [[:File:Moonflow 27.jpg]], [[:File:Macalania 18.jpg]], [[:File:Chauncey LM.jpg]] , [[:File:King Boo LM.jpg]], [[:File:Boolossus LM.jpg]]. — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:22, 30 October 2024 (UTC)

:My thoughts below:
:* [[:File:AAIME Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PWAAJFA episode1.png]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PW JFA Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:Gyakuten Kenji 2 Official Artwork.png]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:AJ officialart.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PW T&amp;T Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:SMB2 dream staircase art.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:Moonflow 27.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  low resolution and seems to be illustrating something
:* [[:File:Macalania 18.jpg]] Uncertain
:* [[:File:Chauncey LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:* [[:File:King Boo LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:* [[:File:Boolossus LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>l0b7h0biz9nxyzzl90rty7jvy9f99r2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443372</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart */</comment>
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      <text bytes="79774" sha1="4528npp9sa2f95f7o8dn0oopaq1lotw" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{Requests for deletion/Archives}}
{{Requests for deletion/Using Template:Icon}}
{{clear}}

= Undeletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFU}}
{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}}

==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
{{clear}}
&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted for lack of a valid NFCC. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:34, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==
{{closed|1=consensus to delete [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:38, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}
The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. This is one of [[User:Panic2k4|Panic2k4's]] books, not a WP import. They remain an active, if sporadic, contributor and may well return to this in the future. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:41, 24 October 2024 (UTC)
*:I just realized they were never notified about the nom, so I'll go ahead and do so on their talk page for posterity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:10, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==
{{closed|1=clear consensus to delete [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:45, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

{{end closed}}

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:10, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The page has a list of chapters/sections, but these are not linked. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:56, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:55, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:54, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. Subpages are redlinks except for [[Australian Property Law/Introduction]], which does not save the material. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:09, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. Has a list of redlinks for subpages; there is one subpage: [[Algebra and Number Theory/Elementary Number Theory]]. This is not useful and has been abandoned for too long. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:05, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:06, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:07, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:07, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:08, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:52, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{del}} per nom. The only subpage is this: [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max/HDRI Maps]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:51, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:50, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:49, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': a book selecting vocabulary into introductory groups is very different from a lexical database such as Wiktionary. In Wiktionary, one does not know where to start learning the vocabulary. Admittedly, the title gives excessively broad scope, so something should probably be done. (The argument with 50 views/day has some force.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:48, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. All indicated subpages are redlinks. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:27, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The only subpage: [[Mercury Programming/Types]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:26, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. No subpages; all listed subpages are redlinks. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}}. For the record, the page starts: &quot;This project is to create an Open Source religion and philosophy, transparent and accessible to all, directed to interest all without discrimination.&quot; By the way, I would not mind instead quasi-deleting by moving to userspace of the main author so that anyone can review later what kind of material is being deleted. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:03, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The only subpage: [[Programming for the consultant/Approaching A New Code Base]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:24, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom; could be speedy. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:00, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. The one existing subpage is [[Radiata Stories/Character Recruitment]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:23, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:21, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom, but I think a change of [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] is needed so that we can delete useless stubs abandoned for a long time. The nominated page cannot be of any use as is. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:59, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}}: no meaningful content. A bit of meaningful content is in [[Guide to Unix]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:53, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom: almost no meaningful content. No further reading. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:54, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 05:55, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this feels like it was an attempt to use Wikibooks to organize a university project and collect student writings; even if it had made more progress, it's not clear that the outcome would have been a textbook. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* {{del}} per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:25, 17 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management]] ==

As best I can tell, this was intended at one point to be an internal resource for employees of an ODU (Old Dominion University) career office; what little of it exists is primarily focused on minutae irrelevant to anyone outside that office, like [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management/Get Oriented/How we do it|who to email to schedule an information session]] or a collection of [[Cyber Guide to ODU Career Management/Get Up-to-Date/CAP Meeting|meeting notes]]. It's also all been essentially untouched since 2007. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:49, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per stated reasoning —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:11, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Golf]] ==

Extremely minimal content; educational/book scope is unclear; abandoned for &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Counterterror Joint Command]] ==

Unclear how this falls into WB scope—doesn't seem to be an educational book, and educational scope is undefined; abandoned as well —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:17, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is perplexing; it's written like a policy proposal on behalf of an agency, not a textbook. From context I ''think'' it's about the [[:w:National Police Agency (Taiwan)]], but it's entirely unclear whether this was intended as an official report or some sort of weird fan fiction. Either way, it doesn't belong here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:31, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Flight Attendant Manual]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; consists only of a list of country codes and the phonetic alphabet. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:19, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of the ODU Art Department]] ==

A collection of fragmentary biographies and interviews of members of the ODU (Old Dominion University) art department. Some of these are individually interesting, I guess, but they don't really add up to a history of the department, let alone to an instructional text. Most editing activity appears to have been around 2008-09; there's almost no activity since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Making Neon Signs]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Was imported from WP (as the nominator suspected) and is still just a WP article, not a textbook. Out of scope and abandoned. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 15:31, 24 October 2024 (UTC)}}

Seems just like an imported WP article; educational book scope unclear; abandoned for years —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Understanding the National Certificate of Educational Achievement]] ==

Scope unclear; very little content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:30, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Release Management]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; very little content; unclear what its scope as a book is —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:11, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Management for IT Professionals]] ==

Minimal content; book scope unclear; abandoned almost 2 decades —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Living in Bangkok]] ==

Minimal content; consists of single chapter that contains likely outdated information —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:14, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Limburgish]] ==

Abandoned; single chapter with minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:19, 18 October 2024 (UTC)
:In general, I think deletion not solve anything. While the contents is minimal, it's still better than nothing at all. Rather, an invitation should be made to expand on it. --[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|Ooswesthoesbes]] ([[User talk:Ooswesthoesbes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ooswesthoesbes|contribs]]) 06:27, 19 October 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Ooswesthoesbes|Ooswesthoesbes]]! While I understand your perspective, I unfortunately disagree. Wikibooks has a huge number of abandoned stubs like this one, which I think results in clutter and makes the entire project less useful as a result. Due to their nature and structure, books require a greater committed investment to make than, say, WP articles, and these little scraps are rarely developed here. This book has had plenty of opportunity for expansion since you started it over a decade ago, but nobody has actually made any effort to do so. Based on the evidence from the past decade, when weighing the likelihood of the book being properly developed going forward versus the active negative impact of its continued presence in this state, I favor deletion. Moreover, in the rare case that someone came along later and wanted to revive this book specifically, it could be undeleted. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:55, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Introduction to BASIC]] ==

Consists only of a few paragraphs and then a compilation of links —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[International Baccalaureate]] ==

Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Media Vault]] ==

Book-like scope is unclear; very minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:35, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - how-to content isn't necessarily out of scope, but this only describes how to perform a single (fairly straightforward) task, for a product which has been off the market for ~15 years and is unlikely to be of interest to future editors. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 01:02, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[GUI Design Principles]] ==

Single page that was never properly integrated into a book as it should have been —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:37, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender 3D: Game-making in Blender]] ==

Obsolete book with almost no content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:38, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basketball]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; doesn't contain much beyond what you'd find in a WP article —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:41, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Bug Free Programming]] ==

Unclear how exactly this constitutes an educational book; scope is unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:45, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Wow, I didn't even remember this one. I think it's perfectly clear how this is educational and the scope couldn't be clearer, either, but I'm not going to finish it so go ahead and delete it. [[User:Főszerkesztő Úr|Főszerkesztő Úr]] ([[User talk:Főszerkesztő Úr|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Főszerkesztő Úr|contribs]]) 12:35, 23 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Character List for Baxter&amp;Sagart]] ==

Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

:These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC)

== [[Citroën XM]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; very minimal content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:57, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Happiness]] ==

Significant NPOV issues; not much content; abandoned for &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:58, 18 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Islamic Studies Grade 1]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade with very little content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:03, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - the table of contents makes it clear that this book was intended to house POV religious content (e.g. a chapter titled &quot;Allah Is The One&quot;). This is incompatible with [[WB:NPOV]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 01:12, 20 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] ==

Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Austrian German]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; scope not well outlined, main page only; minimal content insufficient for book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

== Several pages in [[Hobo tourism]] and [[Hobo travel journalism]] ==

The following pages are entirely self-promotional content that is suitable for a blog but not WB (same contributor made the [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Various pages in Basics of fine-art photography|now-deleted pages from above]]).

* [[Hobo tourism/Third creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Third African trip]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Visiting Death]]
* [[Hobo tourism/One day in an Afghan prison]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Around the world with empty pockets]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Indian dreams]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Two months of wandering and 14 days behind bars]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Holiday of wandering mzungu]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Afghan prisoner]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Two hundred days in Latin America]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Mongolian huyvaldagch]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Six months by islands... and countries]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's expedition to the Islands of Oceania]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Viktor Pinchuk's solo expedition to Africa (2017/18)]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Latin American expedition of Viktor Pinchuk]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Bum tour of winter Japan]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Afghan Expedition of Viktor Pinchuk]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Second creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Creative trip to Mongolia]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Creative trip to India]]
* [[Hobo tourism/First creative trip of Viktor Pinchuk to Africa]]
* [[Hobo tourism/Tropical fever in the bum tour (an example from practice)]]
* [[Hobo tourism/African Robbery]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/With a backpack around the planet (rubric in the newspaper “Southern Capital”)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Returning from distant wanderings (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Republic of Crimea&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Wind of wanderings (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Crimean Time&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Around the World (rubric in the newspaper &quot;Crimean Observer&quot;)]]
* [[Hobo travel journalism/Travel notes (rubric in the ProX magazine)]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:01, 24 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - I would support deleting the entire book, not just these chapters. Even aside from the self-promotional content listed above, other chapters give some ''extremely questionable'' advice on sleeping arrangements, such as:
:* Trespassing on private property ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In halls and stairwells]]; [[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/On objects under construction]])
:* Sleeping inside archaeological sites ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In the ancient pyramid]])
:* Harassing locals if they don't let you into their house ([[Hobo tourism/Overnight stays in long intercontinental journeys/In Aboriginal dwellings]] - &quot;independently knock on any dwelling, asking for a place under a canopy in the yard; with a negative result, repeating the action repeatedly&quot;)
:[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:45, 25 October 2024 (UTC)

== files from Phoenix Wright ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes ([[WB:NFCC]]#8): [[:File:AAIME Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:PWAAJFA episode1.png]], [[:File:PW JFA Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:Gyakuten Kenji 2 Official Artwork.png]], [[:File:AJ officialart.jpg]], [[:File:PW T&amp;T Official Artwork.jpg]], [[:File:SMB2 dream staircase art.jpg]]. 

Galleries ([[WB:NFCC]]#3): [[:File:Moonflow 27.jpg]], [[:File:Macalania 18.jpg]], [[:File:Chauncey LM.jpg]] , [[:File:King Boo LM.jpg]], [[:File:Boolossus LM.jpg]]. — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:22, 30 October 2024 (UTC)

:My thoughts below:
:* [[:File:AAIME Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PWAAJFA episode1.png]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PW JFA Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:Gyakuten Kenji 2 Official Artwork.png]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:AJ officialart.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:PW T&amp;T Official Artwork.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:SMB2 dream staircase art.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  purely decorative
:* [[:File:Moonflow 27.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  low resolution and seems to be illustrating something
:* [[:File:Macalania 18.jpg]] Uncertain
:* [[:File:Chauncey LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:* [[:File:King Boo LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:* [[:File:Boolossus LM.jpg]] [[Image:Symbol keep vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Keep'''  seems to be actually illustrating something
:Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4528npp9sa2f95f7o8dn0oopaq1lotw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Midwestern Chicken Wings</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>13337</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443355</id>
      <parentid>4430563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:33:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>4443355</origin>
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      <text bytes="2174" sha1="gel4gjuln5l69t3lf8rbzy3pijc95rx" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Category = Chicken recipes
| Servings = 6–8
| Time = 3 hours
| Difficulty = 2
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meat Recipes]] | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United States|United States]]

Midwestern chicken wings are not to be confused with hot wings; midwestern wings are not spicy.

==Ingredients==
*2 cloves [[Cookbook:Garlic|garlic]], [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]]
*1 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoon]] fresh [[Cookbook:Ginger|ginger]], minced
*1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] [[Cookbook:Soy sauce|soy sauce]]
*12 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounces]] [[Cookbook:Apricot|apricot]] preserves (not preserved apricots, not apricot jelly)
*4–5 [[Cookbook:Pound|pounds]] [[Cookbook:Chicken|chicken]] wings

==Procedure==
#Place all ingredients except chicken into a bowl and mix to make a marinade.
#[[Cookbook:Marinating|Marinate]] the chicken in the refrigerator with the marinade for at least 3 hours. A plastic bag sealed tight without much air or free space is believed to provide the best marinating. As with many marinating recipes, the longer the better.
#Clean and preheat [[Cookbook:Grill|grill]] to medium heat.
#Place wings on grill. Turn 1–4 times over the next 20 minutes.

==Notes, tips, And variations==
*Cut the chicken wings into two pieces at the elbow joint (recommended).
*For the health conscious, remove the chicken skin.
*Heat marinade on grill along with chicken wings, and add a little to the wings when done (See Warnings below).
*1 teaspoon of ginger powder can be substituted for the fresh ginger.
*Feel free to apply the marinade recipe to other chicken cuts, such as breasts. A shish-kabob variation of this recipe is also excellent.

==Warnings==
*Ensure a clean kitchen environment (hands, surfaces, etc), since this recipe requires marinating.
*Never serve the marinade without first heating it to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]].

[[Category:Chicken wing recipes]]
[[Category:Midwestern U.S. recipes]]
[[Category:Barbecue recipes]]
[[category:Gluten-free recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Meat recipes]]
[[Category:Apricot recipes]]
[[Category:Fresh ginger recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>gel4gjuln5l69t3lf8rbzy3pijc95rx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443311</id>
      <parentid>4443296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T16:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeverything11</username>
        <id>3410648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* OLED panels */More details</comment>
      <origin>4443311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="164995" sha1="3umyh4dxwxxc2xyuxwq1z6vlgpfkldt" xml:space="preserve">{{How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Contents}}

The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on.

These are the parts that a standard PC will use. You might want to make a check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component.

==The primary parts==

===Key Parts===

*'''[[w:Computer case|Case]]''' - The case houses and protects rest of the parts, and contains additional functions like button, front IO ports, and other features.

*'''[[w:Power supply unit (computer)|Power Supply Unit]]'''/'''PSU''' – ''Power Supply Unit'', converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. 

*'''[[w:Motherboard|Motherboard]]'''/'''mainboard''' – A board that facilitates communications between components and offers ports to connect them together.

*'''[[w:Central processing unit|CPU]]''' – ''central processing unit'', the main processor of the computer. The CPU handles general and mathematically complicated tasks.

*'''[[w:RAM|RAM]]''' – ''random access memory'', the &quot;short-term memory&quot; of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a ''storage drive''.

*'''[[w:Computer storage|Storage]]''' - either '''[[Wikipedia:HDD|HDD]]''' (Hard disk drive - noisy and slower of the two but less expensive) and/or '''[[Wikipedia:SSD|SSD]]''' (solid state drive. Quiet, very fast but not as cheap) – the &quot;long-term memory&quot; of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here, so if you choose SSD then the system will be faster. These days, SSDs have replaced HDDs for almost everything but the lowest-end laptops and desktops, but if you only need to surf the web, HDDs are the best option. OSes can be booted and use storage from inexpensive '''[[Wikipedia:USB Drive|USB Drives]]''', although this is only with extremely lightweight systems.

=== Optional Components===

Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine)

*'''[[w:Video Card|GPU]]'''/'''Graphics Card''' – does processing relating to video output. If you want to build a gaming PC, a good GPU is almost mandatory. Some processors have an integrated GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide ports to connect a monitor to your computer.

*'''[[w:Optical Drive|Optical Drive]]''' – device for handling optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays or other optical media. Some drives are able to write optical media as well as read it.

*'''[[w:Sound card|Sound hardware]]''' - Now integrated into motherboards, higher end sound hardware may be a good option for some users.

===External Components===

On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components:

*'''[[w:Keyboard|Keyboard]]''' – for typing on. A good keyboard will increase your comfort, as well as make you a more productive typist.

*'''[[w:Mouse|Mouse]]''' – for pointing and clicking. A comfortable mouse can significantly improve your experience.

*'''[[w:Monitor|Monitor]]''' – Displays graphics from your computer. They come in many forms, the most common being [[Wikipedia:Lcd|LCD]] displays.

==Planning the Build==
Before you go on a shopping spree and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts, there are some important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases:

* What will be the main function of the computer?
* What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise?
* How much can you afford to spend on the system? 
* Some functions benefit from certain components more then others. What components, if any, should you skimp on to afford better components elsewhere?
* Do you want to upgrade your computer later, or will you be content with your build?

== What operating system am I going to use? ==
Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan to use. Almost all commonly available PC devices have drivers (small programs that allow the operating system to recognize and work with a hardware device) available for current versions of Windows. If you want to run an alternative operating system, you'll have to do some research to make sure your hardware choice will be compatible. Many alternatives have extensive 'Hardware Compatibility Lists' (HCLs) as well as software compatibility.

=== Main operating systems available ===
* '''Microsoft Windows''' - [[w:Windows 11|Windows 10/11 (Home/Pro)]].
* '''Popular Linux Distros''' -  [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:OpenSUSE|OpenSUSE]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[w:debian|Debian]], and others
* '''Popular BSD Variants''' - [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]], [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], [[w:NetBSD|NetBSD]], and others
* '''Android''' - A variety of Android based operating systems exist for x86 Personal computers. While not ideal for the desktop form factor, they are free and offer compatibility with Android's software library.
* '''MacOS''' - You can install MacOS on non-Apple hardware which is called &quot;Hackintosh&quot; in which an end user installs MacOS on a non-Apple computer. Be warned that this is risky and takes more knowledge than other operating systems. 

=== Windows information and hardware support lists ===
'''Microsoft Windows''' is a series of operating systems made by the Microsoft corporation. Thanks to its popularity and widespread support Windows is ideal for most personal computing and fits the needs or wants of just about anyone: gamers, video/graphics editors, office workers, or the average user who wants to surf the web and play a bit of solitaire.

In general Windows supports most available consumer processors from AMD or Intel, as well as most internal and external devices, including Graphics Cards, Wi-Fi adapters, and specialty hardware.

For general consumers, Windows comes in a few flavors:
* Windows 11 Home is the basic version of Windows 11 and costs about $140, but purchases from bulk retailers can be as cheap as $50.
* Windows 11 Pro is the more advanced version of Windows 11 and costs about $200. This version includes business-oriented features like drive encryption, better virtual machine support and a built-in remote desktop function.
* Windows 11 Pro for Workstations provides support for workstation-class hardware such as motherboards with multiple processor sockets and costs $310.

If you are a student you may be able to get a free version of Windows 11 through your school using Azure Dev Teaching (formerly Imagine Premium).

Any Windows 7, 8, 8.1 or 10 product key can be used to activate a copy of Windows 11. This essentially gives you a free upgrade from an older version of Windows to the latest.

Microsoft maintains a list [https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl|list of hardware] compatible with Windows.

=== Linux information and hardware support lists ===
As one of the most popular open-source (free) operating systems, '''GNU/Linux''' is a good alternative. Linux is a UNIX-like series of operating systems and comes in many different distributions, called &quot;distros&quot; for short. Popular distros of Linux intended for the desktop include [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Debian|Debian]], [[w:openSUSE|openSUSE]], [[w:MX Linux|MX Linux]], [[w:Elementary OS|Elementary OS]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[wikipedia:KDE neon|KDE Neon]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], and [[w:Arch Linux|Arch Linux]].

Linux has applications that can match most of the functionality of their proprietary alternatives. It should be noted, however, that many popular programs are not available for Linux, and the only way to run them is with special compatibility layers like [[w:Wine (software)|Wine]], which may or may not work with a specific program, or could only run with significant issues.

Unlike Windows, drivers in Linux are usually included in the distro. This means different distributions will support different hardware (generally more 'bleeding-edge' distributions will support newer hardware – look at Fedora, SUSE or Ubuntu, compared to the latest stable release of Debian). A search online will normally establish compatibility, otherwise a good rule of thumb to figure out compatibility is to buy hardware that is 12 to 18 months old, as it most likely has Linux support with most distributions, but won't be too old.

Graphics Drivers on Linux are interesting. AMD GPUs typically work fine out of the box thanks to the manufacturer backed open source [[w:AMDGPU|AMDGPU driver]] project, where the community open source [[w:nouveau (software)|nouveau]] project generally works well, but not to the same level as Nvidia's Proprietary drivers, which many distros do not include out of the box due to the licensing used by the driver. Intel Integrated Graphics typically works very well in Linux.

=== BSDs information and hardware support lists===
'''BSD''', or the '''Berkeley Software Distribution''', is also a UNIX-Like series of operating systems and could be considered the alternative to Linux. BSD is an open-source (free) operating system and has its own descendants, such as [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]] and [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]. Unlike Linux, BSD tends not to support &quot;new&quot; hardware but can handle a lot of both older and modern components. BSD and Linux share a variety of applications supported on both operating systems.
* DesktopBSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 5.4/i386] and [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-amd64.html FreeBSD 5.4/amd64]
* [http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.php/Supported_Hardware Dragonfly BSD]
* [http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/ FreeBSD]
* [http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/ NetBSD]
* [http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html OpenBSD]
* PC-BSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/6.0R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 6.0/i386]

===Hackintosh===
[[File:Hackintosh-780x495.jpg|thumb|A Hackintosh]]
A [[w:Hackintosh|Hackintosh]] is a computer based on commodity hardware which runs [[w:macOS|macOS]]. This is '''extremely''' risky and could end in utter failure if it is not done properly. macOS is designed with Apple computers in mind and trying to port them to a PC is risky and difficult. If you still want to attempt the same, read this.
# You'll be violating the Apple EULA.
# You should be using a comparable Intel CPU which should've been used by Apple in one of their computers. Although 14th gen Intel CPUs and 700-series motherboards are available, 10th gen Intel CPUs and 400-series motherboards are the last components fully supported by macOS.
# Apple is moving away from X86 CPUs, and your configuration may not work in the future. Updating between releases could be difficult even before this transition.
# CPU choice and graphics also matter. Look up your CPU/GPU combination to see if it works.
# You'll need to (mostly) get modified installers, as the official installers may block installation.
# You'll need patience and tinkering up with things if something goes wrong. An unsupported motherboard could even be destroyed by macOS.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+List of supported GPUs (as of macOS Sequoia)
!GPU
!Supported?
|-
|HD 500 (6th gen Intel) or earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|HD 600 (7th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|UHD 600 (8-10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Intel G1-G7 (10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|11th gen Intel iGPUs and later
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Any Nvidia GPUs
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|AMD Vega iGPUs (Zen 1-3)
|{{Yes|Supported with patches}}
|-
|GCN GPUs (RX 200/300 series) and earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Polaris GPUs (RX 400/500 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Vega GPUs
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 1 GPUs (RX 5000 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 2 GPUs (RX 6000 series)
|{{Yes|Most GPUs supported}}
|-
|RDNA 3 GPUs (RX 7000 series)
|{{No|Not supported}}
|}

===Other Operating Systems===
These options are not recommended for the average user, but are included for the sake of completeness.

====Haiku====
Haiku is an operating system based on BeOS. Its main benefits are its specific focus on personal computing, and its cohesive interface.
The main drawback is that its still somewhat &quot;Beta&quot;, and can be unstable. Hardware support is iffy, too. If you really want to try Haiku, it's best to use a virtual machine or live USB, instead of installing directly onto your hardware.

== What will be the main function of the computer? ==
{{Warning|
'''Caution to high-end buyers''':

Higher-end Intel processors, specifically 13th and 14th Intel Core i5, i7 and i9 processors may cause instability under load using the default motherboard settings. This is caused by degradation due to high elevated voltages. Intel released Intel Baseline Profile for these affected processors, which make these processors more stable under load, but loses about 10% performance. Therefore it is '''not recommended''' to buy these processors
&lt;ref&gt;https://wccftech.com/only-5-out-of-10-core-i9-13900k-2-out-of-10-core-i9-14900k-cpus-stable-in-auto-profile-intel-board-partners-stability-issues/ - retrieved 2024-05-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2024, a BIOS update for these affected processors has rolled out for the affected processors, which addresses the instability, though not guaranteed.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards#stream-entry-27a4766f-6754-4e46-97f8-626f1ac05933 - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

Exceptions are 13/14th gen Core i3, which is basically recycled 12th gen Core i3, which hasn't caused instability and therefore are not affected.
}}
If you're going to build a computer from scratch for a specific purpose, you'll want to select each component with your use case in mind. Consider what you want to use the computer for, you may be able to save money by specifying expensive, premium parts only where needed.

Any reasonably configured computer built from current components will offer adequate Internet browsing and word-processing capabilities. For an office computer, this is often all that is needed. As long as you provide enough RAM for your chosen operating system (4 GB at least), any processor you can buy new will provide acceptable performance. If the computer is for gaming, a fast processor and the addition of a high-end graphics card and extra RAM will provide a more satisfactory gaming experience. Besides gaming, computers intended for video editing, serious audio work, CAD/CAM, or animation will benefit from beefier components which are specifically designed for that purpose.

Here are some general system categories. Your own needs will probably not fit neatly into one of these, but they are a good way to start thinking about what you are going to use your computer for. With each we’ve indicated the components you should emphasize when building the system and we've also included sample builds for each configuration, which you're free to modify it to fit your needs and budget.

===Simple web surfer===
To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little word processing, and the occasional game of solitaire, it’s best not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate Internet connection will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply.

This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular component; you should be looking at a mid - to low-level processor (historically, and currently, at about the $150 price point or less), enough RAM for the OS and a motherboard with built in Ethernet, video and audio. You can use a mid-level case/power supply combo (these components are often sold as a pair). 

If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case/power supply in that order.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbf;&quot; | '''Ultra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | ~$250
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel Processor 300 ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | UHD Graphics 710 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 W
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 83 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdf;&quot; | '''Extra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | ~$300
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600GT ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 7 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 139 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 139 W

|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL18 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 138 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 140 W
|}

===Office computer===
An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work, network access, e-mail and a little light development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page layout work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation.

None of this stresses any particular component either, but since office workers often run several applications at the same time, and because time is money in this space, a strong mid-level processor is suggested. Typically this would be the processor one or two places from the top of the line. Plenty of RAM will also facilitate multitasking and save time.

You will not need much in the way of 3D graphics power so current generation integrated graphics solutions from both AMD and Intel are perfectly adequate for office tasks. You should be aware that they will appropriate a portion of the system RAM for video duties thus reducing the total amount of RAM available for the OS and other programs so play accordingly and increase the total system RAM amount to compensate. Choosing the fastest operating frequency RAM your motherboard and budget can support will positively improve the performance of integrated graphics. If you decide that you need a dedicated graphics card after all, opt for an inexpensive model. A sub $200 (for this and other prices in US dollars see [http://www.xe.com/ucc/ www.xe.com/ucc] or other currency converter of your choice for conversion into your local currency) video card with 4 GB of video RAM or more should be more than sufficient. However, do your research carefully because many inexpensive graphics cards actually have poorer performance than current generation integrated graphic solutions.

You should pick a case which looks professional and compliments the look of your office as well as your role in your work. Your case should also be sturdy, to withstand being kicked under a desk or knocked by cleaning staff. You'll also want a no frills but reliable power supply that meets your needs and won't let you down in the middle of a busy workday.

Any extra budget after the above should focus on a better monitor, better/more ergonomic mouse/keyboard and more RAM.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 144 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 8 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-8400 CL40 (2 x 16 GB) ($230)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 6 GB ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 44 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 443 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 47 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 465 W
|}

===Server===
A server these days can be anything from a home unit that shares media files, documents, and printers over a local network, to a machine running a business-critical system for a small business, to a 3U rack mount unit serving up millions of hits a day on the Internet. 

The thing that most servers have in common is that they are always on and therefore reliability is a key characteristic. Also they serve more than one user while storing and processing important information. For this reason servers are often equipped with redundant systems such as dual power supplies, RAID5/6 arrays of four or more hard disks, special server grade processors that require error-correcting memory, multiple high-speed Ethernet connections, etc.

All of this is a little beyond the scope of the current work, but, in general, servers need lots of RAM, fast redundant hard drives, and the most reliable components your budget will allow. The CPU choice should be made in accordance with the use of the server. A simple print/fax server will do fine with a CPU stolen from a museum, whereas a server running a database and a front end for that, will work much better with a top of the line CPU. 

On the other end of the hardware list, since nobody is usually sitting at them, you can get away with the cheapest possible keyboard, mouse and monitor (in fact many servers run &quot;headless&quot; with no monitor at all). Graphics are also a very low priority on these machines, and a read only CD/DVD-ROM optical drive (used, infrequently, for installing software and updates) will do just fine.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7252 ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7282 ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7302 ($420)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7313 ($680)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 32 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Entry-level SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 32 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 32 GB) ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9224 ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-5600 (4 x 32 GB) ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9354 ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-6400 (4 x 32 GB) ($560)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9454 ($5000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 256 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 32 GB) ($1120)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9754 ($11000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 64 GB) ($2560)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 16 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($1400)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v5'''
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | ~$35000
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual socket SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($3000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual AMD Epyc 9754 CPUs ($22000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 768 GB DDR5-6400 (12 x 64 GB) ($3840)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 x 22 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($2800)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 1500 W Platinum power supply ($650)
|}

===Gaming system===
[[File:Gaming PC-Setup - Astaroth- The Completed System.jpg|right|thumb|A gaming PC setup.]]
We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma obsession. We’re talking about cutting edge 3D gaming – first-person shooters or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, with anisotropic filtering and anti-aliasing and mip-mapped specular reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology describing visual effects that will make anything less than a top-of-the-line system fall down on its knees and beg for mercy.

==== Gaming Processors ====
A top of the range processor is not critical to gaming performance (though it does help)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/serious-gaming.html intel : serious-gaming]&lt;/ref&gt;, but you will need at least a mid range one and plenty of RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components. Please remember that if you plan on running the latest games in 4K, or even higher, on highest settings, or even with three monitors, you will need a high end processor. This will stop the chances of bottlenecking the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) and not give you the gaming experience you want. The most important part will be the video card (or cards) with cutting edge GPUs. AMD, [[w:NVIDIA|NVIDIA]] and Intel have been competing for &quot;king of the graphics card&quot; honors for years and the competition is so keen that new cards running on new GPUs are released quite frequently.

Note that increasing the resolution does not increase the CPU workload, only the GPU workload and VRAM usage will increase. Assume if you are running a game at 1080p High settings at 90fps with 80% CPU usage and 95% GPU usage, then increasing the resolution to 1440p decreases the fps to 60, but the CPU usage decreases to 60%.

As a general rule, always buy the fastest GPU you can get with the CPU that will not be bottlenecked.

==== Audio Hardware ====
Most motherboards have decent or good audio hardware already built in. For most gamers this is adequate, and saves money that can be spent on other components that impact gameplay experience more.

A good sound card or external DAC or sound card can help drive high end headphones and other audiophile equipment. The DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) provided by this hardware can provide a higher end and cleaner audio experience. Currently [[w:Creative Labs|Creative Labs]] and ASUS Xonar are the leading brands, but again do your research (partly by reading on) and get the best audio solution for your needs.

==== Gaming PSUs ====
Finally all of these components are going to require a pretty hefty power supply. Generally a serious gaming rig will require at least a 750 watt supply; consumer units are available up to 2000 watts (2 Kilowatts) as anything higher on a single outlet is likely to trip a home circuit breaker.

==== VRAM usage ====
VRAM (short for video memory) is the memory in a GPU. Unlike system RAM, it cannot be upgraded by end users. The only way to add more VRAM is by buying a new GPU with more VRAM.

VRAM is important, because VRAM usage on AAA game releases since early 2023 like ''The Last of Us Part I'', ''Forspoken'' and ''Hogwarts Legacy'' can exceed 8 GB when running Ultra settings even at 1080p. Having too little VRAM can cause stutters when running these games at higher settings. You probably do not want to buy a GPU with less than 8 GB VRAM, like RTX 3050 6 GB and RX 6500 XT 4 GB.

For example, in 2020 an user bought a Nvidia GeForce RTX 3070 for $900 at that time (typical pricing due to GPU cryptocurrency mining crisis in 2020-22, $500 MSRP). It was a great GPU for running era-appropriate games like ''Cyberpunk 2077'' at 1440p. Fast forward to 2023 and the RTX 3070, with only 8GB VRAM, struggles to run ''The Last of Us Part I'' properly at 1440p due to VRAM limitations, requiring to drop resolution or texture detail down to get a playable experience. This also applies to RTX 3060 Ti, 3070 Ti and even 3080 10GB.

Here are the recommendations:
{| class=wikitable
!Tier
!1080p gaming
!1440p gaming
!240Hz 1440p gaming
!4K gaming
|-
|VRAM
|At least 8 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 16 GB
|-
|List of graphics cards
|
Used graphics cards that costs less than $200
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 ''(used)'' ($80)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 Ti ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 ''(used)'' ($100)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti ''(used)'' ($120)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super ''(used)'' ($140)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 ''(used)'' ($150)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super ''(used)'' ($170)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Super ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce Titan X ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon RX 570 8 GB ''(used)'' ($60)
*AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX 590 ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 56 ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 64 ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon VII ''(used)'' ($170)
*AMD Radeon RX 5500 XT 8 GB ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 ''(used)'' ($110)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT ''(used)'' ($130)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 ''(used)'' ($180)
New graphics cards that costs less than $300
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 ($290)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 ($190)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 XT ($220)
*AMD Radeon RX 6650 XT ($230)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 ($250)
*Intel Arc A580 ($170)
*Intel Arc A750 ($190)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $450 and have performance rating over 100 (baseline of RTX 3060 12 GB)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB ($430)
*Nvidia Titan X Pascal ''(used)'' ($180)
*Nvidia Titan Xp ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia Titan V ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT ($320)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $700 and have performance rating over 160
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti ''(used)'' ($470)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 ($500)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Super ($580)
*Nvidia Titan RTX ''(used)'' ($530)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
|
Graphics cards that have performance rating over 200
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti ''(used)'' ($820)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti Super ($780)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 ''(used)'' ($930)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 Super ($1000)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 ($1800)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX ($870)
|}

==== Tying the gaming rig together ====

As you may have noticed, pretty much every component inside the computer needs to be top of the line; the same is true outside the case. You’ll want a big, high refresh rate monitor (at least 27” 120Hz), and a high sensitivity mouse. There are even gaming keyboards with the keys specially arranged, as well as joysticks, throttle controllers, driving wheels, etc.

So, given that your budget is not bottomless, how do you prioritize? Well, the processor and video card are the components that will have the most effect on your gaming performance. Next comes the motherboard and RAM. One of the advantages to building your own computer is that you can get the components you can afford now and plan to upgrade them later.

A note on cases for gaming rigs – it is not necessary to get a case with a side window that reveals glowing RGB fans and revolving animated heat-sinks. A well-built plain case will do just as well and let you spend more money on the components that matter. But if you have the cash, and that’s your taste, there are lots of flashy add-ons available these days.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | B450 DDR4 motherboard ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 6600 8 GB ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600 ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT 16 GB ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 9600X ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB ($520)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT 20 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX 24 GB ($850)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-6200 CL36 (2 x 24 GB) ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 32 GB) ($210)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($280)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|}

=== Entertainment system/media center ===
This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files for replay via your existing television and stereo. The current notion is that this computer should be built in a special case that makes it look more like a stereo component, the size of which can present a challenge when it comes to getting all the necessary parts fitted.

For this system a mid-range processor will be fine, along with a generous amount of RAM. A gigabit or better Ethernet connection will facilitate sharing large files. You’ll also want a TV tuner card (or two) to get video in and out of the machine. Many of these also provide [[w:digital video recorder|DVR]] (digital video recorder) functionality, often without the monthly subscription fees and [[w:digital rights management|DRM]] (digital rights management) restrictions required by companies like Tivo. A wireless keyboard and mouse provide for couch-based use and a separate monitor may be unnecessary as your TV will fill that role.

All components should be as quiet as possible since you'll likely be watching/listening in the same room. For this application it makes sense to trade a little power for passively-cooled (without fans) parts. Following this logic, one may consider fan-less CPUs and mainboards.

You may also want an IR receiver to let you use your existing remote control as media buttons.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics / video card
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12400T ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 450 W Plus power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 141 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13400T ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 500 W Plus power supply ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 160 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 17 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 165 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 16 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 16 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;High-end TV tuner card ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Dual high-end TV tuner cards ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 20 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 197 W
|}

===Workstation===
{{Info|Workstation builds are for professionals who will fully leverage the features offered. You don't need a workstation for casual or even professional video editing, music production, CAD, programming, etc. Amateurs, hobbyists, and small businesses can save quite a bit of money by simply running workstation applications on consumer class hardware. In many cases a high end gaming PC will provide equivalent performance at a fraction of the cost of a workstation. For these users, simply adding the peripherals used by specific workstation setups can effectively turn their normal computers into a sort of psuedo-workstation.}}

A workstation was originally a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-based simulations of real world phenomena. Once the domain of cutting edge computer companies, this category has experienced a rebirth as high performance and reliable PCs for professional use. Unlike a gaming PC, reliability becomes much more important - Time is money after all.

For any of the following uses, you will want
* A solid and reliable power supply
* A processor and motherboard platform that supports [[wikipedia:ECC_memory|ECC memory]].
* Lots of ECC memory more reliability.
* A 64 bit version of the OS to take full advantage of the extra ram and software features used by many workstation programs.
* A GPU that can run desired applications on multiple high resolution displays.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12600K ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A1000 8 GB ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 6 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 12 GB ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 24 GB) ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 32 GB) ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X ($480)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 96 GB DDR5-6400 CL36 (2 x 48 GB) ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7960X ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 192 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (4 x 48 GB) ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1200 W Tier A power supply ($200)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X ($2400)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 384 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (8 x 48 GB) ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB ($6500)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7980X ($4700)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (8 x 64 GB) ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Dual Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB GPUs (96 GB total) ($13000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 2000 W Tier A power supply ($500)
|}


====Video editing====
Big and fast storage drives are key. Solid State Drives in RAID0 as working space with multiple multi Terabyte or larger drives for storage is a good target. A large amount of memory  would be beneficial, as would a fast CPU, with many cores/threads, especially if you intend to render effects or wish to quickly transcode video. Most editing and transcoding programs utilize some form of GPU acceleration (primarily OpenCL and/or CUDA), where the graphics processor is used, along with the CPU, to perform many calculations at the same time, greatly reducing processing time, compared to CPU-only processing.

====Music production====

Plenty of disk space and RAM is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components – studio reference monitors instead of normal speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. Even the acoustics of the room your computer is in becomes an important factor. If you want to record external sources, like vocals or instruments, you'll need an audio interface which allows you to plug mics or instruments into your computer.

Computers meant to be installed near live recordings often use near or totally silent cooling solutions.

Audio interfaces allow anything from a single microphone or instrument on up to pro level systems that have 32 or more simultaneous inputs. These separate inputs will allow you to record each one as a separate track in your DAW. Most use Steinberg's ASIO interface (a software driver that connects your hardware to your DAW software). If you don't wish to invest in anything other than the onboard sound card your computer comes with, consider ASIO4All, a free driver that imitates the ASIO framework for almost any sound card.

One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones - even if you have to trade the Bluesmobile.

====CAD/CAM====
('''C'''omputer '''A'''ssisted '''D'''esign / '''C'''omputer '''A'''ided '''M'''anufacturing)

A CAD/CAM workstation is usually a machine that runs a single, very intense, application. These machines often utilize specialized video hardware, like the [[w:Nvidia Quadro|Nvidia Quadro]] and[[w:Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Pro]] series of GPUs, which are designed specifically for CAD/CAM rendering. Since these machines are usually devoted to a single, expensive, application it's especially important to pay close attention to the requirements of that application. Spec the hardware to support the software - always a good idea but especially important here. 

Some examples of this specialized software are [[w:Autodesk 3ds Max|Autodesk 3ds Max]], [[w:Autodesk Maya|Autodesk Maya]], [[w:AutoCAD|AutoCAD]], [[w:Cinema 4D|Cinema 4D]] and [[w:Maxwell Render|Maxwell Render]] amongst [[w:Comparison of computer-aided design editors|many others]].

=== Mining rig ===
A mining rig is a computer designed to mine cryptocurrency with the use of multiple high-end GPUs. Graphics cards are the most important for mining. You should get a case and motherboard that are specifically designed for multiple graphics cards. To supply all of power to the components, you will need a Gold or better power supply capable of supplying lots of power. CPU, RAM and storage are the lowest priorities.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti 12 GB ($800)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB ($1150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 1000 W Gold power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 8 GB) ($55)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB (32 GB total) ($2300)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (48 GB total) ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Gold power supply ($420)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 3 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (72 GB total) ($4800)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2300 W Platinum power supply ($800)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 6 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (144 GB total) ($9600)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Dual 2300 W Platinum power supplies ($1600)
|}

== Do I plan on overclocking my computer? ==
[[File:Cooler Master Hyper 212 Plus vs. Intel Stock.jpg|thumb|An aftermarket CPU heatsink side by side with a stock heatsink. Larger heatsinks help keep components cool during overclocking, and larger fans often help either move much more air through a system for the same level of noise, or move the same amount of air for much less noise.]]
Overclocking consists of running components at faster internal speeds than they are rated for, gaining a bit of extra performance out of the part. If you are serious about overclocking your computer, you need to do extensive research into the components you select, as some parts respond to overclocking better than others. Overclocking usually voids your warranty and is risky as you can shorten the life of your components or even burn them out completely! You need to take cooling the computer more seriously as overclocking generates additional heat. Anything from a few extra fans to a liquid-cooled system may be necessary depending on the nature of your system.

Many parts that are the same model can overclock differently due to manufacturer binning, leading to a &quot;Silicon Lottery&quot; of sorts. For example, consider three different Raptor Lake 13700K CPUs that are installed in identical systems - a good chip can clock up to about 5.7 GHz, an excellent one may be able to hit 6.1 GHz, while a bad one may stop at 5.3 GHz. If you are willing to pay more, some vendors sell pre-binned CPUs which have been previously tested to overclock well.

Most AMD processors can be overclocked. For Intel processors, only the K series CPUs (which cost about $20-40 USD more than the normal version) and the Extreme Series generally allow full overclocking.

== Do I plan on underclocking my computer? == 
This can be ideal for always-on entertainment systems. Underclocked parts run cooler, often enabling passive cooling options to be used, which leads to a much quieter system, and you'll also save on power.

However, you'll lose performance from the CPU. You may wish to ''undervolt'' the CPU instead; see the [[../Silencing|Silencing]] section to find out how.

== Can I use any of the parts from my old computer? ==
[[File:2017 mid range pc in late 1990s case.jpg|thumb|A 2017 PC built in a case from the 1990's. While this decision sacrifices front IO and modern airflow designs, it does save money on the case. Some communities exist that build &quot;Sleeper PCs&quot;, modern high performance computers built to look like under powered or obsolete computers.]]
This depends on your situation; if your computer is more than four years old, chances are that most of the parts will be too old, slow or incompatible for your new machine. On the other hand, if you are upgrading from a fairly new machine, you may be able to use many of the parts. All of this assumes the old computer will no longer be used. If you, or someone else, is going to continue using your old computer, it's probably best just to leave it intact.

One important point – if you are selling your old computer it's a good idea to erase the hard drive before giving it to its new owner. A simple 'delete' command does not actually erase the data on your hard drive,leaving things like financial documents, passwords, healthcare records, browser history, and personal photos potentially recoverable through easy to use recovery software. To avoid this, programs are available that will effectively 'shred' your data, making it unrecoverable. Driver software that comes with some hard drives may also have programs to do this, that write 0s or 1s (either way, &quot;blankness&quot;) to the whole drive. Lower-tech approaches include drilling a few holes in the drive or taking a blowtorch to it. Obviously, either prevents it from being used again (Be planet friendly and try to avoid this).

Since monitor technology moves quite slowly, you can probably keep your current monitor and use it on the new computer if it's of sufficient size and clarity for your work. The same can go for keyboards, as well as mice, printers, scanners, and possibly speaker sets. On the inside, you may be able to take out the storage drive, and expansion cards. If your components are especially old, the features integrated into the motherboard may actually be superior to your old components, so testing with and without these your old devices is recommended. Sometimes so much is used from the old computer, that the line between an upgrade and a new computer can become blurred.

Reusing a hard drive is an easy way to keep data from your old computer. With most Windows operating systems moving a boot drive from one motherboard to another will entail a series of reboots and installation of new drivers. Back up your data before trying this, and note that Windows will usually ask you to reactivate. Keep the licence key ready.

== Where do I find the parts? ==
[[File:The Apple Department at the Queens, NY Micro Center.jpg|thumb|Computer retailers can be a handy source for parts, and often offer easy returns.]]
Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of research can save you years of regret, so make sure that the computer you build will do what you need it to do. 

Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to look them up. Wikipedia is an excellent place to start if, for example, you’re not clear on the difference between, say, DDR4 and DDR5 memory.

There are several places to buy parts:

* '''Internet retailers''' generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before you purchase.
* '''Auction sites''' like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is especially useful for parts which do not wear out, like RAM, and unlike HDD/SSDs. Returns can be problematic or impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid.
* '''Local PC shops''' - Their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you don't need.
* '''Big box stores''' often lack technical expertise and charge higher prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right away.
* '''Trade shows''' that occur from time to time also provide a good place to shop, as the prices are often significantly reduced, and the variety of prefabricated computers built towards specific computing needs tend to be higher.

Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers and monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables. Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge. They're usually glad to let you go through it, but don't leave a mess. Taking advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little.
=== OEM vs Retail ===
[[File:AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750G 6913.jpg|thumb|An OEM CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G.]]
Many hardware manufacturers will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come fully packaged with manuals, accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for &quot;original equipment manufacturer&quot;; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which integrate the components into their own products. 

However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at (slightly) cheaper prices than the corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM parts may often be shorter or nonexistent, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than their retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features may be missing. Some of the support may be less (as in the case of Microsoft). Again, do your research.

== What should affect the choice of any part/peripheral? ==
Many things should be taken into account when deciding what parts to buy. Below are some things to consider.

=== Compatibility ===
You’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the motherboard manufacturer's web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the manufacturers list of processors should be rigidly adhered to, as even when a processor is supported by the socket on the motherboard, the motherboard firmware may not support it.

You’ll also want to make sure that your operating system supports the hardware you choose. Windows is supported by almost everything, though watch out for older components if you're planning on using Windows 11. If you have any interest in running Linux, or another operating system now or in the future, buy parts that are supported by that OS (Operating System). Check online to make sure there is no history of your chosen components causing issues when used together, or with software you plan on running.

=== Ergonomics ===
[[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|This ergonomic mouse looks strange, but it is designed to reduce strain on your hands.]]
Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body. This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or you’re getting a crick in your neck, look at the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. Learning to type without looking down at the keyboard is very useful for avoiding neck strain.

=== Operating temperature ===
[[File:No blue smoke.jpg|thumb|A computer chip that has burnt out. Preventing damage like this is much easier then repairing it.]]
Modern components, notably processors, GPUs, RAM, and some elements on the motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better.

If you are not going to overclock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer then components designed for passive (fan-less) cooling can be paired with very low noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more attention to cooling.

To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard). If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the thermal limits of any component on your computer.

Which brings us to overclocking. It's specialty cooling solutions that make overclocking possible, a processor that might run stable at a maximum of 4.4 GHz at {{convert|65|C|F}} could hit speeds as high as 5.6 GHz with specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% overclock could add a special fan/heatsink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major overclock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you really know what you're doing.

=== Price ===
Today, there are a wide array of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming if you've never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Some places may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech support. Many websites, such as [http://www.cnet.com CNET] and [http://www.zdnet.com ZDNet] offer comprehensive reviews, user ratings, and links to stores, including price comparisons. 

Since prices for any given part are always falling, it’s tempting to just wait until the part you want goes down in price. Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs $500 may well be $300 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you’ll want the new, better part that still costs $500. At some point you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling.

Usually the best bet is to buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. 

It's a good idea to think about future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you're building today may be fine for your current needs you may want to upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow you to fit more memory than you are planning to use, or a case that has room for extra storage drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often a new machine.

You may also find that by over-specifying in some areas you can save money on others, e.g. if you don't currently need WiFi but you do need Bluetooth then you might want to purchase a WiFi card anyway as some of the higher end WiFi cards also support Bluetooth.

=== Performance ===
If money is no object just buy the most powerful components you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay off for you and scrimp on others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the most bang for your buck. When deciding where to cut back, remember that you have the option to upgrade in the future. Some components are easier to upgrade then others such as RAM, where an upgrade is as simple as popping more into a free slot. Other upgrades, such as replacing the CPU or GPU with a better model are more costly, as the original often serves no purpose following the upgrade (But may be resold online to recoup some of the cost).

== Primary components ==
These are the components that will be the core of your new computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these components and a bare set of peripherals.

[[Image:Personal_computer,_exploded_4.svg|right|thumb|350px|Exploded view of a personal computer:
&lt;br&gt;1 [[w:Computer display|Monitor]]
&lt;br&gt;2 [[w:Personal computer#Motherboard|Motherboard]]
&lt;br&gt;3 [[w:Personal computer#Central processing unit|CPU (Microprocessor)]]
&lt;br&gt;4 [[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] sockets
&lt;br&gt;5 [[w:Personal computer#Main memory|Main memory (RAM)]]
&lt;br&gt;6 [[w:Expansion card|Expansion cards]]
&lt;br&gt;7 [[w:Power supply unit|Power supply unit]]
&lt;br&gt;8 [[w:Optical disc|Optical disc drive]]
&lt;br&gt;9 [[w:Personal computer#Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive (HDD)]]
&lt;br&gt;10 [[w:Computer_keyboard|Keyboard]]
&lt;br&gt;11 [[w:Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] 
]]

=== Case ===
{{Wikipedia| ATX#Power_supply}}
The case is one of the most practical straightforward parts of a computer. A case can also be aesthetically pleasing, and help improve your computing experience.

==== Form factor ====
Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for the size of components supported. Your case should support one or more of the following common formfactors. It's a good idea to match the formfactor of a case with a motherboard.

=====Large Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:EATX|EATX]] or Extended ATX boards are {{convert|12|x|13|in|cm}}. This format is almost exclusive to workstation and high end gaming computers.
* [[Wikipedia:ATX|ATX]] is the most common form factor and is the de facto standard. Supports about 7 expansion slots.

These formfactors offer the most amount of flexibility in expansion. These spacious cases are often easy to work in, but hard to move around.

=====Small Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:microATX|microATX]], or µATX, is smaller than standard ATX. Many cases that support ATX also allow micro-ATX. Supports about 4 expansion slots.
* [[Wikipedia:Mini-ITX|Mini-ITX]] is even smaller at {{convert|6.75|in|cm}} square. Supports at most one expansion slot.

These form-factors let you build relatively small and even portable computers, ideal for taking to LAN parties or for people who frequently move.

Slim cases are offered in these form factors. These cases are significantly thinner then regular cases. However, you will be limited to using slim expansion cards as well. You may also need to use laptop components in some areas to save space depending on the case.

Particularly small cases can be hard to work in and offer limited expansion. They may have airflow problems, and cable management can be a challenge. You may need to find low profile cooling units, and the case may not support regular sized power supplies. You may also want to get angled cables or adapters if spacing between parts is tight, and you suspect it would make your work easier.

==== Drive Bays ====
Internal storage drives take up space in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot they require. Not all cases support every drive size.

There are several bay sizes, and each has a typical use.
* 5.25&quot; bays typically hold optical drives, fan controllers, or other accessories, and are external facing.
* 3.5&quot; external bays are typically used for smaller versions of accessories found in 5.25&quot; bays (But not optical drives).
* 3.5&quot; internal bays are used for holding desktop hard disks or an SSD.
* 2.5&quot; bays are typically used for holding an SSD or laptop size hard disk.
Note that it's possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays.

Many cases offer modular drive bays, which can be removed if they are not needed to make space for other components. This can be useful if a drive bay is getting in the way of another component, such as a long graphics card.

Some cases designed for minimalist aesthetics or gaming will not use external drive bays to make room for better airflow. If you use a case like this and need an optical drive, you will have to get an external drive.

If you are planning on using an M.2 SSD, your motherboard will provide a slot for your storage device. Some cases will have dedicated mounting points for 2.5&quot; storage drives, which can free up space in other areas of the case.

==== Front IO ====
Almost all cases will feature a power on button on the front of the case. Other common IO featured on the front of cases includes audio jacks, USB ports, a reset button, status lights, and other features. 

It's important to consider where the front IO is on the case you buy, and how it factors into your workspace. For example, if your case will just barely fit under your desk, IO located on the very top of your case could be hard to use.

In rare instances when you are not purchasing a new case you need new to get front IO separately from your case, (For example, when using an very old, nonstandard, or DIY case) there are simple kits available that give you a power button and a few IO ports. Alternatively you can manually use a jumper each time you want to turn the computer on, though this is somewhat tedious.

==== Computer Aesthetics ====
Cases are typically made of steel or more rarely aluminum, and usually have accents made out of plastic. More exotic case materials are sometimes used such as wood.

Some cases hide their 5.25&quot; bays with a door for a cleaner look. This has a practical benefit of helping reduce drive noise.

A quality case will include features that make it easier to manage cables. Besides looking better, by keeping cables out of the way and orderly, maintenance and troubleshooting is made easier.

Cases typically mount the power supply in either the top of the case, or the bottom. Some higher end cases will have a separate chamber for the power supply, assisting cable management and giving it a degree separation from the hot components in the rest of the case.

Many cases will have windows installed. These provide a view into the system, and can highlight nice looking components. When moving a computer with a windowed case, keep in mind that an acrylic window will easily scratch, and a glass window may shatter. A solid sheet of metal is best when it comes to blocking noise and durability.

Many gamers use components with RGB lighting to give their computer flair. Keep in mind that there aren't really unified standards for RGB lighting, so if you want to mix and match between different manufacturers and coordinate the resulting lightshow you'll need to use multiple software products at the same time. RGB LED light strips, or their older counterpart cold cathode lights can be used to provide lighting if your components lack integrated lights.

Some cases feature integral noise reducing foam, offering a clean look while providing the benefits of noise reduction.

Many people like to [[w:Case modding|mod their cases]]. There are many easy mods that can be done before your computer is built (And all electronics are removed from the case), such as painting the case a different color, or giving it a funky coat of paint through [[w:Water transfer printing|Hydro dipping]]

A case stand can be a good tool to use if you plan on placing your computer on the ground, as it creates additional clearance from things such as dirt, dust, and carpets.

You may want to use a dust cover for unused ports. This helps you avoid trying to plug in devices into the wrong ports when reaching behind a case, and helps make cleaning easier. Dust covers also exist for external peripherals such as monitors if you plan on storing them away for a while.

===Cooling===
==== Fans ====
[[File:Fans from computer case - front and back - 2018-05-22.jpg|thumb|Two fans of different sizes.]]

Most cases mount one or more case fans, distinct from the fans that may be attached to the power supply, video card and CPU. The purpose of a case mounted fan is to move air through the system and carry excess heat out. This is why some cases may have two or more fans mounted in a push-pull configuration (one fan pulls cool outside air in, the other pushes hot interior air out). The more air these fans can move, the cooler things will generally be. 

Fans for case cooling currently come in two common sizes, 80&amp;nbsp;mm and 120&amp;nbsp;mm, and computer cases tend to support one size or the other. The larger 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans spin more slowly while moving a given volume of air, and slower fans are usually quieter fans, so the 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans are generally preferred, even though they cost a little more. Good 80&amp;nbsp;mm fans can still be fairly quiet, so while fan size is a factor, it shouldn't be a deal-breaker if the case has other features you like.

Make sure the power plug on the chosen case fan is supported by your motherboard; 3- and 4-pin connectors are common. Fans can also be powered directly by the PSU, but in that configuration, the motherboard can't control or report the fan's speed.

Variable speed fans with built-in temperature sensing are available. Variable speed fans tend to run quieter than constant speed fans, as they only move as much air as needed to maintain a set temperature within the case or the power supply box. Under typical operating conditions they may be barely audible.

Since fans run continuously when the computer is turned on, bearing selection may be important for long life. 
* The least expensive fans use '''sleeve bearings'''. As the fan ages, the lubricant in the sleeve bearing dries out and eventually the bearing wears, allowing the fan blade to nutate or vibrate, making it very noisy. In severe cases the bearing may seize and the fan will stop turning entirely, possibly jeopardizing the computer when ventilation fails. 
* The most expensive fans tend to be those that use '''ball bearings''', but they also have very long service lives. It isn't uncommon for a ball bearing fan to run continuously for 7 to 10 years&amp;nbsp;— possibly longer than the useful technological life of the computer within which it is mounted. Ball bearing fans tend to be slightly noisier than sleeve bearing fans. 
* A fairly recent type of fan bearing is a '''magnetic''' or '''&quot;maglev&quot;''' bearing, which uses a magnetic field to suspend the fan rotor without physical contact. Such fans exhibit practically zero bearing wear and barring a failure in their motor drive components, have essentially an infinite service life. Maglev bearings also tend to be completely silent, and when used in a variable speed fan, can produce practically silent ventilation.

The orientation of fans inside your case can have a big impact on cooling, as well as how quickly dust builds up. Some cases will include dust traps to reduce the amount of dust entering a system. Aftermarket dust filters also exist, but can be harder to mount.

==== Water Cooling ====
[[File:Deepcool cooler.png|thumb|An all in one cooler mounted on a CPU.]]
A water cooling system will cool parts by running water over a heatsink. a pump moves the water in a closed loop, which goes to a radiator for cooling. Additional parts, such as flow sensors and quick connects, can make maintaining a water cooling setup easier. Since the radiator can be placed anywhere, it can be much bigger then a typical heatsink, allowing for more efficient cooling. Typically water cooling is used for the CPU, but it can also be used for other components, such as graphics cards. Custom water cooling setups can either use hard tubing or soft tubing. Some manufacturers make All in One (AIO) watercooling units, which is basically a water cooling solution that's prebuilt. 

Compared to air cooling, water cooling adds significant cost, complexity, and risk to a system build. However it can allow for quieter operation, and a well built water cooling setup can look great.

====Minor component cooling====
While shopping for coolers you may see passive, fan, or even water cooling solutions for RAM, chipsets, SSDs and other devices. These devices do not typically produce significant heat, and do not require additional cooling. These devices are mainly aimed at serious overclockers and those who want to improve the aesthetics of these components. However running components cooler to a point can be good for their lifespan, and adding these components typically only hurts your wallet.

=== Power Supply ===
{{Wikipedia| Power supply unit (computer)}}
[[File:Modular vs non-modular PSU.JPG|thumb|A modular power supply on the left sits next to a non-modular power supply on the right. By allowing you to select only the cables you need, Modular power supplies make cable management much easier.]]
====Power Supply Basics====
The power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from the power grid into a form you can use. The power supply you choose needs to supply enough stable DC power to all the components and even to some of the peripherals. It needs also to be consistent, by complying with accurate standard voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power supplies tend to fall down in these areas. There are several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a multimeter on the PSU in the course of a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU.

====PSU Specs====
Power supplies typically use one of two ratings, one being the continuous rating and the other being the peak rating. The continuous rating is how much power can be delivered indefinitely, and the peak rating is how much power can be delivered for a limited period of time. You want to go by the continuous rating to be safe. There are several calculators that try to help you select an adequate PSU for your system, which are linked in the footer.

Your power supply should have the right number of connectors for your needs e.g. six-pin PCI power, ATX12VO vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two or more video cards in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (AMD) mode, make sure your power supply is certified for that use. Most power supplies will have cables long enough for most any case, but some larger cases will make good cable management difficult with power-supplies that have shorter cables.

Cheap power supplies often require you to select your mains voltage with a switch. Higher quality power supplies have circuitry that actively adjusts for incoming voltage, and thus do not need to be told what voltage to expect. It's always a good idea to check to make sure a power supply is compatible with the mains power used in your country prior to use.

Choose an efficient PSU. Efficient PSUs run cooler and more quietly and thus do not create as much noise which is important if you plan to sleep or think in the same room with it or use it as a media center PC. They also reduce energy usage, which in turn saves money on the electric bill. 

If your budget allows, consider opting for a modular PSU. These have connectors that can be added or removed, which allows for more versatility and also reduces clutter.
The power supply also has an exhaust fan that is responsible for cooling the power supply, as well as providing a hot air exhaust for the entire case. Some power supplies have two fans to promote this effect. 

It is important to buy a power supply that can accommodate all of the components involved. A bad or inadequate power supply can fail and destroy not only itself, but potentially the rest of the computer, so it's important to get a decent one. Keep in mind that having a higher-rated power supply will not draw much more power than what your computer actually uses, but it may decrease the efficiency of the unit if significantly less power is being drawn then what the power supply is rated for.

====PSU accessories====

A surge protector is a good idea. Not only does this help protect your computer, it also can expand an outlet for more peripherals. Higher end surge protectors often include protection for network cables as well.

To supplement a PSU, consider getting an [[w:Uninterruptible Power Supply|Uninterruptible Power Supply]] (UPS). This is a device that provides a few minutes of temporary power to your computer and monitor during a brownout or blackout giving you enough time to safely shut down your computer. UPS units are typically external and look and function like big power strips. Many consumer UPS units have built in surge protectors. If you live in an area with poor power quality or frequent blackouts, a UPS can help save your PSU from significant wear.

=== CPU (processor) ===

We discuss choosing a CPU in the next chapter,
[[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts/CPU]].

=== Motherboard ===
[[Image:Asus A8N-VM CSM Rev1.10G 20060626a.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A PC motherboard: IDE connectors and the motherboard power connector (white with large holes) are on the left edge. Between them and the large quadratic CPU socket in the lower middle are the longish RAM sockets. The extension slots are above the CPU socket (two white, one black) and the ports for external devices are on the right edge.]]

The motherboard is a very important part of your computer. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at maximum efficiency whereas a bad motherboard restricts high-end products to run only at modest levels. Higher end motherboards often offer additional features, such as faster built in networking, better built in audio, built in Wi-Fi, a small display that shows diagnostic codes, better power delivery to support overclocking and reliability, RGB LED controllers, built in IO Shield, or other features. The difference between a cheap and a quality motherboard is typically around $100.

There are many things one must consider in choosing a motherboard: CPU interface, Chipset, form factor, expansion slot interfaces, and other connectors.

==== CPU interface ====
The CPU interface is the &quot;plug&quot; that your processor goes into. For your processor to physically fit in the motherboard, the interface must be an '''exact match''' to your processor. Intel currently has two mainstream formats, the LGA 1851 for their current (200 series) Core processors (Core Ultra 9 285K or 5 245KF) or the LGA 1700 supporting their older 12th-14th gen processors. AMD currently uses a few sockets: AM5 for their current (7000 to 9000 series) Ryzen CPUs (Ryzen 9 7950X3D or Ryzen 5 9600X), AM4 for older (5000 series and older) Ryzen processors, and TR4 for their thread ripper processors.

Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that the slot on the motherboard will support the CPU you want to use. It is important to know whether the motherboard's bus can support the exact CPU you plan on using.

If the motherboard, CPU, and heatsink/fan are not compatible and installed correctly, you can destroy the CPU and/or the motherboard in a matter of seconds. Most modern processors come with a stock cooling fan which will work well at stock speeds, stick with this if you have any doubts.

====Chipset====
The Chipset is a piece of hardware integrated into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded later. This often determines what processors are supported by the motherboard, as well as how many lanes and the generation of PCI Express, USB ports, and SATA ports/slots the motherboard supports. USB and SATA ports can be expanded by add on cards, but PCI express lanes are fixed. Cheaper motherboards tend to use cheaper chipsets with reduced features.

====UEFI====
Motherboards come with a piece of software that called UEFI or BIOS in older models. This software is responsible for preparing your computer for use by an operating system, as well as for configuring low level details of your system. Features offered by UEFI or BIOS vary quite a bit between manufactures and product lines. Some UEFI or BIOS can be updated, allowing for security fixes or new features to be added after purchase, and many of these systems will feature some form of redundancy to recover from a failed update (Which otherwise may turn the motherboard into a paperweight). Other motherboards allow BIOS control of overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down the computer if the temperature gets too high.

Some motherboards are supported by open source firmware like [[w:coreboot|coreboot]] which can offer a fast and secure booting environment.

==== M.2 and SATA interface ====
SATA (Serial ATA) connections for hard drives and optical drives. SATA data connections are simple - one plug, one cable, one device. SATA power connections follow the same principal.

The serial ATA (SATA) interface has a separate motherboard connection for each drive that allow independent access and can increase the speed at which drives work. The cables are also narrow, improving the flow of air inside the case.

An M.2 Slot can be found on some motherboards to add an SSD. Unlike a SATA Drive, M.2 drives are small enough to be mounted directly on the motherboard.

==== Expansion slot interfaces ====
[[Image:PCIExpress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16), compared to an old 32-bit PCI slot (bottom)]]

Due to the evolution of new graphics cards on the serial PCI-Express Technology, current newer motherboards have the following connections:

* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 16x/8x/4x''' for mainstream graphics cards (PCI Express Gen 1 x16 is 4 times speed of AGP 8x)
* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 1x''' for faster expansion cards (replacing older PCI)
{| class=wikitable
|+ Comparison of PCIe generations vs AGP 8x (improvement in times)
! {{Diagonal split header|Generation|Size}}
! 1x
! 4x
! 8x
! 16x
|-
! 1
| 0.25x
| 1x
| 2x
| 4x
|-
! 2
| 0.5x
| 2x
| 4x
| 8x
|-
! 3
| 1x
| 4x
| 8x
| 16x
|-
! 4
| 2x
| 8x
| 16x
| 32x
|-
! 5
| 4x
| 16x
| 32x
| 64x
|}

==== USB ====
[[Image:USB_Male_Plug_Type_A.jpg|thumb|right|Male USB &quot;A&quot; connector]]
In addition to the USB ports provided on the back panel, most motherboards will have connectors for additional ports, either on the front of the case or in a panel that fits where a PCI card might otherwise be connected. USB ports are used for connecting various peripherals such as printers, external drives, smartphones,cameras and an assortment of less serious devices like fans, and drink warmers. Given the growing popularity of USB devices, the more ports your motherboard supports, the better.

USB 3.0 ports are now available on the majority of motherboards and they are even faster than USB 2.0&amp;nbsp;— up to 5&amp;nbsp;Gbps. Although the majority of keyboards, mice and other such devices use USB2, almost all HDDs available now support the USB 3.0 standard as they are much faster under that. USB 3.0 ports are backwards compatible and can be used with USB 1 or 2 devices, although these will not receive the benefit of USB 3.0 speeds. USB 4 devices promise greater speed, and devices supporting it are slowly being released. USB-C ports are now available in nearly all new motherboards, and are even faster and versatile (with many doubling as a video output).

Note that, regardless of the motherboard's native support, additional ports of all kinds can be added via a PCI-E expansion card or USB device.

=== Memory ===
[[File:16 GiB-DDR4-RAM-Riegel RAM019FIX Small Crop 90 PCNT.png|thumb|A DDR4 SDRAM module]]
RAM capacity plays an important role in the computer's operation speed, as it provides the operating system caching space that allows foregoing access to the local disk, typically the main bottleneck of computer speed.

The amount of random access memory (RAM) to use has become a fairly simple choice. Unless one is building on a very restricted budget, one just has to choose between installing 8 or 16 gigabytes. 8 gigabytes of RAM is plenty for most modern operating systems, but all of them will run a little faster with 16 gigabytes. While 32-bit operating systems can address 4 gigabytes, they can utilize little more than three gigabytes as system RAM (actually 4 gigabytes minus Video RAM minus overhead for other devices). If one wishes to utilize the full 4 (or more) gigabytes of RAM, one needs to install a 64-bit operating system. It really comes down to a financial decision. Some specialized applications may profit from more than 16 gigabytes of RAM. If one plans on using such, make sure to check that both the operating system and the motherboard will accommodate the amount of RAM one has in mind. One might also choose to get 8 gigabytes of high quality RAM over 16 gigabytes of lesser quality, especially if one plans to overclock, though that is quite rare now. 

Another thing to consider when choosing the amount of RAM for one's system is the graphics card. Most motherboard-integrated graphics chips and PCI Express graphics cards marketed with the &quot;Turbo Cache&quot; feature will use system memory to store information related to rendering graphics; this system memory is generally not available at all to the operating system. On average, these graphics processors will use between 64 megabytes and 512 megabytes of system memory for rendering purposes.

The actual type of RAM one will need depends on the motherboard and chipset one gets. Old motherboards use DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM, DDR2 or DDR3. DDR5 is the current industry standard. Chip sets that use dual-channel memory require one to use two identical&amp;nbsp;— in terms of size and speed&amp;nbsp;— RAM modules.

If one is upgrading an existing computer, it is best to check if one's machine requires specific kinds of RAM. Many computer OEMs, such as Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, require custom RAM, and generic RAM available from most computer stores may cause compatibility problems in such systems.

Overclocking of RAM is possible, but you will have to keep the same precautions(actually more) for RAM. If your RAM temperatures get too high, they can get damaged. For this purpose, there are dedicated RAM coolers that can be used, but most will not find any need for them. The benefit of overclocking RAM, unlike overclocking your CPU, is limited to a few applications.

==== Labelling of RAM ====
RAM is labelled by its memory size in gigabytes (GB) and clock speed (or bandwidth).

For example, 

# DDR5-4800 16 GB is a 16 GB DDR5 stick running at 4800 MT/s (2400 MHz).
# LPDDR5-6000 8 GB is a low-power DDR5 stick running at 6000 MT/s (3000 MHz). Commonly seen in laptops, but also seen in some desktops.

DDR RAM has 5 versions: DDR (also DDRI), DDR2 (or DDRII), DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are currently obsolete.
# DDR5 supports DDR5-4400 and higher.
#* DDR5-8400 is highest speed of DDR5 as of 2024.
#* DDR5-7000 to DDR5-8200 are higher end models.
#* DDR5-6000 to DDR5-6800 are mainstream models.
#* DDR5-4400 to DDR5-5600 are budget models. They were mainstream in 2021-22.
# DDR4 supports DDR4-2133 to DDR4-5333&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pcgamesn.com/fastest-ddr4-ram&lt;/ref&gt; (generally overclocked).
#* DDR4-5333 is highest speed of DDR4 as of 2024.
#* DDR4-4000 to DDR4-5133 are higher end models.
#* DDR4-3000 to DDR4-3866 are mainstream models.
#* DDR4-2933 are budget models. Mainstream in 2018-20.
#* DDR4-2666 are budget models. Mainstream in 2016-19.
#* DDR4-2400 were older mainstream models from 2014-17.
#* DDR4-2133 were older mainstream models from 2014-15.
# DDR3 supports DDR3-1066 to DDR3-3000 (generally overclocked).
# DDR2 supports DDR2-533 to DDR2-1250 (generally overclocked).
# DDR supports DDR-266 to DDR-533.

=== Hard drive and SSD===
[[File:WD Caviar Green WD10EADS-91894.jpg|thumb|right|A hard drive. SATA data and power connectors can be seen on the edge of the drive.]]
Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive or SSD:

; Interface 
: The interface of a drive is how the hard drive communicates with the rest of the computer. The following hard drive interfaces are available:
:* '''[[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|Parallel IDE]] drives''' (PATA, also known as ATA or IDE) use cables that can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, colored first-pin wire, and usually gray &quot;ribbon&quot; style cables. This technology is largely obsolete because SATA uses thinner cables, eliminates contention for the IDE bus that can occur when two PATA drives are attached to the same connector, and promises faster drive access. SSD's are generally not available for IDE, as they are too slow for a SSD (one notable exception is Transcand as of November 2014).
:* '''[[w:SATA|SATA]] drives''' have the advantages outlined above. If you want Serial ATA, you will either need to purchase a motherboard that supports it (all newer motherboards do), or purchase a PCI card that will allow you to connect your hard drive. Note that some older motherboards will not allow you to install Windows XP to a Serial ATA hard drive. There are 3 types of SATA. SATA 1 provides up to about 150 MB/s, SATA 2 provides about 300MB/s, SATA3 provides up to about 600 MB/s. Most new computers and HDD's come in SATA 3, but older computers may use SATA 2/1. Although they are both backwards and forward comparable, SSD's should be used in SATA 3 since they are too fast for SATA 2 or 1.
:* '''[[w:SCSI|SCSI]]''', although more expensive and less user friendly, is usually worthwile on high performance workstations and servers. Few consumer desktop motherboards built today support SCSI, and when building a new computer, the work needed to implement SCSI may be outweighed by the relative simplicity and performance of IDE and SATA. SCSI hard drives typically reach rotational speeds of up to 15,000 RPM, and are more expensive.
:* '''[[w:USB|USB]]''' can be used for connecting external drives. An external drive enclosure can convert an internal drive to an external drive.
:*PCI-E uses the PCI lanes of your computer. These lanes can be used to connect premium SSD's, and they are much faster than SATA-based SSD's. NVM Express, or NVMe for short is a common standard for PCI-E based storage. M.2 slots are an increasingly common interface for SSDs.
====SSD====
[[File:Samsung MZ-V6P2T0 20170427.jpg|thumb|An M.2 NVMe SSD]]
SSD is a hard storage system that use flash memory rather than rotational platters. Because of this, they make virtually no noise, have no latency (delays from spinning up and seeking the position), and generate far lesser heat than a HDD. If you plan to upgrade a computer, it is an excellent idea to replace an HDD with an SSD as the performance of the computer can be boosted by a wide margin. However, there are some important drawbacks. They are significantly more expensive per gigabyte (especially at larger capacities) compared to a hard drive, and typically come in smaller capacities. Furthermore SSD memory cells burn out over time due to wear caused by writing. However, this problem is mitigated by most modern SSD designs and software support that uses the SSD in such a way that all cells wear out at the same time. Whether or not you use an SSD, you should be backing up your data.

There are some important precautions to note if you do buy a SSD.
#'''Do not defragment the drive!''' SSD, unlike HDD, does not need to get defragmented and will instead cause unnecessary writes and can wear out the drive faster. Windows 7 and above will identify the drive and makes necessary optimizations. Older operating systems may need tweaks to correctly use an SSD
#Use SATA 3. Using SATA 2 or below reduces speed. If you can afford it, go for a PCI-E SSD card or NVME M.2 SSD as they are faster interfaces.

If your setup uses multiple storage devices, consider using a solid state drive as primary storage device by installing the operating system and [[:v:File_management#Incubate_work_on_flash_storage|incubating work]] on it, and a much larger hard drive as secondary storage.

==== [[w:Cache#Disk_buffer|Cache]] ====
The cache of a storage drive is a faster media than the drive itself and is normally 16MB (low end and laptop drives), 32MB (standard desktop drives), 64MB, 128MB, or 256MB (high end, high capacity desktop drives). Some very high capacity SSD designs will include several gigabytes of dram cache, which is used for performance and and some very cheap SSD designs will not have a DRAM cache at all, which can reduce performance. The existence of a cache increases the speeds of retrieving short bursts of information, and also allows pre-fetching of data. Larger cache sizes generally result in faster data access.

==== Form factor ====
:* 3.5 inch drives are usually used in desktops.
:* 2.5 inch drives are usually used in laptops and desktops with an adapter.
:* M.2 drives are used in laptops and desktops with appropriate motherboards.

==== Capacity ====
The smallest desktop hard disk drives that are widely available hold about 250GB of data, although the largest drives available on the market can contain 24TB (24000GB). Note that the advertised capacity is usually more than the actual size due to the binary differences in calculation. Few people will need disks this large - for most people, somewhere in the range of 500GB-1TB will be sufficient. The amount of space you will need can depend on many factors, such as how many high-end games and programs you want to install, how many media files you wish to store, or how many high-quality videos you want to render. It is usually better to get a hard drive with a capacity larger than you anticipate using, in case you need more in the future. If you run out of space, you can always add an additional hard drive using any free Serial ATA connector, or through an external interface, such as USB.

SSD capacities are markedly smaller then hard drive capacities, especially for the cost. SSD capacities range from 128GB on the low end, to several terabytes on the high end.

==== Rotational Speed ====
The speed at which the hard drives platters spin. Most laptop (2.5 inch) drives spin at 5400 RPM, while common desktop drives come in at 7200. There are PATA and SATA drives that spin at 10,000 RPM and some SCSI drives hit 15,000. However drives above 7,200 RPM usually have limited capacity, and a much higher price than comparable 7,200 RPM drives, making such drives advisable only when the fastest possible speeds are required. SSD's do not have moving parts.

==== Noise and Heat ==== 
Modern hard drives are fairly quiet in operation though some people are sensitive to the faint hum and occasional buzz they do make. If your HDD is loud, it could be an early sign of failure, so it’s time to think about replacing it. Hard drives will also throw some heat and adequate air circulation should be provided, usually by case fans. Rubber mount points can help reduce drive vibration. There is software available that will allow you to monitor both the health and temperature of your hard drive(s), it’s a good idea to check from time to time and make sure the temperature does not rise above 50 C. SSD's do not generate noise like an HDD would because they have no moving parts, however they do generate a small amount of heat. This heat can be offset by a small heatsink, which are often included on M.2 SSDs.

==== Warranty ====
Many manufactures offer warranties ranging from 30 days (typically OEM) up to five years. It may be worth spending an extra few dollars to get the drive that carries a longer warranty. Good quality SSD's can provide up to 10 years warranty (like Samsung 850 Pro).

== Secondary components ==
These components are important to your computer, but are not as central as the Core Components.

=== Video output ===
[[File:Radeon VII (Vorderseite).jpg|thumb|A video card.]]
====GPU Basics====
A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is what allows your computer to display images on a monitor. The majority of home and office computers use an 'onboard' or integrated graphic processor which is included on many processors, but workstations and gaming computers require the power of one or more dedicated graphics cards. Despite the name, modern GPU excel at processing large amounts of many different kinds of information, and are often used in physics simulations, audio processing, and even to run Artificial Intelligence models.

Currently, three companies dominate the 3D graphics accelerator market; nVIDIA, AMD and Intel, who build their own chips and license their technologies to other companies to integrate into video cards. These companies make a complete line of GPUs with entries at every price/performance level.

====Do you need a Graphics Card?====
If your tasks are non intensive such as web browsing or office work, or likely to be more dependent on the CPU then the GPU, you may be able to get away with an entry-level GPU, or even an integrated GPU. An integrated GPU uses the system's RAM, and relies heavily on your system's CPU. This will mean slow performance for graphic-intensive software, such as games. As long as your motherboard has slots for it, and your PSU has power for it, you can always add a GPU later should you find the integrated graphics inadequate.

If you have a CPU that does not have a graphics processor, as is common on some high end processor lines, then you will need to buy a discrete video card to use a monitor.

====Graphics Card Specifications==== 
Like a CPU, a GPU will have it's own clock speed and core count, though since GPU cores are simpler, many more can be fit onto a chip with high end GPUs having thousands of processors. Video cards have their own RAM which cannot be upgraded later, and many of the same rules that govern the motherboard RAM field apply here: to a point, the more RAM, and the faster it is, the better the performance will be. Most cards offer at least 8GB of VRAM, though many cards offer more. As a rule of thumb, if you want a high end video card, you need a minimum of 12GB of video memory or preferably 16GB.

It is generally better to choose your video card based on your own research, as everyone has slightly different needs. Many video card and chip makers are known to measure their products' performances in ways that you may not find practical. A good video card is often much more than a robust 3D renderer; be sure to examine what you want and need your card to do, such as digital (DVI) output, TV output, multiple-monitor support, built-in TV tuners and video input. Another reason you need to carefully research is that manufacturers will often use confusing model numbers designed to make a card sound better than it is to sell it better. For example, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series claim to be part of the current line up (as of April 2023, the 4000-series of cards), however, they are inadequate for modern gaming, in many cases, and perform much closer to old, mid-end 2000 series cards than to the RTX 3000/4000 series cards.

====API Support====
Graphics cards provide various APIs to let software developers make programs that work for multiple GPU devices, without needing to make a specific version for each GPU. Games are very likely to require support for graphics APIs; multimedia or 3D graphics software also often uses graphics APIs. Most software that uses a GPU will require one or more APIs to be available and the API to be at a minimum version.

There are a few graphics APIs to look out for.
* [[w:Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]] - A modern API for Windows and GNU/Linux.  
* [[w:DirectX|DirectX]] - The Windows-exclusive graphics API.
** [[w:DirectX Raytracing|DirectX Raytracing]] - An extension to DirectX for raytracing.
* [[w:OpenGL|OpenGL]] - The old competitor to DirectX that works on Windows and GNU/Linux.

If you are using high-end productivity software that can leverage a GPU, you should also look out for GPGPU APIs. Your software will specify which it can use.
* [[w:OpenCL|OpenCL]] - A cross-platform API for GPGPU software.
* [[w:CUDA|CUDA]] - NVIDIA's exclusive GPGPU API.

There are also a few APIs and pieces of Middleware that are generally focused on games. Unlike the above, software that supports these features will typically work fine on unsupported cards, just with reduced features.
* [[w:GPUOpen|GPUOpen]] - A collection of open source game dev tools, made by AMD for all systems.
** [[w:TressFX|TressFX]] - Offers simulations of hair, grass, fur, and similar materials.
** FireRays - Cross-platform raytracing.
* [[w:Nvidia GameWorks|Nvidia GameWorks]] - NVIDIA's game dev tools for their own cards.
** [[w:Nvidia RTX|Nvidia RTX]] - NVIDIA's real-time ray tracing platform
** [[w:OptiX|OptiX]] - NVIDIA's productivity-focused ray tracing platform
** [[w:PhysX|PhysX]] - NVIDIA's physics library. PhysX can be run on the CPU if an NVIDIA card is not present.

==== Interface ====
The vast majority of graphic cards use the a 16x PCI-Express interface&lt;ref&gt;[https://graphicscardhub.com/gpu-slot-type/ graphicscardhub: gpu-slot-type]&lt;/ref&gt;. This will typically provide the best performance and is what most Graphics Cards are designed to be used with.

If you need an extremely small case, or would like to easily swap your GPU to other devices that can't accept PCI express cards such as a laptop, it is possible to get an external GPU enclosure that connects to your system through a thunderbolt port. These enclosures are expensive and reduce performance somewhat, but provide unique flexibility.

==== Video Output ====
Graphics cards offer a variety of ports to display pictures. Each port type has versions associated with it.
* [[w:HDMI|HDMI]] - A high end proprietary output standard that's common on consumer electronics.
* [[w:DisplayPort|Displayport]] - A high end output standard that's common on computers.

Some GPU are compatible with variable refreshrate monitors.
* [[w:FreeSync|FreeSync]] - AMD and recent NVIDIA cards both support FreeSync.
* [[w:Nvidia G-Sync|G-Sync]] - NVIDIA's proprietary adaptive sync solution. 

Keep in mind that to provide best picture quality your graphics card must be capable of displaying the same resolution as your LCD display's native resolution.

=== Optical Drives ===
[[File:Lite-On iHOS104-08 2010-01.jpg|thumb|An internal 5.25&quot; optical drive with a slot loading mechanism. This unit can read Blu-Ray, DVD, and CD media.]]

Optical drives offer an inexpensive and easy way to watch movies, listen to music, and make backups of important files.

When purchasing a DVD writer, you will want one that is capable of burning both the '+' and '-' standards, and it should also be Dual Layer compatible. This will ensure that you can burn to almost all recordable DVDs currently on the market.

Blu-Ray readers and writers are also available for computers, albeit at a greater cost then comparable DVD only drives. Blu-Ray disks store many times the amount that DVDs do. However software support for Blu-Ray movies is much worse then for DVDs, and it may not be worth the hassle and increased cost.

Optical drives primarily come in either 5.25&quot; bay, slim, or external form factors. Your computer case will likely determine which form factor drive you choose, with 5.25&quot; being most common, and some cases supporting slim drives. Some cases with minimalist designs or very small form factors may have no appropriate bays at all which would necessitate the use of an external drive. Most drives will use a tray loading mechanism, but some higher end or slim drives will instead use a slot loading mechanism instead.

Most applications are now being distributed over the Internet and even operating systems can be installed using a USB flash drive, so you may find that you do not need an optical drive. At the same time, an optical drive can be handy in some situations and are very cheap. You should think about your needs and decide if an optical drive makes sense for your build.

==== Cleaning optical disks ====
Dust can be removed from a CD's surface using compressed air or by very lightly wiping the information side with a very soft cloth (such as an eyeglass cleaning cloth) from the center of the disc in an outward direction. Wiping the information surface of any type of CD in a circular motion around the center, however, has been known to create scratches in the same direction as the information and potentially cause data loss. Fingerprints or stubborn dust can be removed from the information surface by wiping it with a cloth dampened with diluted dish detergent (then rinsing) or alcohol (methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol) and again wiping from the center outwards, with a very soft cloth (non-linting : polyester, nylon, etc.). It is harmful, however, to use acetone, nail polish remover, kerosene, petrol/gasoline, or any other type of petroleum-based solvent to clean a CD-R; the use of petroleum based solvents will damage the polycarbonate surface and the CD-R will become unreadable.

=== Sound hardware ===
[[File:KORG DS-DAC-10 - 1-bit USB-DAC (photozou 208854840).jpg|thumb|An external DAC.]]
Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users. However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a few dollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also, these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a real sound card for gaming.

Sound card quality depends on a few factors. The digital-analog converter (DAC) is generally the most important stage for general clarity, but this is hard to measure. Reviews, especially those from audio file sources, are worth consulting for this; but don't go purely by specifications, as many different models with similar specifications can produce completely different results. Cards may offer digital (S/PDIF) output, in which case the DAC process is moved from your sound card either to a dedicated receiver or to one built into your speakers.

Sound cards made for gaming or professional music tend to do outstandingly well for their particular purpose. In games, various effects are often times applied to the sound in real-time, and a gaming sound card will be able to do this processing on-board, instead of using your CPU for the task. Professional music cards tend to be built both for maximum sound quality and low latency (transmission delay) input and output, and include more different kinds of inputs than those of consumer cards.

External DACs have gained popularity in recent years. These often include headphone amps and improved isolation from the rest of the computer, reducing potential interference such as hissing caused by close proximity to some components.

=== Modem ===
In many areas of the world, dedicated internet infrastructure is lacking or non existent. In such areas, those desiring an internet connection need to use a modem. 

==== Wireless Modems ====
[[File:TCT Mobile one touch L100V-4224.jpg|thumb|Many wireless modems are small and come in a USB stick form factor.]]
Mobile broadband modems are often used to connect computers wireless to cellular networks. Though often intended for travelers, some do use these for desktop computers when conventional connections are absolutely impractical. These are faster then traditional dial up modems, but often cost much more in both their initial price, as well as in ongoing data costs.

==== Dial Up Modems ====
A traditional modem is needed in order to connect to a dial up Internet connection. A modem can also be used for faxing. Modems can attach to the computer in different ways, and can have built-in processing or use the computer's CPU for processing.

Modems with built-in processing generally include all modems that connect via a standard serial port, as well as any modems that refer to themselves as &quot;Hardware Modems&quot;. Software Modems, or modems that rely on the CPU generally include both Internal and USB modems, or have packaging that mentions drivers or requiring a specific CPU to work.

Modems that rely on the CPU are often designed specifically for the current version of Windows only, and will require drivers that are incompatible with future Windows versions, and may be difficult to upgrade. Software Modems are also very difficult to find drivers for non-Windows operating systems. The manufacturer is unlikely to support the hardware with new drivers after it is discontinued, forcing you to buy new hardware. Most such modems have internal or external USB, but this is not always the case.

Modems can be attached via USB, a traditional serial port, or an internal card slot. Internal modems and USB modems are more easily auto-detected by the operating system and less likely to have problems with setup. USB and serial port modems often require an extra power supply block.

=== Network interface card ===
[[File:Twisted pair based ethernet.svg|thumb|A visual representation of typical network speeds, as well as the cabling required to support those speeds.]]
==== Wired NIC ====
[[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|A PCI Express 1x network interface card. The bracket at the top can be swapped with the included bracket for use in low profile cases.]]
A Network interface card (NIC for short), or Ethernet card, is required in order to connect to a local area network or a cable or DSL modem. These typically come in speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps (gigabit) or 2.5Gbps; these are designated as 10Mbps, 10/100Mbps, 10/100/1000Mbps or 2.5Gbps products. The 10/100/1000Mbps parts are most common in use today. In many cases, one or two Ethernet adapters will be built into a motherboard. If there are none, you will have to purchase an adapter. These typically cost less then $20 and are inserted into a expansion slot. 

Most motherboards now feature either a 10/100/1000Mbps or a 2.5Gbps ethernet port and are adequate for most users.

Typically networks are only as fast as their slowest component. Speeds can be negatively affected by factors external to your computer such as old or improperly installed network cable, or an outdated router.

==== Wireless NIC ====
A wireless network interface card can be used to add Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support to a computer. These cards are typically installed in a similar way to an Ethernet NIC, but have antennas or antenna mounts instead of an Ethernet jack. External USB versions are also available.

Many internal adapters will come with detachable antenna. Antenna come in a variety of form factors, and designs. A big factor in antenna choice is weather or not to get an omnidirectional antenna that does an decent job most of the time and reduces the need for optimal positioning, or a directional antenna that offers stronger signal but can only work well when positioned correctly.

== Peripherals ==
Anything outside the case that connects to your computer is considered a peripheral. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are pretty much the bare minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer. Your choice in peripherals depends on personal preference and what you intend to do with your computer.

===Mouse===
[[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|Mice can have a variety of perks on top of standard features. This mouse has additional buttons and adjustable weight.]]
Most modern mice are based on [[w:Optical mouse|optical designs]], using either an LED or laser to track the surface it's placed on. Mice of medium-to-high quality will track your movement almost flawlessly. Many higher end mice feature different DPI settings for different use cases. Some optical mice are unable to track on some surfaces. In such cases, a mouse pad may be needed. Some mice may offer adjustable weights to help make your experience more comfortable.

Most mice are designed to be ambidextrous or are explicitly designed for right handed use. Some manufacturers that make right handed oriented mice will also make a left handed version.

Mice come in wireless and wired varieties. Wired mice offer fast and reliable communication, with no batteries to worry about. Wireless mice usually require a battery or sometimes a special mousepad, and use either Bluetooth or a special USB device to communicate with the PC. Wireless mice can be nice to use if your desk setup causes cable snagging.

Although three buttons are generally enough for operating a computer in normal circumstances, extra buttons can come in handy, as you can add set actions to each button, and they can come in handy for playing various video games. One thing to note is that with some mice those extra buttons are not actually seen by the computer itself as extra buttons and will not work properly in games. These buttons use software provided by the manufacturer to function. However, it is sometimes possible to configure the software to map the button to act like a certain keyboard key so that it will be possible to use it in games in this manner.

If desk space is at a premium, you may want to consider using a trackball mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around to move the cursor, this type of mouse has you use a ball to position the cursor. While not the best for gaming, this style of mouse is perfectly fine for web browsing and productivity.

===Keyboard===
[[File:2018 Bay Area Mechanical Keyboard Meetup (31006275737).jpg|thumb|Keyboards are made in a variety of formfactors and styles.]]
====Keyboard specifications====

Keyboards most commonly come as membrane keyboards, but if you plan on typing for long periods of time a mechanical keyboard may help improve your typing experience. Stores will often have display model keyboards that you can test to find your preferred style.

[[w:Rollover (key)|Key rollover]] is the number of keys a keyboard can read simultaneously, and is an important factor for power users and gamers. Most keyboards support at least a few keys being pressed at one time. High end keyboards support N key rollover and can accept an arbitrary number of keys at the same time.

Keyboards sometimes come with extra non-standard features, such as multimedia controls, or small displays.

====Keyboard formfactors====

Ergonomic keyboards also exist that can help reduce repetitive strain injuries. 

Keyboards come in a variety of sizes. Full size keyboards are the most common. Ten keyless keyboards eliminate the number pad for a smaller size. Some smaller keyboards are categorized by the percentage of keys removed compared to a full size keyboard, typically ranging from the mostly normal 75%, to the tiny 40%.

Keyboards come in either wired or wireless models. Wired keyboards are very straightforward, and since they do not need to be moved as a mouse does, they are often preferable for desktops. Wireless keyboards do not now display the sort of noticeable delay that they once did, and now also have considerably improved battery life. However, gamers may still want to avoid wireless input devices because the very slight delay may impact gaming activities, though some of the higher end models have less trouble with this. The occasional need to replace or charge batteries is also an inconvenience.

====Keyboard accessories====
Some keyboards allow for swapable keycaps, allowing you to customize the look of your keyboard. If your keyboard supports this, you will want an appropriate keycap removal tool to make the process easier.

If your keyboard does not come with a wrist rest, third party rests are commonly avalible.

=== Printer and scanner ===
[[File:Epson workforce 600 open cover.jpg|thumb|Multi function printers such as this one can also scan documents.]]
For most purposes, a mid-range inkjet printer will work well for most people. If you plan on printing photos, you will want one that is capable of printing at around 4800dpi. Also, you will want to compare the speed of various printers, which is usually listed in ppm (pages per minute). When choosing a printer, always check how much new cartridges cost, as replacement cartridges can quickly outweigh the actual printer's cost. Be aware of other possible quirks as well. For example, Epson has protection measures that make refilling your own ink cartridges more difficult because an embedded microchip that keeps track of how much ink has been used keeps the printer from seeing the cartridge as full once it has been emptied.

For office users that plan to do quite a bit of black and white printing buying a black and white laser printer is now an affordable option, and the savings and speed can quickly add up for home office users printing more than 500 pages a month.

Scanners are useful, especially in office settings, they can function with your printer as a photocopier, and with software can also interact with your modem to send Faxes. When purchasing a Scanner, check to see how &quot;accessible&quot; it is (does it have one-touch buttons), and check how good the scanning quality is, before you leave the store if possible.

Finally, &quot;Multi-Function Centres&quot; (also called &quot;Printer-Scanner-Copiers&quot;) are often a cost-effective solution to purchasing both, as they take up only one port on your computer, and one power point, but remember that they can be a liability, since if one component breaks down, both may need to be replaced.

=== Display ===
[[File:ASUS curved monitor 20170603.jpg|thumb|Computer monitors come in a variety of form factors and styles.]]
When choosing a display for your computer, you should look at a few factors that determine the quality of the display.

Resolution governs how detailed of a picture a display can show. The higher the resolution, the more detail can be shown at once. Keep in mind that higher resolutions are also harder to for your computer to draw, and very high resolution monitors may not be the best choice if your computer's GPU can not adequately drive them at their native resolution.

Refresh rate governs how often a new picture is drawn. 60 times a second is common, though some displays will go lower (Resulting in a choppier look) or higher (Resulting in a smoother look). Some monitors will work with video cards to use a variable refresh rate, which can produce a smoother picture, especially during games.

Aspect ratio is a way of expressing the horizontal size of the screen to the vertical size of the screen. 16:9 is the most common display ratio today due to it's use in cinema, though 4:3 monitors were once the most popular choice, and are still preferred by many writers and programmers for their use of vertical space. Some displays are much wider then they are tall; these displays are often called ultrawides, often 21:9 or 32:9.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Common resolutions by aspect ratio
|-
! 4:3 !! 16:10 !! 16:9 !! Other
|-
| 640×480 || 1280×800 || 1280×720 || 1280×1024
|-
| 800×600 || 1440×900 || 1366×768 || 2560×1080
|-
| 1024×768 || 1680×1050 || 1600×900 || 3440×1440
|-
| 1152×864 || 1920×1200 || 1920×1080 || 2560×2048
|-
| 1600×1200 || 2240×1400 || 2560×1440 || 5120×1440
|-
| 2048×1536 || 2560×1600 || 3840×2160 || 5120×2160
|-
| 3200×2400 || 3840×2400 || 7680×4320 || 7680×2160
|}
Some displays handle colors better then others. Some monitors sport higher bit depths, high dynamic range, or techniques for showing deep blacks to improve the color experience. A monitor's color accuracy determines it's ability to show those colors accurately, though this is primarily of concern to those producing visual media as most monitors are fairly accurate.

Some content requires [[w:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] support to play. This requires support by the monitor, the cable, and the computer itself.

The bezel is the space between the end of the display, and the end of the monitor. If you plan on placing multiple monitors next to each-other (Ideally of the same make), a smaller bezel can help reduce the interruption between the two spaces

==== LCD panels ====
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, when used with the DVI-D or HDMI digital connectors. When running at the screen's native resolution, this can result in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD panel displays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-I connector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzier than their digital counterparts, and are generally not preferred over a similarly-sized CRT. If you want an LCD display, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however, manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation.

A big disadvantage for LCD displays are dead pixels and stuck pixels. These small, failed areas on the monitor can be very annoying, but generally aren't covered under warranty as most LCD panel manufacturers allow for a certain number of dead pixels in their product specification. This can make purchasing LCD displays a financial risk. This can be alleviated somewhat if you are able to look at the display before purchase, or if you shop at a merchant that allows returns for such conditions. Some media files exist that cycle through colors to highlight dead pixels, and it may be worth running such a test prior to your purchase if possible.

LCDs are acceptable for fast-paced gaming, but you should be sure that your screen has a fairly fast response time (of 4 ms or lower) if you want to play fast games. Many flat panels sold today meet this requirement, some by a factor of 3. Some gaming focused LCD monitors will offer higher refresh rates then the standard 60, which can aid those playing very fast paced games.

When picking an LCD, keep in mind that they are designed to display at one resolution only, so, to reap the benefits of your screen, your graphics card must be capable of displaying at that resolution. That in mind, they can display lower resolutions with a black frame around the outside (which means your entire screen isn't filled), or by stretching the image (which leads to much lower quality).

When choosing an LCD, make sure to get one which uses IPS technology, as that one provides for sharper colour reproduction and also has high viewing angles. The older TN (often found in very cheap displays) is only relevant for gamers who need fast response times; otherwise, it has weaker colours and has poor viewing angles and should be ignored.

==== OLED panels ====
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are a fairly new display type. They have infinite contrast ratio due to each pixel being emitted light without a backlight, allowing for deep blacks. Traditional LCD panels have a backlight, so black isn't really true black. Instead, they emit a faint, dark gray color. But the OLED panels are true black when pixels are switched off.

OLED displays also potentially offer lower power consumption, especially when most pixels are switched off.

Other advantages are very high refresh times (usually 0.03ms) and rates, as well as vivid colors.

Downsides are high cost compared to LCDs, and burn-in issues.

For example, a typical 32&quot; 4K 240Hz OLED monitor cost about $1000, but an equivalent VA or IPS model costs about $500-600.

==== Alternative Display types ====
[[File:HTC Vive Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|A VR headset]]
Some games, educational software, and telepresence software can optionally use or may require a virtual reality headset. Though pricey, these headsets offer immersion that is hard to beat. Keep in mind that a large open area of a room is required for safely experiencing non sit down experiences, and that a VR headset is intended to be a secondary, not a primary monitor.

CRT monitors are now obsolete and only really available on the used market, but a high quality CRT monitor can be a good option in some specific use cases. Namely CRT monitors often allow the user to choose between higher resolution and higher refresh rates. The analog nature of CRT monitors also makes latency near zero - much lower then LCD panels. Downsides to CRT monitors include their large size, power consumption, availability issues, and outdated connectors.

Some monitors include touchscreens or support specialized drawing pens, often meant to serve as a secondary display. Monitors supporting pen input in particular are good for those wishing to try digital illustration or digital sculpting, and often boast high color accuracy due to their artist centric design.

Digital projectors are increasingly available on the consumer market. While not really good for everyday use, they are nice for home theater computers and other scenarios where a large screen is needed.

==== Monitor positioning ====
The default way of using most monitors it to just sit them on a desk. This works fine for most users, and avoids additional costs.

A cheap way to free up desk space or make your monitor stand taller is to get a monitor riser. This is a small table that sits on top of your desk, holding your monitor up and giving you space to stash small items beneath it.

Power users may want to invest in a [[w:Flat Display Mounting Interface|VESA Mount]] setup. This mounts the monitor to movable arms or a nearby wall, and frees desk space for other uses. Alternatively, some very small case designs support being mounted on the back of a VESA Mount, letting your computer rest on the back of your monitor.

=== Speakers ===
====Loudspeakers====
[[File:Creative T4 Wireless 2.1 Speakers.jpg|thumb|A 2.1 speaker setup with subwoofer and remote.]]
Computer loudspeaker sets come in two general varieties; 2/2.1 sets (over a wide range of quality), and &quot;surround&quot;, &quot;theater&quot;, or &quot;gaming&quot; sets with four or more speakers, which tend to be somewhat more expensive. A 2-speaker set is adequate for basic stereophonic sound. A 2.1-speaker set adds a sub-woofer to handle low frequencies. Low-end speakers can suffer from low bass response or inadequate amplification, both of which compromise sound quality. Powered speakers with separate sub-woofers usually cost only a little more and can sound much better. At the higher end, one should start to see features like standard audio cables (instead of manufacturer-specific ones), built in DACs, and a separate control box. 

The surround sets include a sub-woofer, and two or more sets of smaller speakers. These support 5.1 or 7.1 standards that allow sound to be mixed not only left and right, as with standard stereo speakers, but front and back and even behind the listener. Movies and video games make use of this technology to provide a full-immersion experience. Make sure your sound hardware will support 5.1 or 7.1 before buying such a speaker system. If your budget allows, you can avoid the computer speaker market entirely and look into piecing together a set of higher-end parts. If you are buying a speaker system designed for PCs, research the systems beforehand so you can be certain of getting one that promises clarity rather than just raw power. Speaker power is usually measured in RMS Watts. However, some cheap speakers use a different measure, Peak Music Power Output (PMPO), which appears much higher.

For home theater PCs, a soundbar can be a good option for a simple setup.

====Headphones====
Headphones can offer good sound much more cheaply than speakers, so if you are on a limited budget, but want maximum quality, they should be considered first. They should also be considered if you live in a apartment or dormitory where noise is a consideration. The advantage of headphones is that the acoustic environment between the audio driver is fully contained and controlled within the earcups and is not dependent on room acoustics. There are even headphones which promise surround-sound, though these can be hit or miss and should be tested prior to purchase. Some headphones may include a basic microphone as well.

A headphone stand can help keep your workplace organized if you plan on frequently using one.

=== Microphones ===
[[File:Blue Snowflake USB microphone.jpg|thumb|An external microphone can allow you to make high quality audio recordings at home.]]
Microphones can be added to allow for voice chat, dictation software, or for just making recordings. If you are using a webcam or a gaming headset, you likely already have a decent microphone.

Most low end to midrange office, gamer, and prosumer microphones plug in via USB or 3.5&quot; audio jacks, or connect wirelessly via Bluetooth. For creators who need high end microphones, by using certain external DAC devices, it becomes possible to use professional microphones that use [[w:XLR connector|XLR connectors]], greatly increasing sound quality, at the cost of increased setup complexity, as well as increasing the price of the setup overall.

Another factor to consider when purchasing a microphone for a desktop PC is where you want to mount it, and if you have the right acoustics in your room for the level of quality you want. Casual users may be fine simply placing a microphone on their desk, where gamers with loud keyboards may want to mount their microphone on a separate surface. A pop filter is a cheap way to improve quality in some cases. If the acoustics in your room are not good or there is significant background noise which can't be eliminated then no amount of expensive equipment will fix the underlying problems causing bad sound, and you're best off either fixing those problems, or using a cheap microphone.

=== Webcams ===
A webcam can be added to a desktop to aid in video conferencing or streaming. Quality of webcams can vary significantly, so it's a good idea to look at examples of footage produced by a particular model before committing to a purchase. Web cams offer a variety of resolutions and frame rates.

Some webcams can be used for security features such as Windows Hello in Windows 10.

Many webcams have a physical privacy shutter to prevent accidental use, and cheap aftermarket shutters can be added for webcams without one. Many webcams support tripod mounts, which can be used to offer alternative angles for those with multiple cameras, such as streamers. Most webcams have a microphone built in.

=== Other peripherals ===
Some peripherals serve more niche uses. Though they are not needed for all users, you may find such devices useful if they compliment your specific needs, work or hobbies.

&lt;!--Idea for later: GPS receivers for those living mobile lives in RVs, car computers--&gt;
====Accessibility====
[[File:Plage-braille-Alva.jpg|thumb|A refreshable braile display used underneath a keyboard.]]
You may benefit from accessibility tools if you have an impediment, such as foot pedals, large button gadgets, or other devices.

[[wikipedia:Refreshable braille display|Refreshable braile displays]] and [[w:Screen reader|screen reader]] software can help users with visual impairments

====Security====
Hardware 2FA keys are a good idea for those who value security. These keys typically plug into a USB port and can be used as an extra layer of security on top of a password. A special webcam that uses structured light or a finger print reader can be used for Windows Hello.

&lt;!--Unsure if a hardware wallet for cryptocurrency enthusiasts would belong here.--&gt;
If you are using a disk encryption solution like Windows [[w:BitLocker|BitLocker]], it may be worthwhile to get a [[w:Trusted Platform Module|Trusted Platform Module]] made [[w:ROCA vulnerability|after 2018]]. This is a small piece of dedicated hardware that handles security related tasks. This requires that both the module and the motherboard are compatible with each other, both on a hardware level and a software level.

A port blocker or case lock may be OK for stopping casual mischief if you have regular guests or roommates, but most commercially available products in this category will not stand up to either a modestly talented tinkerer, or simple brute force.

====Gaming====
Fans of specific game genres may benefit from a flight stick, a stearing wheel, fight pad, arcade deck, or console style controller. There are also more esoteric control devices available, based on EEG readings, gesture recognition, or other unconventional inputs.

A video capture card can be used to record or stream the output of a game console or even another PC without impacting framerates. 

Streaming decks can help save time during livestreams.

====Creating====
[[File:Penciling on Wacom Cintiq 13HD by David Revoy.jpg|thumb|Drawing tablets use special pens to offer more natural input methods for artists.]]

Creatives and hobbyists may find workflow benefits from adding specialized peripherals to their workspace such as drawing tablets, MIDI keyboards, mixers, microscopes, 3D Scanners, software defined radios, plotters, laser cutters, or 3D printers.

== External links ==
* [https://outervision.com/power-supply-calculator The outervision power supply calculator]
* [https://pcpartpicker.com/ PCPartPicker] can help check for compatibility issues before you buy.
* [https://www.logicalincrements.com/ Logical Increments] offers a variety of example builds that are focused on balance at a given price point.
* [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page1.html Silent PC Review of PSU units]

{{Chapter navigation||Assembly}}

[[it:Costruire un computer/Componenti]]</text>
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      <text bytes="165076" sha1="1iozigsk2iq938nga8c5gi99ispe1ko" xml:space="preserve">{{How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Contents}}

The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on.

These are the parts that a standard PC will use. You might want to make a check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component.

==The primary parts==

===Key Parts===

*'''[[w:Computer case|Case]]''' - The case houses and protects rest of the parts, and contains additional functions like button, front IO ports, and other features.

*'''[[w:Power supply unit (computer)|Power Supply Unit]]'''/'''PSU''' – ''Power Supply Unit'', converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. 

*'''[[w:Motherboard|Motherboard]]'''/'''mainboard''' – A board that facilitates communications between components and offers ports to connect them together.

*'''[[w:Central processing unit|CPU]]''' – ''central processing unit'', the main processor of the computer. The CPU handles general and mathematically complicated tasks.

*'''[[w:RAM|RAM]]''' – ''random access memory'', the &quot;short-term memory&quot; of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a ''storage drive''.

*'''[[w:Computer storage|Storage]]''' - either '''[[Wikipedia:HDD|HDD]]''' (Hard disk drive - noisy and slower of the two but less expensive) and/or '''[[Wikipedia:SSD|SSD]]''' (solid state drive. Quiet, very fast but not as cheap) – the &quot;long-term memory&quot; of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here, so if you choose SSD then the system will be faster. These days, SSDs have replaced HDDs for almost everything but the lowest-end laptops and desktops, but if you only need to surf the web, HDDs are the best option. OSes can be booted and use storage from inexpensive '''[[Wikipedia:USB Drive|USB Drives]]''', although this is only with extremely lightweight systems.

=== Optional Components===

Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine)

*'''[[w:Video Card|GPU]]'''/'''Graphics Card''' – does processing relating to video output. If you want to build a gaming PC, a good GPU is almost mandatory. Some processors have an integrated GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide ports to connect a monitor to your computer.

*'''[[w:Optical Drive|Optical Drive]]''' – device for handling optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays or other optical media. Some drives are able to write optical media as well as read it.

*'''[[w:Sound card|Sound hardware]]''' - Now integrated into motherboards, higher end sound hardware may be a good option for some users.

===External Components===

On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components:

*'''[[w:Keyboard|Keyboard]]''' – for typing on. A good keyboard will increase your comfort, as well as make you a more productive typist.

*'''[[w:Mouse|Mouse]]''' – for pointing and clicking. A comfortable mouse can significantly improve your experience.

*'''[[w:Monitor|Monitor]]''' – Displays graphics from your computer. They come in many forms, the most common being [[Wikipedia:Lcd|LCD]] displays.

==Planning the Build==
Before you go on a shopping spree and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts, there are some important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases:

* What will be the main function of the computer?
* What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise?
* How much can you afford to spend on the system? 
* Some functions benefit from certain components more then others. What components, if any, should you skimp on to afford better components elsewhere?
* Do you want to upgrade your computer later, or will you be content with your build?

== What operating system am I going to use? ==
Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan to use. Almost all commonly available PC devices have drivers (small programs that allow the operating system to recognize and work with a hardware device) available for current versions of Windows. If you want to run an alternative operating system, you'll have to do some research to make sure your hardware choice will be compatible. Many alternatives have extensive 'Hardware Compatibility Lists' (HCLs) as well as software compatibility.

=== Main operating systems available ===
* '''Microsoft Windows''' - [[w:Windows 11|Windows 10/11 (Home/Pro)]].
* '''Popular Linux Distros''' -  [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:OpenSUSE|OpenSUSE]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[w:debian|Debian]], and others
* '''Popular BSD Variants''' - [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]], [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], [[w:NetBSD|NetBSD]], and others
* '''Android''' - A variety of Android based operating systems exist for x86 Personal computers. While not ideal for the desktop form factor, they are free and offer compatibility with Android's software library.
* '''MacOS''' - You can install MacOS on non-Apple hardware which is called &quot;Hackintosh&quot; in which an end user installs MacOS on a non-Apple computer. Be warned that this is risky and takes more knowledge than other operating systems. 

=== Windows information and hardware support lists ===
'''Microsoft Windows''' is a series of operating systems made by the Microsoft corporation. Thanks to its popularity and widespread support Windows is ideal for most personal computing and fits the needs or wants of just about anyone: gamers, video/graphics editors, office workers, or the average user who wants to surf the web and play a bit of solitaire.

In general Windows supports most available consumer processors from AMD or Intel, as well as most internal and external devices, including Graphics Cards, Wi-Fi adapters, and specialty hardware.

For general consumers, Windows comes in a few flavors:
* Windows 11 Home is the basic version of Windows 11 and costs about $140, but purchases from bulk retailers can be as cheap as $50.
* Windows 11 Pro is the more advanced version of Windows 11 and costs about $200. This version includes business-oriented features like drive encryption, better virtual machine support and a built-in remote desktop function.
* Windows 11 Pro for Workstations provides support for workstation-class hardware such as motherboards with multiple processor sockets and costs $310.

If you are a student you may be able to get a free version of Windows 11 through your school using Azure Dev Teaching (formerly Imagine Premium).

Any Windows 7, 8, 8.1 or 10 product key can be used to activate a copy of Windows 11. This essentially gives you a free upgrade from an older version of Windows to the latest.

Microsoft maintains a list [https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl|list of hardware] compatible with Windows.

=== Linux information and hardware support lists ===
As one of the most popular open-source (free) operating systems, '''GNU/Linux''' is a good alternative. Linux is a UNIX-like series of operating systems and comes in many different distributions, called &quot;distros&quot; for short. Popular distros of Linux intended for the desktop include [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Debian|Debian]], [[w:openSUSE|openSUSE]], [[w:MX Linux|MX Linux]], [[w:Elementary OS|Elementary OS]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[wikipedia:KDE neon|KDE Neon]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], and [[w:Arch Linux|Arch Linux]].

Linux has applications that can match most of the functionality of their proprietary alternatives. It should be noted, however, that many popular programs are not available for Linux, and the only way to run them is with special compatibility layers like [[w:Wine (software)|Wine]], which may or may not work with a specific program, or could only run with significant issues.

Unlike Windows, drivers in Linux are usually included in the distro. This means different distributions will support different hardware (generally more 'bleeding-edge' distributions will support newer hardware – look at Fedora, SUSE or Ubuntu, compared to the latest stable release of Debian). A search online will normally establish compatibility, otherwise a good rule of thumb to figure out compatibility is to buy hardware that is 12 to 18 months old, as it most likely has Linux support with most distributions, but won't be too old.

Graphics Drivers on Linux are interesting. AMD GPUs typically work fine out of the box thanks to the manufacturer backed open source [[w:AMDGPU|AMDGPU driver]] project, where the community open source [[w:nouveau (software)|nouveau]] project generally works well, but not to the same level as Nvidia's Proprietary drivers, which many distros do not include out of the box due to the licensing used by the driver. Intel Integrated Graphics typically works very well in Linux.

=== BSDs information and hardware support lists===
'''BSD''', or the '''Berkeley Software Distribution''', is also a UNIX-Like series of operating systems and could be considered the alternative to Linux. BSD is an open-source (free) operating system and has its own descendants, such as [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]] and [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]. Unlike Linux, BSD tends not to support &quot;new&quot; hardware but can handle a lot of both older and modern components. BSD and Linux share a variety of applications supported on both operating systems.
* DesktopBSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 5.4/i386] and [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-amd64.html FreeBSD 5.4/amd64]
* [http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.php/Supported_Hardware Dragonfly BSD]
* [http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/ FreeBSD]
* [http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/ NetBSD]
* [http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html OpenBSD]
* PC-BSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/6.0R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 6.0/i386]

===Hackintosh===
[[File:Hackintosh-780x495.jpg|thumb|A Hackintosh]]
A [[w:Hackintosh|Hackintosh]] is a computer based on commodity hardware which runs [[w:macOS|macOS]]. This is '''extremely''' risky and could end in utter failure if it is not done properly. macOS is designed with Apple computers in mind and trying to port them to a PC is risky and difficult. If you still want to attempt the same, read this.
# You'll be violating the Apple EULA.
# You should be using a comparable Intel CPU which should've been used by Apple in one of their computers. Although 14th gen Intel CPUs and 700-series motherboards are available, 10th gen Intel CPUs and 400-series motherboards are the last components fully supported by macOS.
# Apple is moving away from X86 CPUs, and your configuration may not work in the future. Updating between releases could be difficult even before this transition.
# CPU choice and graphics also matter. Look up your CPU/GPU combination to see if it works.
# You'll need to (mostly) get modified installers, as the official installers may block installation.
# You'll need patience and tinkering up with things if something goes wrong. An unsupported motherboard could even be destroyed by macOS.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+List of supported GPUs (as of macOS Sequoia)
!GPU
!Supported?
|-
|HD 500 (6th gen Intel) or earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|HD 600 (7th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|UHD 600 (8-10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Intel G1-G7 (10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|11th gen Intel iGPUs and later
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Any Nvidia GPUs
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|AMD Vega iGPUs (Zen 1-3)
|{{Yes|Supported with patches}}
|-
|GCN GPUs (RX 200/300 series) and earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Polaris GPUs (RX 400/500 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Vega GPUs
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 1 GPUs (RX 5000 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 2 GPUs (RX 6000 series)
|{{Yes|Most GPUs supported}}
|-
|RDNA 3 GPUs (RX 7000 series)
|{{No|Not supported}}
|}

===Other Operating Systems===
These options are not recommended for the average user, but are included for the sake of completeness.

====Haiku====
Haiku is an operating system based on BeOS. Its main benefits are its specific focus on personal computing, and its cohesive interface.
The main drawback is that its still somewhat &quot;Beta&quot;, and can be unstable. Hardware support is iffy, too. If you really want to try Haiku, it's best to use a virtual machine or live USB, instead of installing directly onto your hardware.

== What will be the main function of the computer? ==
{{Warning|
'''Caution to high-end buyers''':

Higher-end Intel processors, specifically 13th and 14th generations (Raptor Lake) Intel Core i5, i7 and i9 processors may cause instability under load using the default motherboard settings. This is caused by degradation due to high elevated voltages. Intel released Intel Baseline Profile for these affected processors, which make these processors more stable under load, but loses about 10% performance. Therefore it is '''not recommended''' to buy these processors
&lt;ref&gt;https://wccftech.com/only-5-out-of-10-core-i9-13900k-2-out-of-10-core-i9-14900k-cpus-stable-in-auto-profile-intel-board-partners-stability-issues/ - retrieved 2024-05-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2024, a BIOS update for these affected processors has rolled out for the affected processors, which addresses the instability, though not guaranteed.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards#stream-entry-27a4766f-6754-4e46-97f8-626f1ac05933 - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

Exceptions are 13/14th gen Core i3, which is basically recycled 12th gen Core i3, which hasn't caused instability and therefore are not affected. Arrow Lake (Core 200 series) CPUs are also unaffected.
}}
If you're going to build a computer from scratch for a specific purpose, you'll want to select each component with your use case in mind. Consider what you want to use the computer for, you may be able to save money by specifying expensive, premium parts only where needed.

Any reasonably configured computer built from current components will offer adequate Internet browsing and word-processing capabilities. For an office computer, this is often all that is needed. As long as you provide enough RAM for your chosen operating system (4 GB at least), any processor you can buy new will provide acceptable performance. If the computer is for gaming, a fast processor and the addition of a high-end graphics card and extra RAM will provide a more satisfactory gaming experience. Besides gaming, computers intended for video editing, serious audio work, CAD/CAM, or animation will benefit from beefier components which are specifically designed for that purpose.

Here are some general system categories. Your own needs will probably not fit neatly into one of these, but they are a good way to start thinking about what you are going to use your computer for. With each we’ve indicated the components you should emphasize when building the system and we've also included sample builds for each configuration, which you're free to modify it to fit your needs and budget.

===Simple web surfer===
To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little word processing, and the occasional game of solitaire, it’s best not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate Internet connection will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply.

This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular component; you should be looking at a mid - to low-level processor (historically, and currently, at about the $150 price point or less), enough RAM for the OS and a motherboard with built in Ethernet, video and audio. You can use a mid-level case/power supply combo (these components are often sold as a pair). 

If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case/power supply in that order.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbf;&quot; | '''Ultra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | ~$250
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel Processor 300 ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | UHD Graphics 710 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 W
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 83 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdf;&quot; | '''Extra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | ~$300
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600GT ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 7 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 139 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 139 W

|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL18 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 138 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 140 W
|}

===Office computer===
An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work, network access, e-mail and a little light development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page layout work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation.

None of this stresses any particular component either, but since office workers often run several applications at the same time, and because time is money in this space, a strong mid-level processor is suggested. Typically this would be the processor one or two places from the top of the line. Plenty of RAM will also facilitate multitasking and save time.

You will not need much in the way of 3D graphics power so current generation integrated graphics solutions from both AMD and Intel are perfectly adequate for office tasks. You should be aware that they will appropriate a portion of the system RAM for video duties thus reducing the total amount of RAM available for the OS and other programs so play accordingly and increase the total system RAM amount to compensate. Choosing the fastest operating frequency RAM your motherboard and budget can support will positively improve the performance of integrated graphics. If you decide that you need a dedicated graphics card after all, opt for an inexpensive model. A sub $200 (for this and other prices in US dollars see [http://www.xe.com/ucc/ www.xe.com/ucc] or other currency converter of your choice for conversion into your local currency) video card with 4 GB of video RAM or more should be more than sufficient. However, do your research carefully because many inexpensive graphics cards actually have poorer performance than current generation integrated graphic solutions.

You should pick a case which looks professional and compliments the look of your office as well as your role in your work. Your case should also be sturdy, to withstand being kicked under a desk or knocked by cleaning staff. You'll also want a no frills but reliable power supply that meets your needs and won't let you down in the middle of a busy workday.

Any extra budget after the above should focus on a better monitor, better/more ergonomic mouse/keyboard and more RAM.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 144 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 8 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-8400 CL40 (2 x 16 GB) ($230)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 6 GB ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 44 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 443 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 47 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 465 W
|}

===Server===
A server these days can be anything from a home unit that shares media files, documents, and printers over a local network, to a machine running a business-critical system for a small business, to a 3U rack mount unit serving up millions of hits a day on the Internet. 

The thing that most servers have in common is that they are always on and therefore reliability is a key characteristic. Also they serve more than one user while storing and processing important information. For this reason servers are often equipped with redundant systems such as dual power supplies, RAID5/6 arrays of four or more hard disks, special server grade processors that require error-correcting memory, multiple high-speed Ethernet connections, etc.

All of this is a little beyond the scope of the current work, but, in general, servers need lots of RAM, fast redundant hard drives, and the most reliable components your budget will allow. The CPU choice should be made in accordance with the use of the server. A simple print/fax server will do fine with a CPU stolen from a museum, whereas a server running a database and a front end for that, will work much better with a top of the line CPU. 

On the other end of the hardware list, since nobody is usually sitting at them, you can get away with the cheapest possible keyboard, mouse and monitor (in fact many servers run &quot;headless&quot; with no monitor at all). Graphics are also a very low priority on these machines, and a read only CD/DVD-ROM optical drive (used, infrequently, for installing software and updates) will do just fine.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7252 ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7282 ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7302 ($420)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7313 ($680)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 32 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Entry-level SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 32 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 32 GB) ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9224 ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-5600 (4 x 32 GB) ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9354 ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-6400 (4 x 32 GB) ($560)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9454 ($5000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 256 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 32 GB) ($1120)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9754 ($11000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 64 GB) ($2560)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 16 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($1400)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v5'''
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | ~$35000
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual socket SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($3000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual AMD Epyc 9754 CPUs ($22000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 768 GB DDR5-6400 (12 x 64 GB) ($3840)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 x 22 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($2800)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 1500 W Platinum power supply ($650)
|}

===Gaming system===
[[File:Gaming PC-Setup - Astaroth- The Completed System.jpg|right|thumb|A gaming PC setup.]]
We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma obsession. We’re talking about cutting edge 3D gaming – first-person shooters or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, with anisotropic filtering and anti-aliasing and mip-mapped specular reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology describing visual effects that will make anything less than a top-of-the-line system fall down on its knees and beg for mercy.

==== Gaming Processors ====
A top of the range processor is not critical to gaming performance (though it does help)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/serious-gaming.html intel : serious-gaming]&lt;/ref&gt;, but you will need at least a mid range one and plenty of RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components. Please remember that if you plan on running the latest games in 4K, or even higher, on highest settings, or even with three monitors, you will need a high end processor. This will stop the chances of bottlenecking the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) and not give you the gaming experience you want. The most important part will be the video card (or cards) with cutting edge GPUs. AMD, [[w:NVIDIA|NVIDIA]] and Intel have been competing for &quot;king of the graphics card&quot; honors for years and the competition is so keen that new cards running on new GPUs are released quite frequently.

Note that increasing the resolution does not increase the CPU workload, only the GPU workload and VRAM usage will increase. Assume if you are running a game at 1080p High settings at 90fps with 80% CPU usage and 95% GPU usage, then increasing the resolution to 1440p decreases the fps to 60, but the CPU usage decreases to 60%.

As a general rule, always buy the fastest GPU you can get with the CPU that will not be bottlenecked.

==== Audio Hardware ====
Most motherboards have decent or good audio hardware already built in. For most gamers this is adequate, and saves money that can be spent on other components that impact gameplay experience more.

A good sound card or external DAC or sound card can help drive high end headphones and other audiophile equipment. The DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) provided by this hardware can provide a higher end and cleaner audio experience. Currently [[w:Creative Labs|Creative Labs]] and ASUS Xonar are the leading brands, but again do your research (partly by reading on) and get the best audio solution for your needs.

==== Gaming PSUs ====
Finally all of these components are going to require a pretty hefty power supply. Generally a serious gaming rig will require at least a 750 watt supply; consumer units are available up to 2000 watts (2 Kilowatts) as anything higher on a single outlet is likely to trip a home circuit breaker.

==== VRAM usage ====
VRAM (short for video memory) is the memory in a GPU. Unlike system RAM, it cannot be upgraded by end users. The only way to add more VRAM is by buying a new GPU with more VRAM.

VRAM is important, because VRAM usage on AAA game releases since early 2023 like ''The Last of Us Part I'', ''Forspoken'' and ''Hogwarts Legacy'' can exceed 8 GB when running Ultra settings even at 1080p. Having too little VRAM can cause stutters when running these games at higher settings. You probably do not want to buy a GPU with less than 8 GB VRAM, like RTX 3050 6 GB and RX 6500 XT 4 GB.

For example, in 2020 an user bought a Nvidia GeForce RTX 3070 for $900 at that time (typical pricing due to GPU cryptocurrency mining crisis in 2020-22, $500 MSRP). It was a great GPU for running era-appropriate games like ''Cyberpunk 2077'' at 1440p. Fast forward to 2023 and the RTX 3070, with only 8GB VRAM, struggles to run ''The Last of Us Part I'' properly at 1440p due to VRAM limitations, requiring to drop resolution or texture detail down to get a playable experience. This also applies to RTX 3060 Ti, 3070 Ti and even 3080 10GB.

Here are the recommendations:
{| class=wikitable
!Tier
!1080p gaming
!1440p gaming
!240Hz 1440p gaming
!4K gaming
|-
|VRAM
|At least 8 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 16 GB
|-
|List of graphics cards
|
Used graphics cards that costs less than $200
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 ''(used)'' ($80)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 Ti ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 ''(used)'' ($100)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti ''(used)'' ($120)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super ''(used)'' ($140)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 ''(used)'' ($150)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super ''(used)'' ($170)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Super ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce Titan X ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon RX 570 8 GB ''(used)'' ($60)
*AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX 590 ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 56 ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 64 ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon VII ''(used)'' ($170)
*AMD Radeon RX 5500 XT 8 GB ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 ''(used)'' ($110)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT ''(used)'' ($130)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 ''(used)'' ($180)
New graphics cards that costs less than $300
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 ($290)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 ($190)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 XT ($220)
*AMD Radeon RX 6650 XT ($230)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 ($250)
*Intel Arc A580 ($170)
*Intel Arc A750 ($190)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $450 and have performance rating over 100 (baseline of RTX 3060 12 GB)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB ($430)
*Nvidia Titan X Pascal ''(used)'' ($180)
*Nvidia Titan Xp ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia Titan V ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT ($320)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $700 and have performance rating over 160
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti ''(used)'' ($470)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 ($500)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Super ($580)
*Nvidia Titan RTX ''(used)'' ($530)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
|
Graphics cards that have performance rating over 200
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti ''(used)'' ($820)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti Super ($780)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 ''(used)'' ($930)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 Super ($1000)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 ($1800)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX ($870)
|}

==== Tying the gaming rig together ====

As you may have noticed, pretty much every component inside the computer needs to be top of the line; the same is true outside the case. You’ll want a big, high refresh rate monitor (at least 27” 120Hz), and a high sensitivity mouse. There are even gaming keyboards with the keys specially arranged, as well as joysticks, throttle controllers, driving wheels, etc.

So, given that your budget is not bottomless, how do you prioritize? Well, the processor and video card are the components that will have the most effect on your gaming performance. Next comes the motherboard and RAM. One of the advantages to building your own computer is that you can get the components you can afford now and plan to upgrade them later.

A note on cases for gaming rigs – it is not necessary to get a case with a side window that reveals glowing RGB fans and revolving animated heat-sinks. A well-built plain case will do just as well and let you spend more money on the components that matter. But if you have the cash, and that’s your taste, there are lots of flashy add-ons available these days.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | B450 DDR4 motherboard ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 6600 8 GB ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600 ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT 16 GB ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 9600X ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB ($520)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT 20 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX 24 GB ($850)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-6200 CL36 (2 x 24 GB) ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 32 GB) ($210)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($280)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|}

=== Entertainment system/media center ===
This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files for replay via your existing television and stereo. The current notion is that this computer should be built in a special case that makes it look more like a stereo component, the size of which can present a challenge when it comes to getting all the necessary parts fitted.

For this system a mid-range processor will be fine, along with a generous amount of RAM. A gigabit or better Ethernet connection will facilitate sharing large files. You’ll also want a TV tuner card (or two) to get video in and out of the machine. Many of these also provide [[w:digital video recorder|DVR]] (digital video recorder) functionality, often without the monthly subscription fees and [[w:digital rights management|DRM]] (digital rights management) restrictions required by companies like Tivo. A wireless keyboard and mouse provide for couch-based use and a separate monitor may be unnecessary as your TV will fill that role.

All components should be as quiet as possible since you'll likely be watching/listening in the same room. For this application it makes sense to trade a little power for passively-cooled (without fans) parts. Following this logic, one may consider fan-less CPUs and mainboards.

You may also want an IR receiver to let you use your existing remote control as media buttons.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics / video card
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12400T ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 450 W Plus power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 141 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13400T ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 500 W Plus power supply ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 160 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 17 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 165 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 16 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 16 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;High-end TV tuner card ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Dual high-end TV tuner cards ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 20 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 197 W
|}

===Workstation===
{{Info|Workstation builds are for professionals who will fully leverage the features offered. You don't need a workstation for casual or even professional video editing, music production, CAD, programming, etc. Amateurs, hobbyists, and small businesses can save quite a bit of money by simply running workstation applications on consumer class hardware. In many cases a high end gaming PC will provide equivalent performance at a fraction of the cost of a workstation. For these users, simply adding the peripherals used by specific workstation setups can effectively turn their normal computers into a sort of psuedo-workstation.}}

A workstation was originally a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-based simulations of real world phenomena. Once the domain of cutting edge computer companies, this category has experienced a rebirth as high performance and reliable PCs for professional use. Unlike a gaming PC, reliability becomes much more important - Time is money after all.

For any of the following uses, you will want
* A solid and reliable power supply
* A processor and motherboard platform that supports [[wikipedia:ECC_memory|ECC memory]].
* Lots of ECC memory more reliability.
* A 64 bit version of the OS to take full advantage of the extra ram and software features used by many workstation programs.
* A GPU that can run desired applications on multiple high resolution displays.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12600K ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A1000 8 GB ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 6 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 12 GB ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 24 GB) ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 32 GB) ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X ($480)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 96 GB DDR5-6400 CL36 (2 x 48 GB) ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7960X ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 192 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (4 x 48 GB) ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1200 W Tier A power supply ($200)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X ($2400)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 384 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (8 x 48 GB) ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB ($6500)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7980X ($4700)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (8 x 64 GB) ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Dual Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB GPUs (96 GB total) ($13000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 2000 W Tier A power supply ($500)
|}


====Video editing====
Big and fast storage drives are key. Solid State Drives in RAID0 as working space with multiple multi Terabyte or larger drives for storage is a good target. A large amount of memory  would be beneficial, as would a fast CPU, with many cores/threads, especially if you intend to render effects or wish to quickly transcode video. Most editing and transcoding programs utilize some form of GPU acceleration (primarily OpenCL and/or CUDA), where the graphics processor is used, along with the CPU, to perform many calculations at the same time, greatly reducing processing time, compared to CPU-only processing.

====Music production====

Plenty of disk space and RAM is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components – studio reference monitors instead of normal speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. Even the acoustics of the room your computer is in becomes an important factor. If you want to record external sources, like vocals or instruments, you'll need an audio interface which allows you to plug mics or instruments into your computer.

Computers meant to be installed near live recordings often use near or totally silent cooling solutions.

Audio interfaces allow anything from a single microphone or instrument on up to pro level systems that have 32 or more simultaneous inputs. These separate inputs will allow you to record each one as a separate track in your DAW. Most use Steinberg's ASIO interface (a software driver that connects your hardware to your DAW software). If you don't wish to invest in anything other than the onboard sound card your computer comes with, consider ASIO4All, a free driver that imitates the ASIO framework for almost any sound card.

One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones - even if you have to trade the Bluesmobile.

====CAD/CAM====
('''C'''omputer '''A'''ssisted '''D'''esign / '''C'''omputer '''A'''ided '''M'''anufacturing)

A CAD/CAM workstation is usually a machine that runs a single, very intense, application. These machines often utilize specialized video hardware, like the [[w:Nvidia Quadro|Nvidia Quadro]] and[[w:Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Pro]] series of GPUs, which are designed specifically for CAD/CAM rendering. Since these machines are usually devoted to a single, expensive, application it's especially important to pay close attention to the requirements of that application. Spec the hardware to support the software - always a good idea but especially important here. 

Some examples of this specialized software are [[w:Autodesk 3ds Max|Autodesk 3ds Max]], [[w:Autodesk Maya|Autodesk Maya]], [[w:AutoCAD|AutoCAD]], [[w:Cinema 4D|Cinema 4D]] and [[w:Maxwell Render|Maxwell Render]] amongst [[w:Comparison of computer-aided design editors|many others]].

=== Mining rig ===
A mining rig is a computer designed to mine cryptocurrency with the use of multiple high-end GPUs. Graphics cards are the most important for mining. You should get a case and motherboard that are specifically designed for multiple graphics cards. To supply all of power to the components, you will need a Gold or better power supply capable of supplying lots of power. CPU, RAM and storage are the lowest priorities.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti 12 GB ($800)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB ($1150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 1000 W Gold power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 8 GB) ($55)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB (32 GB total) ($2300)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (48 GB total) ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Gold power supply ($420)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 3 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (72 GB total) ($4800)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2300 W Platinum power supply ($800)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 6 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (144 GB total) ($9600)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Dual 2300 W Platinum power supplies ($1600)
|}

== Do I plan on overclocking my computer? ==
[[File:Cooler Master Hyper 212 Plus vs. Intel Stock.jpg|thumb|An aftermarket CPU heatsink side by side with a stock heatsink. Larger heatsinks help keep components cool during overclocking, and larger fans often help either move much more air through a system for the same level of noise, or move the same amount of air for much less noise.]]
Overclocking consists of running components at faster internal speeds than they are rated for, gaining a bit of extra performance out of the part. If you are serious about overclocking your computer, you need to do extensive research into the components you select, as some parts respond to overclocking better than others. Overclocking usually voids your warranty and is risky as you can shorten the life of your components or even burn them out completely! You need to take cooling the computer more seriously as overclocking generates additional heat. Anything from a few extra fans to a liquid-cooled system may be necessary depending on the nature of your system.

Many parts that are the same model can overclock differently due to manufacturer binning, leading to a &quot;Silicon Lottery&quot; of sorts. For example, consider three different Raptor Lake 13700K CPUs that are installed in identical systems - a good chip can clock up to about 5.7 GHz, an excellent one may be able to hit 6.1 GHz, while a bad one may stop at 5.3 GHz. If you are willing to pay more, some vendors sell pre-binned CPUs which have been previously tested to overclock well.

Most AMD processors can be overclocked. For Intel processors, only the K series CPUs (which cost about $20-40 USD more than the normal version) and the Extreme Series generally allow full overclocking.

== Do I plan on underclocking my computer? == 
This can be ideal for always-on entertainment systems. Underclocked parts run cooler, often enabling passive cooling options to be used, which leads to a much quieter system, and you'll also save on power.

However, you'll lose performance from the CPU. You may wish to ''undervolt'' the CPU instead; see the [[../Silencing|Silencing]] section to find out how.

== Can I use any of the parts from my old computer? ==
[[File:2017 mid range pc in late 1990s case.jpg|thumb|A 2017 PC built in a case from the 1990's. While this decision sacrifices front IO and modern airflow designs, it does save money on the case. Some communities exist that build &quot;Sleeper PCs&quot;, modern high performance computers built to look like under powered or obsolete computers.]]
This depends on your situation; if your computer is more than four years old, chances are that most of the parts will be too old, slow or incompatible for your new machine. On the other hand, if you are upgrading from a fairly new machine, you may be able to use many of the parts. All of this assumes the old computer will no longer be used. If you, or someone else, is going to continue using your old computer, it's probably best just to leave it intact.

One important point – if you are selling your old computer it's a good idea to erase the hard drive before giving it to its new owner. A simple 'delete' command does not actually erase the data on your hard drive,leaving things like financial documents, passwords, healthcare records, browser history, and personal photos potentially recoverable through easy to use recovery software. To avoid this, programs are available that will effectively 'shred' your data, making it unrecoverable. Driver software that comes with some hard drives may also have programs to do this, that write 0s or 1s (either way, &quot;blankness&quot;) to the whole drive. Lower-tech approaches include drilling a few holes in the drive or taking a blowtorch to it. Obviously, either prevents it from being used again (Be planet friendly and try to avoid this).

Since monitor technology moves quite slowly, you can probably keep your current monitor and use it on the new computer if it's of sufficient size and clarity for your work. The same can go for keyboards, as well as mice, printers, scanners, and possibly speaker sets. On the inside, you may be able to take out the storage drive, and expansion cards. If your components are especially old, the features integrated into the motherboard may actually be superior to your old components, so testing with and without these your old devices is recommended. Sometimes so much is used from the old computer, that the line between an upgrade and a new computer can become blurred.

Reusing a hard drive is an easy way to keep data from your old computer. With most Windows operating systems moving a boot drive from one motherboard to another will entail a series of reboots and installation of new drivers. Back up your data before trying this, and note that Windows will usually ask you to reactivate. Keep the licence key ready.

== Where do I find the parts? ==
[[File:The Apple Department at the Queens, NY Micro Center.jpg|thumb|Computer retailers can be a handy source for parts, and often offer easy returns.]]
Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of research can save you years of regret, so make sure that the computer you build will do what you need it to do. 

Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to look them up. Wikipedia is an excellent place to start if, for example, you’re not clear on the difference between, say, DDR4 and DDR5 memory.

There are several places to buy parts:

* '''Internet retailers''' generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before you purchase.
* '''Auction sites''' like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is especially useful for parts which do not wear out, like RAM, and unlike HDD/SSDs. Returns can be problematic or impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid.
* '''Local PC shops''' - Their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you don't need.
* '''Big box stores''' often lack technical expertise and charge higher prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right away.
* '''Trade shows''' that occur from time to time also provide a good place to shop, as the prices are often significantly reduced, and the variety of prefabricated computers built towards specific computing needs tend to be higher.

Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers and monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables. Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge. They're usually glad to let you go through it, but don't leave a mess. Taking advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little.
=== OEM vs Retail ===
[[File:AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750G 6913.jpg|thumb|An OEM CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G.]]
Many hardware manufacturers will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come fully packaged with manuals, accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for &quot;original equipment manufacturer&quot;; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which integrate the components into their own products. 

However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at (slightly) cheaper prices than the corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM parts may often be shorter or nonexistent, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than their retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features may be missing. Some of the support may be less (as in the case of Microsoft). Again, do your research.

== What should affect the choice of any part/peripheral? ==
Many things should be taken into account when deciding what parts to buy. Below are some things to consider.

=== Compatibility ===
You’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the motherboard manufacturer's web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the manufacturers list of processors should be rigidly adhered to, as even when a processor is supported by the socket on the motherboard, the motherboard firmware may not support it.

You’ll also want to make sure that your operating system supports the hardware you choose. Windows is supported by almost everything, though watch out for older components if you're planning on using Windows 11. If you have any interest in running Linux, or another operating system now or in the future, buy parts that are supported by that OS (Operating System). Check online to make sure there is no history of your chosen components causing issues when used together, or with software you plan on running.

=== Ergonomics ===
[[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|This ergonomic mouse looks strange, but it is designed to reduce strain on your hands.]]
Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body. This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or you’re getting a crick in your neck, look at the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. Learning to type without looking down at the keyboard is very useful for avoiding neck strain.

=== Operating temperature ===
[[File:No blue smoke.jpg|thumb|A computer chip that has burnt out. Preventing damage like this is much easier then repairing it.]]
Modern components, notably processors, GPUs, RAM, and some elements on the motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better.

If you are not going to overclock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer then components designed for passive (fan-less) cooling can be paired with very low noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more attention to cooling.

To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard). If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the thermal limits of any component on your computer.

Which brings us to overclocking. It's specialty cooling solutions that make overclocking possible, a processor that might run stable at a maximum of 4.4 GHz at {{convert|65|C|F}} could hit speeds as high as 5.6 GHz with specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% overclock could add a special fan/heatsink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major overclock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you really know what you're doing.

=== Price ===
Today, there are a wide array of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming if you've never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Some places may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech support. Many websites, such as [http://www.cnet.com CNET] and [http://www.zdnet.com ZDNet] offer comprehensive reviews, user ratings, and links to stores, including price comparisons. 

Since prices for any given part are always falling, it’s tempting to just wait until the part you want goes down in price. Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs $500 may well be $300 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you’ll want the new, better part that still costs $500. At some point you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling.

Usually the best bet is to buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. 

It's a good idea to think about future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you're building today may be fine for your current needs you may want to upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow you to fit more memory than you are planning to use, or a case that has room for extra storage drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often a new machine.

You may also find that by over-specifying in some areas you can save money on others, e.g. if you don't currently need WiFi but you do need Bluetooth then you might want to purchase a WiFi card anyway as some of the higher end WiFi cards also support Bluetooth.

=== Performance ===
If money is no object just buy the most powerful components you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay off for you and scrimp on others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the most bang for your buck. When deciding where to cut back, remember that you have the option to upgrade in the future. Some components are easier to upgrade then others such as RAM, where an upgrade is as simple as popping more into a free slot. Other upgrades, such as replacing the CPU or GPU with a better model are more costly, as the original often serves no purpose following the upgrade (But may be resold online to recoup some of the cost).

== Primary components ==
These are the components that will be the core of your new computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these components and a bare set of peripherals.

[[Image:Personal_computer,_exploded_4.svg|right|thumb|350px|Exploded view of a personal computer:
&lt;br&gt;1 [[w:Computer display|Monitor]]
&lt;br&gt;2 [[w:Personal computer#Motherboard|Motherboard]]
&lt;br&gt;3 [[w:Personal computer#Central processing unit|CPU (Microprocessor)]]
&lt;br&gt;4 [[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] sockets
&lt;br&gt;5 [[w:Personal computer#Main memory|Main memory (RAM)]]
&lt;br&gt;6 [[w:Expansion card|Expansion cards]]
&lt;br&gt;7 [[w:Power supply unit|Power supply unit]]
&lt;br&gt;8 [[w:Optical disc|Optical disc drive]]
&lt;br&gt;9 [[w:Personal computer#Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive (HDD)]]
&lt;br&gt;10 [[w:Computer_keyboard|Keyboard]]
&lt;br&gt;11 [[w:Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] 
]]

=== Case ===
{{Wikipedia| ATX#Power_supply}}
The case is one of the most practical straightforward parts of a computer. A case can also be aesthetically pleasing, and help improve your computing experience.

==== Form factor ====
Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for the size of components supported. Your case should support one or more of the following common formfactors. It's a good idea to match the formfactor of a case with a motherboard.

=====Large Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:EATX|EATX]] or Extended ATX boards are {{convert|12|x|13|in|cm}}. This format is almost exclusive to workstation and high end gaming computers.
* [[Wikipedia:ATX|ATX]] is the most common form factor and is the de facto standard. Supports about 7 expansion slots.

These formfactors offer the most amount of flexibility in expansion. These spacious cases are often easy to work in, but hard to move around.

=====Small Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:microATX|microATX]], or µATX, is smaller than standard ATX. Many cases that support ATX also allow micro-ATX. Supports about 4 expansion slots.
* [[Wikipedia:Mini-ITX|Mini-ITX]] is even smaller at {{convert|6.75|in|cm}} square. Supports at most one expansion slot.

These form-factors let you build relatively small and even portable computers, ideal for taking to LAN parties or for people who frequently move.

Slim cases are offered in these form factors. These cases are significantly thinner then regular cases. However, you will be limited to using slim expansion cards as well. You may also need to use laptop components in some areas to save space depending on the case.

Particularly small cases can be hard to work in and offer limited expansion. They may have airflow problems, and cable management can be a challenge. You may need to find low profile cooling units, and the case may not support regular sized power supplies. You may also want to get angled cables or adapters if spacing between parts is tight, and you suspect it would make your work easier.

==== Drive Bays ====
Internal storage drives take up space in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot they require. Not all cases support every drive size.

There are several bay sizes, and each has a typical use.
* 5.25&quot; bays typically hold optical drives, fan controllers, or other accessories, and are external facing.
* 3.5&quot; external bays are typically used for smaller versions of accessories found in 5.25&quot; bays (But not optical drives).
* 3.5&quot; internal bays are used for holding desktop hard disks or an SSD.
* 2.5&quot; bays are typically used for holding an SSD or laptop size hard disk.
Note that it's possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays.

Many cases offer modular drive bays, which can be removed if they are not needed to make space for other components. This can be useful if a drive bay is getting in the way of another component, such as a long graphics card.

Some cases designed for minimalist aesthetics or gaming will not use external drive bays to make room for better airflow. If you use a case like this and need an optical drive, you will have to get an external drive.

If you are planning on using an M.2 SSD, your motherboard will provide a slot for your storage device. Some cases will have dedicated mounting points for 2.5&quot; storage drives, which can free up space in other areas of the case.

==== Front IO ====
Almost all cases will feature a power on button on the front of the case. Other common IO featured on the front of cases includes audio jacks, USB ports, a reset button, status lights, and other features. 

It's important to consider where the front IO is on the case you buy, and how it factors into your workspace. For example, if your case will just barely fit under your desk, IO located on the very top of your case could be hard to use.

In rare instances when you are not purchasing a new case you need new to get front IO separately from your case, (For example, when using an very old, nonstandard, or DIY case) there are simple kits available that give you a power button and a few IO ports. Alternatively you can manually use a jumper each time you want to turn the computer on, though this is somewhat tedious.

==== Computer Aesthetics ====
Cases are typically made of steel or more rarely aluminum, and usually have accents made out of plastic. More exotic case materials are sometimes used such as wood.

Some cases hide their 5.25&quot; bays with a door for a cleaner look. This has a practical benefit of helping reduce drive noise.

A quality case will include features that make it easier to manage cables. Besides looking better, by keeping cables out of the way and orderly, maintenance and troubleshooting is made easier.

Cases typically mount the power supply in either the top of the case, or the bottom. Some higher end cases will have a separate chamber for the power supply, assisting cable management and giving it a degree separation from the hot components in the rest of the case.

Many cases will have windows installed. These provide a view into the system, and can highlight nice looking components. When moving a computer with a windowed case, keep in mind that an acrylic window will easily scratch, and a glass window may shatter. A solid sheet of metal is best when it comes to blocking noise and durability.

Many gamers use components with RGB lighting to give their computer flair. Keep in mind that there aren't really unified standards for RGB lighting, so if you want to mix and match between different manufacturers and coordinate the resulting lightshow you'll need to use multiple software products at the same time. RGB LED light strips, or their older counterpart cold cathode lights can be used to provide lighting if your components lack integrated lights.

Some cases feature integral noise reducing foam, offering a clean look while providing the benefits of noise reduction.

Many people like to [[w:Case modding|mod their cases]]. There are many easy mods that can be done before your computer is built (And all electronics are removed from the case), such as painting the case a different color, or giving it a funky coat of paint through [[w:Water transfer printing|Hydro dipping]]

A case stand can be a good tool to use if you plan on placing your computer on the ground, as it creates additional clearance from things such as dirt, dust, and carpets.

You may want to use a dust cover for unused ports. This helps you avoid trying to plug in devices into the wrong ports when reaching behind a case, and helps make cleaning easier. Dust covers also exist for external peripherals such as monitors if you plan on storing them away for a while.

===Cooling===
==== Fans ====
[[File:Fans from computer case - front and back - 2018-05-22.jpg|thumb|Two fans of different sizes.]]

Most cases mount one or more case fans, distinct from the fans that may be attached to the power supply, video card and CPU. The purpose of a case mounted fan is to move air through the system and carry excess heat out. This is why some cases may have two or more fans mounted in a push-pull configuration (one fan pulls cool outside air in, the other pushes hot interior air out). The more air these fans can move, the cooler things will generally be. 

Fans for case cooling currently come in two common sizes, 80&amp;nbsp;mm and 120&amp;nbsp;mm, and computer cases tend to support one size or the other. The larger 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans spin more slowly while moving a given volume of air, and slower fans are usually quieter fans, so the 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans are generally preferred, even though they cost a little more. Good 80&amp;nbsp;mm fans can still be fairly quiet, so while fan size is a factor, it shouldn't be a deal-breaker if the case has other features you like.

Make sure the power plug on the chosen case fan is supported by your motherboard; 3- and 4-pin connectors are common. Fans can also be powered directly by the PSU, but in that configuration, the motherboard can't control or report the fan's speed.

Variable speed fans with built-in temperature sensing are available. Variable speed fans tend to run quieter than constant speed fans, as they only move as much air as needed to maintain a set temperature within the case or the power supply box. Under typical operating conditions they may be barely audible.

Since fans run continuously when the computer is turned on, bearing selection may be important for long life. 
* The least expensive fans use '''sleeve bearings'''. As the fan ages, the lubricant in the sleeve bearing dries out and eventually the bearing wears, allowing the fan blade to nutate or vibrate, making it very noisy. In severe cases the bearing may seize and the fan will stop turning entirely, possibly jeopardizing the computer when ventilation fails. 
* The most expensive fans tend to be those that use '''ball bearings''', but they also have very long service lives. It isn't uncommon for a ball bearing fan to run continuously for 7 to 10 years&amp;nbsp;— possibly longer than the useful technological life of the computer within which it is mounted. Ball bearing fans tend to be slightly noisier than sleeve bearing fans. 
* A fairly recent type of fan bearing is a '''magnetic''' or '''&quot;maglev&quot;''' bearing, which uses a magnetic field to suspend the fan rotor without physical contact. Such fans exhibit practically zero bearing wear and barring a failure in their motor drive components, have essentially an infinite service life. Maglev bearings also tend to be completely silent, and when used in a variable speed fan, can produce practically silent ventilation.

The orientation of fans inside your case can have a big impact on cooling, as well as how quickly dust builds up. Some cases will include dust traps to reduce the amount of dust entering a system. Aftermarket dust filters also exist, but can be harder to mount.

==== Water Cooling ====
[[File:Deepcool cooler.png|thumb|An all in one cooler mounted on a CPU.]]
A water cooling system will cool parts by running water over a heatsink. a pump moves the water in a closed loop, which goes to a radiator for cooling. Additional parts, such as flow sensors and quick connects, can make maintaining a water cooling setup easier. Since the radiator can be placed anywhere, it can be much bigger then a typical heatsink, allowing for more efficient cooling. Typically water cooling is used for the CPU, but it can also be used for other components, such as graphics cards. Custom water cooling setups can either use hard tubing or soft tubing. Some manufacturers make All in One (AIO) watercooling units, which is basically a water cooling solution that's prebuilt. 

Compared to air cooling, water cooling adds significant cost, complexity, and risk to a system build. However it can allow for quieter operation, and a well built water cooling setup can look great.

====Minor component cooling====
While shopping for coolers you may see passive, fan, or even water cooling solutions for RAM, chipsets, SSDs and other devices. These devices do not typically produce significant heat, and do not require additional cooling. These devices are mainly aimed at serious overclockers and those who want to improve the aesthetics of these components. However running components cooler to a point can be good for their lifespan, and adding these components typically only hurts your wallet.

=== Power Supply ===
{{Wikipedia| Power supply unit (computer)}}
[[File:Modular vs non-modular PSU.JPG|thumb|A modular power supply on the left sits next to a non-modular power supply on the right. By allowing you to select only the cables you need, Modular power supplies make cable management much easier.]]
====Power Supply Basics====
The power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from the power grid into a form you can use. The power supply you choose needs to supply enough stable DC power to all the components and even to some of the peripherals. It needs also to be consistent, by complying with accurate standard voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power supplies tend to fall down in these areas. There are several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a multimeter on the PSU in the course of a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU.

====PSU Specs====
Power supplies typically use one of two ratings, one being the continuous rating and the other being the peak rating. The continuous rating is how much power can be delivered indefinitely, and the peak rating is how much power can be delivered for a limited period of time. You want to go by the continuous rating to be safe. There are several calculators that try to help you select an adequate PSU for your system, which are linked in the footer.

Your power supply should have the right number of connectors for your needs e.g. six-pin PCI power, ATX12VO vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two or more video cards in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (AMD) mode, make sure your power supply is certified for that use. Most power supplies will have cables long enough for most any case, but some larger cases will make good cable management difficult with power-supplies that have shorter cables.

Cheap power supplies often require you to select your mains voltage with a switch. Higher quality power supplies have circuitry that actively adjusts for incoming voltage, and thus do not need to be told what voltage to expect. It's always a good idea to check to make sure a power supply is compatible with the mains power used in your country prior to use.

Choose an efficient PSU. Efficient PSUs run cooler and more quietly and thus do not create as much noise which is important if you plan to sleep or think in the same room with it or use it as a media center PC. They also reduce energy usage, which in turn saves money on the electric bill. 

If your budget allows, consider opting for a modular PSU. These have connectors that can be added or removed, which allows for more versatility and also reduces clutter.
The power supply also has an exhaust fan that is responsible for cooling the power supply, as well as providing a hot air exhaust for the entire case. Some power supplies have two fans to promote this effect. 

It is important to buy a power supply that can accommodate all of the components involved. A bad or inadequate power supply can fail and destroy not only itself, but potentially the rest of the computer, so it's important to get a decent one. Keep in mind that having a higher-rated power supply will not draw much more power than what your computer actually uses, but it may decrease the efficiency of the unit if significantly less power is being drawn then what the power supply is rated for.

====PSU accessories====

A surge protector is a good idea. Not only does this help protect your computer, it also can expand an outlet for more peripherals. Higher end surge protectors often include protection for network cables as well.

To supplement a PSU, consider getting an [[w:Uninterruptible Power Supply|Uninterruptible Power Supply]] (UPS). This is a device that provides a few minutes of temporary power to your computer and monitor during a brownout or blackout giving you enough time to safely shut down your computer. UPS units are typically external and look and function like big power strips. Many consumer UPS units have built in surge protectors. If you live in an area with poor power quality or frequent blackouts, a UPS can help save your PSU from significant wear.

=== CPU (processor) ===

We discuss choosing a CPU in the next chapter,
[[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts/CPU]].

=== Motherboard ===
[[Image:Asus A8N-VM CSM Rev1.10G 20060626a.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A PC motherboard: IDE connectors and the motherboard power connector (white with large holes) are on the left edge. Between them and the large quadratic CPU socket in the lower middle are the longish RAM sockets. The extension slots are above the CPU socket (two white, one black) and the ports for external devices are on the right edge.]]

The motherboard is a very important part of your computer. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at maximum efficiency whereas a bad motherboard restricts high-end products to run only at modest levels. Higher end motherboards often offer additional features, such as faster built in networking, better built in audio, built in Wi-Fi, a small display that shows diagnostic codes, better power delivery to support overclocking and reliability, RGB LED controllers, built in IO Shield, or other features. The difference between a cheap and a quality motherboard is typically around $100.

There are many things one must consider in choosing a motherboard: CPU interface, Chipset, form factor, expansion slot interfaces, and other connectors.

==== CPU interface ====
The CPU interface is the &quot;plug&quot; that your processor goes into. For your processor to physically fit in the motherboard, the interface must be an '''exact match''' to your processor. Intel currently has two mainstream formats, the LGA 1851 for their current (200 series) Core processors (Core Ultra 9 285K or 5 245KF) or the LGA 1700 supporting their older 12th-14th gen processors. AMD currently uses a few sockets: AM5 for their current (7000 to 9000 series) Ryzen CPUs (Ryzen 9 7950X3D or Ryzen 5 9600X), AM4 for older (5000 series and older) Ryzen processors, and TR4 for their thread ripper processors.

Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that the slot on the motherboard will support the CPU you want to use. It is important to know whether the motherboard's bus can support the exact CPU you plan on using.

If the motherboard, CPU, and heatsink/fan are not compatible and installed correctly, you can destroy the CPU and/or the motherboard in a matter of seconds. Most modern processors come with a stock cooling fan which will work well at stock speeds, stick with this if you have any doubts.

====Chipset====
The Chipset is a piece of hardware integrated into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded later. This often determines what processors are supported by the motherboard, as well as how many lanes and the generation of PCI Express, USB ports, and SATA ports/slots the motherboard supports. USB and SATA ports can be expanded by add on cards, but PCI express lanes are fixed. Cheaper motherboards tend to use cheaper chipsets with reduced features.

====UEFI====
Motherboards come with a piece of software that called UEFI or BIOS in older models. This software is responsible for preparing your computer for use by an operating system, as well as for configuring low level details of your system. Features offered by UEFI or BIOS vary quite a bit between manufactures and product lines. Some UEFI or BIOS can be updated, allowing for security fixes or new features to be added after purchase, and many of these systems will feature some form of redundancy to recover from a failed update (Which otherwise may turn the motherboard into a paperweight). Other motherboards allow BIOS control of overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down the computer if the temperature gets too high.

Some motherboards are supported by open source firmware like [[w:coreboot|coreboot]] which can offer a fast and secure booting environment.

==== M.2 and SATA interface ====
SATA (Serial ATA) connections for hard drives and optical drives. SATA data connections are simple - one plug, one cable, one device. SATA power connections follow the same principal.

The serial ATA (SATA) interface has a separate motherboard connection for each drive that allow independent access and can increase the speed at which drives work. The cables are also narrow, improving the flow of air inside the case.

An M.2 Slot can be found on some motherboards to add an SSD. Unlike a SATA Drive, M.2 drives are small enough to be mounted directly on the motherboard.

==== Expansion slot interfaces ====
[[Image:PCIExpress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16), compared to an old 32-bit PCI slot (bottom)]]

Due to the evolution of new graphics cards on the serial PCI-Express Technology, current newer motherboards have the following connections:

* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 16x/8x/4x''' for mainstream graphics cards (PCI Express Gen 1 x16 is 4 times speed of AGP 8x)
* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 1x''' for faster expansion cards (replacing older PCI)
{| class=wikitable
|+ Comparison of PCIe generations vs AGP 8x (improvement in times)
! {{Diagonal split header|Generation|Size}}
! 1x
! 4x
! 8x
! 16x
|-
! 1
| 0.25x
| 1x
| 2x
| 4x
|-
! 2
| 0.5x
| 2x
| 4x
| 8x
|-
! 3
| 1x
| 4x
| 8x
| 16x
|-
! 4
| 2x
| 8x
| 16x
| 32x
|-
! 5
| 4x
| 16x
| 32x
| 64x
|}

==== USB ====
[[Image:USB_Male_Plug_Type_A.jpg|thumb|right|Male USB &quot;A&quot; connector]]
In addition to the USB ports provided on the back panel, most motherboards will have connectors for additional ports, either on the front of the case or in a panel that fits where a PCI card might otherwise be connected. USB ports are used for connecting various peripherals such as printers, external drives, smartphones,cameras and an assortment of less serious devices like fans, and drink warmers. Given the growing popularity of USB devices, the more ports your motherboard supports, the better.

USB 3.0 ports are now available on the majority of motherboards and they are even faster than USB 2.0&amp;nbsp;— up to 5&amp;nbsp;Gbps. Although the majority of keyboards, mice and other such devices use USB2, almost all HDDs available now support the USB 3.0 standard as they are much faster under that. USB 3.0 ports are backwards compatible and can be used with USB 1 or 2 devices, although these will not receive the benefit of USB 3.0 speeds. USB 4 devices promise greater speed, and devices supporting it are slowly being released. USB-C ports are now available in nearly all new motherboards, and are even faster and versatile (with many doubling as a video output).

Note that, regardless of the motherboard's native support, additional ports of all kinds can be added via a PCI-E expansion card or USB device.

=== Memory ===
[[File:16 GiB-DDR4-RAM-Riegel RAM019FIX Small Crop 90 PCNT.png|thumb|A DDR4 SDRAM module]]
RAM capacity plays an important role in the computer's operation speed, as it provides the operating system caching space that allows foregoing access to the local disk, typically the main bottleneck of computer speed.

The amount of random access memory (RAM) to use has become a fairly simple choice. Unless one is building on a very restricted budget, one just has to choose between installing 8 or 16 gigabytes. 8 gigabytes of RAM is plenty for most modern operating systems, but all of them will run a little faster with 16 gigabytes. While 32-bit operating systems can address 4 gigabytes, they can utilize little more than three gigabytes as system RAM (actually 4 gigabytes minus Video RAM minus overhead for other devices). If one wishes to utilize the full 4 (or more) gigabytes of RAM, one needs to install a 64-bit operating system. It really comes down to a financial decision. Some specialized applications may profit from more than 16 gigabytes of RAM. If one plans on using such, make sure to check that both the operating system and the motherboard will accommodate the amount of RAM one has in mind. One might also choose to get 8 gigabytes of high quality RAM over 16 gigabytes of lesser quality, especially if one plans to overclock, though that is quite rare now. 

Another thing to consider when choosing the amount of RAM for one's system is the graphics card. Most motherboard-integrated graphics chips and PCI Express graphics cards marketed with the &quot;Turbo Cache&quot; feature will use system memory to store information related to rendering graphics; this system memory is generally not available at all to the operating system. On average, these graphics processors will use between 64 megabytes and 512 megabytes of system memory for rendering purposes.

The actual type of RAM one will need depends on the motherboard and chipset one gets. Old motherboards use DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM, DDR2 or DDR3. DDR5 is the current industry standard. Chip sets that use dual-channel memory require one to use two identical&amp;nbsp;— in terms of size and speed&amp;nbsp;— RAM modules.

If one is upgrading an existing computer, it is best to check if one's machine requires specific kinds of RAM. Many computer OEMs, such as Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, require custom RAM, and generic RAM available from most computer stores may cause compatibility problems in such systems.

Overclocking of RAM is possible, but you will have to keep the same precautions(actually more) for RAM. If your RAM temperatures get too high, they can get damaged. For this purpose, there are dedicated RAM coolers that can be used, but most will not find any need for them. The benefit of overclocking RAM, unlike overclocking your CPU, is limited to a few applications.

==== Labelling of RAM ====
RAM is labelled by its memory size in gigabytes (GB) and clock speed (or bandwidth).

For example, 

# DDR5-4800 16 GB is a 16 GB DDR5 stick running at 4800 MT/s (2400 MHz).
# LPDDR5-6000 8 GB is a low-power DDR5 stick running at 6000 MT/s (3000 MHz). Commonly seen in laptops, but also seen in some desktops.

DDR RAM has 5 versions: DDR (also DDRI), DDR2 (or DDRII), DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are currently obsolete.
# DDR5 supports DDR5-4400 and higher.
#* DDR5-8400 is highest speed of DDR5 as of 2024.
#* DDR5-7000 to DDR5-8200 are higher end models.
#* DDR5-6000 to DDR5-6800 are mainstream models.
#* DDR5-4400 to DDR5-5600 are budget models. They were mainstream in 2021-22.
# DDR4 supports DDR4-2133 to DDR4-5333&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pcgamesn.com/fastest-ddr4-ram&lt;/ref&gt; (generally overclocked).
#* DDR4-5333 is highest speed of DDR4 as of 2024.
#* DDR4-4000 to DDR4-5133 are higher end models.
#* DDR4-3000 to DDR4-3866 are mainstream models.
#* DDR4-2933 are budget models. Mainstream in 2018-20.
#* DDR4-2666 are budget models. Mainstream in 2016-19.
#* DDR4-2400 were older mainstream models from 2014-17.
#* DDR4-2133 were older mainstream models from 2014-15.
# DDR3 supports DDR3-1066 to DDR3-3000 (generally overclocked).
# DDR2 supports DDR2-533 to DDR2-1250 (generally overclocked).
# DDR supports DDR-266 to DDR-533.

=== Hard drive and SSD===
[[File:WD Caviar Green WD10EADS-91894.jpg|thumb|right|A hard drive. SATA data and power connectors can be seen on the edge of the drive.]]
Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive or SSD:

; Interface 
: The interface of a drive is how the hard drive communicates with the rest of the computer. The following hard drive interfaces are available:
:* '''[[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|Parallel IDE]] drives''' (PATA, also known as ATA or IDE) use cables that can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, colored first-pin wire, and usually gray &quot;ribbon&quot; style cables. This technology is largely obsolete because SATA uses thinner cables, eliminates contention for the IDE bus that can occur when two PATA drives are attached to the same connector, and promises faster drive access. SSD's are generally not available for IDE, as they are too slow for a SSD (one notable exception is Transcand as of November 2014).
:* '''[[w:SATA|SATA]] drives''' have the advantages outlined above. If you want Serial ATA, you will either need to purchase a motherboard that supports it (all newer motherboards do), or purchase a PCI card that will allow you to connect your hard drive. Note that some older motherboards will not allow you to install Windows XP to a Serial ATA hard drive. There are 3 types of SATA. SATA 1 provides up to about 150 MB/s, SATA 2 provides about 300MB/s, SATA3 provides up to about 600 MB/s. Most new computers and HDD's come in SATA 3, but older computers may use SATA 2/1. Although they are both backwards and forward comparable, SSD's should be used in SATA 3 since they are too fast for SATA 2 or 1.
:* '''[[w:SCSI|SCSI]]''', although more expensive and less user friendly, is usually worthwile on high performance workstations and servers. Few consumer desktop motherboards built today support SCSI, and when building a new computer, the work needed to implement SCSI may be outweighed by the relative simplicity and performance of IDE and SATA. SCSI hard drives typically reach rotational speeds of up to 15,000 RPM, and are more expensive.
:* '''[[w:USB|USB]]''' can be used for connecting external drives. An external drive enclosure can convert an internal drive to an external drive.
:*PCI-E uses the PCI lanes of your computer. These lanes can be used to connect premium SSD's, and they are much faster than SATA-based SSD's. NVM Express, or NVMe for short is a common standard for PCI-E based storage. M.2 slots are an increasingly common interface for SSDs.
====SSD====
[[File:Samsung MZ-V6P2T0 20170427.jpg|thumb|An M.2 NVMe SSD]]
SSD is a hard storage system that use flash memory rather than rotational platters. Because of this, they make virtually no noise, have no latency (delays from spinning up and seeking the position), and generate far lesser heat than a HDD. If you plan to upgrade a computer, it is an excellent idea to replace an HDD with an SSD as the performance of the computer can be boosted by a wide margin. However, there are some important drawbacks. They are significantly more expensive per gigabyte (especially at larger capacities) compared to a hard drive, and typically come in smaller capacities. Furthermore SSD memory cells burn out over time due to wear caused by writing. However, this problem is mitigated by most modern SSD designs and software support that uses the SSD in such a way that all cells wear out at the same time. Whether or not you use an SSD, you should be backing up your data.

There are some important precautions to note if you do buy a SSD.
#'''Do not defragment the drive!''' SSD, unlike HDD, does not need to get defragmented and will instead cause unnecessary writes and can wear out the drive faster. Windows 7 and above will identify the drive and makes necessary optimizations. Older operating systems may need tweaks to correctly use an SSD
#Use SATA 3. Using SATA 2 or below reduces speed. If you can afford it, go for a PCI-E SSD card or NVME M.2 SSD as they are faster interfaces.

If your setup uses multiple storage devices, consider using a solid state drive as primary storage device by installing the operating system and [[:v:File_management#Incubate_work_on_flash_storage|incubating work]] on it, and a much larger hard drive as secondary storage.

==== [[w:Cache#Disk_buffer|Cache]] ====
The cache of a storage drive is a faster media than the drive itself and is normally 16MB (low end and laptop drives), 32MB (standard desktop drives), 64MB, 128MB, or 256MB (high end, high capacity desktop drives). Some very high capacity SSD designs will include several gigabytes of dram cache, which is used for performance and and some very cheap SSD designs will not have a DRAM cache at all, which can reduce performance. The existence of a cache increases the speeds of retrieving short bursts of information, and also allows pre-fetching of data. Larger cache sizes generally result in faster data access.

==== Form factor ====
:* 3.5 inch drives are usually used in desktops.
:* 2.5 inch drives are usually used in laptops and desktops with an adapter.
:* M.2 drives are used in laptops and desktops with appropriate motherboards.

==== Capacity ====
The smallest desktop hard disk drives that are widely available hold about 250GB of data, although the largest drives available on the market can contain 24TB (24000GB). Note that the advertised capacity is usually more than the actual size due to the binary differences in calculation. Few people will need disks this large - for most people, somewhere in the range of 500GB-1TB will be sufficient. The amount of space you will need can depend on many factors, such as how many high-end games and programs you want to install, how many media files you wish to store, or how many high-quality videos you want to render. It is usually better to get a hard drive with a capacity larger than you anticipate using, in case you need more in the future. If you run out of space, you can always add an additional hard drive using any free Serial ATA connector, or through an external interface, such as USB.

SSD capacities are markedly smaller then hard drive capacities, especially for the cost. SSD capacities range from 128GB on the low end, to several terabytes on the high end.

==== Rotational Speed ====
The speed at which the hard drives platters spin. Most laptop (2.5 inch) drives spin at 5400 RPM, while common desktop drives come in at 7200. There are PATA and SATA drives that spin at 10,000 RPM and some SCSI drives hit 15,000. However drives above 7,200 RPM usually have limited capacity, and a much higher price than comparable 7,200 RPM drives, making such drives advisable only when the fastest possible speeds are required. SSD's do not have moving parts.

==== Noise and Heat ==== 
Modern hard drives are fairly quiet in operation though some people are sensitive to the faint hum and occasional buzz they do make. If your HDD is loud, it could be an early sign of failure, so it’s time to think about replacing it. Hard drives will also throw some heat and adequate air circulation should be provided, usually by case fans. Rubber mount points can help reduce drive vibration. There is software available that will allow you to monitor both the health and temperature of your hard drive(s), it’s a good idea to check from time to time and make sure the temperature does not rise above 50 C. SSD's do not generate noise like an HDD would because they have no moving parts, however they do generate a small amount of heat. This heat can be offset by a small heatsink, which are often included on M.2 SSDs.

==== Warranty ====
Many manufactures offer warranties ranging from 30 days (typically OEM) up to five years. It may be worth spending an extra few dollars to get the drive that carries a longer warranty. Good quality SSD's can provide up to 10 years warranty (like Samsung 850 Pro).

== Secondary components ==
These components are important to your computer, but are not as central as the Core Components.

=== Video output ===
[[File:Radeon VII (Vorderseite).jpg|thumb|A video card.]]
====GPU Basics====
A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is what allows your computer to display images on a monitor. The majority of home and office computers use an 'onboard' or integrated graphic processor which is included on many processors, but workstations and gaming computers require the power of one or more dedicated graphics cards. Despite the name, modern GPU excel at processing large amounts of many different kinds of information, and are often used in physics simulations, audio processing, and even to run Artificial Intelligence models.

Currently, three companies dominate the 3D graphics accelerator market; nVIDIA, AMD and Intel, who build their own chips and license their technologies to other companies to integrate into video cards. These companies make a complete line of GPUs with entries at every price/performance level.

====Do you need a Graphics Card?====
If your tasks are non intensive such as web browsing or office work, or likely to be more dependent on the CPU then the GPU, you may be able to get away with an entry-level GPU, or even an integrated GPU. An integrated GPU uses the system's RAM, and relies heavily on your system's CPU. This will mean slow performance for graphic-intensive software, such as games. As long as your motherboard has slots for it, and your PSU has power for it, you can always add a GPU later should you find the integrated graphics inadequate.

If you have a CPU that does not have a graphics processor, as is common on some high end processor lines, then you will need to buy a discrete video card to use a monitor.

====Graphics Card Specifications==== 
Like a CPU, a GPU will have it's own clock speed and core count, though since GPU cores are simpler, many more can be fit onto a chip with high end GPUs having thousands of processors. Video cards have their own RAM which cannot be upgraded later, and many of the same rules that govern the motherboard RAM field apply here: to a point, the more RAM, and the faster it is, the better the performance will be. Most cards offer at least 8GB of VRAM, though many cards offer more. As a rule of thumb, if you want a high end video card, you need a minimum of 12GB of video memory or preferably 16GB.

It is generally better to choose your video card based on your own research, as everyone has slightly different needs. Many video card and chip makers are known to measure their products' performances in ways that you may not find practical. A good video card is often much more than a robust 3D renderer; be sure to examine what you want and need your card to do, such as digital (DVI) output, TV output, multiple-monitor support, built-in TV tuners and video input. Another reason you need to carefully research is that manufacturers will often use confusing model numbers designed to make a card sound better than it is to sell it better. For example, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series claim to be part of the current line up (as of April 2023, the 4000-series of cards), however, they are inadequate for modern gaming, in many cases, and perform much closer to old, mid-end 2000 series cards than to the RTX 3000/4000 series cards.

====API Support====
Graphics cards provide various APIs to let software developers make programs that work for multiple GPU devices, without needing to make a specific version for each GPU. Games are very likely to require support for graphics APIs; multimedia or 3D graphics software also often uses graphics APIs. Most software that uses a GPU will require one or more APIs to be available and the API to be at a minimum version.

There are a few graphics APIs to look out for.
* [[w:Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]] - A modern API for Windows and GNU/Linux.  
* [[w:DirectX|DirectX]] - The Windows-exclusive graphics API.
** [[w:DirectX Raytracing|DirectX Raytracing]] - An extension to DirectX for raytracing.
* [[w:OpenGL|OpenGL]] - The old competitor to DirectX that works on Windows and GNU/Linux.

If you are using high-end productivity software that can leverage a GPU, you should also look out for GPGPU APIs. Your software will specify which it can use.
* [[w:OpenCL|OpenCL]] - A cross-platform API for GPGPU software.
* [[w:CUDA|CUDA]] - NVIDIA's exclusive GPGPU API.

There are also a few APIs and pieces of Middleware that are generally focused on games. Unlike the above, software that supports these features will typically work fine on unsupported cards, just with reduced features.
* [[w:GPUOpen|GPUOpen]] - A collection of open source game dev tools, made by AMD for all systems.
** [[w:TressFX|TressFX]] - Offers simulations of hair, grass, fur, and similar materials.
** FireRays - Cross-platform raytracing.
* [[w:Nvidia GameWorks|Nvidia GameWorks]] - NVIDIA's game dev tools for their own cards.
** [[w:Nvidia RTX|Nvidia RTX]] - NVIDIA's real-time ray tracing platform
** [[w:OptiX|OptiX]] - NVIDIA's productivity-focused ray tracing platform
** [[w:PhysX|PhysX]] - NVIDIA's physics library. PhysX can be run on the CPU if an NVIDIA card is not present.

==== Interface ====
The vast majority of graphic cards use the a 16x PCI-Express interface&lt;ref&gt;[https://graphicscardhub.com/gpu-slot-type/ graphicscardhub: gpu-slot-type]&lt;/ref&gt;. This will typically provide the best performance and is what most Graphics Cards are designed to be used with.

If you need an extremely small case, or would like to easily swap your GPU to other devices that can't accept PCI express cards such as a laptop, it is possible to get an external GPU enclosure that connects to your system through a thunderbolt port. These enclosures are expensive and reduce performance somewhat, but provide unique flexibility.

==== Video Output ====
Graphics cards offer a variety of ports to display pictures. Each port type has versions associated with it.
* [[w:HDMI|HDMI]] - A high end proprietary output standard that's common on consumer electronics.
* [[w:DisplayPort|Displayport]] - A high end output standard that's common on computers.

Some GPU are compatible with variable refreshrate monitors.
* [[w:FreeSync|FreeSync]] - AMD and recent NVIDIA cards both support FreeSync.
* [[w:Nvidia G-Sync|G-Sync]] - NVIDIA's proprietary adaptive sync solution. 

Keep in mind that to provide best picture quality your graphics card must be capable of displaying the same resolution as your LCD display's native resolution.

=== Optical Drives ===
[[File:Lite-On iHOS104-08 2010-01.jpg|thumb|An internal 5.25&quot; optical drive with a slot loading mechanism. This unit can read Blu-Ray, DVD, and CD media.]]

Optical drives offer an inexpensive and easy way to watch movies, listen to music, and make backups of important files.

When purchasing a DVD writer, you will want one that is capable of burning both the '+' and '-' standards, and it should also be Dual Layer compatible. This will ensure that you can burn to almost all recordable DVDs currently on the market.

Blu-Ray readers and writers are also available for computers, albeit at a greater cost then comparable DVD only drives. Blu-Ray disks store many times the amount that DVDs do. However software support for Blu-Ray movies is much worse then for DVDs, and it may not be worth the hassle and increased cost.

Optical drives primarily come in either 5.25&quot; bay, slim, or external form factors. Your computer case will likely determine which form factor drive you choose, with 5.25&quot; being most common, and some cases supporting slim drives. Some cases with minimalist designs or very small form factors may have no appropriate bays at all which would necessitate the use of an external drive. Most drives will use a tray loading mechanism, but some higher end or slim drives will instead use a slot loading mechanism instead.

Most applications are now being distributed over the Internet and even operating systems can be installed using a USB flash drive, so you may find that you do not need an optical drive. At the same time, an optical drive can be handy in some situations and are very cheap. You should think about your needs and decide if an optical drive makes sense for your build.

==== Cleaning optical disks ====
Dust can be removed from a CD's surface using compressed air or by very lightly wiping the information side with a very soft cloth (such as an eyeglass cleaning cloth) from the center of the disc in an outward direction. Wiping the information surface of any type of CD in a circular motion around the center, however, has been known to create scratches in the same direction as the information and potentially cause data loss. Fingerprints or stubborn dust can be removed from the information surface by wiping it with a cloth dampened with diluted dish detergent (then rinsing) or alcohol (methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol) and again wiping from the center outwards, with a very soft cloth (non-linting : polyester, nylon, etc.). It is harmful, however, to use acetone, nail polish remover, kerosene, petrol/gasoline, or any other type of petroleum-based solvent to clean a CD-R; the use of petroleum based solvents will damage the polycarbonate surface and the CD-R will become unreadable.

=== Sound hardware ===
[[File:KORG DS-DAC-10 - 1-bit USB-DAC (photozou 208854840).jpg|thumb|An external DAC.]]
Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users. However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a few dollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also, these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a real sound card for gaming.

Sound card quality depends on a few factors. The digital-analog converter (DAC) is generally the most important stage for general clarity, but this is hard to measure. Reviews, especially those from audio file sources, are worth consulting for this; but don't go purely by specifications, as many different models with similar specifications can produce completely different results. Cards may offer digital (S/PDIF) output, in which case the DAC process is moved from your sound card either to a dedicated receiver or to one built into your speakers.

Sound cards made for gaming or professional music tend to do outstandingly well for their particular purpose. In games, various effects are often times applied to the sound in real-time, and a gaming sound card will be able to do this processing on-board, instead of using your CPU for the task. Professional music cards tend to be built both for maximum sound quality and low latency (transmission delay) input and output, and include more different kinds of inputs than those of consumer cards.

External DACs have gained popularity in recent years. These often include headphone amps and improved isolation from the rest of the computer, reducing potential interference such as hissing caused by close proximity to some components.

=== Modem ===
In many areas of the world, dedicated internet infrastructure is lacking or non existent. In such areas, those desiring an internet connection need to use a modem. 

==== Wireless Modems ====
[[File:TCT Mobile one touch L100V-4224.jpg|thumb|Many wireless modems are small and come in a USB stick form factor.]]
Mobile broadband modems are often used to connect computers wireless to cellular networks. Though often intended for travelers, some do use these for desktop computers when conventional connections are absolutely impractical. These are faster then traditional dial up modems, but often cost much more in both their initial price, as well as in ongoing data costs.

==== Dial Up Modems ====
A traditional modem is needed in order to connect to a dial up Internet connection. A modem can also be used for faxing. Modems can attach to the computer in different ways, and can have built-in processing or use the computer's CPU for processing.

Modems with built-in processing generally include all modems that connect via a standard serial port, as well as any modems that refer to themselves as &quot;Hardware Modems&quot;. Software Modems, or modems that rely on the CPU generally include both Internal and USB modems, or have packaging that mentions drivers or requiring a specific CPU to work.

Modems that rely on the CPU are often designed specifically for the current version of Windows only, and will require drivers that are incompatible with future Windows versions, and may be difficult to upgrade. Software Modems are also very difficult to find drivers for non-Windows operating systems. The manufacturer is unlikely to support the hardware with new drivers after it is discontinued, forcing you to buy new hardware. Most such modems have internal or external USB, but this is not always the case.

Modems can be attached via USB, a traditional serial port, or an internal card slot. Internal modems and USB modems are more easily auto-detected by the operating system and less likely to have problems with setup. USB and serial port modems often require an extra power supply block.

=== Network interface card ===
[[File:Twisted pair based ethernet.svg|thumb|A visual representation of typical network speeds, as well as the cabling required to support those speeds.]]
==== Wired NIC ====
[[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|A PCI Express 1x network interface card. The bracket at the top can be swapped with the included bracket for use in low profile cases.]]
A Network interface card (NIC for short), or Ethernet card, is required in order to connect to a local area network or a cable or DSL modem. These typically come in speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps (gigabit) or 2.5Gbps; these are designated as 10Mbps, 10/100Mbps, 10/100/1000Mbps or 2.5Gbps products. The 10/100/1000Mbps parts are most common in use today. In many cases, one or two Ethernet adapters will be built into a motherboard. If there are none, you will have to purchase an adapter. These typically cost less then $20 and are inserted into a expansion slot. 

Most motherboards now feature either a 10/100/1000Mbps or a 2.5Gbps ethernet port and are adequate for most users.

Typically networks are only as fast as their slowest component. Speeds can be negatively affected by factors external to your computer such as old or improperly installed network cable, or an outdated router.

==== Wireless NIC ====
A wireless network interface card can be used to add Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support to a computer. These cards are typically installed in a similar way to an Ethernet NIC, but have antennas or antenna mounts instead of an Ethernet jack. External USB versions are also available.

Many internal adapters will come with detachable antenna. Antenna come in a variety of form factors, and designs. A big factor in antenna choice is weather or not to get an omnidirectional antenna that does an decent job most of the time and reduces the need for optimal positioning, or a directional antenna that offers stronger signal but can only work well when positioned correctly.

== Peripherals ==
Anything outside the case that connects to your computer is considered a peripheral. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are pretty much the bare minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer. Your choice in peripherals depends on personal preference and what you intend to do with your computer.

===Mouse===
[[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|Mice can have a variety of perks on top of standard features. This mouse has additional buttons and adjustable weight.]]
Most modern mice are based on [[w:Optical mouse|optical designs]], using either an LED or laser to track the surface it's placed on. Mice of medium-to-high quality will track your movement almost flawlessly. Many higher end mice feature different DPI settings for different use cases. Some optical mice are unable to track on some surfaces. In such cases, a mouse pad may be needed. Some mice may offer adjustable weights to help make your experience more comfortable.

Most mice are designed to be ambidextrous or are explicitly designed for right handed use. Some manufacturers that make right handed oriented mice will also make a left handed version.

Mice come in wireless and wired varieties. Wired mice offer fast and reliable communication, with no batteries to worry about. Wireless mice usually require a battery or sometimes a special mousepad, and use either Bluetooth or a special USB device to communicate with the PC. Wireless mice can be nice to use if your desk setup causes cable snagging.

Although three buttons are generally enough for operating a computer in normal circumstances, extra buttons can come in handy, as you can add set actions to each button, and they can come in handy for playing various video games. One thing to note is that with some mice those extra buttons are not actually seen by the computer itself as extra buttons and will not work properly in games. These buttons use software provided by the manufacturer to function. However, it is sometimes possible to configure the software to map the button to act like a certain keyboard key so that it will be possible to use it in games in this manner.

If desk space is at a premium, you may want to consider using a trackball mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around to move the cursor, this type of mouse has you use a ball to position the cursor. While not the best for gaming, this style of mouse is perfectly fine for web browsing and productivity.

===Keyboard===
[[File:2018 Bay Area Mechanical Keyboard Meetup (31006275737).jpg|thumb|Keyboards are made in a variety of formfactors and styles.]]
====Keyboard specifications====

Keyboards most commonly come as membrane keyboards, but if you plan on typing for long periods of time a mechanical keyboard may help improve your typing experience. Stores will often have display model keyboards that you can test to find your preferred style.

[[w:Rollover (key)|Key rollover]] is the number of keys a keyboard can read simultaneously, and is an important factor for power users and gamers. Most keyboards support at least a few keys being pressed at one time. High end keyboards support N key rollover and can accept an arbitrary number of keys at the same time.

Keyboards sometimes come with extra non-standard features, such as multimedia controls, or small displays.

====Keyboard formfactors====

Ergonomic keyboards also exist that can help reduce repetitive strain injuries. 

Keyboards come in a variety of sizes. Full size keyboards are the most common. Ten keyless keyboards eliminate the number pad for a smaller size. Some smaller keyboards are categorized by the percentage of keys removed compared to a full size keyboard, typically ranging from the mostly normal 75%, to the tiny 40%.

Keyboards come in either wired or wireless models. Wired keyboards are very straightforward, and since they do not need to be moved as a mouse does, they are often preferable for desktops. Wireless keyboards do not now display the sort of noticeable delay that they once did, and now also have considerably improved battery life. However, gamers may still want to avoid wireless input devices because the very slight delay may impact gaming activities, though some of the higher end models have less trouble with this. The occasional need to replace or charge batteries is also an inconvenience.

====Keyboard accessories====
Some keyboards allow for swapable keycaps, allowing you to customize the look of your keyboard. If your keyboard supports this, you will want an appropriate keycap removal tool to make the process easier.

If your keyboard does not come with a wrist rest, third party rests are commonly avalible.

=== Printer and scanner ===
[[File:Epson workforce 600 open cover.jpg|thumb|Multi function printers such as this one can also scan documents.]]
For most purposes, a mid-range inkjet printer will work well for most people. If you plan on printing photos, you will want one that is capable of printing at around 4800dpi. Also, you will want to compare the speed of various printers, which is usually listed in ppm (pages per minute). When choosing a printer, always check how much new cartridges cost, as replacement cartridges can quickly outweigh the actual printer's cost. Be aware of other possible quirks as well. For example, Epson has protection measures that make refilling your own ink cartridges more difficult because an embedded microchip that keeps track of how much ink has been used keeps the printer from seeing the cartridge as full once it has been emptied.

For office users that plan to do quite a bit of black and white printing buying a black and white laser printer is now an affordable option, and the savings and speed can quickly add up for home office users printing more than 500 pages a month.

Scanners are useful, especially in office settings, they can function with your printer as a photocopier, and with software can also interact with your modem to send Faxes. When purchasing a Scanner, check to see how &quot;accessible&quot; it is (does it have one-touch buttons), and check how good the scanning quality is, before you leave the store if possible.

Finally, &quot;Multi-Function Centres&quot; (also called &quot;Printer-Scanner-Copiers&quot;) are often a cost-effective solution to purchasing both, as they take up only one port on your computer, and one power point, but remember that they can be a liability, since if one component breaks down, both may need to be replaced.

=== Display ===
[[File:ASUS curved monitor 20170603.jpg|thumb|Computer monitors come in a variety of form factors and styles.]]
When choosing a display for your computer, you should look at a few factors that determine the quality of the display.

Resolution governs how detailed of a picture a display can show. The higher the resolution, the more detail can be shown at once. Keep in mind that higher resolutions are also harder to for your computer to draw, and very high resolution monitors may not be the best choice if your computer's GPU can not adequately drive them at their native resolution.

Refresh rate governs how often a new picture is drawn. 60 times a second is common, though some displays will go lower (Resulting in a choppier look) or higher (Resulting in a smoother look). Some monitors will work with video cards to use a variable refresh rate, which can produce a smoother picture, especially during games.

Aspect ratio is a way of expressing the horizontal size of the screen to the vertical size of the screen. 16:9 is the most common display ratio today due to it's use in cinema, though 4:3 monitors were once the most popular choice, and are still preferred by many writers and programmers for their use of vertical space. Some displays are much wider then they are tall; these displays are often called ultrawides, often 21:9 or 32:9.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Common resolutions by aspect ratio
|-
! 4:3 !! 16:10 !! 16:9 !! Other
|-
| 640×480 || 1280×800 || 1280×720 || 1280×1024
|-
| 800×600 || 1440×900 || 1366×768 || 2560×1080
|-
| 1024×768 || 1680×1050 || 1600×900 || 3440×1440
|-
| 1152×864 || 1920×1200 || 1920×1080 || 2560×2048
|-
| 1600×1200 || 2240×1400 || 2560×1440 || 5120×1440
|-
| 2048×1536 || 2560×1600 || 3840×2160 || 5120×2160
|-
| 3200×2400 || 3840×2400 || 7680×4320 || 7680×2160
|}
Some displays handle colors better then others. Some monitors sport higher bit depths, high dynamic range, or techniques for showing deep blacks to improve the color experience. A monitor's color accuracy determines it's ability to show those colors accurately, though this is primarily of concern to those producing visual media as most monitors are fairly accurate.

Some content requires [[w:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] support to play. This requires support by the monitor, the cable, and the computer itself.

The bezel is the space between the end of the display, and the end of the monitor. If you plan on placing multiple monitors next to each-other (Ideally of the same make), a smaller bezel can help reduce the interruption between the two spaces

==== LCD panels ====
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, when used with the DVI-D or HDMI digital connectors. When running at the screen's native resolution, this can result in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD panel displays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-I connector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzier than their digital counterparts, and are generally not preferred over a similarly-sized CRT. If you want an LCD display, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however, manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation.

A big disadvantage for LCD displays are dead pixels and stuck pixels. These small, failed areas on the monitor can be very annoying, but generally aren't covered under warranty as most LCD panel manufacturers allow for a certain number of dead pixels in their product specification. This can make purchasing LCD displays a financial risk. This can be alleviated somewhat if you are able to look at the display before purchase, or if you shop at a merchant that allows returns for such conditions. Some media files exist that cycle through colors to highlight dead pixels, and it may be worth running such a test prior to your purchase if possible.

LCDs are acceptable for fast-paced gaming, but you should be sure that your screen has a fairly fast response time (of 4 ms or lower) if you want to play fast games. Many flat panels sold today meet this requirement, some by a factor of 3. Some gaming focused LCD monitors will offer higher refresh rates then the standard 60, which can aid those playing very fast paced games.

When picking an LCD, keep in mind that they are designed to display at one resolution only, so, to reap the benefits of your screen, your graphics card must be capable of displaying at that resolution. That in mind, they can display lower resolutions with a black frame around the outside (which means your entire screen isn't filled), or by stretching the image (which leads to much lower quality).

When choosing an LCD, make sure to get one which uses IPS technology, as that one provides for sharper colour reproduction and also has high viewing angles. The older TN (often found in very cheap displays) is only relevant for gamers who need fast response times; otherwise, it has weaker colours and has poor viewing angles and should be ignored.

==== OLED panels ====
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are a fairly new display type. They have infinite contrast ratio due to each pixel being emitted light without a backlight, allowing for deep blacks. Traditional LCD panels have a backlight, so black isn't really true black. Instead, they emit a faint, dark gray color. But the OLED panels are true black when pixels are switched off.

OLED displays also potentially offer lower power consumption, especially when most pixels are switched off.

Other advantages are very high refresh times (usually 0.03ms) and rates, as well as vivid colors.

Downsides are high cost compared to LCDs, and burn-in issues.

For example, a typical 32&quot; 4K 240Hz OLED monitor cost about $1000, but an equivalent VA or IPS model costs about $500-600.

==== Alternative Display types ====
[[File:HTC Vive Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|A VR headset]]
Some games, educational software, and telepresence software can optionally use or may require a virtual reality headset. Though pricey, these headsets offer immersion that is hard to beat. Keep in mind that a large open area of a room is required for safely experiencing non sit down experiences, and that a VR headset is intended to be a secondary, not a primary monitor.

CRT monitors are now obsolete and only really available on the used market, but a high quality CRT monitor can be a good option in some specific use cases. Namely CRT monitors often allow the user to choose between higher resolution and higher refresh rates. The analog nature of CRT monitors also makes latency near zero - much lower then LCD panels. Downsides to CRT monitors include their large size, power consumption, availability issues, and outdated connectors.

Some monitors include touchscreens or support specialized drawing pens, often meant to serve as a secondary display. Monitors supporting pen input in particular are good for those wishing to try digital illustration or digital sculpting, and often boast high color accuracy due to their artist centric design.

Digital projectors are increasingly available on the consumer market. While not really good for everyday use, they are nice for home theater computers and other scenarios where a large screen is needed.

==== Monitor positioning ====
The default way of using most monitors it to just sit them on a desk. This works fine for most users, and avoids additional costs.

A cheap way to free up desk space or make your monitor stand taller is to get a monitor riser. This is a small table that sits on top of your desk, holding your monitor up and giving you space to stash small items beneath it.

Power users may want to invest in a [[w:Flat Display Mounting Interface|VESA Mount]] setup. This mounts the monitor to movable arms or a nearby wall, and frees desk space for other uses. Alternatively, some very small case designs support being mounted on the back of a VESA Mount, letting your computer rest on the back of your monitor.

=== Speakers ===
====Loudspeakers====
[[File:Creative T4 Wireless 2.1 Speakers.jpg|thumb|A 2.1 speaker setup with subwoofer and remote.]]
Computer loudspeaker sets come in two general varieties; 2/2.1 sets (over a wide range of quality), and &quot;surround&quot;, &quot;theater&quot;, or &quot;gaming&quot; sets with four or more speakers, which tend to be somewhat more expensive. A 2-speaker set is adequate for basic stereophonic sound. A 2.1-speaker set adds a sub-woofer to handle low frequencies. Low-end speakers can suffer from low bass response or inadequate amplification, both of which compromise sound quality. Powered speakers with separate sub-woofers usually cost only a little more and can sound much better. At the higher end, one should start to see features like standard audio cables (instead of manufacturer-specific ones), built in DACs, and a separate control box. 

The surround sets include a sub-woofer, and two or more sets of smaller speakers. These support 5.1 or 7.1 standards that allow sound to be mixed not only left and right, as with standard stereo speakers, but front and back and even behind the listener. Movies and video games make use of this technology to provide a full-immersion experience. Make sure your sound hardware will support 5.1 or 7.1 before buying such a speaker system. If your budget allows, you can avoid the computer speaker market entirely and look into piecing together a set of higher-end parts. If you are buying a speaker system designed for PCs, research the systems beforehand so you can be certain of getting one that promises clarity rather than just raw power. Speaker power is usually measured in RMS Watts. However, some cheap speakers use a different measure, Peak Music Power Output (PMPO), which appears much higher.

For home theater PCs, a soundbar can be a good option for a simple setup.

====Headphones====
Headphones can offer good sound much more cheaply than speakers, so if you are on a limited budget, but want maximum quality, they should be considered first. They should also be considered if you live in a apartment or dormitory where noise is a consideration. The advantage of headphones is that the acoustic environment between the audio driver is fully contained and controlled within the earcups and is not dependent on room acoustics. There are even headphones which promise surround-sound, though these can be hit or miss and should be tested prior to purchase. Some headphones may include a basic microphone as well.

A headphone stand can help keep your workplace organized if you plan on frequently using one.

=== Microphones ===
[[File:Blue Snowflake USB microphone.jpg|thumb|An external microphone can allow you to make high quality audio recordings at home.]]
Microphones can be added to allow for voice chat, dictation software, or for just making recordings. If you are using a webcam or a gaming headset, you likely already have a decent microphone.

Most low end to midrange office, gamer, and prosumer microphones plug in via USB or 3.5&quot; audio jacks, or connect wirelessly via Bluetooth. For creators who need high end microphones, by using certain external DAC devices, it becomes possible to use professional microphones that use [[w:XLR connector|XLR connectors]], greatly increasing sound quality, at the cost of increased setup complexity, as well as increasing the price of the setup overall.

Another factor to consider when purchasing a microphone for a desktop PC is where you want to mount it, and if you have the right acoustics in your room for the level of quality you want. Casual users may be fine simply placing a microphone on their desk, where gamers with loud keyboards may want to mount their microphone on a separate surface. A pop filter is a cheap way to improve quality in some cases. If the acoustics in your room are not good or there is significant background noise which can't be eliminated then no amount of expensive equipment will fix the underlying problems causing bad sound, and you're best off either fixing those problems, or using a cheap microphone.

=== Webcams ===
A webcam can be added to a desktop to aid in video conferencing or streaming. Quality of webcams can vary significantly, so it's a good idea to look at examples of footage produced by a particular model before committing to a purchase. Web cams offer a variety of resolutions and frame rates.

Some webcams can be used for security features such as Windows Hello in Windows 10.

Many webcams have a physical privacy shutter to prevent accidental use, and cheap aftermarket shutters can be added for webcams without one. Many webcams support tripod mounts, which can be used to offer alternative angles for those with multiple cameras, such as streamers. Most webcams have a microphone built in.

=== Other peripherals ===
Some peripherals serve more niche uses. Though they are not needed for all users, you may find such devices useful if they compliment your specific needs, work or hobbies.

&lt;!--Idea for later: GPS receivers for those living mobile lives in RVs, car computers--&gt;
====Accessibility====
[[File:Plage-braille-Alva.jpg|thumb|A refreshable braile display used underneath a keyboard.]]
You may benefit from accessibility tools if you have an impediment, such as foot pedals, large button gadgets, or other devices.

[[wikipedia:Refreshable braille display|Refreshable braile displays]] and [[w:Screen reader|screen reader]] software can help users with visual impairments

====Security====
Hardware 2FA keys are a good idea for those who value security. These keys typically plug into a USB port and can be used as an extra layer of security on top of a password. A special webcam that uses structured light or a finger print reader can be used for Windows Hello.

&lt;!--Unsure if a hardware wallet for cryptocurrency enthusiasts would belong here.--&gt;
If you are using a disk encryption solution like Windows [[w:BitLocker|BitLocker]], it may be worthwhile to get a [[w:Trusted Platform Module|Trusted Platform Module]] made [[w:ROCA vulnerability|after 2018]]. This is a small piece of dedicated hardware that handles security related tasks. This requires that both the module and the motherboard are compatible with each other, both on a hardware level and a software level.

A port blocker or case lock may be OK for stopping casual mischief if you have regular guests or roommates, but most commercially available products in this category will not stand up to either a modestly talented tinkerer, or simple brute force.

====Gaming====
Fans of specific game genres may benefit from a flight stick, a stearing wheel, fight pad, arcade deck, or console style controller. There are also more esoteric control devices available, based on EEG readings, gesture recognition, or other unconventional inputs.

A video capture card can be used to record or stream the output of a game console or even another PC without impacting framerates. 

Streaming decks can help save time during livestreams.

====Creating====
[[File:Penciling on Wacom Cintiq 13HD by David Revoy.jpg|thumb|Drawing tablets use special pens to offer more natural input methods for artists.]]

Creatives and hobbyists may find workflow benefits from adding specialized peripherals to their workspace such as drawing tablets, MIDI keyboards, mixers, microscopes, 3D Scanners, software defined radios, plotters, laser cutters, or 3D printers.

== External links ==
* [https://outervision.com/power-supply-calculator The outervision power supply calculator]
* [https://pcpartpicker.com/ PCPartPicker] can help check for compatibility issues before you buy.
* [https://www.logicalincrements.com/ Logical Increments] offers a variety of example builds that are focused on balance at a given price point.
* [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page1.html Silent PC Review of PSU units]

{{Chapter navigation||Assembly}}

[[it:Costruire un computer/Componenti]]</text>
      <sha1>1iozigsk2iq938nga8c5gi99ispe1ko</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443322</id>
      <parentid>4443321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T21:03:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xeverything11</username>
        <id>3410648</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Simple web surfer */ more specific</comment>
      <origin>4443322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="165222" sha1="761se1z5tgy30653k9jtxi7b4uobnnv" xml:space="preserve">{{How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Contents}}

The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on.

These are the parts that a standard PC will use. You might want to make a check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component.

==The primary parts==

===Key Parts===

*'''[[w:Computer case|Case]]''' - The case houses and protects rest of the parts, and contains additional functions like button, front IO ports, and other features.

*'''[[w:Power supply unit (computer)|Power Supply Unit]]'''/'''PSU''' – ''Power Supply Unit'', converts outlet power, which is alternating current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components. 

*'''[[w:Motherboard|Motherboard]]'''/'''mainboard''' – A board that facilitates communications between components and offers ports to connect them together.

*'''[[w:Central processing unit|CPU]]''' – ''central processing unit'', the main processor of the computer. The CPU handles general and mathematically complicated tasks.

*'''[[w:RAM|RAM]]''' – ''random access memory'', the &quot;short-term memory&quot; of a computer, used by the CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a ''storage drive''.

*'''[[w:Computer storage|Storage]]''' - either '''[[Wikipedia:HDD|HDD]]''' (Hard disk drive - noisy and slower of the two but less expensive) and/or '''[[Wikipedia:SSD|SSD]]''' (solid state drive. Quiet, very fast but not as cheap) – the &quot;long-term memory&quot; of the computer, used for persistent storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here, so if you choose SSD then the system will be faster. These days, SSDs have replaced HDDs for almost everything but the lowest-end laptops and desktops, but if you only need to surf the web, HDDs are the best option. OSes can be booted and use storage from inexpensive '''[[Wikipedia:USB Drive|USB Drives]]''', although this is only with extremely lightweight systems.

=== Optional Components===

Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be given to the machine)

*'''[[w:Video Card|GPU]]'''/'''Graphics Card''' – does processing relating to video output. If you want to build a gaming PC, a good GPU is almost mandatory. Some processors have an integrated GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on the motherboard and provide ports to connect a monitor to your computer.

*'''[[w:Optical Drive|Optical Drive]]''' – device for handling optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, Blu-Rays or other optical media. Some drives are able to write optical media as well as read it.

*'''[[w:Sound card|Sound hardware]]''' - Now integrated into motherboards, higher end sound hardware may be a good option for some users.

===External Components===

On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external components:

*'''[[w:Keyboard|Keyboard]]''' – for typing on. A good keyboard will increase your comfort, as well as make you a more productive typist.

*'''[[w:Mouse|Mouse]]''' – for pointing and clicking. A comfortable mouse can significantly improve your experience.

*'''[[w:Monitor|Monitor]]''' – Displays graphics from your computer. They come in many forms, the most common being [[Wikipedia:Lcd|LCD]] displays.

==Planning the Build==
Before you go on a shopping spree and start spending lots of money on expensive computer parts, there are some important questions you should answer which will guide your purchases:

* What will be the main function of the computer?
* What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise?
* How much can you afford to spend on the system? 
* Some functions benefit from certain components more then others. What components, if any, should you skimp on to afford better components elsewhere?
* Do you want to upgrade your computer later, or will you be content with your build?

== What operating system am I going to use? ==
Before you buy components, be sure that they are supported by the operating system you plan to use. Almost all commonly available PC devices have drivers (small programs that allow the operating system to recognize and work with a hardware device) available for current versions of Windows. If you want to run an alternative operating system, you'll have to do some research to make sure your hardware choice will be compatible. Many alternatives have extensive 'Hardware Compatibility Lists' (HCLs) as well as software compatibility.

=== Main operating systems available ===
* '''Microsoft Windows''' - [[w:Windows 11|Windows 10/11 (Home/Pro)]].
* '''Popular Linux Distros''' -  [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], [[w:OpenSUSE|OpenSUSE]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[w:debian|Debian]], and others
* '''Popular BSD Variants''' - [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]], [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]], [[w:NetBSD|NetBSD]], and others
* '''Android''' - A variety of Android based operating systems exist for x86 Personal computers. While not ideal for the desktop form factor, they are free and offer compatibility with Android's software library.
* '''MacOS''' - You can install MacOS on non-Apple hardware which is called &quot;Hackintosh&quot; in which an end user installs MacOS on a non-Apple computer. Be warned that this is risky and takes more knowledge than other operating systems. 

=== Windows information and hardware support lists ===
'''Microsoft Windows''' is a series of operating systems made by the Microsoft corporation. Thanks to its popularity and widespread support Windows is ideal for most personal computing and fits the needs or wants of just about anyone: gamers, video/graphics editors, office workers, or the average user who wants to surf the web and play a bit of solitaire.

In general Windows supports most available consumer processors from AMD or Intel, as well as most internal and external devices, including Graphics Cards, Wi-Fi adapters, and specialty hardware.

For general consumers, Windows comes in a few flavors:
* Windows 11 Home is the basic version of Windows 11 and costs about $140, but purchases from bulk retailers can be as cheap as $50.
* Windows 11 Pro is the more advanced version of Windows 11 and costs about $200. This version includes business-oriented features like drive encryption, better virtual machine support and a built-in remote desktop function.
* Windows 11 Pro for Workstations provides support for workstation-class hardware such as motherboards with multiple processor sockets and costs $310.

If you are a student you may be able to get a free version of Windows 11 through your school using Azure Dev Teaching (formerly Imagine Premium).

Any Windows 7, 8, 8.1 or 10 product key can be used to activate a copy of Windows 11. This essentially gives you a free upgrade from an older version of Windows to the latest.

Microsoft maintains a list [https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl|list of hardware] compatible with Windows.

=== Linux information and hardware support lists ===
As one of the most popular open-source (free) operating systems, '''GNU/Linux''' is a good alternative. Linux is a UNIX-like series of operating systems and comes in many different distributions, called &quot;distros&quot; for short. Popular distros of Linux intended for the desktop include [[w:Ubuntu|Ubuntu]], [[w:Debian|Debian]], [[w:openSUSE|openSUSE]], [[w:MX Linux|MX Linux]], [[w:Elementary OS|Elementary OS]], [[w:Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]], [[wikipedia:KDE neon|KDE Neon]], [[w:Linux Mint|Linux Mint]], and [[w:Arch Linux|Arch Linux]].

Linux has applications that can match most of the functionality of their proprietary alternatives. It should be noted, however, that many popular programs are not available for Linux, and the only way to run them is with special compatibility layers like [[w:Wine (software)|Wine]], which may or may not work with a specific program, or could only run with significant issues.

Unlike Windows, drivers in Linux are usually included in the distro. This means different distributions will support different hardware (generally more 'bleeding-edge' distributions will support newer hardware – look at Fedora, SUSE or Ubuntu, compared to the latest stable release of Debian). A search online will normally establish compatibility, otherwise a good rule of thumb to figure out compatibility is to buy hardware that is 12 to 18 months old, as it most likely has Linux support with most distributions, but won't be too old.

Graphics Drivers on Linux are interesting. AMD GPUs typically work fine out of the box thanks to the manufacturer backed open source [[w:AMDGPU|AMDGPU driver]] project, where the community open source [[w:nouveau (software)|nouveau]] project generally works well, but not to the same level as Nvidia's Proprietary drivers, which many distros do not include out of the box due to the licensing used by the driver. Intel Integrated Graphics typically works very well in Linux.

=== BSDs information and hardware support lists===
'''BSD''', or the '''Berkeley Software Distribution''', is also a UNIX-Like series of operating systems and could be considered the alternative to Linux. BSD is an open-source (free) operating system and has its own descendants, such as [[w:FreeBSD|FreeBSD]] and [[w:OpenBSD|OpenBSD]]. Unlike Linux, BSD tends not to support &quot;new&quot; hardware but can handle a lot of both older and modern components. BSD and Linux share a variety of applications supported on both operating systems.
* DesktopBSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 5.4/i386] and [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/hardware-amd64.html FreeBSD 5.4/amd64]
* [http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.php/Supported_Hardware Dragonfly BSD]
* [http://www.freebsd.org/platforms/ FreeBSD]
* [http://www.netbsd.org/Hardware/ NetBSD]
* [http://www.openbsd.org/plat.html OpenBSD]
* PC-BSD, see [http://www.freebsd.org/releases/6.0R/hardware-i386.html FreeBSD 6.0/i386]

===Hackintosh===
[[File:Hackintosh-780x495.jpg|thumb|A Hackintosh]]
A [[w:Hackintosh|Hackintosh]] is a computer based on commodity hardware which runs [[w:macOS|macOS]]. This is '''extremely''' risky and could end in utter failure if it is not done properly. macOS is designed with Apple computers in mind and trying to port them to a PC is risky and difficult. If you still want to attempt the same, read this.
# You'll be violating the Apple EULA.
# You should be using a comparable Intel CPU which should've been used by Apple in one of their computers. Although 14th gen Intel CPUs and 700-series motherboards are available, 10th gen Intel CPUs and 400-series motherboards are the last components fully supported by macOS.
# Apple is moving away from X86 CPUs, and your configuration may not work in the future. Updating between releases could be difficult even before this transition.
# CPU choice and graphics also matter. Look up your CPU/GPU combination to see if it works.
# You'll need to (mostly) get modified installers, as the official installers may block installation.
# You'll need patience and tinkering up with things if something goes wrong. An unsupported motherboard could even be destroyed by macOS.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+List of supported GPUs (as of macOS Sequoia)
!GPU
!Supported?
|-
|HD 500 (6th gen Intel) or earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|HD 600 (7th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|UHD 600 (8-10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Intel G1-G7 (10th gen Intel)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|11th gen Intel iGPUs and later
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Any Nvidia GPUs
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|AMD Vega iGPUs (Zen 1-3)
|{{Yes|Supported with patches}}
|-
|GCN GPUs (RX 200/300 series) and earlier
|{{No|Not supported}}
|-
|Polaris GPUs (RX 400/500 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|Vega GPUs
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 1 GPUs (RX 5000 series)
|{{Yes|Supported}}
|-
|RDNA 2 GPUs (RX 6000 series)
|{{Yes|Most GPUs supported}}
|-
|RDNA 3 GPUs (RX 7000 series)
|{{No|Not supported}}
|}

===Other Operating Systems===
These options are not recommended for the average user, but are included for the sake of completeness.

====Haiku====
Haiku is an operating system based on BeOS. Its main benefits are its specific focus on personal computing, and its cohesive interface.
The main drawback is that its still somewhat &quot;Beta&quot;, and can be unstable. Hardware support is iffy, too. If you really want to try Haiku, it's best to use a virtual machine or live USB, instead of installing directly onto your hardware.

== What will be the main function of the computer? ==
{{Warning|
'''Caution to high-end buyers''':

Higher-end Intel processors, specifically 13th and 14th generations (Raptor Lake) Intel Core i5, i7 and i9 processors may cause instability under load using the default motherboard settings. This is caused by degradation due to high elevated voltages. Intel released Intel Baseline Profile for these affected processors, which make these processors more stable under load, but loses about 10% performance. Therefore it is '''not recommended''' to buy these processors
&lt;ref&gt;https://wccftech.com/only-5-out-of-10-core-i9-13900k-2-out-of-10-core-i9-14900k-cpus-stable-in-auto-profile-intel-board-partners-stability-issues/ - retrieved 2024-05-04&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2024, a BIOS update for these affected processors has rolled out for the affected processors, which addresses the instability, though not guaranteed.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theverge.com/24216305/intel-13th-14th-gen-raptor-lake-cpu-crash-news-updates-patches-fixes-motherboards#stream-entry-27a4766f-6754-4e46-97f8-626f1ac05933 - retrieved 2024-10-30&lt;/ref&gt;

Exceptions are 13/14th gen Core i3, which is basically recycled 12th gen Core i3, which hasn't caused instability and therefore are not affected. Arrow Lake (Core 200 series) CPUs are also unaffected.
}}
If you're going to build a computer from scratch for a specific purpose, you'll want to select each component with your use case in mind. Consider what you want to use the computer for, you may be able to save money by specifying expensive, premium parts only where needed.

Any reasonably configured computer built from current components will offer adequate Internet browsing and word-processing capabilities. For an office computer, this is often all that is needed. As long as you provide enough RAM for your chosen operating system (4 GB at least), any processor you can buy new will provide acceptable performance. If the computer is for gaming, a fast processor and the addition of a high-end graphics card and extra RAM will provide a more satisfactory gaming experience. Besides gaming, computers intended for video editing, serious audio work, CAD/CAM, or animation will benefit from beefier components which are specifically designed for that purpose.

Here are some general system categories. Your own needs will probably not fit neatly into one of these, but they are a good way to start thinking about what you are going to use your computer for. With each we’ve indicated the components you should emphasize when building the system and we've also included sample builds for each configuration, which you're free to modify it to fit your needs and budget.

===Simple web surfer===
To provide basic functionality to a user who just needs web surfing, a little word processing, and the occasional game of solitaire or Wordle, it’s best not to go overboard. Such a user has no need for a top of the line processor or 3D graphics card. A modestly configured system with an adequate Internet connection (DSL (5 Mbps) or better) will suit this user best and can be assembled quite cheaply.

This usage pattern is not going to stress any particular component; you should be looking at a mid- to low-level processor (historically, and currently, at about the $150 price point or less) such as Core i3 or Ryzen 5, enough RAM for the OS and number of browser tabs (4 GB minimum, 8 GB recommended, 16 GB for lots of tabs), and a motherboard with built in Ethernet, video and audio. You can use a mid-level case/power supply combo (these components are often sold as a pair). 

If you have a little extra money, spend it on a better monitor, mouse/keyboard, and case/power supply in that order.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbf;&quot; | '''Ultra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | ~$250
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel Processor 300 ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | UHD Graphics 710 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 8 W
| style=&quot;background: #ddf;&quot; | 83 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdf;&quot; | '''Extra budget'''
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | ~$300
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600GT ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 7 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #def;&quot; | 139 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 139 W

|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL18 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 138 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5200 CL40 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 140 W
|}

===Office computer===
An office computer can be expected to do word processing, spreadsheet and database work, network access, e-mail and a little light development of spreadsheets, databases, and presentations. It might also be called on to do page layout work, some 2D graphic creation, and/or terminal emulation.

None of this stresses any particular component either, but since office workers often run several applications at the same time, and because time is money in this space, a strong mid-level processor is suggested. Typically this would be the processor one or two places from the top of the line. Plenty of RAM will also facilitate multitasking and save time.

You will not need much in the way of 3D graphics power so current generation integrated graphics solutions from both AMD and Intel are perfectly adequate for office tasks. You should be aware that they will appropriate a portion of the system RAM for video duties thus reducing the total amount of RAM available for the OS and other programs so play accordingly and increase the total system RAM amount to compensate. Choosing the fastest operating frequency RAM your motherboard and budget can support will positively improve the performance of integrated graphics. If you decide that you need a dedicated graphics card after all, opt for an inexpensive model. A sub $200 (for this and other prices in US dollars see [http://www.xe.com/ucc/ www.xe.com/ucc] or other currency converter of your choice for conversion into your local currency) video card with 4 GB of video RAM or more should be more than sufficient. However, do your research carefully because many inexpensive graphics cards actually have poorer performance than current generation integrated graphic solutions.

You should pick a case which looks professional and compliments the look of your office as well as your role in your work. Your case should also be sturdy, to withstand being kicked under a desk or knocked by cleaning staff. You'll also want a no frills but reliable power supply that meets your needs and won't let you down in the middle of a busy workday.

Any extra budget after the above should focus on a better monitor, better/more ergonomic mouse/keyboard and more RAM.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | A520 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 5700G ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 8 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (1 x 8 GB) ($20)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | AMD Radeon Vega 8 (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 512 GB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 500 W Tier D power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 144 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-5600 CL28 (2 x 8 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | A620 DDR5 motherboard ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 8600G ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 8 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 760M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 146 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 8700G ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-8400 CL40 (2 x 16 GB) ($230)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon 780M (integrated)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium micro ATX case ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 6 GB ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 44 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 443 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 47 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 465 W
|}

===Server===
A server these days can be anything from a home unit that shares media files, documents, and printers over a local network, to a machine running a business-critical system for a small business, to a 3U rack mount unit serving up millions of hits a day on the Internet. 

The thing that most servers have in common is that they are always on and therefore reliability is a key characteristic. Also they serve more than one user while storing and processing important information. For this reason servers are often equipped with redundant systems such as dual power supplies, RAID5/6 arrays of four or more hard disks, special server grade processors that require error-correcting memory, multiple high-speed Ethernet connections, etc.

All of this is a little beyond the scope of the current work, but, in general, servers need lots of RAM, fast redundant hard drives, and the most reliable components your budget will allow. The CPU choice should be made in accordance with the use of the server. A simple print/fax server will do fine with a CPU stolen from a museum, whereas a server running a database and a front end for that, will work much better with a top of the line CPU. 

On the other end of the hardware list, since nobody is usually sitting at them, you can get away with the cheapest possible keyboard, mouse and monitor (in fact many servers run &quot;headless&quot; with no monitor at all). Graphics are also a very low priority on these machines, and a read only CD/DVD-ROM optical drive (used, infrequently, for installing software and updates) will do just fine.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7252 ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7282 ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 120 GB SATA SSD + 2 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7302 ($420)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 TB HDD (7200 rpm) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic EATX case ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Entry-level SP3 DDR4 motherboard ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 7313 ($680)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 32 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Entry-level SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 32 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 3 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9124 ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mid-range cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 32 GB) ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9224 ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-5600 (4 x 32 GB) ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 4 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mid-range SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9354 ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 128 GB DDR5-6400 (4 x 32 GB) ($560)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9454 ($5000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 256 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 32 GB) ($1120)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 710 1 GB GDDR5 ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 8 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($750)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | High-end SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Epyc 9754 ($11000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 (8 x 64 GB) ($2560)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 4 x 16 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($1400)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 1000 W Platinum power supply ($350)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v5'''
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | ~$35000
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium EATX case ($220)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual socket SP5 DDR5 motherboard ($3000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Dual AMD Epyc 9754 CPUs ($22000)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Premium liquid cooler ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 768 GB DDR5-6400 (12 x 64 GB) ($3840)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 2 GB GDDR5 ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD + 6 x 22 TB HDD (7200 rpm) RAID5 array ($2800)
| style=&quot;background: #edd;&quot; | 1500 W Platinum power supply ($650)
|}

===Gaming system===
[[File:Gaming PC-Setup - Astaroth- The Completed System.jpg|right|thumb|A gaming PC setup.]]
We’re not talking here about the occasional game of solitaire or a secret late night Zuma obsession. We’re talking about cutting edge 3D gaming – first-person shooters or real-time strategy games with thousands of troops on the screen at the same time, with anisotropic filtering and anti-aliasing and mip-mapped specular reflections and a lot of other confusing terminology describing visual effects that will make anything less than a top-of-the-line system fall down on its knees and beg for mercy.

==== Gaming Processors ====
A top of the range processor is not critical to gaming performance (though it does help)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/gaming/serious-gaming.html intel : serious-gaming]&lt;/ref&gt;, but you will need at least a mid range one and plenty of RAM, as well as a motherboard to match, since the speed of the motherboard buses can limit high-end components. Please remember that if you plan on running the latest games in 4K, or even higher, on highest settings, or even with three monitors, you will need a high end processor. This will stop the chances of bottlenecking the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) and not give you the gaming experience you want. The most important part will be the video card (or cards) with cutting edge GPUs. AMD, [[w:NVIDIA|NVIDIA]] and Intel have been competing for &quot;king of the graphics card&quot; honors for years and the competition is so keen that new cards running on new GPUs are released quite frequently.

Note that increasing the resolution does not increase the CPU workload, only the GPU workload and VRAM usage will increase. Assume if you are running a game at 1080p High settings at 90fps with 80% CPU usage and 95% GPU usage, then increasing the resolution to 1440p decreases the fps to 60, but the CPU usage decreases to 60%.

As a general rule, always buy the fastest GPU you can get with the CPU that will not be bottlenecked.

==== Audio Hardware ====
Most motherboards have decent or good audio hardware already built in. For most gamers this is adequate, and saves money that can be spent on other components that impact gameplay experience more.

A good sound card or external DAC or sound card can help drive high end headphones and other audiophile equipment. The DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) provided by this hardware can provide a higher end and cleaner audio experience. Currently [[w:Creative Labs|Creative Labs]] and ASUS Xonar are the leading brands, but again do your research (partly by reading on) and get the best audio solution for your needs.

==== Gaming PSUs ====
Finally all of these components are going to require a pretty hefty power supply. Generally a serious gaming rig will require at least a 750 watt supply; consumer units are available up to 2000 watts (2 Kilowatts) as anything higher on a single outlet is likely to trip a home circuit breaker.

==== VRAM usage ====
VRAM (short for video memory) is the memory in a GPU. Unlike system RAM, it cannot be upgraded by end users. The only way to add more VRAM is by buying a new GPU with more VRAM.

VRAM is important, because VRAM usage on AAA game releases since early 2023 like ''The Last of Us Part I'', ''Forspoken'' and ''Hogwarts Legacy'' can exceed 8 GB when running Ultra settings even at 1080p. Having too little VRAM can cause stutters when running these games at higher settings. You probably do not want to buy a GPU with less than 8 GB VRAM, like RTX 3050 6 GB and RX 6500 XT 4 GB.

For example, in 2020 an user bought a Nvidia GeForce RTX 3070 for $900 at that time (typical pricing due to GPU cryptocurrency mining crisis in 2020-22, $500 MSRP). It was a great GPU for running era-appropriate games like ''Cyberpunk 2077'' at 1440p. Fast forward to 2023 and the RTX 3070, with only 8GB VRAM, struggles to run ''The Last of Us Part I'' properly at 1440p due to VRAM limitations, requiring to drop resolution or texture detail down to get a playable experience. This also applies to RTX 3060 Ti, 3070 Ti and even 3080 10GB.

Here are the recommendations:
{| class=wikitable
!Tier
!1080p gaming
!1440p gaming
!240Hz 1440p gaming
!4K gaming
|-
|VRAM
|At least 8 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 12 GB
|At least 16 GB
|-
|List of graphics cards
|
Used graphics cards that costs less than $200
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 ''(used)'' ($80)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1070 Ti ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 ''(used)'' ($100)
*Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti ''(used)'' ($120)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super ''(used)'' ($140)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 ''(used)'' ($150)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super ''(used)'' ($170)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 ''(used)'' ($190)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 2080 Super ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce Titan X ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon RX 570 8 GB ''(used)'' ($60)
*AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX 590 ''(used)'' ($70)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 56 ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX Vega 64 ''(used)'' ($100)
*AMD Radeon VII ''(used)'' ($170)
*AMD Radeon RX 5500 XT 8 GB ''(used)'' ($90)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 ''(used)'' ($110)
*AMD Radeon RX 5700 XT ''(used)'' ($130)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 ''(used)'' ($180)
New graphics cards that costs less than $300
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 8 GB ($200)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 ($290)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 ($190)
*AMD Radeon RX 6600 XT ($220)
*AMD Radeon RX 6650 XT ($230)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 ($250)
*Intel Arc A580 ($170)
*Intel Arc A750 ($190)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $450 and have performance rating over 100 (baseline of RTX 3060 12 GB)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3060 12 GB ($280)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 16 GB ($430)
*Nvidia Titan X Pascal ''(used)'' ($180)
*Nvidia Titan Xp ''(used)'' ($200)
*Nvidia Titan V ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6700 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 6750 XT ($320)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7600 XT ($310)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*Intel Arc A770 16 GB ($270)
|
Graphics cards that costs less than $700 and have performance rating over 160
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB ''(used)'' ($390)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti ''(used)'' ($470)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 ($500)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Super ($580)
*Nvidia Titan RTX ''(used)'' ($530)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 ''used'' ($300)
*AMD Radeon RX 6800 XT ''(used)'' ($350)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT ($360)
*AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
|
Graphics cards that have performance rating over 200
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 ''(used)'' ($690)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 3090 Ti ''(used)'' ($820)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti Super ($780)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 ''(used)'' ($930)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 Super ($1000)
*Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 ($1800)
*AMD Radeon RX 6900 XT ''(used)'' ($420)
*AMD Radeon RX 6950 XT ''(used)'' ($450)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE ($520)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT ($650)
*AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX ($870)
|}

==== Tying the gaming rig together ====

As you may have noticed, pretty much every component inside the computer needs to be top of the line; the same is true outside the case. You’ll want a big, high refresh rate monitor (at least 27” 120Hz), and a high sensitivity mouse. There are even gaming keyboards with the keys specially arranged, as well as joysticks, throttle controllers, driving wheels, etc.

So, given that your budget is not bottomless, how do you prioritize? Well, the processor and video card are the components that will have the most effect on your gaming performance. Next comes the motherboard and RAM. One of the advantages to building your own computer is that you can get the components you can afford now and plan to upgrade them later.

A note on cases for gaming rigs – it is not necessary to get a case with a side window that reveals glowing RGB fans and revolving animated heat-sinks. A well-built plain case will do just as well and let you spend more money on the components that matter. But if you have the cash, and that’s your taste, there are lots of flashy add-ons available these days.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | B450 DDR4 motherboard ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 580 8 GB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5500 ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 6600 8 GB ($190)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case with RGB ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B550 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 5600 ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32GB DDR4-3200 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7700 XT 12 GB ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case with RGB ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 7600 ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Wraith Stealth (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7800 XT 16 GB ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B650 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 5 9600X ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 GRE 16 GB ($520)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XT 20 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX 24 GB ($850)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D ($450)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-6200 CL36 (2 x 24 GB) ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case with RGB ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X3D ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 32 GB) ($210)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1800)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($280)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|}

=== Entertainment system/media center ===
This is a computer designed to sit in the living room with the rest of your A/V gear. The idea is that it will record and serve audio and video files for replay via your existing television and stereo. The current notion is that this computer should be built in a special case that makes it look more like a stereo component, the size of which can present a challenge when it comes to getting all the necessary parts fitted.

For this system a mid-range processor will be fine, along with a generous amount of RAM. A gigabit or better Ethernet connection will facilitate sharing large files. You’ll also want a TV tuner card (or two) to get video in and out of the machine. Many of these also provide [[w:digital video recorder|DVR]] (digital video recorder) functionality, often without the monthly subscription fees and [[w:digital rights management|DRM]] (digital rights management) restrictions required by companies like Tivo. A wireless keyboard and mouse provide for couch-based use and a separate monitor may be unnecessary as your TV will fill that role.

All components should be as quiet as possible since you'll likely be watching/listening in the same room. For this application it makes sense to trade a little power for passively-cooled (without fans) parts. Following this logic, one may consider fan-less CPUs and mainboards.

You may also want an IR receiver to let you use your existing remote control as media buttons.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Graphics / video card
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; rowspan=2 | Power supply
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; colspan=2 | Power consumption
|-
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Idle
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Peak
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bff;&quot; | '''Entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | ~$400
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12400T ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 450 W Plus power supply ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 14 W
| style=&quot;background: #dff;&quot; | 141 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfd;&quot; | '''Upper entry-level'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | ~$500
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | H610 DDR4 motherboard ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13400T ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | UHD Graphics 730 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 500 W Plus power supply ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 15 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfe;&quot; | 150 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bfb;&quot; | '''Lower mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | ~$600
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Basic mini ITX case ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 8 GB) ($35)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Entry-level TV tuner card ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 16 W
| style=&quot;background: #dfd;&quot; | 160 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($90)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13500T ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 (2 x 16 GB) ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 17 W
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 165 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 16 GB) ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Mid-range TV tuner card ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-5600 (2 x 16 GB) ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;High-end TV tuner card ($180)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 18 W
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 177 W
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Premium mini ITX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700T ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 (2 x 16 GB) ($150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | UHD Graphics 770 (integrated)&lt;br&gt;Dual high-end TV tuner cards ($360)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 500 W Bronze power supply ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 20 W
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 197 W
|}

===Workstation===
{{Info|Workstation builds are for professionals who will fully leverage the features offered. You don't need a workstation for casual or even professional video editing, music production, CAD, programming, etc. Amateurs, hobbyists, and small businesses can save quite a bit of money by simply running workstation applications on consumer class hardware. In many cases a high end gaming PC will provide equivalent performance at a fraction of the cost of a workstation. For these users, simply adding the peripherals used by specific workstation setups can effectively turn their normal computers into a sort of psuedo-workstation.}}

A workstation was originally a single-user computer with more muscle than a PC intended to support a demanding technical application, like CAD or complicated array-based simulations of real world phenomena. Once the domain of cutting edge computer companies, this category has experienced a rebirth as high performance and reliable PCs for professional use. Unlike a gaming PC, reliability becomes much more important - Time is money after all.

For any of the following uses, you will want
* A solid and reliable power supply
* A processor and motherboard platform that supports [[wikipedia:ECC_memory|ECC memory]].
* Lots of ECC memory more reliability.
* A 64 bit version of the OS to take full advantage of the extra ram and software features used by many workstation programs.
* A GPU that can run desired applications on multiple high resolution displays.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-12600K ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A1000 8 GB ($300)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 8 GB) ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 6 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 3.0 SSD ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Tier C power supply ($70)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Core i5-13600K ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Air tower cooler ($40)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 32 GB DDR4-3600 CL16 (2 x 16 GB) ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia RTX A2000 12 GB ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic micro ATX case ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Core i7-13700K ($330)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (2 x 16 GB) ($110)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 1 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($70)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 750 W Tier A power supply ($100)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 32 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (2 x 16 GB) ($120)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 2000 Ada 16 GB ($650)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240mm AIO cooler ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 48 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 24 GB) ($200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 2 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($130)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 850 W Tier A power supply ($120)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Z790 DDR5 motherboard ($240)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i7-14700K ($380)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 64 GB DDR5-7200 CL34 (2 x 32 GB) ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4000 Ada 20 GB ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | X670E DDR5 motherboard ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | AMD Ryzen 9 7950X ($480)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 360mm AIO cooler ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 96 GB DDR5-6400 CL36 (2 x 48 GB) ($350)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1000 W Tier A power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7960X ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 192 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (4 x 48 GB) ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 4500 Ada 24 GB ($2200)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($500)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 1200 W Tier A power supply ($200)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X ($2400)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 384 GB DDR5-6000 CL30 (8 x 48 GB) ($1200)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB ($6500)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 1500 W Tier A power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ddb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v4'''
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | ~$20000
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | TRX50 DDR5 motherboard ($900)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7980X ($4700)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Workstation-specific cooler ($250)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 512 GB DDR5-6400 CL32 (8 x 64 GB) ($2000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | Dual Nvidia RTX 6000 Ada 48 GB GPUs (96 GB total) ($13000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 4 x 4 TB PCIe 4.0 SSD RAID0 array ($1000)
| style=&quot;background: #eed;&quot; | 2000 W Tier A power supply ($500)
|}


====Video editing====
Big and fast storage drives are key. Solid State Drives in RAID0 as working space with multiple multi Terabyte or larger drives for storage is a good target. A large amount of memory  would be beneficial, as would a fast CPU, with many cores/threads, especially if you intend to render effects or wish to quickly transcode video. Most editing and transcoding programs utilize some form of GPU acceleration (primarily OpenCL and/or CUDA), where the graphics processor is used, along with the CPU, to perform many calculations at the same time, greatly reducing processing time, compared to CPU-only processing.

====Music production====

Plenty of disk space and RAM is important, but a music production (recording and mixing) workstation is chiefly distinguished by specialized external components – studio reference monitors instead of normal speakers, mixing consoles, microphones, etc. Even the acoustics of the room your computer is in becomes an important factor. If you want to record external sources, like vocals or instruments, you'll need an audio interface which allows you to plug mics or instruments into your computer.

Computers meant to be installed near live recordings often use near or totally silent cooling solutions.

Audio interfaces allow anything from a single microphone or instrument on up to pro level systems that have 32 or more simultaneous inputs. These separate inputs will allow you to record each one as a separate track in your DAW. Most use Steinberg's ASIO interface (a software driver that connects your hardware to your DAW software). If you don't wish to invest in anything other than the onboard sound card your computer comes with, consider ASIO4All, a free driver that imitates the ASIO framework for almost any sound card.

One piece of advice, if you have extra money, get better microphones - even if you have to trade the Bluesmobile.

====CAD/CAM====
('''C'''omputer '''A'''ssisted '''D'''esign / '''C'''omputer '''A'''ided '''M'''anufacturing)

A CAD/CAM workstation is usually a machine that runs a single, very intense, application. These machines often utilize specialized video hardware, like the [[w:Nvidia Quadro|Nvidia Quadro]] and[[w:Radeon Pro|AMD Radeon Pro]] series of GPUs, which are designed specifically for CAD/CAM rendering. Since these machines are usually devoted to a single, expensive, application it's especially important to pay close attention to the requirements of that application. Spec the hardware to support the software - always a good idea but especially important here. 

Some examples of this specialized software are [[w:Autodesk 3ds Max|Autodesk 3ds Max]], [[w:Autodesk Maya|Autodesk Maya]], [[w:AutoCAD|AutoCAD]], [[w:Cinema 4D|Cinema 4D]] and [[w:Maxwell Render|Maxwell Render]] amongst [[w:Comparison of computer-aided design editors|many others]].

=== Mining rig ===
A mining rig is a computer designed to mine cryptocurrency with the use of multiple high-end GPUs. Graphics cards are the most important for mining. You should get a case and motherboard that are specifically designed for multiple graphics cards. To supply all of power to the components, you will need a Gold or better power supply capable of supplying lots of power. CPU, RAM and storage are the lowest priorities.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Typical PC build by budget
! style=&quot;background: #ddd;&quot; | PC level
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Budget
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | PC case
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Motherboard
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | CPU cooler
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | RAM
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Graphics
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Storage
! style=&quot;background: #eee;&quot; | Power supply
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dfb;&quot; | '''Mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | ~$800
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060 Ti 8 GB ($400)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #efd;&quot; | 600 W Gold power supply ($140)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffb;&quot; | '''Upper mid-range'''
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | ~$1000
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 12 GB ($600)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ffd;&quot; | 650 W Gold power supply ($150)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fdb;&quot; | '''Lower high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | ~$1200
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti 12 GB ($800)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fed;&quot; | 750 W Gold power supply ($190)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbb;&quot; | '''High-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | ~$1500
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB ($1150)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdd;&quot; | 850 W Gold power supply ($230)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbd;&quot; | '''Upper high-end'''
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | ~$2000
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Basic ATX case ($80)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | B660 DDR4 motherboard ($100)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fde;&quot; | 1000 W Gold power supply ($280)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #fbf;&quot; | '''Flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | ~$2500
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Premium ATX case ($160)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | B760 DDR5 motherboard ($140)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel Celeron G6900 ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR5-4800 (2 x 8 GB) ($55)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB ($1600)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #fdf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #dbf;&quot; | '''True flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | ~$3000
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 16 GB (32 GB total) ($2300)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #edf;&quot; | 1200 W Gold power supply ($340)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bbd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship'''
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | ~$4000
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 2 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (48 GB total) ($3200)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dde;&quot; | 1500 W Gold power supply ($420)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdd;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v2'''
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | ~$6000
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 3 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (72 GB total) ($4800)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #dee;&quot; | 2300 W Platinum power supply ($800)
|-
| style=&quot;background: #bdb;&quot; | '''Ultimate flagship v3'''
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | ~$10000
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Mining case (6 GPUs) ($50)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Biostar TB360-BTC PRO 2.0 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel Core i3-8100 ($60)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Intel stock cooler (included)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 16 GB DDR4-3200 (2 x 8 GB) ($30)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 6 x Nvidia GeForce RTX 4090 24 GB (144 GB total) ($9600)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | 240 GB SATA SSD ($15)
| style=&quot;background: #ded;&quot; | Dual 2300 W Platinum power supplies ($1600)
|}

== Do I plan on overclocking my computer? ==
[[File:Cooler Master Hyper 212 Plus vs. Intel Stock.jpg|thumb|An aftermarket CPU heatsink side by side with a stock heatsink. Larger heatsinks help keep components cool during overclocking, and larger fans often help either move much more air through a system for the same level of noise, or move the same amount of air for much less noise.]]
Overclocking consists of running components at faster internal speeds than they are rated for, gaining a bit of extra performance out of the part. If you are serious about overclocking your computer, you need to do extensive research into the components you select, as some parts respond to overclocking better than others. Overclocking usually voids your warranty and is risky as you can shorten the life of your components or even burn them out completely! You need to take cooling the computer more seriously as overclocking generates additional heat. Anything from a few extra fans to a liquid-cooled system may be necessary depending on the nature of your system.

Many parts that are the same model can overclock differently due to manufacturer binning, leading to a &quot;Silicon Lottery&quot; of sorts. For example, consider three different Raptor Lake 13700K CPUs that are installed in identical systems - a good chip can clock up to about 5.7 GHz, an excellent one may be able to hit 6.1 GHz, while a bad one may stop at 5.3 GHz. If you are willing to pay more, some vendors sell pre-binned CPUs which have been previously tested to overclock well.

Most AMD processors can be overclocked. For Intel processors, only the K series CPUs (which cost about $20-40 USD more than the normal version) and the Extreme Series generally allow full overclocking.

== Do I plan on underclocking my computer? == 
This can be ideal for always-on entertainment systems. Underclocked parts run cooler, often enabling passive cooling options to be used, which leads to a much quieter system, and you'll also save on power.

However, you'll lose performance from the CPU. You may wish to ''undervolt'' the CPU instead; see the [[../Silencing|Silencing]] section to find out how.

== Can I use any of the parts from my old computer? ==
[[File:2017 mid range pc in late 1990s case.jpg|thumb|A 2017 PC built in a case from the 1990's. While this decision sacrifices front IO and modern airflow designs, it does save money on the case. Some communities exist that build &quot;Sleeper PCs&quot;, modern high performance computers built to look like under powered or obsolete computers.]]
This depends on your situation; if your computer is more than four years old, chances are that most of the parts will be too old, slow or incompatible for your new machine. On the other hand, if you are upgrading from a fairly new machine, you may be able to use many of the parts. All of this assumes the old computer will no longer be used. If you, or someone else, is going to continue using your old computer, it's probably best just to leave it intact.

One important point – if you are selling your old computer it's a good idea to erase the hard drive before giving it to its new owner. A simple 'delete' command does not actually erase the data on your hard drive,leaving things like financial documents, passwords, healthcare records, browser history, and personal photos potentially recoverable through easy to use recovery software. To avoid this, programs are available that will effectively 'shred' your data, making it unrecoverable. Driver software that comes with some hard drives may also have programs to do this, that write 0s or 1s (either way, &quot;blankness&quot;) to the whole drive. Lower-tech approaches include drilling a few holes in the drive or taking a blowtorch to it. Obviously, either prevents it from being used again (Be planet friendly and try to avoid this).

Since monitor technology moves quite slowly, you can probably keep your current monitor and use it on the new computer if it's of sufficient size and clarity for your work. The same can go for keyboards, as well as mice, printers, scanners, and possibly speaker sets. On the inside, you may be able to take out the storage drive, and expansion cards. If your components are especially old, the features integrated into the motherboard may actually be superior to your old components, so testing with and without these your old devices is recommended. Sometimes so much is used from the old computer, that the line between an upgrade and a new computer can become blurred.

Reusing a hard drive is an easy way to keep data from your old computer. With most Windows operating systems moving a boot drive from one motherboard to another will entail a series of reboots and installation of new drivers. Back up your data before trying this, and note that Windows will usually ask you to reactivate. Keep the licence key ready.

== Where do I find the parts? ==
[[File:The Apple Department at the Queens, NY Micro Center.jpg|thumb|Computer retailers can be a handy source for parts, and often offer easy returns.]]
Once you have decided what you’re going to use your computer for, and have reviewed which parts are available for reuse, you should make a list of what components you will need to buy. A few hours of research can save you years of regret, so make sure that the computer you build will do what you need it to do. 

Computer terminology can be confusing, so if there are terms you don’t understand, be sure to look them up. Wikipedia is an excellent place to start if, for example, you’re not clear on the difference between, say, DDR4 and DDR5 memory.

There are several places to buy parts:

* '''Internet retailers''' generally offer the best price for new parts. If a part needs to be returned, you may be stuck for the shipping; check return policies before you purchase.
* '''Auction sites''' like eBay and several others offer very good prices for used parts. This is especially useful for parts which do not wear out, like RAM, and unlike HDD/SSDs. Returns can be problematic or impossible. Some auctions may not be legitimate. Always check the shipping cost before you bid.
* '''Local PC shops''' - Their prices are often higher, but they may make up for this by providing a lot of expertise. Get opinions from other sources, however, as they may be eager to sell you parts you don't need.
* '''Big box stores''' often lack technical expertise and charge higher prices, but can be useful because they usually handle returns quickly. Also good if you need something right away.
* '''Trade shows''' that occur from time to time also provide a good place to shop, as the prices are often significantly reduced, and the variety of prefabricated computers built towards specific computing needs tend to be higher.

Also, your local town dump may have a special section for computers and monitors that others have got rid of. These can be more or less brand new computers with trivial problems such as a busted power supply or faulty cables. Of course if the dump does have such a section, you should ask permission of those in charge. They're usually glad to let you go through it, but don't leave a mess. Taking advantage of this can yield incredible finds, with a price tag of nothing or very little.
=== OEM vs Retail ===
[[File:AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750G 6913.jpg|thumb|An OEM CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G.]]
Many hardware manufacturers will sell the same components in both OEM and Retail versions. Retail hardware is intended to be sold to the end-user through retail channels, and will come fully packaged with manuals, accessories, software, etc. OEM stands for &quot;original equipment manufacturer&quot;; items labeled as such are intended to be sold in bulk for use by firms which integrate the components into their own products. 

However, many online stores will offer OEM hardware at (slightly) cheaper prices than the corresponding retail versions. You will usually receive such an item by itself in an anti-static bag. It may or may not come with a manual or a CD containing drivers. Warranties on OEM parts may often be shorter or nonexistent, and sometimes require you to obtain support through your vendor, rather than the manufacturer. OEM components are also sometimes specified differently than their retail counterparts, parts may be clocked slower, and ports or features may be missing. Some of the support may be less (as in the case of Microsoft). Again, do your research.

== What should affect the choice of any part/peripheral? ==
Many things should be taken into account when deciding what parts to buy. Below are some things to consider.

=== Compatibility ===
You’ll want to make sure that all the parts you buy work together without problems. The CPU, the motherboard, and the RAM in particular must be compatible with each other. Check the motherboard manufacturer's web site; most will list compatible RAM and processors. Often quality RAM that is not on the approved list (but is of the proper type) will work anyway, but the manufacturers list of processors should be rigidly adhered to, as even when a processor is supported by the socket on the motherboard, the motherboard firmware may not support it.

You’ll also want to make sure that your operating system supports the hardware you choose. Windows is supported by almost everything, though watch out for older components if you're planning on using Windows 11. If you have any interest in running Linux, or another operating system now or in the future, buy parts that are supported by that OS (Operating System). Check online to make sure there is no history of your chosen components causing issues when used together, or with software you plan on running.

=== Ergonomics ===
[[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|This ergonomic mouse looks strange, but it is designed to reduce strain on your hands.]]
Ergonomics is the science of designing things so that they work with the human body. This is obviously important when choosing peripherals such as a keyboard or mouse but should also be considered when selecting a monitor, and especially when setting up the computer for your use. If your wrist hurts or you’re getting a crick in your neck, look at the physical setup of your computer, check your chair height and posture. An ounce of prevention here can avert troublesome repetitive strain injuries. Learning to type without looking down at the keyboard is very useful for avoiding neck strain.

=== Operating temperature ===
[[File:No blue smoke.jpg|thumb|A computer chip that has burnt out. Preventing damage like this is much easier then repairing it.]]
Modern components, notably processors, GPUs, RAM, and some elements on the motherboard, are very small and draw a lot of power. A small area doing a lot of work with a lot of power leads to high temperatures. Various factors can cause electronic parts to break down over time and all of these factors are exacerbated by heat. Very high temperatures can burn out chips almost instantly, while running hot can shorten the useful life of a part, so the cooler we can make these parts, the better.

If you are not going to overclock your system, stock air cooling, when paired with a good case with adequate fans, should be enough to keep your system cool. If you want a quiet computer then components designed for passive (fan-less) cooling can be paired with very low noise case fans (or a well-vented case). In general, high-end parts will require more attention to cooling.

To keep your system at a proper operating temperature, you can monitor vital components with software (which usually comes with your motherboard). If you are seeing high temps, make sure the interior of your case is dust free, and remember that most cooling solutions can not reduce the temperature of your computer parts below room temperature. Of course, unless you happen to have your computer outdoors in a climate such as the Sahara, room temperature will be well within the thermal limits of any component on your computer.

Which brings us to overclocking. It's specialty cooling solutions that make overclocking possible, a processor that might run stable at a maximum of 4.4 GHz at {{convert|65|C|F}} could hit speeds as high as 5.6 GHz with specialized cooling systems. A sensible person wanting a 20% overclock could add a special fan/heatsink to his CPU and some extra case fans. An enthusiast seeking a major overclock might go with a water-cooling solution for the CPU and GPU and sometimes other chips. The real fanatics have been known to use liquid nitrogen or total immersion in pure water or oil. You should not try any of the more extreme solutions unless you really know what you're doing.

=== Price ===
Today, there are a wide array of hardware components and peripherals tailored to fit every home computing need and budget. With all these options to choose from, it can be a bit overwhelming if you've never bought computer parts before. Shop around and remember to factor in shipping and handling, and taxes. Some places may be priced a bit higher, but offer perks such as free shipping, limited warranties, or 24-hour tech support. Many websites, such as [http://www.cnet.com CNET] and [http://www.zdnet.com ZDNet] offer comprehensive reviews, user ratings, and links to stores, including price comparisons. 

Since prices for any given part are always falling, it’s tempting to just wait until the part you want goes down in price. Unfortunately the reason prices decline is that better/faster parts are coming out all the time, so the part you want this year that costs $500 may well be $300 next year, but by that time you won’t want it any more, you’ll want the new, better part that still costs $500. At some point you’ve got to get on the bus and ride, even if the prices are still falling.

Usually the best bet is to buy just behind the bleeding edge, where, typically, you can get 90% of the performance of the top of the line part for 50% or 60% of the price. That last 10% is very expensive and if you don’t need it, you can save a lot of money with the second-tier part. 

It's a good idea to think about future upgradeability when selecting some components. While the computer that you're building today may be fine for your current needs you may want to upgrade it later. So look for components that support the newest standards and have room for future expansion, like a motherboard that will allow you to fit more memory than you are planning to use, or a case that has room for extra storage drives. If your current machine is maxed out the only possible upgrade is often a new machine.

You may also find that by over-specifying in some areas you can save money on others, e.g. if you don't currently need WiFi but you do need Bluetooth then you might want to purchase a WiFi card anyway as some of the higher end WiFi cards also support Bluetooth.

=== Performance ===
If money is no object just buy the most powerful components you can find. If, like most of us, there are limits to what you can/want to spend, then focus on those areas where more powerful parts will pay off for you and scrimp on others. Always look for that sweet spot on the price/performance curve where you get the most bang for your buck. When deciding where to cut back, remember that you have the option to upgrade in the future. Some components are easier to upgrade then others such as RAM, where an upgrade is as simple as popping more into a free slot. Other upgrades, such as replacing the CPU or GPU with a better model are more costly, as the original often serves no purpose following the upgrade (But may be resold online to recoup some of the cost).

== Primary components ==
These are the components that will be the core of your new computer. It is impractical to put together a PC compatible computer without these components and a bare set of peripherals.

[[Image:Personal_computer,_exploded_4.svg|right|thumb|350px|Exploded view of a personal computer:
&lt;br&gt;1 [[w:Computer display|Monitor]]
&lt;br&gt;2 [[w:Personal computer#Motherboard|Motherboard]]
&lt;br&gt;3 [[w:Personal computer#Central processing unit|CPU (Microprocessor)]]
&lt;br&gt;4 [[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] sockets
&lt;br&gt;5 [[w:Personal computer#Main memory|Main memory (RAM)]]
&lt;br&gt;6 [[w:Expansion card|Expansion cards]]
&lt;br&gt;7 [[w:Power supply unit|Power supply unit]]
&lt;br&gt;8 [[w:Optical disc|Optical disc drive]]
&lt;br&gt;9 [[w:Personal computer#Hard disk drive|Hard disk drive (HDD)]]
&lt;br&gt;10 [[w:Computer_keyboard|Keyboard]]
&lt;br&gt;11 [[w:Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] 
]]

=== Case ===
{{Wikipedia| ATX#Power_supply}}
The case is one of the most practical straightforward parts of a computer. A case can also be aesthetically pleasing, and help improve your computing experience.

==== Form factor ====
Form factor is the specification that provides the physical measurements for the size of components supported. Your case should support one or more of the following common formfactors. It's a good idea to match the formfactor of a case with a motherboard.

=====Large Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:EATX|EATX]] or Extended ATX boards are {{convert|12|x|13|in|cm}}. This format is almost exclusive to workstation and high end gaming computers.
* [[Wikipedia:ATX|ATX]] is the most common form factor and is the de facto standard. Supports about 7 expansion slots.

These formfactors offer the most amount of flexibility in expansion. These spacious cases are often easy to work in, but hard to move around.

=====Small Form Factors=====
* [[Wikipedia:microATX|microATX]], or µATX, is smaller than standard ATX. Many cases that support ATX also allow micro-ATX. Supports about 4 expansion slots.
* [[Wikipedia:Mini-ITX|Mini-ITX]] is even smaller at {{convert|6.75|in|cm}} square. Supports at most one expansion slot.

These form-factors let you build relatively small and even portable computers, ideal for taking to LAN parties or for people who frequently move.

Slim cases are offered in these form factors. These cases are significantly thinner then regular cases. However, you will be limited to using slim expansion cards as well. You may also need to use laptop components in some areas to save space depending on the case.

Particularly small cases can be hard to work in and offer limited expansion. They may have airflow problems, and cable management can be a challenge. You may need to find low profile cooling units, and the case may not support regular sized power supplies. You may also want to get angled cables or adapters if spacing between parts is tight, and you suspect it would make your work easier.

==== Drive Bays ====
Internal storage drives take up space in the case, so make sure you consider how many drives you will need and what size slot they require. Not all cases support every drive size.

There are several bay sizes, and each has a typical use.
* 5.25&quot; bays typically hold optical drives, fan controllers, or other accessories, and are external facing.
* 3.5&quot; external bays are typically used for smaller versions of accessories found in 5.25&quot; bays (But not optical drives).
* 3.5&quot; internal bays are used for holding desktop hard disks or an SSD.
* 2.5&quot; bays are typically used for holding an SSD or laptop size hard disk.
Note that it's possible to buy adapters to fit items that go in small bays (usually hard drives) into large bays.

Many cases offer modular drive bays, which can be removed if they are not needed to make space for other components. This can be useful if a drive bay is getting in the way of another component, such as a long graphics card.

Some cases designed for minimalist aesthetics or gaming will not use external drive bays to make room for better airflow. If you use a case like this and need an optical drive, you will have to get an external drive.

If you are planning on using an M.2 SSD, your motherboard will provide a slot for your storage device. Some cases will have dedicated mounting points for 2.5&quot; storage drives, which can free up space in other areas of the case.

==== Front IO ====
Almost all cases will feature a power on button on the front of the case. Other common IO featured on the front of cases includes audio jacks, USB ports, a reset button, status lights, and other features. 

It's important to consider where the front IO is on the case you buy, and how it factors into your workspace. For example, if your case will just barely fit under your desk, IO located on the very top of your case could be hard to use.

In rare instances when you are not purchasing a new case you need new to get front IO separately from your case, (For example, when using an very old, nonstandard, or DIY case) there are simple kits available that give you a power button and a few IO ports. Alternatively you can manually use a jumper each time you want to turn the computer on, though this is somewhat tedious.

==== Computer Aesthetics ====
Cases are typically made of steel or more rarely aluminum, and usually have accents made out of plastic. More exotic case materials are sometimes used such as wood.

Some cases hide their 5.25&quot; bays with a door for a cleaner look. This has a practical benefit of helping reduce drive noise.

A quality case will include features that make it easier to manage cables. Besides looking better, by keeping cables out of the way and orderly, maintenance and troubleshooting is made easier.

Cases typically mount the power supply in either the top of the case, or the bottom. Some higher end cases will have a separate chamber for the power supply, assisting cable management and giving it a degree separation from the hot components in the rest of the case.

Many cases will have windows installed. These provide a view into the system, and can highlight nice looking components. When moving a computer with a windowed case, keep in mind that an acrylic window will easily scratch, and a glass window may shatter. A solid sheet of metal is best when it comes to blocking noise and durability.

Many gamers use components with RGB lighting to give their computer flair. Keep in mind that there aren't really unified standards for RGB lighting, so if you want to mix and match between different manufacturers and coordinate the resulting lightshow you'll need to use multiple software products at the same time. RGB LED light strips, or their older counterpart cold cathode lights can be used to provide lighting if your components lack integrated lights.

Some cases feature integral noise reducing foam, offering a clean look while providing the benefits of noise reduction.

Many people like to [[w:Case modding|mod their cases]]. There are many easy mods that can be done before your computer is built (And all electronics are removed from the case), such as painting the case a different color, or giving it a funky coat of paint through [[w:Water transfer printing|Hydro dipping]]

A case stand can be a good tool to use if you plan on placing your computer on the ground, as it creates additional clearance from things such as dirt, dust, and carpets.

You may want to use a dust cover for unused ports. This helps you avoid trying to plug in devices into the wrong ports when reaching behind a case, and helps make cleaning easier. Dust covers also exist for external peripherals such as monitors if you plan on storing them away for a while.

===Cooling===
==== Fans ====
[[File:Fans from computer case - front and back - 2018-05-22.jpg|thumb|Two fans of different sizes.]]

Most cases mount one or more case fans, distinct from the fans that may be attached to the power supply, video card and CPU. The purpose of a case mounted fan is to move air through the system and carry excess heat out. This is why some cases may have two or more fans mounted in a push-pull configuration (one fan pulls cool outside air in, the other pushes hot interior air out). The more air these fans can move, the cooler things will generally be. 

Fans for case cooling currently come in two common sizes, 80&amp;nbsp;mm and 120&amp;nbsp;mm, and computer cases tend to support one size or the other. The larger 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans spin more slowly while moving a given volume of air, and slower fans are usually quieter fans, so the 120&amp;nbsp;mm fans are generally preferred, even though they cost a little more. Good 80&amp;nbsp;mm fans can still be fairly quiet, so while fan size is a factor, it shouldn't be a deal-breaker if the case has other features you like.

Make sure the power plug on the chosen case fan is supported by your motherboard; 3- and 4-pin connectors are common. Fans can also be powered directly by the PSU, but in that configuration, the motherboard can't control or report the fan's speed.

Variable speed fans with built-in temperature sensing are available. Variable speed fans tend to run quieter than constant speed fans, as they only move as much air as needed to maintain a set temperature within the case or the power supply box. Under typical operating conditions they may be barely audible.

Since fans run continuously when the computer is turned on, bearing selection may be important for long life. 
* The least expensive fans use '''sleeve bearings'''. As the fan ages, the lubricant in the sleeve bearing dries out and eventually the bearing wears, allowing the fan blade to nutate or vibrate, making it very noisy. In severe cases the bearing may seize and the fan will stop turning entirely, possibly jeopardizing the computer when ventilation fails. 
* The most expensive fans tend to be those that use '''ball bearings''', but they also have very long service lives. It isn't uncommon for a ball bearing fan to run continuously for 7 to 10 years&amp;nbsp;— possibly longer than the useful technological life of the computer within which it is mounted. Ball bearing fans tend to be slightly noisier than sleeve bearing fans. 
* A fairly recent type of fan bearing is a '''magnetic''' or '''&quot;maglev&quot;''' bearing, which uses a magnetic field to suspend the fan rotor without physical contact. Such fans exhibit practically zero bearing wear and barring a failure in their motor drive components, have essentially an infinite service life. Maglev bearings also tend to be completely silent, and when used in a variable speed fan, can produce practically silent ventilation.

The orientation of fans inside your case can have a big impact on cooling, as well as how quickly dust builds up. Some cases will include dust traps to reduce the amount of dust entering a system. Aftermarket dust filters also exist, but can be harder to mount.

==== Water Cooling ====
[[File:Deepcool cooler.png|thumb|An all in one cooler mounted on a CPU.]]
A water cooling system will cool parts by running water over a heatsink. a pump moves the water in a closed loop, which goes to a radiator for cooling. Additional parts, such as flow sensors and quick connects, can make maintaining a water cooling setup easier. Since the radiator can be placed anywhere, it can be much bigger then a typical heatsink, allowing for more efficient cooling. Typically water cooling is used for the CPU, but it can also be used for other components, such as graphics cards. Custom water cooling setups can either use hard tubing or soft tubing. Some manufacturers make All in One (AIO) watercooling units, which is basically a water cooling solution that's prebuilt. 

Compared to air cooling, water cooling adds significant cost, complexity, and risk to a system build. However it can allow for quieter operation, and a well built water cooling setup can look great.

====Minor component cooling====
While shopping for coolers you may see passive, fan, or even water cooling solutions for RAM, chipsets, SSDs and other devices. These devices do not typically produce significant heat, and do not require additional cooling. These devices are mainly aimed at serious overclockers and those who want to improve the aesthetics of these components. However running components cooler to a point can be good for their lifespan, and adding these components typically only hurts your wallet.

=== Power Supply ===
{{Wikipedia| Power supply unit (computer)}}
[[File:Modular vs non-modular PSU.JPG|thumb|A modular power supply on the left sits next to a non-modular power supply on the right. By allowing you to select only the cables you need, Modular power supplies make cable management much easier.]]
====Power Supply Basics====
The power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from the power grid into a form you can use. The power supply you choose needs to supply enough stable DC power to all the components and even to some of the peripherals. It needs also to be consistent, by complying with accurate standard voltages, i.e. the 12 volt rail needs to supply 12 volts (within normal tolerances of 10% or so) steadily under any foreseeable load, likewise the 3 and 5v rails at their respective voltages. Cheap power supplies tend to fall down in these areas. There are several tech-heavy websites that actually throw a multimeter on the PSU in the course of a review, seek these out and make sure you select a quality PSU.

====PSU Specs====
Power supplies typically use one of two ratings, one being the continuous rating and the other being the peak rating. The continuous rating is how much power can be delivered indefinitely, and the peak rating is how much power can be delivered for a limited period of time. You want to go by the continuous rating to be safe. There are several calculators that try to help you select an adequate PSU for your system, which are linked in the footer.

Your power supply should have the right number of connectors for your needs e.g. six-pin PCI power, ATX12VO vs. 24-pin motherboard connectors, etc. If you are planning on running two or more video cards in SLI (NVIDIA) or Crossfire (AMD) mode, make sure your power supply is certified for that use. Most power supplies will have cables long enough for most any case, but some larger cases will make good cable management difficult with power-supplies that have shorter cables.

Cheap power supplies often require you to select your mains voltage with a switch. Higher quality power supplies have circuitry that actively adjusts for incoming voltage, and thus do not need to be told what voltage to expect. It's always a good idea to check to make sure a power supply is compatible with the mains power used in your country prior to use.

Choose an efficient PSU. Efficient PSUs run cooler and more quietly and thus do not create as much noise which is important if you plan to sleep or think in the same room with it or use it as a media center PC. They also reduce energy usage, which in turn saves money on the electric bill. 

If your budget allows, consider opting for a modular PSU. These have connectors that can be added or removed, which allows for more versatility and also reduces clutter.
The power supply also has an exhaust fan that is responsible for cooling the power supply, as well as providing a hot air exhaust for the entire case. Some power supplies have two fans to promote this effect. 

It is important to buy a power supply that can accommodate all of the components involved. A bad or inadequate power supply can fail and destroy not only itself, but potentially the rest of the computer, so it's important to get a decent one. Keep in mind that having a higher-rated power supply will not draw much more power than what your computer actually uses, but it may decrease the efficiency of the unit if significantly less power is being drawn then what the power supply is rated for.

====PSU accessories====

A surge protector is a good idea. Not only does this help protect your computer, it also can expand an outlet for more peripherals. Higher end surge protectors often include protection for network cables as well.

To supplement a PSU, consider getting an [[w:Uninterruptible Power Supply|Uninterruptible Power Supply]] (UPS). This is a device that provides a few minutes of temporary power to your computer and monitor during a brownout or blackout giving you enough time to safely shut down your computer. UPS units are typically external and look and function like big power strips. Many consumer UPS units have built in surge protectors. If you live in an area with poor power quality or frequent blackouts, a UPS can help save your PSU from significant wear.

=== CPU (processor) ===

We discuss choosing a CPU in the next chapter,
[[How To Assemble A Desktop PC/Choosing the parts/CPU]].

=== Motherboard ===
[[Image:Asus A8N-VM CSM Rev1.10G 20060626a.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A PC motherboard: IDE connectors and the motherboard power connector (white with large holes) are on the left edge. Between them and the large quadratic CPU socket in the lower middle are the longish RAM sockets. The extension slots are above the CPU socket (two white, one black) and the ports for external devices are on the right edge.]]

The motherboard is a very important part of your computer. A good motherboard allows a modest CPU and RAM to run at maximum efficiency whereas a bad motherboard restricts high-end products to run only at modest levels. Higher end motherboards often offer additional features, such as faster built in networking, better built in audio, built in Wi-Fi, a small display that shows diagnostic codes, better power delivery to support overclocking and reliability, RGB LED controllers, built in IO Shield, or other features. The difference between a cheap and a quality motherboard is typically around $100.

There are many things one must consider in choosing a motherboard: CPU interface, Chipset, form factor, expansion slot interfaces, and other connectors.

==== CPU interface ====
The CPU interface is the &quot;plug&quot; that your processor goes into. For your processor to physically fit in the motherboard, the interface must be an '''exact match''' to your processor. Intel currently has two mainstream formats, the LGA 1851 for their current (200 series) Core processors (Core Ultra 9 285K or 5 245KF) or the LGA 1700 supporting their older 12th-14th gen processors. AMD currently uses a few sockets: AM5 for their current (7000 to 9000 series) Ryzen CPUs (Ryzen 9 7950X3D or Ryzen 5 9600X), AM4 for older (5000 series and older) Ryzen processors, and TR4 for their thread ripper processors.

Check with the motherboard manufacturer to ensure that the slot on the motherboard will support the CPU you want to use. It is important to know whether the motherboard's bus can support the exact CPU you plan on using.

If the motherboard, CPU, and heatsink/fan are not compatible and installed correctly, you can destroy the CPU and/or the motherboard in a matter of seconds. Most modern processors come with a stock cooling fan which will work well at stock speeds, stick with this if you have any doubts.

====Chipset====
The Chipset is a piece of hardware integrated into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded later. This often determines what processors are supported by the motherboard, as well as how many lanes and the generation of PCI Express, USB ports, and SATA ports/slots the motherboard supports. USB and SATA ports can be expanded by add on cards, but PCI express lanes are fixed. Cheaper motherboards tend to use cheaper chipsets with reduced features.

====UEFI====
Motherboards come with a piece of software that called UEFI or BIOS in older models. This software is responsible for preparing your computer for use by an operating system, as well as for configuring low level details of your system. Features offered by UEFI or BIOS vary quite a bit between manufactures and product lines. Some UEFI or BIOS can be updated, allowing for security fixes or new features to be added after purchase, and many of these systems will feature some form of redundancy to recover from a failed update (Which otherwise may turn the motherboard into a paperweight). Other motherboards allow BIOS control of overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down the computer if the temperature gets too high.

Some motherboards are supported by open source firmware like [[w:coreboot|coreboot]] which can offer a fast and secure booting environment.

==== M.2 and SATA interface ====
SATA (Serial ATA) connections for hard drives and optical drives. SATA data connections are simple - one plug, one cable, one device. SATA power connections follow the same principal.

The serial ATA (SATA) interface has a separate motherboard connection for each drive that allow independent access and can increase the speed at which drives work. The cables are also narrow, improving the flow of air inside the case.

An M.2 Slot can be found on some motherboards to add an SSD. Unlike a SATA Drive, M.2 drives are small enough to be mounted directly on the motherboard.

==== Expansion slot interfaces ====
[[Image:PCIExpress.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1 and x16), compared to an old 32-bit PCI slot (bottom)]]

Due to the evolution of new graphics cards on the serial PCI-Express Technology, current newer motherboards have the following connections:

* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 16x/8x/4x''' for mainstream graphics cards (PCI Express Gen 1 x16 is 4 times speed of AGP 8x)
* '''PCI-Express(Gen 1/2/3/4/5) 1x''' for faster expansion cards (replacing older PCI)
{| class=wikitable
|+ Comparison of PCIe generations vs AGP 8x (improvement in times)
! {{Diagonal split header|Generation|Size}}
! 1x
! 4x
! 8x
! 16x
|-
! 1
| 0.25x
| 1x
| 2x
| 4x
|-
! 2
| 0.5x
| 2x
| 4x
| 8x
|-
! 3
| 1x
| 4x
| 8x
| 16x
|-
! 4
| 2x
| 8x
| 16x
| 32x
|-
! 5
| 4x
| 16x
| 32x
| 64x
|}

==== USB ====
[[Image:USB_Male_Plug_Type_A.jpg|thumb|right|Male USB &quot;A&quot; connector]]
In addition to the USB ports provided on the back panel, most motherboards will have connectors for additional ports, either on the front of the case or in a panel that fits where a PCI card might otherwise be connected. USB ports are used for connecting various peripherals such as printers, external drives, smartphones,cameras and an assortment of less serious devices like fans, and drink warmers. Given the growing popularity of USB devices, the more ports your motherboard supports, the better.

USB 3.0 ports are now available on the majority of motherboards and they are even faster than USB 2.0&amp;nbsp;— up to 5&amp;nbsp;Gbps. Although the majority of keyboards, mice and other such devices use USB2, almost all HDDs available now support the USB 3.0 standard as they are much faster under that. USB 3.0 ports are backwards compatible and can be used with USB 1 or 2 devices, although these will not receive the benefit of USB 3.0 speeds. USB 4 devices promise greater speed, and devices supporting it are slowly being released. USB-C ports are now available in nearly all new motherboards, and are even faster and versatile (with many doubling as a video output).

Note that, regardless of the motherboard's native support, additional ports of all kinds can be added via a PCI-E expansion card or USB device.

=== Memory ===
[[File:16 GiB-DDR4-RAM-Riegel RAM019FIX Small Crop 90 PCNT.png|thumb|A DDR4 SDRAM module]]
RAM capacity plays an important role in the computer's operation speed, as it provides the operating system caching space that allows foregoing access to the local disk, typically the main bottleneck of computer speed.

The amount of random access memory (RAM) to use has become a fairly simple choice. Unless one is building on a very restricted budget, one just has to choose between installing 8 or 16 gigabytes. 8 gigabytes of RAM is plenty for most modern operating systems, but all of them will run a little faster with 16 gigabytes. While 32-bit operating systems can address 4 gigabytes, they can utilize little more than three gigabytes as system RAM (actually 4 gigabytes minus Video RAM minus overhead for other devices). If one wishes to utilize the full 4 (or more) gigabytes of RAM, one needs to install a 64-bit operating system. It really comes down to a financial decision. Some specialized applications may profit from more than 16 gigabytes of RAM. If one plans on using such, make sure to check that both the operating system and the motherboard will accommodate the amount of RAM one has in mind. One might also choose to get 8 gigabytes of high quality RAM over 16 gigabytes of lesser quality, especially if one plans to overclock, though that is quite rare now. 

Another thing to consider when choosing the amount of RAM for one's system is the graphics card. Most motherboard-integrated graphics chips and PCI Express graphics cards marketed with the &quot;Turbo Cache&quot; feature will use system memory to store information related to rendering graphics; this system memory is generally not available at all to the operating system. On average, these graphics processors will use between 64 megabytes and 512 megabytes of system memory for rendering purposes.

The actual type of RAM one will need depends on the motherboard and chipset one gets. Old motherboards use DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM, DDR2 or DDR3. DDR5 is the current industry standard. Chip sets that use dual-channel memory require one to use two identical&amp;nbsp;— in terms of size and speed&amp;nbsp;— RAM modules.

If one is upgrading an existing computer, it is best to check if one's machine requires specific kinds of RAM. Many computer OEMs, such as Gateway and Hewlett-Packard, require custom RAM, and generic RAM available from most computer stores may cause compatibility problems in such systems.

Overclocking of RAM is possible, but you will have to keep the same precautions(actually more) for RAM. If your RAM temperatures get too high, they can get damaged. For this purpose, there are dedicated RAM coolers that can be used, but most will not find any need for them. The benefit of overclocking RAM, unlike overclocking your CPU, is limited to a few applications.

==== Labelling of RAM ====
RAM is labelled by its memory size in gigabytes (GB) and clock speed (or bandwidth).

For example, 

# DDR5-4800 16 GB is a 16 GB DDR5 stick running at 4800 MT/s (2400 MHz).
# LPDDR5-6000 8 GB is a low-power DDR5 stick running at 6000 MT/s (3000 MHz). Commonly seen in laptops, but also seen in some desktops.

DDR RAM has 5 versions: DDR (also DDRI), DDR2 (or DDRII), DDR3, DDR4 and DDR5. DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 are currently obsolete.
# DDR5 supports DDR5-4400 and higher.
#* DDR5-8400 is highest speed of DDR5 as of 2024.
#* DDR5-7000 to DDR5-8200 are higher end models.
#* DDR5-6000 to DDR5-6800 are mainstream models.
#* DDR5-4400 to DDR5-5600 are budget models. They were mainstream in 2021-22.
# DDR4 supports DDR4-2133 to DDR4-5333&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pcgamesn.com/fastest-ddr4-ram&lt;/ref&gt; (generally overclocked).
#* DDR4-5333 is highest speed of DDR4 as of 2024.
#* DDR4-4000 to DDR4-5133 are higher end models.
#* DDR4-3000 to DDR4-3866 are mainstream models.
#* DDR4-2933 are budget models. Mainstream in 2018-20.
#* DDR4-2666 are budget models. Mainstream in 2016-19.
#* DDR4-2400 were older mainstream models from 2014-17.
#* DDR4-2133 were older mainstream models from 2014-15.
# DDR3 supports DDR3-1066 to DDR3-3000 (generally overclocked).
# DDR2 supports DDR2-533 to DDR2-1250 (generally overclocked).
# DDR supports DDR-266 to DDR-533.

=== Hard drive and SSD===
[[File:WD Caviar Green WD10EADS-91894.jpg|thumb|right|A hard drive. SATA data and power connectors can be seen on the edge of the drive.]]
Things to consider when shopping for a hard drive or SSD:

; Interface 
: The interface of a drive is how the hard drive communicates with the rest of the computer. The following hard drive interfaces are available:
:* '''[[w:Advanced Technology Attachment|Parallel IDE]] drives''' (PATA, also known as ATA or IDE) use cables that can be distinguished by their wide 40-pin connector, colored first-pin wire, and usually gray &quot;ribbon&quot; style cables. This technology is largely obsolete because SATA uses thinner cables, eliminates contention for the IDE bus that can occur when two PATA drives are attached to the same connector, and promises faster drive access. SSD's are generally not available for IDE, as they are too slow for a SSD (one notable exception is Transcand as of November 2014).
:* '''[[w:SATA|SATA]] drives''' have the advantages outlined above. If you want Serial ATA, you will either need to purchase a motherboard that supports it (all newer motherboards do), or purchase a PCI card that will allow you to connect your hard drive. Note that some older motherboards will not allow you to install Windows XP to a Serial ATA hard drive. There are 3 types of SATA. SATA 1 provides up to about 150 MB/s, SATA 2 provides about 300MB/s, SATA3 provides up to about 600 MB/s. Most new computers and HDD's come in SATA 3, but older computers may use SATA 2/1. Although they are both backwards and forward comparable, SSD's should be used in SATA 3 since they are too fast for SATA 2 or 1.
:* '''[[w:SCSI|SCSI]]''', although more expensive and less user friendly, is usually worthwile on high performance workstations and servers. Few consumer desktop motherboards built today support SCSI, and when building a new computer, the work needed to implement SCSI may be outweighed by the relative simplicity and performance of IDE and SATA. SCSI hard drives typically reach rotational speeds of up to 15,000 RPM, and are more expensive.
:* '''[[w:USB|USB]]''' can be used for connecting external drives. An external drive enclosure can convert an internal drive to an external drive.
:*PCI-E uses the PCI lanes of your computer. These lanes can be used to connect premium SSD's, and they are much faster than SATA-based SSD's. NVM Express, or NVMe for short is a common standard for PCI-E based storage. M.2 slots are an increasingly common interface for SSDs.
====SSD====
[[File:Samsung MZ-V6P2T0 20170427.jpg|thumb|An M.2 NVMe SSD]]
SSD is a hard storage system that use flash memory rather than rotational platters. Because of this, they make virtually no noise, have no latency (delays from spinning up and seeking the position), and generate far lesser heat than a HDD. If you plan to upgrade a computer, it is an excellent idea to replace an HDD with an SSD as the performance of the computer can be boosted by a wide margin. However, there are some important drawbacks. They are significantly more expensive per gigabyte (especially at larger capacities) compared to a hard drive, and typically come in smaller capacities. Furthermore SSD memory cells burn out over time due to wear caused by writing. However, this problem is mitigated by most modern SSD designs and software support that uses the SSD in such a way that all cells wear out at the same time. Whether or not you use an SSD, you should be backing up your data.

There are some important precautions to note if you do buy a SSD.
#'''Do not defragment the drive!''' SSD, unlike HDD, does not need to get defragmented and will instead cause unnecessary writes and can wear out the drive faster. Windows 7 and above will identify the drive and makes necessary optimizations. Older operating systems may need tweaks to correctly use an SSD
#Use SATA 3. Using SATA 2 or below reduces speed. If you can afford it, go for a PCI-E SSD card or NVME M.2 SSD as they are faster interfaces.

If your setup uses multiple storage devices, consider using a solid state drive as primary storage device by installing the operating system and [[:v:File_management#Incubate_work_on_flash_storage|incubating work]] on it, and a much larger hard drive as secondary storage.

==== [[w:Cache#Disk_buffer|Cache]] ====
The cache of a storage drive is a faster media than the drive itself and is normally 16MB (low end and laptop drives), 32MB (standard desktop drives), 64MB, 128MB, or 256MB (high end, high capacity desktop drives). Some very high capacity SSD designs will include several gigabytes of dram cache, which is used for performance and and some very cheap SSD designs will not have a DRAM cache at all, which can reduce performance. The existence of a cache increases the speeds of retrieving short bursts of information, and also allows pre-fetching of data. Larger cache sizes generally result in faster data access.

==== Form factor ====
:* 3.5 inch drives are usually used in desktops.
:* 2.5 inch drives are usually used in laptops and desktops with an adapter.
:* M.2 drives are used in laptops and desktops with appropriate motherboards.

==== Capacity ====
The smallest desktop hard disk drives that are widely available hold about 250GB of data, although the largest drives available on the market can contain 24TB (24000GB). Note that the advertised capacity is usually more than the actual size due to the binary differences in calculation. Few people will need disks this large - for most people, somewhere in the range of 500GB-1TB will be sufficient. The amount of space you will need can depend on many factors, such as how many high-end games and programs you want to install, how many media files you wish to store, or how many high-quality videos you want to render. It is usually better to get a hard drive with a capacity larger than you anticipate using, in case you need more in the future. If you run out of space, you can always add an additional hard drive using any free Serial ATA connector, or through an external interface, such as USB.

SSD capacities are markedly smaller then hard drive capacities, especially for the cost. SSD capacities range from 128GB on the low end, to several terabytes on the high end.

==== Rotational Speed ====
The speed at which the hard drives platters spin. Most laptop (2.5 inch) drives spin at 5400 RPM, while common desktop drives come in at 7200. There are PATA and SATA drives that spin at 10,000 RPM and some SCSI drives hit 15,000. However drives above 7,200 RPM usually have limited capacity, and a much higher price than comparable 7,200 RPM drives, making such drives advisable only when the fastest possible speeds are required. SSD's do not have moving parts.

==== Noise and Heat ==== 
Modern hard drives are fairly quiet in operation though some people are sensitive to the faint hum and occasional buzz they do make. If your HDD is loud, it could be an early sign of failure, so it’s time to think about replacing it. Hard drives will also throw some heat and adequate air circulation should be provided, usually by case fans. Rubber mount points can help reduce drive vibration. There is software available that will allow you to monitor both the health and temperature of your hard drive(s), it’s a good idea to check from time to time and make sure the temperature does not rise above 50 C. SSD's do not generate noise like an HDD would because they have no moving parts, however they do generate a small amount of heat. This heat can be offset by a small heatsink, which are often included on M.2 SSDs.

==== Warranty ====
Many manufactures offer warranties ranging from 30 days (typically OEM) up to five years. It may be worth spending an extra few dollars to get the drive that carries a longer warranty. Good quality SSD's can provide up to 10 years warranty (like Samsung 850 Pro).

== Secondary components ==
These components are important to your computer, but are not as central as the Core Components.

=== Video output ===
[[File:Radeon VII (Vorderseite).jpg|thumb|A video card.]]
====GPU Basics====
A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is what allows your computer to display images on a monitor. The majority of home and office computers use an 'onboard' or integrated graphic processor which is included on many processors, but workstations and gaming computers require the power of one or more dedicated graphics cards. Despite the name, modern GPU excel at processing large amounts of many different kinds of information, and are often used in physics simulations, audio processing, and even to run Artificial Intelligence models.

Currently, three companies dominate the 3D graphics accelerator market; nVIDIA, AMD and Intel, who build their own chips and license their technologies to other companies to integrate into video cards. These companies make a complete line of GPUs with entries at every price/performance level.

====Do you need a Graphics Card?====
If your tasks are non intensive such as web browsing or office work, or likely to be more dependent on the CPU then the GPU, you may be able to get away with an entry-level GPU, or even an integrated GPU. An integrated GPU uses the system's RAM, and relies heavily on your system's CPU. This will mean slow performance for graphic-intensive software, such as games. As long as your motherboard has slots for it, and your PSU has power for it, you can always add a GPU later should you find the integrated graphics inadequate.

If you have a CPU that does not have a graphics processor, as is common on some high end processor lines, then you will need to buy a discrete video card to use a monitor.

====Graphics Card Specifications==== 
Like a CPU, a GPU will have it's own clock speed and core count, though since GPU cores are simpler, many more can be fit onto a chip with high end GPUs having thousands of processors. Video cards have their own RAM which cannot be upgraded later, and many of the same rules that govern the motherboard RAM field apply here: to a point, the more RAM, and the faster it is, the better the performance will be. Most cards offer at least 8GB of VRAM, though many cards offer more. As a rule of thumb, if you want a high end video card, you need a minimum of 12GB of video memory or preferably 16GB.

It is generally better to choose your video card based on your own research, as everyone has slightly different needs. Many video card and chip makers are known to measure their products' performances in ways that you may not find practical. A good video card is often much more than a robust 3D renderer; be sure to examine what you want and need your card to do, such as digital (DVI) output, TV output, multiple-monitor support, built-in TV tuners and video input. Another reason you need to carefully research is that manufacturers will often use confusing model numbers designed to make a card sound better than it is to sell it better. For example, the NVIDIA GeForce RTX series claim to be part of the current line up (as of April 2023, the 4000-series of cards), however, they are inadequate for modern gaming, in many cases, and perform much closer to old, mid-end 2000 series cards than to the RTX 3000/4000 series cards.

====API Support====
Graphics cards provide various APIs to let software developers make programs that work for multiple GPU devices, without needing to make a specific version for each GPU. Games are very likely to require support for graphics APIs; multimedia or 3D graphics software also often uses graphics APIs. Most software that uses a GPU will require one or more APIs to be available and the API to be at a minimum version.

There are a few graphics APIs to look out for.
* [[w:Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]] - A modern API for Windows and GNU/Linux.  
* [[w:DirectX|DirectX]] - The Windows-exclusive graphics API.
** [[w:DirectX Raytracing|DirectX Raytracing]] - An extension to DirectX for raytracing.
* [[w:OpenGL|OpenGL]] - The old competitor to DirectX that works on Windows and GNU/Linux.

If you are using high-end productivity software that can leverage a GPU, you should also look out for GPGPU APIs. Your software will specify which it can use.
* [[w:OpenCL|OpenCL]] - A cross-platform API for GPGPU software.
* [[w:CUDA|CUDA]] - NVIDIA's exclusive GPGPU API.

There are also a few APIs and pieces of Middleware that are generally focused on games. Unlike the above, software that supports these features will typically work fine on unsupported cards, just with reduced features.
* [[w:GPUOpen|GPUOpen]] - A collection of open source game dev tools, made by AMD for all systems.
** [[w:TressFX|TressFX]] - Offers simulations of hair, grass, fur, and similar materials.
** FireRays - Cross-platform raytracing.
* [[w:Nvidia GameWorks|Nvidia GameWorks]] - NVIDIA's game dev tools for their own cards.
** [[w:Nvidia RTX|Nvidia RTX]] - NVIDIA's real-time ray tracing platform
** [[w:OptiX|OptiX]] - NVIDIA's productivity-focused ray tracing platform
** [[w:PhysX|PhysX]] - NVIDIA's physics library. PhysX can be run on the CPU if an NVIDIA card is not present.

==== Interface ====
The vast majority of graphic cards use the a 16x PCI-Express interface&lt;ref&gt;[https://graphicscardhub.com/gpu-slot-type/ graphicscardhub: gpu-slot-type]&lt;/ref&gt;. This will typically provide the best performance and is what most Graphics Cards are designed to be used with.

If you need an extremely small case, or would like to easily swap your GPU to other devices that can't accept PCI express cards such as a laptop, it is possible to get an external GPU enclosure that connects to your system through a thunderbolt port. These enclosures are expensive and reduce performance somewhat, but provide unique flexibility.

==== Video Output ====
Graphics cards offer a variety of ports to display pictures. Each port type has versions associated with it.
* [[w:HDMI|HDMI]] - A high end proprietary output standard that's common on consumer electronics.
* [[w:DisplayPort|Displayport]] - A high end output standard that's common on computers.

Some GPU are compatible with variable refreshrate monitors.
* [[w:FreeSync|FreeSync]] - AMD and recent NVIDIA cards both support FreeSync.
* [[w:Nvidia G-Sync|G-Sync]] - NVIDIA's proprietary adaptive sync solution. 

Keep in mind that to provide best picture quality your graphics card must be capable of displaying the same resolution as your LCD display's native resolution.

=== Optical Drives ===
[[File:Lite-On iHOS104-08 2010-01.jpg|thumb|An internal 5.25&quot; optical drive with a slot loading mechanism. This unit can read Blu-Ray, DVD, and CD media.]]

Optical drives offer an inexpensive and easy way to watch movies, listen to music, and make backups of important files.

When purchasing a DVD writer, you will want one that is capable of burning both the '+' and '-' standards, and it should also be Dual Layer compatible. This will ensure that you can burn to almost all recordable DVDs currently on the market.

Blu-Ray readers and writers are also available for computers, albeit at a greater cost then comparable DVD only drives. Blu-Ray disks store many times the amount that DVDs do. However software support for Blu-Ray movies is much worse then for DVDs, and it may not be worth the hassle and increased cost.

Optical drives primarily come in either 5.25&quot; bay, slim, or external form factors. Your computer case will likely determine which form factor drive you choose, with 5.25&quot; being most common, and some cases supporting slim drives. Some cases with minimalist designs or very small form factors may have no appropriate bays at all which would necessitate the use of an external drive. Most drives will use a tray loading mechanism, but some higher end or slim drives will instead use a slot loading mechanism instead.

Most applications are now being distributed over the Internet and even operating systems can be installed using a USB flash drive, so you may find that you do not need an optical drive. At the same time, an optical drive can be handy in some situations and are very cheap. You should think about your needs and decide if an optical drive makes sense for your build.

==== Cleaning optical disks ====
Dust can be removed from a CD's surface using compressed air or by very lightly wiping the information side with a very soft cloth (such as an eyeglass cleaning cloth) from the center of the disc in an outward direction. Wiping the information surface of any type of CD in a circular motion around the center, however, has been known to create scratches in the same direction as the information and potentially cause data loss. Fingerprints or stubborn dust can be removed from the information surface by wiping it with a cloth dampened with diluted dish detergent (then rinsing) or alcohol (methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol) and again wiping from the center outwards, with a very soft cloth (non-linting : polyester, nylon, etc.). It is harmful, however, to use acetone, nail polish remover, kerosene, petrol/gasoline, or any other type of petroleum-based solvent to clean a CD-R; the use of petroleum based solvents will damage the polycarbonate surface and the CD-R will become unreadable.

=== Sound hardware ===
[[File:KORG DS-DAC-10 - 1-bit USB-DAC (photozou 208854840).jpg|thumb|An external DAC.]]
Most motherboards have built-in sound features. These are often adequate for most users. However, you can purchase a good sound card and speakers at relatively low cost - a few dollars at the low end can make an enormous difference in the range and clarity of sound. Also, these onboard systems tend to use more system resources, so you are better off with a real sound card for gaming.

Sound card quality depends on a few factors. The digital-analog converter (DAC) is generally the most important stage for general clarity, but this is hard to measure. Reviews, especially those from audio file sources, are worth consulting for this; but don't go purely by specifications, as many different models with similar specifications can produce completely different results. Cards may offer digital (S/PDIF) output, in which case the DAC process is moved from your sound card either to a dedicated receiver or to one built into your speakers.

Sound cards made for gaming or professional music tend to do outstandingly well for their particular purpose. In games, various effects are often times applied to the sound in real-time, and a gaming sound card will be able to do this processing on-board, instead of using your CPU for the task. Professional music cards tend to be built both for maximum sound quality and low latency (transmission delay) input and output, and include more different kinds of inputs than those of consumer cards.

External DACs have gained popularity in recent years. These often include headphone amps and improved isolation from the rest of the computer, reducing potential interference such as hissing caused by close proximity to some components.

=== Modem ===
In many areas of the world, dedicated internet infrastructure is lacking or non existent. In such areas, those desiring an internet connection need to use a modem. 

==== Wireless Modems ====
[[File:TCT Mobile one touch L100V-4224.jpg|thumb|Many wireless modems are small and come in a USB stick form factor.]]
Mobile broadband modems are often used to connect computers wireless to cellular networks. Though often intended for travelers, some do use these for desktop computers when conventional connections are absolutely impractical. These are faster then traditional dial up modems, but often cost much more in both their initial price, as well as in ongoing data costs.

==== Dial Up Modems ====
A traditional modem is needed in order to connect to a dial up Internet connection. A modem can also be used for faxing. Modems can attach to the computer in different ways, and can have built-in processing or use the computer's CPU for processing.

Modems with built-in processing generally include all modems that connect via a standard serial port, as well as any modems that refer to themselves as &quot;Hardware Modems&quot;. Software Modems, or modems that rely on the CPU generally include both Internal and USB modems, or have packaging that mentions drivers or requiring a specific CPU to work.

Modems that rely on the CPU are often designed specifically for the current version of Windows only, and will require drivers that are incompatible with future Windows versions, and may be difficult to upgrade. Software Modems are also very difficult to find drivers for non-Windows operating systems. The manufacturer is unlikely to support the hardware with new drivers after it is discontinued, forcing you to buy new hardware. Most such modems have internal or external USB, but this is not always the case.

Modems can be attached via USB, a traditional serial port, or an internal card slot. Internal modems and USB modems are more easily auto-detected by the operating system and less likely to have problems with setup. USB and serial port modems often require an extra power supply block.

=== Network interface card ===
[[File:Twisted pair based ethernet.svg|thumb|A visual representation of typical network speeds, as well as the cabling required to support those speeds.]]
==== Wired NIC ====
[[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|A PCI Express 1x network interface card. The bracket at the top can be swapped with the included bracket for use in low profile cases.]]
A Network interface card (NIC for short), or Ethernet card, is required in order to connect to a local area network or a cable or DSL modem. These typically come in speeds of 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps (gigabit) or 2.5Gbps; these are designated as 10Mbps, 10/100Mbps, 10/100/1000Mbps or 2.5Gbps products. The 10/100/1000Mbps parts are most common in use today. In many cases, one or two Ethernet adapters will be built into a motherboard. If there are none, you will have to purchase an adapter. These typically cost less then $20 and are inserted into a expansion slot. 

Most motherboards now feature either a 10/100/1000Mbps or a 2.5Gbps ethernet port and are adequate for most users.

Typically networks are only as fast as their slowest component. Speeds can be negatively affected by factors external to your computer such as old or improperly installed network cable, or an outdated router.

==== Wireless NIC ====
A wireless network interface card can be used to add Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support to a computer. These cards are typically installed in a similar way to an Ethernet NIC, but have antennas or antenna mounts instead of an Ethernet jack. External USB versions are also available.

Many internal adapters will come with detachable antenna. Antenna come in a variety of form factors, and designs. A big factor in antenna choice is weather or not to get an omnidirectional antenna that does an decent job most of the time and reduces the need for optimal positioning, or a directional antenna that offers stronger signal but can only work well when positioned correctly.

== Peripherals ==
Anything outside the case that connects to your computer is considered a peripheral. The keyboard, mouse and monitor are pretty much the bare minimum you can go with and still be able to interact with your computer. Your choice in peripherals depends on personal preference and what you intend to do with your computer.

===Mouse===
[[File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg|thumb|Mice can have a variety of perks on top of standard features. This mouse has additional buttons and adjustable weight.]]
Most modern mice are based on [[w:Optical mouse|optical designs]], using either an LED or laser to track the surface it's placed on. Mice of medium-to-high quality will track your movement almost flawlessly. Many higher end mice feature different DPI settings for different use cases. Some optical mice are unable to track on some surfaces. In such cases, a mouse pad may be needed. Some mice may offer adjustable weights to help make your experience more comfortable.

Most mice are designed to be ambidextrous or are explicitly designed for right handed use. Some manufacturers that make right handed oriented mice will also make a left handed version.

Mice come in wireless and wired varieties. Wired mice offer fast and reliable communication, with no batteries to worry about. Wireless mice usually require a battery or sometimes a special mousepad, and use either Bluetooth or a special USB device to communicate with the PC. Wireless mice can be nice to use if your desk setup causes cable snagging.

Although three buttons are generally enough for operating a computer in normal circumstances, extra buttons can come in handy, as you can add set actions to each button, and they can come in handy for playing various video games. One thing to note is that with some mice those extra buttons are not actually seen by the computer itself as extra buttons and will not work properly in games. These buttons use software provided by the manufacturer to function. However, it is sometimes possible to configure the software to map the button to act like a certain keyboard key so that it will be possible to use it in games in this manner.

If desk space is at a premium, you may want to consider using a trackball mouse. Instead of moving the mouse around to move the cursor, this type of mouse has you use a ball to position the cursor. While not the best for gaming, this style of mouse is perfectly fine for web browsing and productivity.

===Keyboard===
[[File:2018 Bay Area Mechanical Keyboard Meetup (31006275737).jpg|thumb|Keyboards are made in a variety of formfactors and styles.]]
====Keyboard specifications====

Keyboards most commonly come as membrane keyboards, but if you plan on typing for long periods of time a mechanical keyboard may help improve your typing experience. Stores will often have display model keyboards that you can test to find your preferred style.

[[w:Rollover (key)|Key rollover]] is the number of keys a keyboard can read simultaneously, and is an important factor for power users and gamers. Most keyboards support at least a few keys being pressed at one time. High end keyboards support N key rollover and can accept an arbitrary number of keys at the same time.

Keyboards sometimes come with extra non-standard features, such as multimedia controls, or small displays.

====Keyboard formfactors====

Ergonomic keyboards also exist that can help reduce repetitive strain injuries. 

Keyboards come in a variety of sizes. Full size keyboards are the most common. Ten keyless keyboards eliminate the number pad for a smaller size. Some smaller keyboards are categorized by the percentage of keys removed compared to a full size keyboard, typically ranging from the mostly normal 75%, to the tiny 40%.

Keyboards come in either wired or wireless models. Wired keyboards are very straightforward, and since they do not need to be moved as a mouse does, they are often preferable for desktops. Wireless keyboards do not now display the sort of noticeable delay that they once did, and now also have considerably improved battery life. However, gamers may still want to avoid wireless input devices because the very slight delay may impact gaming activities, though some of the higher end models have less trouble with this. The occasional need to replace or charge batteries is also an inconvenience.

====Keyboard accessories====
Some keyboards allow for swapable keycaps, allowing you to customize the look of your keyboard. If your keyboard supports this, you will want an appropriate keycap removal tool to make the process easier.

If your keyboard does not come with a wrist rest, third party rests are commonly avalible.

=== Printer and scanner ===
[[File:Epson workforce 600 open cover.jpg|thumb|Multi function printers such as this one can also scan documents.]]
For most purposes, a mid-range inkjet printer will work well for most people. If you plan on printing photos, you will want one that is capable of printing at around 4800dpi. Also, you will want to compare the speed of various printers, which is usually listed in ppm (pages per minute). When choosing a printer, always check how much new cartridges cost, as replacement cartridges can quickly outweigh the actual printer's cost. Be aware of other possible quirks as well. For example, Epson has protection measures that make refilling your own ink cartridges more difficult because an embedded microchip that keeps track of how much ink has been used keeps the printer from seeing the cartridge as full once it has been emptied.

For office users that plan to do quite a bit of black and white printing buying a black and white laser printer is now an affordable option, and the savings and speed can quickly add up for home office users printing more than 500 pages a month.

Scanners are useful, especially in office settings, they can function with your printer as a photocopier, and with software can also interact with your modem to send Faxes. When purchasing a Scanner, check to see how &quot;accessible&quot; it is (does it have one-touch buttons), and check how good the scanning quality is, before you leave the store if possible.

Finally, &quot;Multi-Function Centres&quot; (also called &quot;Printer-Scanner-Copiers&quot;) are often a cost-effective solution to purchasing both, as they take up only one port on your computer, and one power point, but remember that they can be a liability, since if one component breaks down, both may need to be replaced.

=== Display ===
[[File:ASUS curved monitor 20170603.jpg|thumb|Computer monitors come in a variety of form factors and styles.]]
When choosing a display for your computer, you should look at a few factors that determine the quality of the display.

Resolution governs how detailed of a picture a display can show. The higher the resolution, the more detail can be shown at once. Keep in mind that higher resolutions are also harder to for your computer to draw, and very high resolution monitors may not be the best choice if your computer's GPU can not adequately drive them at their native resolution.

Refresh rate governs how often a new picture is drawn. 60 times a second is common, though some displays will go lower (Resulting in a choppier look) or higher (Resulting in a smoother look). Some monitors will work with video cards to use a variable refresh rate, which can produce a smoother picture, especially during games.

Aspect ratio is a way of expressing the horizontal size of the screen to the vertical size of the screen. 16:9 is the most common display ratio today due to it's use in cinema, though 4:3 monitors were once the most popular choice, and are still preferred by many writers and programmers for their use of vertical space. Some displays are much wider then they are tall; these displays are often called ultrawides, often 21:9 or 32:9.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Common resolutions by aspect ratio
|-
! 4:3 !! 16:10 !! 16:9 !! Other
|-
| 640×480 || 1280×800 || 1280×720 || 1280×1024
|-
| 800×600 || 1440×900 || 1366×768 || 2560×1080
|-
| 1024×768 || 1680×1050 || 1600×900 || 3440×1440
|-
| 1152×864 || 1920×1200 || 1920×1080 || 2560×2048
|-
| 1600×1200 || 2240×1400 || 2560×1440 || 5120×1440
|-
| 2048×1536 || 2560×1600 || 3840×2160 || 5120×2160
|-
| 3200×2400 || 3840×2400 || 7680×4320 || 7680×2160
|}
Some displays handle colors better then others. Some monitors sport higher bit depths, high dynamic range, or techniques for showing deep blacks to improve the color experience. A monitor's color accuracy determines it's ability to show those colors accurately, though this is primarily of concern to those producing visual media as most monitors are fairly accurate.

Some content requires [[w:High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection|HDCP]] support to play. This requires support by the monitor, the cable, and the computer itself.

The bezel is the space between the end of the display, and the end of the monitor. If you plan on placing multiple monitors next to each-other (Ideally of the same make), a smaller bezel can help reduce the interruption between the two spaces

==== LCD panels ====
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) have the advantage of being a completely digital setup, when used with the DVI-D or HDMI digital connectors. When running at the screen's native resolution, this can result in the most stable and sharp image available on current monitors. Many LCD panel displays are sold with an analog 15-pin VGA connector or, rarely, with an analog DVI-I connector. Such displays will be a bit fuzzier than their digital counterparts, and are generally not preferred over a similarly-sized CRT. If you want an LCD display, be sure to choose a digital setup if you can; however, manufacturers have chosen to use this feature for price differentiation.

A big disadvantage for LCD displays are dead pixels and stuck pixels. These small, failed areas on the monitor can be very annoying, but generally aren't covered under warranty as most LCD panel manufacturers allow for a certain number of dead pixels in their product specification. This can make purchasing LCD displays a financial risk. This can be alleviated somewhat if you are able to look at the display before purchase, or if you shop at a merchant that allows returns for such conditions. Some media files exist that cycle through colors to highlight dead pixels, and it may be worth running such a test prior to your purchase if possible.

LCDs are acceptable for fast-paced gaming, but you should be sure that your screen has a fairly fast response time (of 4 ms or lower) if you want to play fast games. Many flat panels sold today meet this requirement, some by a factor of 3. Some gaming focused LCD monitors will offer higher refresh rates then the standard 60, which can aid those playing very fast paced games.

When picking an LCD, keep in mind that they are designed to display at one resolution only, so, to reap the benefits of your screen, your graphics card must be capable of displaying at that resolution. That in mind, they can display lower resolutions with a black frame around the outside (which means your entire screen isn't filled), or by stretching the image (which leads to much lower quality).

When choosing an LCD, make sure to get one which uses IPS technology, as that one provides for sharper colour reproduction and also has high viewing angles. The older TN (often found in very cheap displays) is only relevant for gamers who need fast response times; otherwise, it has weaker colours and has poor viewing angles and should be ignored.

==== OLED panels ====
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are a fairly new display type. They have infinite contrast ratio due to each pixel being emitted light without a backlight, allowing for deep blacks. Traditional LCD panels have a backlight, so black isn't really true black. Instead, they emit a faint, dark gray color. But the OLED panels are true black when pixels are switched off.

OLED displays also potentially offer lower power consumption, especially when most pixels are switched off.

Other advantages are very high refresh times (usually 0.03ms) and rates, as well as vivid colors.

Downsides are high cost compared to LCDs, and burn-in issues.

For example, a typical 32&quot; 4K 240Hz OLED monitor cost about $1000, but an equivalent VA or IPS model costs about $500-600.

==== Alternative Display types ====
[[File:HTC Vive Pro - 2.jpg|thumb|A VR headset]]
Some games, educational software, and telepresence software can optionally use or may require a virtual reality headset. Though pricey, these headsets offer immersion that is hard to beat. Keep in mind that a large open area of a room is required for safely experiencing non sit down experiences, and that a VR headset is intended to be a secondary, not a primary monitor.

CRT monitors are now obsolete and only really available on the used market, but a high quality CRT monitor can be a good option in some specific use cases. Namely CRT monitors often allow the user to choose between higher resolution and higher refresh rates. The analog nature of CRT monitors also makes latency near zero - much lower then LCD panels. Downsides to CRT monitors include their large size, power consumption, availability issues, and outdated connectors.

Some monitors include touchscreens or support specialized drawing pens, often meant to serve as a secondary display. Monitors supporting pen input in particular are good for those wishing to try digital illustration or digital sculpting, and often boast high color accuracy due to their artist centric design.

Digital projectors are increasingly available on the consumer market. While not really good for everyday use, they are nice for home theater computers and other scenarios where a large screen is needed.

==== Monitor positioning ====
The default way of using most monitors it to just sit them on a desk. This works fine for most users, and avoids additional costs.

A cheap way to free up desk space or make your monitor stand taller is to get a monitor riser. This is a small table that sits on top of your desk, holding your monitor up and giving you space to stash small items beneath it.

Power users may want to invest in a [[w:Flat Display Mounting Interface|VESA Mount]] setup. This mounts the monitor to movable arms or a nearby wall, and frees desk space for other uses. Alternatively, some very small case designs support being mounted on the back of a VESA Mount, letting your computer rest on the back of your monitor.

=== Speakers ===
====Loudspeakers====
[[File:Creative T4 Wireless 2.1 Speakers.jpg|thumb|A 2.1 speaker setup with subwoofer and remote.]]
Computer loudspeaker sets come in two general varieties; 2/2.1 sets (over a wide range of quality), and &quot;surround&quot;, &quot;theater&quot;, or &quot;gaming&quot; sets with four or more speakers, which tend to be somewhat more expensive. A 2-speaker set is adequate for basic stereophonic sound. A 2.1-speaker set adds a sub-woofer to handle low frequencies. Low-end speakers can suffer from low bass response or inadequate amplification, both of which compromise sound quality. Powered speakers with separate sub-woofers usually cost only a little more and can sound much better. At the higher end, one should start to see features like standard audio cables (instead of manufacturer-specific ones), built in DACs, and a separate control box. 

The surround sets include a sub-woofer, and two or more sets of smaller speakers. These support 5.1 or 7.1 standards that allow sound to be mixed not only left and right, as with standard stereo speakers, but front and back and even behind the listener. Movies and video games make use of this technology to provide a full-immersion experience. Make sure your sound hardware will support 5.1 or 7.1 before buying such a speaker system. If your budget allows, you can avoid the computer speaker market entirely and look into piecing together a set of higher-end parts. If you are buying a speaker system designed for PCs, research the systems beforehand so you can be certain of getting one that promises clarity rather than just raw power. Speaker power is usually measured in RMS Watts. However, some cheap speakers use a different measure, Peak Music Power Output (PMPO), which appears much higher.

For home theater PCs, a soundbar can be a good option for a simple setup.

====Headphones====
Headphones can offer good sound much more cheaply than speakers, so if you are on a limited budget, but want maximum quality, they should be considered first. They should also be considered if you live in a apartment or dormitory where noise is a consideration. The advantage of headphones is that the acoustic environment between the audio driver is fully contained and controlled within the earcups and is not dependent on room acoustics. There are even headphones which promise surround-sound, though these can be hit or miss and should be tested prior to purchase. Some headphones may include a basic microphone as well.

A headphone stand can help keep your workplace organized if you plan on frequently using one.

=== Microphones ===
[[File:Blue Snowflake USB microphone.jpg|thumb|An external microphone can allow you to make high quality audio recordings at home.]]
Microphones can be added to allow for voice chat, dictation software, or for just making recordings. If you are using a webcam or a gaming headset, you likely already have a decent microphone.

Most low end to midrange office, gamer, and prosumer microphones plug in via USB or 3.5&quot; audio jacks, or connect wirelessly via Bluetooth. For creators who need high end microphones, by using certain external DAC devices, it becomes possible to use professional microphones that use [[w:XLR connector|XLR connectors]], greatly increasing sound quality, at the cost of increased setup complexity, as well as increasing the price of the setup overall.

Another factor to consider when purchasing a microphone for a desktop PC is where you want to mount it, and if you have the right acoustics in your room for the level of quality you want. Casual users may be fine simply placing a microphone on their desk, where gamers with loud keyboards may want to mount their microphone on a separate surface. A pop filter is a cheap way to improve quality in some cases. If the acoustics in your room are not good or there is significant background noise which can't be eliminated then no amount of expensive equipment will fix the underlying problems causing bad sound, and you're best off either fixing those problems, or using a cheap microphone.

=== Webcams ===
A webcam can be added to a desktop to aid in video conferencing or streaming. Quality of webcams can vary significantly, so it's a good idea to look at examples of footage produced by a particular model before committing to a purchase. Web cams offer a variety of resolutions and frame rates.

Some webcams can be used for security features such as Windows Hello in Windows 10.

Many webcams have a physical privacy shutter to prevent accidental use, and cheap aftermarket shutters can be added for webcams without one. Many webcams support tripod mounts, which can be used to offer alternative angles for those with multiple cameras, such as streamers. Most webcams have a microphone built in.

=== Other peripherals ===
Some peripherals serve more niche uses. Though they are not needed for all users, you may find such devices useful if they compliment your specific needs, work or hobbies.

&lt;!--Idea for later: GPS receivers for those living mobile lives in RVs, car computers--&gt;
====Accessibility====
[[File:Plage-braille-Alva.jpg|thumb|A refreshable braile display used underneath a keyboard.]]
You may benefit from accessibility tools if you have an impediment, such as foot pedals, large button gadgets, or other devices.

[[wikipedia:Refreshable braille display|Refreshable braile displays]] and [[w:Screen reader|screen reader]] software can help users with visual impairments

====Security====
Hardware 2FA keys are a good idea for those who value security. These keys typically plug into a USB port and can be used as an extra layer of security on top of a password. A special webcam that uses structured light or a finger print reader can be used for Windows Hello.

&lt;!--Unsure if a hardware wallet for cryptocurrency enthusiasts would belong here.--&gt;
If you are using a disk encryption solution like Windows [[w:BitLocker|BitLocker]], it may be worthwhile to get a [[w:Trusted Platform Module|Trusted Platform Module]] made [[w:ROCA vulnerability|after 2018]]. This is a small piece of dedicated hardware that handles security related tasks. This requires that both the module and the motherboard are compatible with each other, both on a hardware level and a software level.

A port blocker or case lock may be OK for stopping casual mischief if you have regular guests or roommates, but most commercially available products in this category will not stand up to either a modestly talented tinkerer, or simple brute force.

====Gaming====
Fans of specific game genres may benefit from a flight stick, a stearing wheel, fight pad, arcade deck, or console style controller. There are also more esoteric control devices available, based on EEG readings, gesture recognition, or other unconventional inputs.

A video capture card can be used to record or stream the output of a game console or even another PC without impacting framerates. 

Streaming decks can help save time during livestreams.

====Creating====
[[File:Penciling on Wacom Cintiq 13HD by David Revoy.jpg|thumb|Drawing tablets use special pens to offer more natural input methods for artists.]]

Creatives and hobbyists may find workflow benefits from adding specialized peripherals to their workspace such as drawing tablets, MIDI keyboards, mixers, microscopes, 3D Scanners, software defined radios, plotters, laser cutters, or 3D printers.

== External links ==
* [https://outervision.com/power-supply-calculator The outervision power supply calculator]
* [https://pcpartpicker.com/ PCPartPicker] can help check for compatibility issues before you buy.
* [https://www.logicalincrements.com/ Logical Increments] offers a variety of example builds that are focused on balance at a given price point.
* [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page1.html Silent PC Review of PSU units]

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|- 
| The well-known playwright, [[w:William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]], wrote in 1597, “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell just as sweet.” Later in 1913, [[w:Gertrude Stein|Gertrude Stein]] penned the often-quoted phrase, “A rose is a rose is a rose.” Although centuries apart, both Shakespeare and Stein were essentially making the same intellectual point that “things are what they are,” but are they really? Is the world around us truly that simple? For instance, &quot;Is a cow, a cow, a cow?&quot;

Beef hot dogs, hamburgers, and steaks have become a major part of American culture. These culinary delights can easily be found anywhere from athletic stadiums to fine dining establishments. The U.S. has become one of the biggest consumers of beef and beef products. Americans now consume about 200 billion pounds of beef each year. That equates to ten times more beef than what Asian Indians on the other side of the globe consume annually. This is despite the fact that the U.S. population is roughly three times smaller than that of India’s. As one might expect, all kinds of different cuts of beef can easily be found in U.S. grocery stores. In contrast, most states in India still ban the slaughter of cows outright. Article 48 of India’s constitution declares, “The State shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.” As one can see, the Asian Indian culture’s perspective on the cow is very different from that of the American culture. In India, the cow is seen as a sacred animal rather than an epicurean treat according to Hinduism, which is still the largest religion in the country.

It is through cross-cultural comparisons that we observe a notable divergence in not only the perception, but also the consumption of cows. So, is a cow, a cow, a cow? Sociologists would argue that a cow is not necessarily a cow, and that cultural variation ultimately dictates our assessment and treatment of things in society. What we may devour here in the U.S., others may venerate outside of the U.S., just like the dogs that are beloved by so many Americans are a common food staple in other parts of the world. This chapter on culture explains what culture entails as well as its origins before moving onto a comparison of subcultures vs. countercultures and ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism. The chapter concludes with theories of culture, potential for cultural change, and how sociologists research culture.
| [[File:Dog on a stick.jpg|300px|thumb|right|It is culturally acceptable in some countries to eat dogs.]]
|}


The simplest way to think about culture is to think about the distinction between [[w:Nature (innate)|nature]] (our [[w:biology|biology]] and [[w:genetics|genetics]]) and [[w:Nature_versus_nurture|nurture]] (our environment and surroundings that also shape our identities).  Because of our biology and genetics, we have a particular form and we have certain abilities.  But our biological nature does not exclusively determine who we are.  For that, we need culture.  Culture is the non-biological or social aspects of human life, basically anything that is learned by humans is part of culture.&lt;ref&gt;Valentino, Lauren, and Stephen Vaisey. 2022. “Culture and Durable Inequality.” ''Annual Review of Sociology'' 48(1):109–29. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-030320-102739.&lt;/ref&gt;

Generally speaking, the following elements of social life are considered to be representative of human culture: &quot;stories, beliefs, media, ideas, works of art, religious practices, fashions, rituals, specialized knowledge, and common sense&quot; (p. xvi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;&gt;Griswold, Wendy. 2004. Cultures and Societies in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Yet, examples of culture do not, in themselves, present a clear understanding of the concept of culture; culture is more than the object or behavior. Culture also includes,

:…norms, values, beliefs, or expressive symbols. Roughly, norms are the way people behave in a given society, values are what they hold dear, beliefs are how they think the universe operates, and expressive symbols are representations, often representations of social norms, values, and beliefs themselves. (p. 3)&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt;

To summarize, culture encompasses objects and symbols, the meaning given to those objects and symbols, and the norms, values, and beliefs that pervade social life. &quot;The definition is understood to include two elements - that which differentiates one group or society from others and the concept of acquired or learned behavior&quot;. (p. 43)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gusfield2006&quot;&gt;Gusfield, Joseph R. Culture. Contexts. 2006; 5(1):43-44.&lt;/ref&gt;

Keep in mind that, in any given society, culture is not necessarily rigid and totally uniform.  As is the case with most elements of social life, culture is relatively stable (thus it is functional in the structural-functionalist sense) but at the same time contested (in the conflict sense).&lt;ref name=&quot;Butler2008&quot;&gt;Butler, Judith. 2008. “Sexual politics, torture, and secular time.” The British Journal of Sociology 59:1-23.&lt;/ref&gt;  

In fact, social theorists, such as [[w: Michel Foucault|Michel Foucault]], [[w: Peter Berger|Peter Berger]] and [[w: Thomas Luckmann|Thomas Luckmann]], [[w: Erving Goffman|Erving Goffman]], and [[w: George Herbert Mead|George Herbert Mead]], have long noted that [[w: language|language]] lies at the root of all human culture. Since language is never static and relies upon continued use for its existence, culture is thus continuously negotiated &lt;ref&gt;Schwalbe, Michael, Sandra Godwin, Daphne Holden, Douglas Schrock, Shealy Thompson, and  	Michelle Wolkomir.  2000.  “Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality:  An  	Interactionist Analysis.”  Social Forces 79: 419-452.&lt;/ref&gt; and may remain relatively stable or change rapidly in relation to the ongoing linguistic negotiations and developments within groups, organizations, institutions, and societies.  

==='High' Culture===
[[Image:Jeziorolabedzie.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Ballet, traditionally considered ''high'' culture.]]

Many people today think of ''culture'' in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the world. This understanding of culture equates ''culture'' with ''civilization'' and contrasts both with ''nature'' or non-civilization. According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more cultured than others. Theorists like [[w:Matthew Arnold|Matthew Arnold]] (1822-1888) believed that culture is simply that which is created by &quot;the best that has been thought and said in the world&quot; (p. 6).&lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold1882&quot;&gt;Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy, 1882. Macmillan and Co., New York. Online at [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html].&lt;/ref&gt; Anything that doesn't fit into this category is labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of human behavior. 

In practice, ''culture'' referred to [[w:elite|elite]] goods and activities such as [[w:haute cuisine|haute cuisine]], [[w:fashion|high fashion]] or [[w:haute couture|haute couture]], museum-caliber art and classical music. The word ''cultured'' referred to people who knew about and took part in these activities. For example, someone who used ''culture'' in this sense might argue that classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as [[w:jazz|jazz]] or the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.

People who use ''culture'' in this way tend not to use it in the plural. They believe that there are not distinct cultures, each with their own internal logic and values, but rather only a single standard of refinement to which all groups are held accountable. Thus people who differ from those who believe themselves to be ''cultured'' in this sense are not usually understood as ''having a different culture''; they are understood as being ''uncultured''.

===The Changing Concept of Culture in some areas of world===
During the [[w:Romantic era|Romantic Era]], scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with [[w:nationalism|nationalism]], developed a more inclusive notion of culture as ''worldview''.  That is, each ethnic group is characterized by a distinct and incommensurable world view. Although more inclusive, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between ''civilized'' and ''primitive'' or ''tribal'' cultures.

By the late 19th century, [[w:anthropology|anthropologists]] had changed the concept of culture to include a wider variety of societies, ultimately resulting in the concept of culture outlined above - objects and symbols, the meaning given to those objects and symbols, and the norms, values, and beliefs that pervade social life.  

This new perspective has also removed the evaluative element of the concept of culture and instead proposes distinctions rather than rankings between different cultures.  For instance, the ''high'' culture of elites is now contrasted with [[w:Popular culture|''popular'' or ''pop culture'']]. In this sense, ''high'' culture no longer refers to the idea of being ''cultured'', as all people are cultured. ''High'' culture simply refers to the objects, symbols, norms, values, and beliefs of a particular group of people; popular culture does the same.

Most social scientists today reject the ''cultured vs. uncultured'' concept of culture. Instead, social scientists accept and advocate the definition of culture outlined above as being the &quot;nurture&quot; component of human social life. Social scientists recognize that non-elites are as cultured as elites (and that non-Westerners are just as civilized); they simply have a different culture. Recent studies have demonstrated that highly valued notions of culture are often produced via the strategic use of existing tastes, preferences, and patterns of social inequality, which, rather than demonstrating refinement or progress, actually reveal existing power relations within and between socio-political structures.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koontz2010&quot;&gt;Koontz, Amanda. 2010. “Constructing Authenticity: A Review of Trends and Influences in the Process of Authenticating Cultural Products.” Sociology Compass 11(4): 977-988.&lt;/ref&gt;  

====The Origins of Culture====
[[Image:Taipei Eye cropped p1090701.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Chinese Opera, a culture tradition quite distinct from European Opera.]]

Attentive to the theory of [[w:evolution|evolution]], anthropologists assumed that all human beings are equally evolved, and the fact that all humans have cultures must in some way be a result of human evolution. They were also wary of using biological evolution to explain differences between specific cultures - an approach that either was a form of, or legitimized forms of, [[w:racism|racism]]. Anthropologists believed biological evolution produced an inclusive notion of culture, a concept that anthropologists could apply equally to non-literate and literate societies, or to nomadic and to sedentary societies. They argued that through the course of their evolution, human beings evolved a universal human capacity to classify experiences, and encode and communicate them symbolically. Since these symbolic systems were learned and taught, they began to develop independently of biological evolution (in other words, one human being can learn a belief, value, or way of doing something from another, even if they are not biologically related). That this capacity for symbolic thinking and social learning is a product of human evolution confounds older arguments about [[w:nature versus nurture|nature versus nurture]]. Thus, [[w:Clifford Geertz|Clifford Geertz]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Geertz1973&quot;&gt;Geertz, Clifford. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York. {{ISBN|0465097197}}.&lt;/ref&gt; argued that human physiology and neurology developed in conjunction with the first cultural activities, and Middleton (1990:17 n.27) concluded that human &quot;''instincts'' were culturally formed.&quot;

This view of culture argues that people living apart from one another develop unique cultures. However, elements of different cultures can easily spread from one group of people to another. Culture is dynamic and can be taught and learned, making it a potentially rapid form of [[w:adaptation (biology)|adaptation]] to changes in physical conditions.  Anthropologists view culture as not only a product of biological evolution but as a supplement to it; it can be seen as the main means of human adaptation to the natural world. 

This view of culture as a symbolic system with adaptive functions, which varies from place to place, led anthropologists to conceive of different cultures as defined by distinct patterns (or structures) of enduring, although arbitrary, conventional sets of meaning, which took concrete form in a variety of artifacts such as [[w:myth|myths]] and [[w:ritual|rituals]], [[w:tool|tools]], the design of housing, and the planning of villages. Anthropologists thus distinguish between '''material culture''' and '''symbolic culture''', not only because each reflects different kinds of human activity, but also because they constitute different kinds of data that require different methodologies to study.

This view of culture, which came to dominate anthropology between World War I and World War II, implied that each culture was bounded and had to be understood as a whole, on its own terms. The result is a belief in [[w:cultural relativism|cultural relativism]], which suggests that there are no &quot;better&quot; or &quot;worse&quot; cultures, just different cultures.

Recent research suggests that human culture has reversed the causal direction suggested above and influenced human evolution.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laland2010&quot;&gt;Laland, Kevin N., John Odling-Smee, and Sean Myles. 2010. “How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together.” Nat Rev Genet 11:137-148.&lt;/ref&gt; One well-known illustration of this is the rapid spread of genetic instructions produces a protein that allows humans to digest lactose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laland2010&quot;/&gt; This adaptation spread rapidly in Europe around 4,000 BCE with the domestication of mammals, as humans began harvesting their milk for consumption. Prior to this adaptation, the gene that produces a protein allowing for the digestion of lactose was switched off after children were weaned. Thus, the change in culture - drinking milk from other mammals - eventually led to changes in human genetics. Genetics has, therefore, resulted in culture, which is now acting back on genetics.

===Level of Abstraction===
Another element of culture that is important for a clear understanding of the concept is [[w:Abstraction (sociology)|level of abstraction]]. Culture ranges from the concrete, cultural object (e.g., the understanding of a work of art) to micro-level interpersonal interactions (e.g., the socialization of a child by their parents or guardians) to a macro-level influence on entire societies (e.g., the Puritanical roots of the U.S. that can be used to justify the exportation of democracy – a lá the Iraq War).&lt;ref name=&quot;Wald2003&quot;&gt;Wald, Kenneth D. 2003. Religion and Politics in the United States. Fourth ed. New york: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;  It is important when trying to understand the concept of culture to keep in mind that the concept can have multiple levels of meaning, and that each of these levels may continuously act upon one another in complex ways.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bourdieu1984&quot;&gt;Pierre Bourdieu. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, trans. Richard Nice, 1984. Harvard University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

===The Artificiality of Cultural Categorization===
One of the more important points to understand about culture is that it is an artificial categorization of elements of social life.  As Griswold puts it, 

:There is no such thing as ''culture'' or ''society'' out there in the real world. There are only people who work, joke, raise children, love, think, worship, fight, and behave in a wide variety of ways. To speak of culture as one thing and society as another is to make an analytical distinction between two different aspects of human experience. One way to think of the distinction is that culture designates the expressive aspect of human existence, whereas society designates the relational (and often practical) aspect. (p. 4)&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt;

In the above quote, Griswold emphasizes that culture is distinct from society but affirms that this distinction is, like all classifications, artificial. Humans do not experience culture in a separate or distinct way from society. Culture and society are truly two-sides of a coin; a coin that makes up social life. Yet the distinction between the two, while artificial, is useful for a number of reasons. For instance, the distinction between culture and society is of particular use when exploring how norms and values are transmitted from generation to generation and answering the question of cultural conflict between people of different cultural backgrounds (say, the [[w:Japanese people|Japanese]] and [[w:American|Americans]]). Further, the distinction is useful for explicating the historical development of specific social structures, and the persistence or demise of social inequalities within and between societies. &lt;ref name=&quot;Foucault1977&quot;&gt;Foucault, Michel.  1977.  Discipline and Punish:  The Birth of the Prison.  Pantheon Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Subcultures &amp; Countercultures==
[[File:Trekkies at baycon 2003.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Trekkies (or fans of Star Trek) are a subculture; they share specific understandings and meanings that those outside their subculture may not understand.]]

A '''subculture''' is a culture shared and actively participated in by a minority of people within a broader culture. A culture often contains numerous subcultures. Subcultures incorporate large parts of the broader cultures of which they are part, but in specifics they may differ radically. Some subcultures achieve such a status that they acquire a name of their own. Examples of subcultures could include: [[w:bikers|bikers]], [[w:military of the United States|military culture]], [[w: Bronies: The Extremely Unexpected Adult Fans of My Little Pony|Bronies]], and [[w:Society and Star Trek|Star Trek]] fans ([[w:trekkie|trekkers or trekkies]]).

[[File:Colorado City 8-13-2008 2-06-58 PM.JPG|thumb|150px|right|The woman and children in this photo are members of [[w:The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] (or FLDS), which advocates the practice polygamy, making members part of a countercultural group (polygamy is illegal in the United States).]]

A '''counterculture''' is a subculture with the addition that some of its beliefs, values, or norms challenge or even contradict those of the main culture of which it is part.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roszak1968&quot;&gt;Roszak, Theodore, The Making of a Counter Culture: Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition, 1968/1969, Doubleday, New York, {{ISBN|0385073291}}; {{ISBN|978-0385073295}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of countercultures in the U.S. could include: [[w:hippie|the hippie movement of the 1960s]], [[w:green movement|the green movement]], [[w:polygamy|polygamists]], [[w:feminism|feminist groups]], [[w: BDSM|BDSM Communities]], and [[w: LGBT|LGBTQ communities]].

Subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hebdige1979&quot;&gt;Hebdige, Dick (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style (Routledge, March 10, 1981; softcover {{ISBN|0-415-03949-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  Subcultures can be distinctive because of the age, ethnicity, class, location, or gender of the members. The qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors. Members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms, and [[w:argot|argot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hebdige1979&quot;/&gt;

==Ethnocentrism &amp; Cultural Relativism==
'''Ethnocentrism''' is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture. Many claim that ethnocentrism occurs in every society; ironically, ethnocentrism may be something that all cultures have in common.

The term was coined by [[w:William Graham Sumner|William Graham Sumner]], a social evolutionist and professor of Political and Social Science at Yale University. He defined it as, &quot;The sentiment of cohesion, internal comradeship, and devotion to the in-group, which carries with it a sense of superiority to any out-group and readiness to defend the interests of the in-group against the out-group.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sumner1919&quot;&gt;William Graham Sumner, War and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919).&lt;/ref&gt; Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is the most important and/or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Within this ideology, individuals will judge other groups in relation to their own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behaviour, customs, and religion. It also involves an incapacity to acknowledge that cultural differentiation does not imply inferiority of those groups who are ethnically distinct from one's own.

Sociologists study ethnocentrism because of its role in various elements of social life, ranging from politics to terrorism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Juergensmeyer2003&quot;&gt;Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2003. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, 3rd Edition. 3rd ed. University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt; This is also an area where sociologists often become advocates as they attempt to reveal ethnocentric biases to those who hold them with the aim of helping people realize that such biases are seldom beneficial to social solidarity and peaceful human relations.

'''Cultural relativism''' is the belief that the concepts and values of a culture cannot be fully translated into, or fully understood in, other languages; that a specific [[w:cultural artifact|cultural artifact]] (e.g. a ritual) has to be understood in terms of the larger symbolic system of which it is a part.

An example of cultural relativism might include slang words from specific languages (and even from particular dialects within a language). For instance, the word ''tranquilo'' in Spanish translates directly to 'calm' in English.  However, it can be used in many more ways than just as an adjective (e.g., the seas are calm). Tranquilo can be a command or suggestion encouraging another to ''calm down''.  It can also be used to ease tensions in an argument (e.g., everyone relax) or to indicate a degree of self-composure (e.g., I'm calm). There is not a clear English translation of the word, and in order to fully comprehend its many possible uses a cultural relativist would argue that it would be necessary to fully immerse oneself in cultures where the word is used.

==Theories of Culture==
While there are numerous theoretical approaches employed to understand 'culture', this chapter uses just one model to illustrate how sociologists understand the concept. The model is an integrationist model advocated by Ritzer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ritzer2004&quot;&gt;Ritzer, George and Douglas J. Goodman. 2004. Modern Sociological Theory. sixth ed. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ritzer proposes four highly interdependent elements in his sociological model: a macro-objective component (e.g., society, law, bureaucracy), a micro-objective component (e.g., patterns of behavior and human interaction), a macro-subjective component (e.g., culture, norms, and values), and a micro-subjective component (e.g., perceptions, beliefs).  This model is of particular use in understanding the role of culture in sociological research because it presents two axes for understanding culture: one ranging from objective (society) to subjective (culture and cultural interpretation); the other ranging from the macro-level (norms) to the micro-level (individual level beliefs). 

[[Image:Ritzers integration theory.svg|center|George Ritzer's macro/micro integration theory of social analysis.]]

If used for understanding a specific cultural phenomenon, like the displaying of abstract art,&lt;ref name=&quot;Halle1993&quot;&gt;Halle, David. 1993. Inside Culture: Art and Class in the American Home. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.&lt;/ref&gt; this model depicts how cultural norms can influence individual behavior. This model also posits that individual level values, beliefs, and behaviors can, in turn, influence the macro-level culture. This is, in fact, part of what David Halle finds: while there are certainly cultural differences based on class, they are not unique to class. Displayers of abstract art tend not only to belong to the upper-class, but also are employed in art-production occupations. This would indicate that there are multiple levels of influence involved in art tastes – both broad cultural norms and smaller level occupational norms in addition to personal preferences.

===The Function of Culture===
Culture can also be seen to play a specific function in social life. According to Griswold, &quot;The sociological analysis of culture begins at the premise that culture provides orientation, wards off chaos, and directs behavior toward certain lines of action and away from others.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt; Griswold reiterates this point by explaining that, &quot;Groups and societies need collective representations of themselves to inspire sentiments of unity and mutual support, and culture fulfills this need.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt; In other words, culture can have a certain utilitarian function – the maintenance of order as the result of shared understandings and meanings.

On the other hand, culture can also function to create and sustain social inequalities. According to Collins,&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins2005&quot;&gt;Collins, Patricia Hill.  2005.  Black Sexual Politics:  African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism.  Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt; cultural notions of race, class, gender, and sexualities may be used to explain and justify societal level patterns of oppression and privilege by allowing social beings to believe existing inequalities simply reflect the way things have always been. As a result, efforts for social justice and equality must often overcome cultural patterns that lead dominants and subordinates to blindly accept existing social orders as natural or inevitable. Following Collins, some sociologists explore whether or not the shared understandings and meanings maintained via cultural practice resist or reproduce the ongoing subordination of minority groups.

==Cultural Change==
The belief that culture is symbolically coded and can thus be taught from one person to another means that cultures, although bounded, can change. Cultures are both predisposed to change and resistant to it. Resistance can come from habit, religion, science, and the integration and interdependence of cultural traits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emerson2001&quot;&gt;Emerson, Michael O., and Christian Smith. 2001. Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America. Oxford University Press, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, men and women have complementary roles in many cultures. One sex might desire changes that affect the other, as happened in the second half of the 20th century in western cultures (see, for example, the [[w:feminist movement|women's movement]]), while the other sex may be resistant to that change (possibly in order to maintain a power imbalance in their favor).  Further, the demarcation of human beings into only two sexes (e.g., males and females) culturally erases the biological and genetic reality of [[w: Intersex|intersex people]], and justifies the genital mutilation of people born genetically beyond male/female classification schemes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haas2004&quot;&gt;Haas, Kate.  2004.  Who will make room for the Intersexed?  American Journal of Law and Medicine 30(1): 41 - 68.&lt;/ref&gt; Changing scientific and medical practices of infant genital mutilation in the case of intersex individuals, however, remains difficult due to cultural beliefs promoting and enforcing two sexes with separate but &quot;complementary&quot; roles.  

[[File:Ankh-Mirror-TutanchamunTomb.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The symbol of the ankh has its roots in Egyptian religious practice, but the symbol diffused over time and was adopted by other groups, including pagans, as a religious symbol.]]

Cultural change can have many causes, including: the environment, inventions, and contact with other cultures. For example, the end of the last ice age helped lead to the invention of agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diamond2005&quot;&gt;Diamond, Jared. 2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. 1st ed. W.W. Norton &amp; Co.&lt;/ref&gt; Another invention that substantially changed culture was the development of the [[w:birth control pill|birth control pill]], which changed women's attitudes toward sex. Prior to the introduction of the birth control pill, women were at a high risk of pregnancy as a result of sex. After the introduction of birth control pills, risk of pregnancy was substantially reduced, increasing heterosexual people's willingness to engage in sexual activity outside of wedlock.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coontz2000&quot;&gt;Coontz, Stephanie. 2000. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. Basic Books.&lt;/ref&gt;  Likewise, the introduction of the television substantially reduced American involvement in civic life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Putnam2001&quot;&gt;Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone : The Collapse and Revival of American Community. 1st ed. Simon &amp; Schuster.&lt;/ref&gt;

Several understandings of how cultures change come from Anthropology. For instance, in [[w:diffusion (anthropology)|diffusion theory]], the form of something moves from one culture to another, but not its meaning. For example, the [[w:Ankh|ankh symbol]] originated in Egyptian culture but has diffused to numerous cultures. It's original meaning may have been lost, but it is now used by many practitioners of [[w:New Age|New Age Religion]] as an arcane symbol of power or life forces.

Contact between cultures can also result in [[w:acculturation|acculturation]]. Acculturation has different meanings, but in this context refers to replacement of the traits of one culture with those of another (through force, negotiation, or agreement), such as what happened with many [[w:Native American|Native American Indians]] as Europeans took over their lands. Many Native Americans were acculturated into European norms, beliefs, and values, from religion to how to raise children because Europeans believed Natives could not adopt these cultural practices. When Natives proved able to practice religion and parenthood in non-European ways, however, many of them were put to death, sent to conditioning camps, or moved into uncultivated western lands where they were required to form their own communities based on European values and practices.&lt;ref name=&quot;Loewen1995&quot;&gt;Loewen, James W.  1995.  Lies my Teacher Told me.  The New Press.&lt;/ref&gt;  Related processes on an individual level are [[w:assimilation|assimilation]] and [[w:transculturation|transculturation]], both of which refer to adoption of a different culture by an individual, which may occur through force or choice.

Griswold outlined another sociological approach to cultural change.&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt; Griswold points out that it may seem as though culture comes from individuals, but there is also the larger, collective, and long-lasting culture that cannot have been the creation of single individuals as it predates and post-dates individual humans and contributors to culture. The author presents a sociological perspective to address this conflict,

:Sociology suggests an alternative to both the unsatisfying ''it has always been that way'' view at one extreme and the unsociological ''individual genius'' view at the other. This alternative posits that culture and cultural works are collective, not individual, creations. We can best understand specific cultural objects... by seeing them not as unique to their creators but as the fruits of collective production, fundamentally social in their genesis. (p. 53)

Griswold suggests, then, that culture changes through the contextually dependent and socially situated actions of individuals; macro-level culture influences the individual who, in turn, can influence that same culture (see also the discussion of Symbolic Interaction earlier in this text). The logic is a bit circular, but it illustrates how culture can change over time yet remain somewhat constant.  

It is, of course, important to recognize here that Griswold is talking about cultural change and not the actual origins of culture (as in, &quot;there was no culture and then, suddenly, there was&quot;). Because Griswold does not explicitly distinguish between the origins of cultural change and the origins of culture, it may appear as though Griswold is arguing here for the origins of culture and situating these origins in society. This is neither accurate nor a clear representation of sociological thought on this issue. Culture, just like society, has existed since the beginning of humanity (humans being social and cultural beings). Society and culture co-exist because humans have social relations and meanings tied to those relations (e.g. brother, lover, friend).&lt;ref name=&quot;Leakey1996&quot;&gt;Leakey, Richard. 1996. The Origin of Humankind. New York: BasicBooks.&lt;/ref&gt;  Culture as a super-phenomenon has no real beginning except in the sense that humans (homo sapiens) have a beginning. This, then, makes the question of the origins of culture moot – it has existed as long as we have, and will likely exist as long as we do.

==Cultural Sociology: Researching Culture==
How do sociologists study culture?  One approach to studying culture falls under the label 'cultural sociology', which combines the study of culture with cultural understandings of phenomena. Griswold explains how cultural sociologists approach their research, 

:...if one were to try to understand a certain group of people, one would look for the expressive forms through which they represent themselves to themselves... The sociologist can come at this collective representation process from the other direction, from the analysis of a particular cultural object, as well; if we were to try to understand a cultural object, we would look for how it is used by some group as representing that group. (p. 59)&lt;ref name=&quot;Griswold2004&quot;/&gt;

Cultural sociologists look for how people make meaning in their lives out of the different cultural elements that surround them. A particularly clear example of cultural sociology is the study of the Village-Northton by Elijah Anderson.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson1990&quot;&gt;Anderson, Elijah. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Anderson was interested in a number of things in his book, but two cultural components stood out. First, Anderson was looking at the border of two culturally and socio-economically distinct neighborhoods. Because these two neighborhoods were distinct yet shared a border, this research site provided numerous opportunities for the exploration of culture. Not surprisingly, cultural conflict is an optimal scenario for the exploration of culture and cultural interaction. Additionally, Anderson was interested in how individuals in these neighborhoods negotiated interpersonal interactions, especially when individuals from the Village (middle to upper-middle class and predominantly white) were forced to interact with members of the Northton area (lower class and poor blacks).  

Anderson’s methodology was a combination of participant observation and interviews. But when viewed in light of the quote above by Griswold, it becomes apparent that Anderson’s focus in these interviews and observations was [[w:self-presentation|self-presentation]].  Anderson regularly described the individuals he interviewed and observed in light of their clothing, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions. As he interacted with more and more individuals, patterns began to develop. Specifically, individuals dressed in certain outfits behaved in similar ways. For instance, those dressed in business attire (even when walking their dogs) – [[w:yuppie|the yuppies]] – had particular perspectives on the future of the Village: they were interested in increasing property values in order to maximize their investment. Another example of cultural significance of clothing is older black men who intentionally wore button-up shirts and ties because of the cultural symbolism of that particular outfit: it signified to the cultural outsider that the wearer was refined and distinct from the athletic-suit-wearing drug dealers who controlled numerous Northton corners.

Ultimately, Anderson’s goal was to develop a sort of typology of ''streetwise'' individuals: people who could manage awkward and uncomfortable interpersonal interactions on the street in such a fashion that they emerged from the interactions unharmed. While he developed a loose description of these types of individuals, the important part to understand here is how he explored these aspects of culture. First, he found a cultural border that presented cultural conflict. When individuals have to negotiate meaning publicly, it makes it much easier for the sociologist to tease out culture. Additionally, Anderson observed both the transmission of culture from generation to generation (i.e., [[Introduction to Sociology/Socialization|socialization]]), but also the self-representation that is provided by cultural expressions (clothing, behavior, etc). Through years of observation, Anderson gained a familiarity with these elements of culture that allowed him to understand how they interacted.

==Conclusion==
So what is culture? Understood most simply as a way of life of a particular society, culture entails a variety of aspects that include, but are not limited to: norms, values, beliefs, or expressive symbols. Consequently, culture can encompass anything that provides meaning or can be given meaning among a group of people. As illustrated at the beginning of the chapter, there may be different meanings attached to the same object or symbol depending on the culture at hand. The cow, which can be found across the globe, is an edifying illustration of this point. Each culture has its own interpretation of what a cow is and means. In the U.S., we most often see a cow as something to eat in our daily life, but in India, many people see a cow as something to revere in their spiritual life. However, culture is not static. It is vulnerable to change, sometimes at a slow pace that is less visible and sometimes at a fast pace that is much more observable. For example, in the advent of globalization in recent years, there is some evidence that India has been moving towards greater consumption of beef and beef products. Only time will tell whether or not there will be a dramatic shift in Asian Indian culture with regard to its perception and treatment of cows due to globalization.

==Additional Reading==
*Blair-Loy, Mary. 2001. &quot;Cultural constructions of family schemas: The case of women finance executives&quot;. ''Gender &amp; Society'', 15(5): 687-709.
*Bourdieu, Pierre.  1980.  ''The Logic of Practice''.  
*Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. ''Distinction''. Cambridge: Harvard University.  
*Emerson, Rana A. 2002. &quot;'Where my girls at?': Negotiating Black womanhood in music videos&quot;.    ''Gender &amp; Society'', 16(1): 115-135.
*Garfinkel, Harold.  1967.  ''Studies in Ethnomethodology''. 
*Hamilton, Laura, and Armstrong, Elizabeth A. 2009. &quot;Gendered sexuality in young adulthood: Double binds and flawed options&quot;. ''Gender &amp; Society'', 23(5): 589-616.
*Milkie, Melissa A. 2002. &quot;Contested images of femininity: An analysis of cultural gatekeepers' struggles with the 'real girl' critique&quot;. ''Gender &amp; Society'', 16(6): 839-859.

==Discussion Questions==
* Are there any humans who don't have culture?
* What is the role of culture in human competition with other living things?
* Are there some cultures that are better than others?
* Can you measure culture?

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{chapter navigation|Society|Socialization}}

For other sociological studies of culture, see [https://sites.google.com/site/sssinteraction/ Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction] and [http://www.ibiblio.org/culture/ American Sociological Association, Section on Culture]</text>
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{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Brazil|Brazilian Cuisine]]

==Ingredients==

* 1 dozen big [[Cookbook:Tangerine|tangerines]]
* 2 kg [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]] 
* 2 litres [[Cookbook:Water|water]]
* 6 [[Cookbook:Lime|limes]]

==Procedure==

# Cut the tangerines into small pieces, leaving the peel, but removing the seeds.
# Add the water, and let sit until the next day.
# Boil the mixture until the fruit is very soft.
# Add the sugar, and leave cooking until the jelly is firm when dripped on a cold plate.

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Recipes for [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]] or [[Cookbook:Jelly|jelly]].

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      <text bytes="627" sha1="0lm4vkid23myhfp4jkk53qqlcxjv3nd" xml:space="preserve">Www.Chikita/Isaac.com&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{doc}}bitcoin wallet api
Chikita Isaac 
www.btc.com

[goooooooooiiooooooogle[Category:Exclude in print|{{PAGENAME}}]bitcoin.com]
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    <title>Cookbook:Lemon Curd</title>
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{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Dessert|Dessert]]

'''Lemon curd''' is a [[Cookbook:Custard|custard]]-like [[Cookbook:Dessert|dessert]] [[Cookbook:Sauces|sauce]] made with eggs, lemon juice and zest, sugar, and butter. It keeps for up to a week in the refrigerator, and it is excellent on shortbread, biscuits, scones, and English muffins. It can also be used in a variety of other dessert preparations.

==Ingredients==

* ½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (120 [[Cookbook:Milliliter|ml]]) [[Cookbook:Lemon Juice|lemon juice]]
* 2 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tablespoons]] freshly-grated [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* ⅓ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (80 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]]) white granulated [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]]
* 3 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]]
* ¼ cup (60 ml) unsalted [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinch]] [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]] (optional, to bring out sweetness and flavor of finished product)

==Equipment==

* 1-[[Cookbook:Quart|quart]] [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]
* [[Cookbook:Whisk|Whisk]]
* Measuring cup
* [[Cookbook:Grater|Grater]] or [[Cookbook:Zester|zester]]
* Medium-to-large [[Cookbook:Sieve|strainer]] of fine-to-medium mesh
* Rubber [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* 1-quart mixing bowl
* 12-[[Cookbook:Ounce|ounce]] (about 330 g) jar with sealable lid (optional)

==Procedure==
# Cut the butter into small chunks.
# Put eggs, zest, sugar, and salt into saucepan.
# Whisk ingredients in pan until frothy and light in color (1–2 minutes).
# Add lemon juice and whisk for 30 seconds.
# Add butter chunks.
# Set pan on [[Cookbook:Stovetop|stove]] burner, turn on heat to medium-to-low, and start whisking contents so they don't coagulate or stick to bottom of pan.
# Whisk constantly until butter melts and mixture thickens, then whisk another two minutes. Do not let mixture [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]]. It should be quite steamy (about 185°F / 85°C).
# If desired, pour the mixture through the strainer to remove the zest and any other solids. Work the mixture through the strainer with the spatula; rake mixture off bottom of strainer into bowl.
# Pour mixture from bowl into jar to within ¼ [[Cookbook:Inch|inch]] (0.75 [[Cookbook:Centimetre (cm)|cm]]) from top, taking care not to get mixture on rim, then seal jar with lid.
# Refrigerate to thicken the product further. Store in the refrigerator.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* Grate only the yellow lemon zest, avoiding the bitter inner white pith.
* The curd can also be stored in any other suitable container.

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[[fr:Livre de cuisine/Crème de citron]]
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    <title>Cookbook:Thumbprint Jam Cookies</title>
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{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]

A tasty cookie with an 'eye' of jam in the middle.

==Ingredients==
* 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (240 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]]) [[Cookbook:Butter|soft butter]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (240 g) [[Cookbook:sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Egg|egg]]
* 2 [[Cookbook:teaspoon|teaspoons]] [[Cookbook:vanilla|vanilla]]
* 1½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (360 g) [[Cookbook:flour|all-purpose flour]]
* ½ [[Cookbook:teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]]
* ½ [[Cookbook:Cup|cup]] (120 g) [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]] (raspberry/strawberry)

==Procedure==
#In a [[Cookbook:Mixer|mixer]], [[Cookbook:Cream|cream]] together the butter and sugar.
#Once creamed, add the egg and vanilla. [[Cookbook:Beating|Beat]] until smooth.
#In a [[Cookbook:Mixing Bowl|mixing bowl]], stir together the flour and baking powder.
#Add flour to creamed mixture. Beat on low speed until thoroughly combined.
#Portion out the [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]] into round, firm balls. Place on [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|sheet pan]]. Using the end of a wooden spoon, press down on the dough ball to form wells.
#Fill each well with jam. Do not overfill the well, as they will overflow and burn. For the same reason, keep the edges of the dough clean.
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] at [[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|300°F]] (160°C) for 22–24 minutes, until a light golden brown.

==Notes, tips, and variations==
*These cookies taste best when still warm.

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    <title>Cookbook:Bløtkake (Norwegian Berries and Cream Cake)</title>
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{{Recipesummary|Dessert recipes|8|60 minutes|3}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Norway|Cuisine of Norway]] | [[Cookbook:Dessert|Dessert]]s

'''Bløtkake''' is a traditional [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Norway|Norwegian]] dessert, usually reserved for special occasions such as birthdays. It is also served on Norway's national day, May 17th.
 
==Ingredients==

=== Batter ===
*4 [[cookbook:egg|egg]]s
*100 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] white granulated [[cookbook:sugar|sugar]]
*100 g [[cookbook:flour|flour]]
*1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] [[cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]]

=== Filling ===
*Raspberry [[Cookbook:Jam|jam]]
*1 tin sliced [[cookbook:peach|peach]]es
*Vanilla [[Cookbook:Custard|custard]]
*[[cookbook:Whipped Cream|Whipped cream]]
*1 tsp white granulated [[cookbook:sugar|sugar]]

=== Garnish ===
*Berries or other fruit (usually [[cookbook:blueberry|blueberries]], redcurrants or other soft berries)

==Procedure==
#[[Cookbook:Whipping|Whip]] the eggs and sugar until they form peaks. Sieve the flour and baking powder into the egg mixture and fold in gently.
#Pour the batter into a greased round [[Cookbook:Cake Pan|tin]] (about 22 cm in diameter) ,and bake the cake at 170°C for 30–40 minutes.
#Cool completely on a rack, then unmold the cakes.
#[[Cookbook:Slicing|Slice]] the cake horizontally into 3 layers. Sprinkle each slice with some of the peach juice from the tin. 
#Cover 2 of the slices with jam, peach slices, and vanilla custard. Place the third layer on top of the other two.
#Whip the cream with the sugar. Cover the whole cake, including the sides, with the whipped cream.
#[[Cookbook:Garnish|Garnish]] with berries and/or fruit.

[[Category:Norwegian recipes]]
[[Category:Holiday recipes]]
[[Category:Cake recipes]]
[[Category:Fruit recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Baking recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes_with_metric_units]]
[[Category:Dessert recipes]]
[[Category:Whipped cream recipes]]
[[Category:Baking powder recipes]]
[[Category:Granulated sugar recipes]]
[[Category:Egg recipes]]
[[Category:Wheat flour recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours/Evaluation, Part 1</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4443334</id>
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      <comment>/* Beginning the Evaluator */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14725" sha1="ljxcqpzk8iul2xsmtk8au323ukxjkf0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navigation|previous=Parsing|next=Error Checking and Exceptions}}

== Beginning the Evaluator ==

Currently, we've just been printing out whether or not we recognize the given program fragment. We're about to take the first steps towards a working Scheme interpreter: assigning values to program fragments. We'll be starting with baby steps, but fairly soon you'll be progressing to working with computations.

Let's start by telling Haskell how to print out a string representation of the various possible &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
showVal :: LispVal -&gt; String
showVal (String contents) = &quot;\&quot;&quot; ++ contents ++ &quot;\&quot;&quot;
showVal (Atom name) = name
showVal (Number contents) = show contents
showVal (Bool True) = &quot;#t&quot;
showVal (Bool False) = &quot;#f&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This is our first real introduction to pattern matching. Pattern matching is a way of destructuring an algebraic data type, selecting a code clause based on its constructor and then binding the components to variables. Any constructor can appear in a pattern; that pattern matches a value if the tag is the same as the value's tag and all subpatterns match their corresponding components. Patterns can be nested arbitrarily deep, with matching proceeding in an inside → outside, left → right order. The clauses of a function definition are tried in textual order, until one of the patterns matches. If this is confusing, you'll see some examples of deeply-nested patterns when we get further into the evaluator.

For now, you only need to know that each clause of the above definition matches one of the constructors of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, and the right-hand side tells what to do for a value of that constructor.

The &lt;code&gt;List&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;DottedList&lt;/code&gt; clauses work similarly, but we need to define a helper function &lt;code&gt;unwordsList&lt;/code&gt; to convert the contained list into a string:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
showVal (List contents) = &quot;(&quot; ++ unwordsList contents ++ &quot;)&quot;
showVal (DottedList head tail) = &quot;(&quot; ++ unwordsList head ++ &quot; . &quot; ++ showVal tail ++ &quot;)&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;unwordsList&lt;/code&gt; function works like the Haskell Prelude's [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vunwords &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt;] function, which glues together a list of words with spaces. Since we're dealing with a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s instead of words, we define a function that first converts the &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s into their string representations and then applies &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt; to it:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
unwordsList :: [LispVal] -&gt; String
unwordsList = unwords . map showVal
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Our definition of unwordsList doesn't include any arguments. This is an example of ''point-free style'': writing definitions purely in terms of function composition and partial application, without regard to individual values or &quot;points&quot;. Instead, we define it as the composition of a couple of built-in functions. First, we partially-apply [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vmap &lt;code&gt;map&lt;/code&gt;] to &lt;code&gt;showVal&lt;/code&gt;, which creates a function that takes a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s and returns a list of their string representations. Haskell functions are ''curried'': this means that a function of two arguments, like &lt;code&gt;map&lt;/code&gt;, is really a function that returns a function of one argument. As a result, if you supply only a single argument, you get back a function of one argument that you can pass around, compose, and apply later. In this case, we compose it with unwords: &lt;code&gt;map showVal&lt;/code&gt; converts a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s to a list of their string representations, and then &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt; joins the result together with spaces.

We used the function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#tShow &lt;code&gt;show&lt;/code&gt;] above. This standard Haskell function lets you convert any type that's an instance of the class &lt;code&gt;Show&lt;/code&gt; into a string. We'd like to be able to do the same with &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, so we make it into a member of the class &lt;code&gt;Show&lt;/code&gt;, defining its &lt;code&gt;show&lt;/code&gt; method as &lt;code&gt;showVal&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
instance Show LispVal where show = showVal
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A full treatment of type classes is beyond the scope of this tutorial; you can find more information in [http://www.haskell.org/tutorial/classes.html other tutorials] and the [https://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/haskellch4.html#x10-750004.3 Haskell 2010 report].

Let's try things out by changing our readExpr function so it returns the string representation of the value actually parsed, instead of just &quot;Found value&quot;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
readExpr input = case parse parseExpr &quot;lisp&quot; input of
    Left err -&gt; &quot;No match: &quot; ++ show err
    Right val -&gt; &quot;Found &quot; ++ show val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And compile and run…

 $ ghc -package parsec -o parser listing4.1.hs
 $ ./parser &quot;(1 2 2)&quot;
 Found (1 2 2)
 $ ./parser &quot;'(1 3 (\&quot;this\&quot; \&quot;one\&quot;))&quot;
 Found (quote (1 3 (&quot;this&quot; &quot;one&quot;)))

== Beginnings of an evaluator: Primitives ==

Now, we start with the beginnings of an evaluator. The purpose of an evaluator is to map some &quot;code&quot; data type into some &quot;data&quot; data type, the result of the evaluation. In Lisp, the data ''types'' for both code and data are the same, so our evaluator will return a &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;. Other languages often have more complicated code structures, with a variety of syntactic forms.

Evaluating numbers, strings, booleans, and quoted lists is fairly simple: return the datum itself.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt; 
eval :: LispVal -&gt; LispVal
eval val@(String _) = val
eval val@(Number _) = val
eval val@(Bool _) = val
eval (List [Atom &quot;quote&quot;, val]) = val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This introduces a new type of pattern. The notation &lt;code&gt;val@(String _)&lt;/code&gt; matches against any &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt; that's a string and then binds &lt;code&gt;val&lt;/code&gt; to the ''whole'' &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, and not just the contents of the &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; constructor. The result has type &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt; instead of type &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. The underbar is the &quot;don't care&quot; variable, matching any value yet not binding it to a variable. It can be used in any pattern, but is especially useful with @-patterns (where you bind the variable to the whole pattern) and with simple constructor-tests where you're just interested in the tag of the constructor.

The last clause is our first introduction to nested patterns. The type of data contained by &lt;code&gt;List&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;[LispVal]&lt;/code&gt;, a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s. We match ''that'' against the specific two-element list &lt;code&gt;[Atom &quot;quote&quot;, val]&lt;/code&gt;, a list where the first element is the symbol &quot;quote&quot; and the second element can be anything. Then we return that second element.

Let's integrate &lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt; into our existing code. Start by changing &lt;code&gt;readExpr&lt;/code&gt; back so it returns the expression instead of a string representation of the expression:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
readExpr :: String -&gt; LispVal
readExpr input = case parse parseExpr &quot;lisp&quot; input of
    Left err -&gt; String $ &quot;No match: &quot; ++ show err
    Right val -&gt; val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And then change our main function to read an expression, evaluate it, convert it to a string, and print it out. Now that we know about the &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/code&gt; monad sequencing operator and the function composition operator, let's use them to make this a bit more concise:
 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
main :: IO ()
main = getArgs &gt;&gt;= print . eval . readExpr . head
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here, we take the result of the &lt;code&gt;getArgs&lt;/code&gt; action (a list of strings) and pass it into the composition of:

# take the first value (&lt;code&gt;head&lt;/code&gt;);
# parse it (&lt;code&gt;readExpr&lt;/code&gt;);
# evaluate it (&lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt;);
# convert it to a string and print it (&lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt;).

Compile and run the code the normal way:

 $ ghc -package parsec -o eval listing4.2.hs
 $ ./eval &quot;'atom&quot; 
 atom
 $ ./eval 2
 2
 $ ./eval &quot;\&quot;a string\&quot;&quot;
 &quot;a string&quot;
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 2)&quot;
 
 Fail: listing6.hs:83: Non-exhaustive patterns in function eval

We still can't do all that much useful with the program (witness the failed &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 2)&lt;/code&gt; call), but the basic skeleton is in place. Soon, we'll be extending it with some functions to make it useful.

== Adding basic primitives ==

Next, we'll improve our Scheme so we can use it as a simple calculator. It's still not yet a &quot;programming language&quot;, but it's getting close.

Begin by adding a clause to eval to handle function application. Remember that all clauses of a function definition must be placed together and are evaluated in textual order, so this should go after the other eval clauses:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
eval (List (Atom func : args)) = apply func $ map eval args
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This is another nested pattern, but this time we match against the cons operator &quot;:&quot; instead of a literal list. Lists in Haskell are really syntactic sugar for a chain of cons applications and the empty list: &lt;code&gt;[1, 2, 3, 4] = 1:(2:(3:(4:[])))&lt;/code&gt;. By pattern-matching against cons itself instead of a literal list, we're saying &quot;give me the rest of the list&quot; instead of &quot;give me the second element of the list&quot;. For example, if we passed &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 2)&lt;/code&gt; to eval, &lt;code&gt;func&lt;/code&gt; would be bound to &quot;+&quot; and &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; would be bound to &lt;code&gt;[Number 2, Number 2]&lt;/code&gt;.

The rest of the clause consists of a couple of functions we've seen before and one we haven't defined yet. We have to recursively evaluate each argument, so we map &lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt; over the args. This is what lets us write compound expressions like &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 (- 3 1) (* 5 4))&lt;/code&gt;. Then we take the resulting list of evaluated arguments, and pass it and the original function to apply:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
apply :: String -&gt; [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal
apply func args = maybe (Bool False) ($ args) $ lookup func primitives
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The built-in function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vlookup &lt;code&gt;lookup&lt;/code&gt;] looks up a key (its first argument) in a list of pairs. However, lookup will fail if no pair in the list contains the matching key. To express this, it returns an instance of the built-in type [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$tMaybe &lt;code&gt;Maybe&lt;/code&gt;]. We use the function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vmaybe &lt;code&gt;maybe&lt;/code&gt;] to specify what to do in case of either success or failure. If the function isn't found, we return a &lt;code&gt;Bool False&lt;/code&gt; value, equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#f&lt;/code&gt; (we'll add more robust error-checking later). If it ''is'' found, we apply it to the arguments using &lt;code&gt;($ args)&lt;/code&gt;, an operator section of the function application operator.

Next, we define the list of primitives that we support:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
primitives :: [(String, [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal)]
primitives = [(&quot;+&quot;, numericBinop (+)),
              (&quot;-&quot;, numericBinop (-)),
              (&quot;*&quot;, numericBinop (*)),
              (&quot;/&quot;, numericBinop div),
              (&quot;mod&quot;, numericBinop mod),
              (&quot;quotient&quot;, numericBinop quot),
              (&quot;remainder&quot;, numericBinop rem)]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Look at the type of &lt;code&gt;primitives&lt;/code&gt;. It is a list of pairs, just like &lt;code&gt;lookup&lt;/code&gt; expects, ''but the values of the pairs are functions from &lt;code&gt;[LispVal]&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;''. In Haskell, you can easily store functions in other data structures, though the functions must all have the same type.

Also, the functions that we store are themselves the result of a function, &lt;code&gt;numericBinop&lt;/code&gt;, which we haven't defined yet. This takes a primitive Haskell function (often an operator section) and wraps it with code to unpack an argument list, apply the function to it, and wrap the result up in our &lt;code&gt;Number&lt;/code&gt; constructor.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
numericBinop :: (Integer -&gt; Integer -&gt; Integer) -&gt; [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal
numericBinop op params = Number $ foldl1 op $ map unpackNum params

unpackNum :: LispVal -&gt; Integer
unpackNum (Number n) = n
unpackNum (String n) = let parsed = reads n :: [(Integer, String)] in 
                           if null parsed 
                              then 0
                              else fst $ parsed !! 0
unpackNum (List [n]) = unpackNum n
unpackNum _ = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

As with R5RS Scheme, we don't limit ourselves to only two arguments. Our numeric operations can work on a list of any length, so &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 3 4) = 2 + 3 + 4&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;(- 15 5 3 2) = 15 - 5 - 3 - 2&lt;/code&gt;. We use the built-in function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vfoldl1 &lt;code&gt;foldl1&lt;/code&gt;] to do this. It essentially changes every cons operator in the list to the binary function we supply, &lt;code&gt;op&lt;/code&gt;.

Unlike R5RS Scheme, we're implementing a form of ''weak typing''. That means that if a value can be interpreted as a number (like the string &quot;2&quot;), we'll use it as one, even if it's tagged as a string. We do this by adding a couple extra clauses to &lt;code&gt;unpackNum&lt;/code&gt;. If we're unpacking a string, attempt to parse it with Haskell's built-in [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vreads &lt;code&gt;reads&lt;/code&gt;] function, which returns a list of pairs of (parsed value, remaining string).

For lists, we pattern-match against the one-element list and try to unpack that. Anything else falls through to the next case.

If we can't parse the number, for any reason, we'll return 0 for now. We'll fix this shortly so that it signals an error.

Compile and run this the normal way. Note how we get nested expressions &quot;for free&quot; because we call eval on each of the arguments of a function:

 $ ghc -package parsec -o eval listing7.hs
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 2)&quot;
 4
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 (-4 1))&quot;
 2
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 (- 4 1))&quot;
 5
 $ ./eval &quot;(- (+ 4 6 3) 3 5 2)&quot;
 3

{{Exercises|1=
# Add primitives to perform the various [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.3 type-testing] functions of R5RS: &lt;code&gt;symbol?&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;string?&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;number?&lt;/code&gt;, etc.
# Change unpackNum so that it always returns 0 if the value is not a number, even if it's a string or list that could be parsed as a number.
# Add the [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.3.3 symbol-handling functions] from R5RS. A symbol is what we've been calling an &lt;code&gt;Atom&lt;/code&gt; in our data constructors
}}


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== Beginning the Evaluator ==

Currently, we've just been printing out whether or not we recognize the given program fragment. We're about to take the first steps towards a working Scheme interpreter: assigning values to program fragments. We'll be starting with baby steps, but fairly soon you'll be progressing to working with computations.

Let's start by telling Haskell how to print out a string representation of the various possible &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
showVal :: LispVal -&gt; String
showVal (String contents) = &quot;\&quot;&quot; ++ contents ++ &quot;\&quot;&quot;
showVal (Atom name) = name
showVal (Number contents) = show contents
showVal (Bool True) = &quot;#t&quot;
showVal (Bool False) = &quot;#f&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This is our first real introduction to pattern matching. Pattern matching is a way of destructuring an algebraic data type, selecting a code clause based on its constructor and then binding the components to variables. Any constructor can appear in a pattern; that pattern matches a value if the tag is the same as the value's tag and all subpatterns match their corresponding components. Patterns can be nested arbitrarily deep, with matching proceeding in an inside → outside, left → right order. The clauses of a function definition are tried in textual order, until one of the patterns matches. If this is confusing, you'll see some examples of deeply-nested patterns when we get further into the evaluator.

For now, you only need to know that each clause of the above definition matches one of the constructors of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, and the right-hand side tells what to do for a value of that constructor.

The &lt;code&gt;List&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;DottedList&lt;/code&gt; clauses work similarly, but we need to define a helper function &lt;code&gt;unwordsList&lt;/code&gt; to convert the contained list into a string:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
showVal (List contents) = &quot;(&quot; ++ unwordsList contents ++ &quot;)&quot;
showVal (DottedList head tail) = &quot;(&quot; ++ unwordsList head ++ &quot; . &quot; ++ showVal tail ++ &quot;)&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The &lt;code&gt;unwordsList&lt;/code&gt; function works like the Haskell Prelude's [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vunwords &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt;] function, which glues together a list of words with spaces. Since we're dealing with a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s instead of words, we define a function that first converts the &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s into their string representations and then applies &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt; to it:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
unwordsList :: [LispVal] -&gt; String
unwordsList = unwords . map showVal
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Our definition of unwordsList doesn't include any arguments. This is an example of ''point-free style'': writing definitions purely in terms of function composition and partial application, without regard to individual values or &quot;points&quot;. Instead, we define it as the composition of a couple of built-in functions. First, we partially-apply [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vmap &lt;code&gt;map&lt;/code&gt;] to &lt;code&gt;showVal&lt;/code&gt;, which creates a function that takes a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s and returns a list of their string representations. Haskell functions are ''curried'': this means that a function of two arguments, like &lt;code&gt;map&lt;/code&gt;, is really a function that returns a function of one argument. As a result, if you supply only a single argument, you get back a function of one argument that you can pass around, compose, and apply later. In this case, we compose it with unwords: &lt;code&gt;map showVal&lt;/code&gt; converts a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s to a list of their string representations, and then &lt;code&gt;unwords&lt;/code&gt; joins the result together with spaces.

We used the function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#tShow &lt;code&gt;show&lt;/code&gt;] above. This standard Haskell function lets you convert any type that's an instance of the class &lt;code&gt;Show&lt;/code&gt; into a string. We'd like to be able to do the same with &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, so we make it into a member of the class &lt;code&gt;Show&lt;/code&gt;, defining its &lt;code&gt;show&lt;/code&gt; method as &lt;code&gt;showVal&lt;/code&gt;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
instance Show LispVal where show = showVal
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A full treatment of type classes is beyond the scope of this tutorial; you can find more information in [http://www.haskell.org/tutorial/classes.html other tutorials] and the [https://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/haskellch4.html#x10-750004.3 Haskell 2010 report].

Let's try things out by changing our readExpr function so it returns the string representation of the value actually parsed, instead of just &quot;Found value&quot;:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
readExpr input = case parse parseExpr &quot;lisp&quot; input of
    Left err -&gt; &quot;No match: &quot; ++ show err
    Right val -&gt; &quot;Found &quot; ++ show val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And compile and run…

 $ ghc -package parsec -o parser listing4.1.hs
 $ ./parser &quot;(1 2 2)&quot;
 Found (1 2 2)
 $ ./parser &quot;'(1 3 (\&quot;this\&quot; \&quot;one\&quot;))&quot;
 Found (quote (1 3 (&quot;this&quot; &quot;one&quot;)))

== Beginnings of an evaluator: Primitives ==

Now, we start with the beginnings of an evaluator. The purpose of an evaluator is to map some &quot;code&quot; data type into some &quot;data&quot; data type, the result of the evaluation. In Lisp, the data ''types'' for both code and data are the same, so our evaluator will return a &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;. Other languages often have more complicated code structures, with a variety of syntactic forms.

Evaluating numbers, strings, booleans, and quoted lists is fairly simple: return the datum itself.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
eval :: LispVal -&gt; LispVal
eval val@(String _) = val
eval val@(Number _) = val
eval val@(Bool _) = val
eval (List [Atom &quot;quote&quot;, val]) = val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This introduces a new type of pattern. The notation &lt;code&gt;val@(String _)&lt;/code&gt; matches against any &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt; that's a string and then binds &lt;code&gt;val&lt;/code&gt; to the ''whole'' &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;, and not just the contents of the &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt; constructor. The result has type &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt; instead of type &lt;code&gt;String&lt;/code&gt;. The underbar is the &quot;don't care&quot; variable, matching any value yet not binding it to a variable. It can be used in any pattern, but is especially useful with @-patterns (where you bind the variable to the whole pattern) and with simple constructor-tests where you're just interested in the tag of the constructor.

The last clause is our first introduction to nested patterns. The type of data contained by &lt;code&gt;List&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;[LispVal]&lt;/code&gt;, a list of &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;s. We match ''that'' against the specific two-element list &lt;code&gt;[Atom &quot;quote&quot;, val]&lt;/code&gt;, a list where the first element is the symbol &quot;quote&quot; and the second element can be anything. Then we return that second element.

Let's integrate &lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt; into our existing code. Start by changing &lt;code&gt;readExpr&lt;/code&gt; back so it returns the expression instead of a string representation of the expression:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
readExpr :: String -&gt; LispVal
readExpr input = case parse parseExpr &quot;lisp&quot; input of
    Left err -&gt; String $ &quot;No match: &quot; ++ show err
    Right val -&gt; val
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

And then change our main function to read an expression, evaluate it, convert it to a string, and print it out. Now that we know about the &lt;code&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/code&gt; monad sequencing operator and the function composition operator, let's use them to make this a bit more concise:
 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
main :: IO ()
main = getArgs &gt;&gt;= print . eval . readExpr . head
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Here, we take the result of the &lt;code&gt;getArgs&lt;/code&gt; action (a list of strings) and pass it into the composition of:

# take the first value (&lt;code&gt;head&lt;/code&gt;);
# parse it (&lt;code&gt;readExpr&lt;/code&gt;);
# evaluate it (&lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt;);
# convert it to a string and print it (&lt;code&gt;print&lt;/code&gt;).

Compile and run the code the normal way:

 $ ghc -package parsec -o eval listing4.2.hs
 $ ./eval &quot;'atom&quot; 
 atom
 $ ./eval 2
 2
 $ ./eval &quot;\&quot;a string\&quot;&quot;
 &quot;a string&quot;
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 2)&quot;
 
 Fail: listing6.hs:83: Non-exhaustive patterns in function eval

We still can't do all that much useful with the program (witness the failed &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 2)&lt;/code&gt; call), but the basic skeleton is in place. Soon, we'll be extending it with some functions to make it useful.

== Adding basic primitives ==

Next, we'll improve our Scheme so we can use it as a simple calculator. It's still not yet a &quot;programming language&quot;, but it's getting close.

Begin by adding a clause to eval to handle function application. Remember that all clauses of a function definition must be placed together and are evaluated in textual order, so this should go after the other eval clauses:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
eval (List (Atom func : args)) = apply func $ map eval args
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This is another nested pattern, but this time we match against the cons operator &quot;:&quot; instead of a literal list. Lists in Haskell are really syntactic sugar for a chain of cons applications and the empty list: &lt;code&gt;[1, 2, 3, 4] = 1:(2:(3:(4:[])))&lt;/code&gt;. By pattern-matching against cons itself instead of a literal list, we're saying &quot;give me the rest of the list&quot; instead of &quot;give me the second element of the list&quot;. For example, if we passed &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 2)&lt;/code&gt; to eval, &lt;code&gt;func&lt;/code&gt; would be bound to &quot;+&quot; and &lt;code&gt;args&lt;/code&gt; would be bound to &lt;code&gt;[Number 2, Number 2]&lt;/code&gt;.

The rest of the clause consists of a couple of functions we've seen before and one we haven't defined yet. We have to recursively evaluate each argument, so we map &lt;code&gt;eval&lt;/code&gt; over the args. This is what lets us write compound expressions like &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 (- 3 1) (* 5 4))&lt;/code&gt;. Then we take the resulting list of evaluated arguments, and pass it and the original function to apply:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
apply :: String -&gt; [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal
apply func args = maybe (Bool False) ($ args) $ lookup func primitives
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The built-in function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vlookup &lt;code&gt;lookup&lt;/code&gt;] looks up a key (its first argument) in a list of pairs. However, lookup will fail if no pair in the list contains the matching key. To express this, it returns an instance of the built-in type [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$tMaybe &lt;code&gt;Maybe&lt;/code&gt;]. We use the function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vmaybe &lt;code&gt;maybe&lt;/code&gt;] to specify what to do in case of either success or failure. If the function isn't found, we return a &lt;code&gt;Bool False&lt;/code&gt; value, equivalent to &lt;code&gt;#f&lt;/code&gt; (we'll add more robust error-checking later). If it ''is'' found, we apply it to the arguments using &lt;code&gt;($ args)&lt;/code&gt;, an operator section of the function application operator.

Next, we define the list of primitives that we support:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
primitives :: [(String, [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal)]
primitives = [(&quot;+&quot;, numericBinop (+)),
              (&quot;-&quot;, numericBinop (-)),
              (&quot;*&quot;, numericBinop (*)),
              (&quot;/&quot;, numericBinop div),
              (&quot;mod&quot;, numericBinop mod),
              (&quot;quotient&quot;, numericBinop quot),
              (&quot;remainder&quot;, numericBinop rem)]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Look at the type of &lt;code&gt;primitives&lt;/code&gt;. It is a list of pairs, just like &lt;code&gt;lookup&lt;/code&gt; expects, ''but the values of the pairs are functions from &lt;code&gt;[LispVal]&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;LispVal&lt;/code&gt;''. In Haskell, you can easily store functions in other data structures, though the functions must all have the same type.

Also, the functions that we store are themselves the result of a function, &lt;code&gt;numericBinop&lt;/code&gt;, which we haven't defined yet. This takes a primitive Haskell function (often an operator section) and wraps it with code to unpack an argument list, apply the function to it, and wrap the result up in our &lt;code&gt;Number&lt;/code&gt; constructor.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
numericBinop :: (Integer -&gt; Integer -&gt; Integer) -&gt; [LispVal] -&gt; LispVal
numericBinop op params = Number $ foldl1 op $ map unpackNum params

unpackNum :: LispVal -&gt; Integer
unpackNum (Number n) = n
unpackNum (String n) = let parsed = reads n :: [(Integer, String)] in 
                           if null parsed 
                              then 0
                              else fst $ parsed !! 0
unpackNum (List [n]) = unpackNum n
unpackNum _ = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

As with R5RS Scheme, we don't limit ourselves to only two arguments. Our numeric operations can work on a list of any length, so &lt;code&gt;(+ 2 3 4) = 2 + 3 + 4&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;(- 15 5 3 2) = 15 - 5 - 3 - 2&lt;/code&gt;. We use the built-in function [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vfoldl1 &lt;code&gt;foldl1&lt;/code&gt;] to do this. It essentially changes every cons operator in the list to the binary function we supply, &lt;code&gt;op&lt;/code&gt;.

Unlike R5RS Scheme, we're implementing a form of ''weak typing''. That means that if a value can be interpreted as a number (like the string &quot;2&quot;), we'll use it as one, even if it's tagged as a string. We do this by adding a couple extra clauses to &lt;code&gt;unpackNum&lt;/code&gt;. If we're unpacking a string, attempt to parse it with Haskell's built-in [http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/standard-prelude.html#$vreads &lt;code&gt;reads&lt;/code&gt;] function, which returns a list of pairs of (parsed value, remaining string).

For lists, we pattern-match against the one-element list and try to unpack that. Anything else falls through to the next case.

If we can't parse the number, for any reason, we'll return 0 for now. We'll fix this shortly so that it signals an error.

Compile and run this the normal way. Note how we get nested expressions &quot;for free&quot; because we call eval on each of the arguments of a function:

 $ ghc -package parsec -o eval listing7.hs
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 2)&quot;
 4
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 (-4 1))&quot;
 2
 $ ./eval &quot;(+ 2 (- 4 1))&quot;
 5
 $ ./eval &quot;(- (+ 4 6 3) 3 5 2)&quot;
 3

{{Exercises|1=
# Add primitives to perform the various [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.3 type-testing] functions of R5RS: &lt;code&gt;symbol?&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;string?&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;number?&lt;/code&gt;, etc.
# Change unpackNum so that it always returns 0 if the value is not a number, even if it's a string or list that could be parsed as a number.
# Add the [http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.3.3 symbol-handling functions] from R5RS. A symbol is what we've been calling an &lt;code&gt;Atom&lt;/code&gt; in our data constructors
}}


{{Navigation|previous=Parsing|next=Error Checking and Exceptions}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-31T14:16:44Z</timestamp>
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{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement''' (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), containing 896 characters, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), containing 128 characters, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), containing 1,024 characters, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in aboriginal languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplement''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunoo script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (⃫) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (ֺ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche charaters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters was added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes Hxg and Szp (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 will be released ca. September 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4300 characters will be added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) will be added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A)

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned and Roadmap Blocks ==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard and also a section where present proportional maps of a proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/ Roadmaps to Unicode®]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== New Blocks ===

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 29 characters will be added.
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti-A''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters will be added.
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters will be added.
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12EFF), containing 1905 characters will be added.
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)''
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Cirth''' (U+16000-U+1607F)
* '''Tengwar''' (U+16080-U+160FF)
* '''Kurux Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16C80-U+16CCF)
* '''Khimhun Tangsa''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters will be added.
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F)
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters will be added.
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters will be added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters will be added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters will be added.
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Supplement''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)''
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthands''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BD00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear-Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Oromo (Sheek Bakrii Saphaloo)''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F)
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters will be added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 11 characters will be added.
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Jianzi Musical Symbols''' (U+1DB00-U+1DC8F)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Chalukya Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters will be added.
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''''Byblos''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)''
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Arabic Supplemental Symbols''' (U+1EF00-U+1EF3F)''
* '''''Miscellaneous Symbols and Mathematical''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFD), containing 991 characters, was added.''
* '''Seal Script''' (U+38000-U+3AB9F)

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B, U+058C)
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* Bengali sign combining Anusvara above and an alternate letter Ba (total 2 character) will be added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0984, U+09FF)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53, U+0B54)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Compound tone, Harrington, and alternate positioned IPA diacritics (total 27 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1AEB)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Quranic Characters, Biblical End of Verse, Honorifics, Crown Letters, moew Quranic Characters, Crown, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 54 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10EC9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) will be added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 20 characters) will be added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1C)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki and Tote (total 3 characters)  will be added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B125)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) will be added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1F6, U+1D1F7-U+1D1FF)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) will be added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, and modifier letters, will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF3F, U+1DFD8-U+1DFFF)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) will be added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) will be added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>flme3qh31a9tgos6etxyfjpfv2o15sj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fortran/FAQ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>105265</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443307</id>
      <parentid>3849843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T15:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Naruyoko</username>
        <id>3196227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Q. Should I learn Fortran? Is it obsolete? */Update latest version</comment>
      <origin>4443307</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4085" sha1="ht75n90up86hsi1mtnq11b1waydbxtr" xml:space="preserve">{{nav}}

{{Wikipedia|Fortran}}

This article contains some frequently-asked questions (FAQs) regarding Fortran and their answers.

==Q. Should I learn Fortran? Is it obsolete?==

A: Fortran is not obsolete and it will not be any time soon. Fortran is a general purpose programming language and is suitable for many applications. However, it excells at numerical computation and high performance computing. It is fast, portable and it has seamless handling of arrays. Because of this, there are many high-quality Fortran libraries for numerical algorithms and it is widespread in scientific communities (e.g. numerical weather predicion). The language itself is still maintained and regularly updated with modern features; the latest version is Fortran 2023.

==Q: What Fortran compiler should I use?==

A: Oracle Solaris Studio, GNU Fortran, G95, and Silverfrost (Windows only) are free software Fortran 95 compilers, and Absoft, IBM, Intel, Lahey, NAG, Pathscale and PGI sell Fortran compilers. Comparative information on Fortran compilers is available at [[w:List_of_compilers#Fortran_compilers|Wikipedia]].

==Q: How do I create numbered file names such as out_01.txt, out_02.txt etc.?==

A: Use an &quot;internal write&quot; to create the file names, for example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
write (file_name,&quot;('out_',i2.2,'.txt')&quot;) i
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

A: A neater way to do this would be:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
i=&lt;file number&gt;
WRITE(file_name, fmt = '(A4,I0,A4)')'out_',i,'.txt'
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This way the formatting is clear and you are writing the correct string to the variable. I assume you wanted an integer as the number. 'I' format statement requires an Integer length, or zero in some cases. You are probably thinking of F where the decimal point denotes the number of decimals to consider.

==Q: What does the open statement look like using this technique? OPEN(UNIT = __, FILE = ???, STATUS='NEW')?==

A: Gfortran does not accept this block

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
      write(file_name,'cp',(i5.5),'.out') ITN
      open  (67,file = file_name)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Gives, ERROR, file tag must be of type CHARACTER

Can someone else help with this?

A: See the answer above. Basically the way you have written the variable file_name is incorrect.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
WRITE(file_name,fmt='(A2,I0,A4)')'cp',ITN,'.out'
OPEN(UNIT=67, file=file_name, status='new')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Assuming that ITN has been declared as an integer and given a value.

==Q: How can I convert a string to an integer and other types? What about the reverse?==

A: Use an &quot;internal read&quot; or &quot;internal write&quot;. In effect, you use a character variable as the file name and read or write the I/O list. You write things like

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
   read (character_variable, format) list of variables 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
   
to convert a string to another type and

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
   write (character_variable, format) list of variables
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

to convert to a string from another type, as demonstrated by the following program:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
program xconvert_integer_string   
character(20) :: cnum 
integer       :: i 
i = 445 
write(cnum,'(i5)') i 
write(*,'(a)') trim(cnum) ! should output &quot;  445&quot; 
write(cnum,'(i5.5)') i 
write(*,'(a)') trim(cnum) ! should output &quot;00445&quot; 
i = 34 
write(cnum,'(i0)') i 
write(*,'(a)') trim(cnum) ! should output &quot;34&quot; 
end program xconvert_integer_string
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This answer is based on messages in comp.lang.fortran by Paul van Delst and Dick Hendrickson.

==Q. How do I issue a command to the operating system within a Fortran program?==

A. The Fortran 2008 standard provides the &lt;code&gt;execute_command_line&lt;/code&gt; intrinsic procedure to make system calls. Prior versions have no standard way to make system calls, but many compilers have an extension named &quot;system&quot; or something similar. Please consult the documentation of your compiler. In Fortran 2003, one can call C code, and it is possible to call the operating system from C.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ht75n90up86hsi1mtnq11b1waydbxtr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Rhubarb Marmalade</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>106994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443353</id>
      <parentid>4423380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes for fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>4443353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1118" sha1="m8by88v38tjwoimutzubb92j989p9az" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary|category=Rhubarb recipes|time=2 hours +|difficulty=3
}}
{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]] | [[Cookbook:Dessert|Dessert]]
==Ingredients==

* 1 [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]], juiced
* 2 [[Cookbook:Orange|oranges]], juiced
* 4 [[Cookbook:Pound|pounds]] [[Cookbook:Rhubarb|rhubarb]], cut into small pieces
* 1 pound [[Cookbook:Raisin|raisins]]
* 3 pounds [[Cookbook:Sugar|sugar]]

==Procedure==

# Combine the lemon juice, orange juice, and rhubarb.
# [[Cookbook:Chop|Chop]] lemon and orange rind along with raisins; add to rhubarb mixture.
# Mix all and let stand for 30 minutes.
# Add sugar and bring to a [[Cookbook:Boil|boil]], then [[Cookbook:simmer|simmer]] for 1 hour, stirring often.
# When the mixture gets thick, pour into glasses or crock.
# When cool, seal.


[[Category:Inexpensive recipes]]
[[Category:Dessert recipes]]
[[Category:Vegetarian recipes]]
[[Category:Rhubarb recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes for fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Raisin recipes]]
[[Category:Boiled recipes]]
[[Category:Sugar recipes]]
[[Category:Orange recipes]]
[[Category:Lemon recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>m8by88v38tjwoimutzubb92j989p9az</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bengali/Shopping</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443380</id>
      <parentid>3866313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T09:14:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sbb1413</username>
        <id>3208344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Slghtly updated for both Bangladeshi and Indian contexts.</comment>
      <origin>4443380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3075" sha1="4lr18g2a086yip7vcihjlh3sv6yg4xz" xml:space="preserve">These words and phrases are written in the context of Bengali-speaking areas, including Bangladesh and India.

==Places==
* common neighborhood market - বাজার (bajar)
* shopping center/mall - মার্কেট/মল (market/môl)
* shop - দোকান (dokan)
* markets where fish, meat, vegetables and other perishables are sold = কাঁচাবাজার (kãchabajar)
* clothes shop - পোশাকের দোকান (poshaker dokan)
* bookshop - বইয়ের দোকান (boiyer dokan)
* barbershop - সেলুন (selun)
* pharmacy - ওষুধের দোকান/ফার্মেসি (oshudher dokan/farmesi)
* grocery shop - দোকান (dokan)

==Units of Measurement==
* sher (a Bengali measure of weight = 0.933 kg) - সের (sher)
* one-fourth of a seer - পোয়া (poa)
* kilogram - কেজি (keji)
* gram - গ্রাম (gram)
* miligram - মিলিগ্রাম (miligram)
* litre - লিটার (litar)
* cc (cubic centimetre) - সিসি (sisi)
* ounce - আউন্স (auns)
* half - আধা (adha)
* one half kilogram - আধা কেজি (adha keji)
* portion - টুকরা (tukra)
* bottle - বোতল (botol)
* phial/small bottle - শিশি (shishi)
* group of four - হালি (hali)
* dozen - ডজন (dôjon)
* half a dozen - হাফ ডজন (haf dôjon)
* one more - আরও একটা (aro ekta)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) more - আরও এক কেজি (aro ek keji)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram more - আরও &quot;n&quot; কেজি (aro &quot;n&quot; keji)
* one less - একটা কম (ekta kôm)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) less - এক কেজি কম (ek keji kôm)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram less - &quot;n&quot; কেজি কম (&quot;n&quot; keji kôm) 


==Phrases==
* How much? - দাম কত? - dam kôto? (&quot;price how much?&quot;)/ কত পড়বে? - kôto porbe? (&quot;how much fall (idiomatic use of the verb, meaning need)?&quot;) / কত লাগবে? - kôto lagbe? (&quot;how much make contact (idiomatic use of the verbal phrase, meaning need)?&quot;)
* How many takas (Bangladesh)/rupees (India)? - কত টাকা? (kôto taka?)
* How much is this one? - এটার দাম কত? (etar dam kôto?)
* How much is that one? - ওটার দাম কত? (otar dam kôto?)
* Do have anything more/less/bigger/smaller/heavier/lighter/longer/shorter than this one? - এটার চেয়ে বেশি/কম/বড়/ছোট/ভারী/হালকা/লম্বা/খাটো কিছু আছে? (etar cheye beshi/kôm/bôro/chhoto/bhari/halka/lômba/khato kichhu achhe?)
* Do you have change? - আপনার কাছে ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe bhangti achhe?)
* Do you have change for a 500-taka (Bangladesh)/rupee (India) note? - আপনার কাছে ৫০০ টাকার ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe pachsho takar bhangti achhe?)
* I don't have any change. - আমার কাছে কোন ভাংতি নাই। (amar kachhe kono bhangti nai)

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4lr18g2a086yip7vcihjlh3sv6yg4xz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443381</id>
      <parentid>4443380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T09:18:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sbb1413</username>
        <id>3208344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>marking retroflex consonants and nasal vowels.</comment>
      <origin>4443381</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3089" sha1="5qhlpb97zkchybcyl8zfoxulwuwgnve" xml:space="preserve">These words and phrases are written in the context of Bengali-speaking areas, including Bangladesh and India.

==Places==
* common neighborhood market - বাজার (bajar)
* shopping center/mall - মার্কেট/মল (market/môl)
* shop - দোকান (dokan)
* markets where fish, meat, vegetables and other perishables are sold = কাঁচাবাজার (kãchabajar)
* clothes shop - পোশাকের দোকান (poshaker dokan)
* bookshop - বইয়ের দোকান (boiyer dokan)
* barbershop - সেলুন (selun)
* pharmacy - ওষুধের দোকান/ফার্মেসি (oshudher dokan/farmesi)
* grocery shop - দোকান (dokan)

==Units of Measurement==
* sher (a Bengali measure of weight = 0.933 kg) - সের (sher)
* one-fourth of a seer - পোয়া (poa)
* kilogram - কেজি (keji)
* gram - গ্রাম (gram)
* miligram - মিলিগ্রাম (miligram)
* litre - লিটার (litar)
* cc (cubic centimetre) - সিসি (sisi)
* ounce - আউন্স (auns)
* half - আধা (adha)
* one half kilogram - আধা কেজি (adha keji)
* portion - টুকরা (tukra)
* bottle - বোতল (botol)
* phial/small bottle - শিশি (shishi)
* group of four - হালি (hali)
* dozen - ডজন (dôjon)
* half a dozen - হাফ ডজন (haf dôjon)
* one more - আরও একটা (aro ekta)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) more - আরও এক কেজি (aro ek keji)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram more - আরও &quot;n&quot; কেজি (aro &quot;n&quot; keji)
* one less - একটা কম (ekta kôm)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) less - এক কেজি কম (ek keji kôm)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram less - &quot;n&quot; কেজি কম (&quot;n&quot; keji kôm) 


==Phrases==
* How much? - দাম কত? - dam kôto? (&quot;price how much?&quot;)/ কত পড়বে? - kôto porbe? (&quot;how much fall (idiomatic use of the verb, meaning need)?&quot;) / কত লাগবে? - kôto lagbe? (&quot;how much make contact (idiomatic use of the verbal phrase, meaning need)?&quot;)
* How many takas (Bangladesh)/rupees (India)? - কত টাকা? (kôto ṭaka?)
* How much is this one? - এটার দাম কত? (eṭar dam kôto?)
* How much is that one? - ওটার দাম কত? (oṭar dam kôto?)
* Do have anything more/less/bigger/smaller/heavier/lighter/longer/shorter than this one? - এটার চেয়ে বেশি/কম/বড়/ছোট/ভারী/হালকা/লম্বা/খাটো কিছু আছে? (eṭar cheye beshi/kôm/bôṛo/chhoṭo/bhari/halka/lômba/khaṭo kichhu ache?)
* Do you have change? - আপনার কাছে ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe bhangti ache?)
* Do you have change for a 500-taka (Bangladesh)/rupee (India) note? - আপনার কাছে ৫০০ টাকার ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe pãchsho ṭakar bhangti ache?)
* I don't have any change. - আমার কাছে কোন ভাংতি নাই। (amar kachhe kono bhangti nai)

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5qhlpb97zkchybcyl8zfoxulwuwgnve</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443382</id>
      <parentid>4443381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T09:22:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sbb1413</username>
        <id>3208344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Phrases */ relevant pic</comment>
      <origin>4443382</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3244" sha1="od0kowtks67msil25zz3ybz8zfbzqgj" xml:space="preserve">These words and phrases are written in the context of Bengali-speaking areas, including Bangladesh and India.

==Places==
* common neighborhood market - বাজার (bajar)
* shopping center/mall - মার্কেট/মল (market/môl)
* shop - দোকান (dokan)
* markets where fish, meat, vegetables and other perishables are sold = কাঁচাবাজার (kãchabajar)
* clothes shop - পোশাকের দোকান (poshaker dokan)
* bookshop - বইয়ের দোকান (boiyer dokan)
* barbershop - সেলুন (selun)
* pharmacy - ওষুধের দোকান/ফার্মেসি (oshudher dokan/farmesi)
* grocery shop - দোকান (dokan)

==Units of Measurement==
* sher (a Bengali measure of weight = 0.933 kg) - সের (sher)
* one-fourth of a seer - পোয়া (poa)
* kilogram - কেজি (keji)
* gram - গ্রাম (gram)
* miligram - মিলিগ্রাম (miligram)
* litre - লিটার (litar)
* cc (cubic centimetre) - সিসি (sisi)
* ounce - আউন্স (auns)
* half - আধা (adha)
* one half kilogram - আধা কেজি (adha keji)
* portion - টুকরা (tukra)
* bottle - বোতল (botol)
* phial/small bottle - শিশি (shishi)
* group of four - হালি (hali)
* dozen - ডজন (dôjon)
* half a dozen - হাফ ডজন (haf dôjon)
* one more - আরও একটা (aro ekta)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) more - আরও এক কেজি (aro ek keji)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram more - আরও &quot;n&quot; কেজি (aro &quot;n&quot; keji)
* one less - একটা কম (ekta kôm)
* one kilogram (or any other unit) less - এক কেজি কম (ek keji kôm)
* &quot;n&quot; kilogram less - &quot;n&quot; কেজি কম (&quot;n&quot; keji kôm) 


==Phrases==
[[File:Harisha Haat - Aurobindo Sarani - Kolkata 20170621062612.jpg|thumb|Shopping in Kolkata, India - কলকাতায় কেনাকাটা]]
* How much? - দাম কত? - dam kôto? (&quot;price how much?&quot;)/ কত পড়বে? - kôto porbe? (&quot;how much fall (idiomatic use of the verb, meaning need)?&quot;) / কত লাগবে? - kôto lagbe? (&quot;how much make contact (idiomatic use of the verbal phrase, meaning need)?&quot;)
* How many takas (Bangladesh)/rupees (India)? - কত টাকা? (kôto ṭaka?)
* How much is this one? - এটার দাম কত? (eṭar dam kôto?)
* How much is that one? - ওটার দাম কত? (oṭar dam kôto?)
* Do have anything more/less/bigger/smaller/heavier/lighter/longer/shorter than this one? - এটার চেয়ে বেশি/কম/বড়/ছোট/ভারী/হালকা/লম্বা/খাটো কিছু আছে? (eṭar cheye beshi/kôm/bôṛo/chhoṭo/bhari/halka/lômba/khaṭo kichhu ache?)
* Do you have change? - আপনার কাছে ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe bhangti ache?)
* Do you have change for a 500-taka (Bangladesh)/rupee (India) note? - আপনার কাছে ৫০০ টাকার ভাংতি আছে? (apnar kachhe pãchsho ṭakar bhangti ache?)
* I don't have any change. - আমার কাছে কোন ভাংতি নাই। (amar kachhe kono bhangti nai)

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>od0kowtks67msil25zz3ybz8zfbzqgj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Using Wikibooks/How To Edit A Wikibook</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>132230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443333</id>
      <parentid>4051974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T01:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2603:7081:13F0:94C0:8196:2146:9CCB:6C0D</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>I don't understand why that said &quot;nevertheless&quot; when it doesn't contradict the above statement. People don't *just edit themselves* *in spite* of *wanting to just edit it themselves.*</comment>
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      <text bytes="16400" sha1="lacxwcunpb9pkl0netn83l4fvs9qzj7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Using Wikibooks/Page}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== [[Editing Wikitext]] ==

We have an entire book about Wikitext editing which covers all bases, not just those that are used here at Wikibooks. Check out '''[[Editing Wikitext]]''' for more information about how to edit existing pages and create beautiful new ones.
(For a quick overview, see the [[../Wiki-Markup/]] section later in this book).

'''Why you should edit...'''

People decide to edit Wikibooks for many different reasons, so it's tricky to try to understand why. 

Some people, while reading, find a grammar error and it annoys them; they see it and they want it to be fixed, instead of waiting for somebody else to do it. 

'''It's faster and easier to just edit the page and do it yourself.''' 

Some people really want to share the things that they know and help other students to learn for free versus buying textbooks on the web. 

Some people edit because they are bored and want a constructive hobby. 

Some people edit because their teachers are grading them! 

There are even those whose job it is to create Wikis for their companies and this forces them to take a harder look at Wikis and through this they easily spot errors and feel inclined to correct them.

There are many reasons why people might edit, but the reasons don't really matter in the end. The important thing is that you are participating in the Wikibooks project, and that you have taken the first step to joining the Wikibooks community.

== How to Edit ==

Almost all pages have a link at the top that says &quot;edit this page&quot;. Click that link and it will take you to a page where you can edit and save the text of the page. We say &quot;almost all&quot; because some pages can be protected against being edited, for a variety of reasons. If a page has been protected, the &quot;edit this page&quot; link will be replaced with a &quot;view source&quot; link. You can view the source code of the text to see how it is written, but you cannot save any changes on protected pages.

When you edit a page, a text box will be displayed with the current text of the page already loaded in it. You can change or add things to the page, and when you are done, you can save it.

Clicking the {{key|name=Preview page|Preview page}} button will show you a preview of the new page at the top, and will provide you with the edit window at the bottom. No changes will be saved if you preview.

Clicking the {{key|name=Save page|Save page}} button will save your changes, and display them on the page for anybody who reads it. 

If you have just made a small edit, click the check box that says &quot;This is a minor edit&quot;. This will record the edit as being a minor edit, and not one that other editors need to inspect carefully.

=== Edit Summaries ===

The text box called &quot;Summary&quot; gives you an opportunity to explain what you did and why you did it. You do not need to write a summary, but it is considered good practice. If you just make a small edit, such as a spelling or grammar edit, you can write simply &quot;copyedit&quot; or &quot;grammar&quot; or &quot;spelling&quot;. This is good enough. If you make a larger or more substantial edit try to write, briefly, what you did and why. That will help to keep other proof-readers on task when they come to check your work for errors.

When other readers and editors look at the page's history, they will only see your edit summary. This means that if a person wants to see how a page has changed, they can either read the edit summaries (if they are provided) or else they have to scan the page line-by-line looking for changes. 

Plus, an edit summary is a good way to tell whether a person is a vandal, or if they are simply a new user who may be a little confused about policy. Writing an edit summary such as &quot;I tried to fix something, but I dont know if i did it right&quot;, or even &quot;I need help!&quot; is likely to indicate that you are not a vandal, and it will also attract help from users who are watching the recent changes list.

=== Keeping Track of Edits ===

There are a variety of ways that you can keep track of edits on Wikibooks. You can keep track of your own edits, edits to a particular page, and edits made by the entire community. We will discuss those things now.

=== Recent Changes ===

All the changes made by all Wikibooks editors on all pages are listed on the [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes List]]. You can reach this list by clicking on the &quot;Recent Changes&quot; link in the &quot;navigation&quot; box on the left side of the screen. Here, you will see the changes made, in reverse chronological order, with the most recent change at the top of the list. Each change will contain the title of the page edited, the name of the user (or the IP address of the person, if they are not logged in), and various other data. Some of the other data that might be included are:

;M or N:M means the edit was a minor edit. N means the edit is the first one on that page, and that the page is new.
;(+123): In parenthesis will be the number of characters have been added to or removed from the page.  If the number is small, it was likely a small edit. If the number is large, it was a major change.
;Edit Summary: The edit summary, if the person wrote one before they saved the page. Sometimes, if the person did not write a summary, an automatic one will be generated by the software.

=== My Watchlist ===

If you have an account, and if you are logged in, you have access to a personal watchlist. Your watchlist is a list of pages that you want to keep track of. When you view your watchlist, by clicking the &quot;my watchlist&quot; link at the top of the page or by going to [[Special:Watchlist]], you will see a listing of all the recent changes to the pages on your watchlist. These changes will be displayed in the same way as the edits on the recent changes list are displayed.

(If you don't have an account yet, see [[../Setting Up A User Account/]]).

There are a few ways to add a page to your watchlist. When you edit a page, there is a checkbox to &quot;Watch this page&quot;. Checking that box adds the page to your watchlist. A second way is to click the &quot;Watch&quot; tab at the top of the page. A more advanced way is to go to the list at [[Special:Watchlist/raw]], and add pages. In the raw watchlist view, you may add one page title per line, and as many pages as you want at once. However, keep in mind that spelling and capitalization count!

The Watchlist has a special feature: '''it only shows the most recent edit to each page''', not every individual edit. That means if there have been 10 edits to a page since you last checked it, your watch list will only show the most recent edit, not all 10 of them.

The '''Watchlist''' tab in [[Special:Preferences|My Preferences]] contains a number of options concerning the use of your watchlist. You can set options to automatically watch pages that you edit, or pages that you create. This can be very helpful if you are creating a new book, and want to automatically add pages to your watch list as you create them.

=== History Pages ===

Every page has an associated history page. To get to the history page, click the &quot;history&quot; tab at the top. The history tab is to the left of the &quot;edit this page&quot; link. 

The history pages allow you to keep track of how a page changes over time. The history page shows the same information that the recent changes list and the watchlist show.

The history page also lets you view old versions of a page. In the history page, click the links to the different versions to see what the page used to look like.

=== RSS and ATOM Feeds ===

The recent changes list, both to the whole Wikibooks site and to the history pages are available as RSS and ATOM feeds. Users who have RSS or ATOM aggregators may find this functionality useful.

There currently are no RSS or ATOM feeds for your personal watchlist, however. This is a known issue, and is one of the features most frequently requested from the software developers.

=== Live Edit Feed ===

Users who are familiar with IRC may be interested in watching the real-time edit feed at irc://irc.wikimedia.org/#en.wikibooks. This feed shows, in real-time, all the edits and changes that are made, as they happen. This includes all the information that appears in the recent changes list, but is constantly updated.

In addition to the live feed, several members of the wikibooks community operate various patrol bots. These bots monitor the live feed looking for suspicious edits. These bots then report suspicious edits in irc://irc.freenode.net/#vandalism-en-wb. Users who are interested in becoming active vandal fighters tend to enjoy the irc interface.

=== Watching All Pages in a Book ===

It is a common request for new authors to want to watch all pages in a given book. For some of our more prolific authors, they want to watch all pages in several books! There are several ways to accomplish this:
#Add all pages in the book to your watchlist. If you are creating a new book, go to [[Special:Preferences]] and check the box &quot;Add pages I create to my watchlist&quot;. This will automatically add all the new pages in your book to your watchlist (but will not add pages other people create, automatically). If the book is an existing book, or if other people are working on it too, you might also want to check the box &quot;Add pages I edit to my watchlist&quot;. This will automatically add pages that you edit to your watchlist. With all the pages on your watchlist, you can go to [[Special:Watchlist]] to see changes to those pages.
#Go to [[Special:RecentChangesLinked]] and type in the name of your book. If you add a forward-slash and the name of your book, you can create a direct link to this list. For example:
#* [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Algebra]]
#* [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikibooks:Reading room]]

== Diffs ==

A &quot;diff&quot; is a special feature that can show you the difference between two versions of a single page. When you view a diff, the changes will be displayed at the top of the page, and the page content will be displayed below. 

On the recent changes and watchlist pages, there will be a link next to each edit that says &quot;(diff)&quot;. Clicking this link will show you the diff for that edit, showing you what changes have been made to the page. If you see an edit in the recent changes or the watch list that seems suspicious, look at the diff and make sure the edit is a good one.

In the history page, you are given more options. You can use the diff feature to compare any two page versions, not just the most recent edit. In the history page, select the radio buttons for the edits you want to compare and click the button {{key|name=Compare revisions|Compare Revisions}}.

If you are editing the pages, and you want to see the diff for your edit before you save it, you can click the {{key|name=Show changes}}. This will display the diff for the page that you can examine before you save.

== Copyediting ==

One of the most valuable types of contributions are random copyedits to pages that contain errors. These edits can be short and quick, enabling editors to perform many such edits over a wide variety of pages in a short period of time.

Copyeditors all have different strategies. One way to go about it is to use [[Special:Randompage]] to travel to random pages across the wiki. This will expose the copyeditor to a large variety of different subjects and styles. However, since each book has its own style guidelines (many of which are implicit, not explicit), it is typically better for many copyeditors to use the &quot;Random Book&quot; function (on the left side of the screen, in the &quot;navigation&quot; box). This function will take the reader to the main page of a random book. From there, the copyeditor can traverse all the pages of the book, making sure that style guidelines, templates, and navigational tools are implemented in a common way.

== Adding Pages ==
{{Sectstub}}
These notes will explain how to add pages to a wikibook, and how to reference these pages from within the wikibook.

== Moving and Renaming Pages ==

Moving and renaming pages is a surprisingly common task. What is more surprising to many new users is how easy it is to do. Moving a page is as simple as clicking the &quot;Move&quot; tab at the top of the page. This will take you to the move-screen, where you are given the opportunity to specify the new name for the page and a short explanation for why it needs to be moved. 

A common mistake is to try and move the page to the complete URL of the page. For instance if you had a page named &quot;example&quot; and you wanted it moved into the book called &quot;My Book&quot;, you would move the page to &quot;My Book/example&quot;, not &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/My_Book/example&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 

A typical example of when a page needs to be moved is when a new user creates a new page in the wrong location. All pages should either be the first page of a new book, or they should be sub-pages of an existing book. Also, all book pages should follow the proper [[WB:NP|naming convention]]. 

For more tips on ''why'' and ''when'' to rename a page, see [[../How To Structure A Wikibook/]].

=== Moving a Page into a Book ===

Moving a page into an existing book is an easy task. Click the &quot;move&quot; tab, and then enter the bookname, a forward slash, and then the page name, as such:

 BOOKNAME/PAGENAME

In the description box, say something simple such as &quot;moving to a book&quot;, and then click the {{key|name=Move page}} button.

=== Fixing the Naming Convention ===

Often times a new page will be created at &quot;BOOKNAME PAGENAME&quot;, or &quot;BOOKNAME:PAGENAME&quot;, or some other similar location that doesn't follow the proper [[Wikibooks:Naming_policy|naming convention]]. Fixing this is easy enough, all that needs to be done is the page renamed to &quot;BOOKNAME/PAGENAME&quot;, with a forward slash between the book name and the page name, instead of a colon, space, dash, or other separator. 

As a description, if you simply enter the term &quot;nc&quot;, which is short for &quot;naming convention&quot;, all other wikibooks editors will know what you did and why.

== &quot;Tagging&quot; ==

Throughout the rest of this book we're going to use the word &quot;tagging&quot; a lot. Wikibooks has a number of pre-defined templates that can be used to alert other editors and readers about good and bad things on a page. To use a template, put two curly brackets on either side &lt;nowiki&gt;{{like this}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. That will include the text of the template at this point in the page.

Wikibooks has a number of templates that can be used on books and pages to indicate the quality of the book. To &quot;tag a page&quot; is to add an appropriate template or templates to the page so other people are aware of the same stuff you are. Some tags are good, such as those that mark new or rapidly-growing books. Some are less positive, marking books that need cleanup or expansion. Some are downright bad, like those marking a page for deletion. Here is a list of tags and what they are used for:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Task !! Related templates
|-
| Page nominated for '''RFD''' || {{tlx|rfd}}
|-
| Page to be '''speedy deleted''' || {{tlx|Delete}} {{tlx|Impending Doom}}
|-
| Page '''NPOV''' Violation || {{tlx|npov}}  {{tlx|Disputed}}
|-
| Page is a '''copyvio''' || {{tlx|copyvio}} {{tlx|Unreferenced}}
|-
| Page needs general '''cleanup''' || {{tlx|Cleanup}} {{tlx|Attention}}
|-
| Book follows wrong '''naming convention''' || {{tlx|Cleanup-nc}} 
|-
| Book might be '''created in error''' || {{tlx|qr-em}}
|-
| Book is a stub and needs to be '''expanded''' || {{tlx|Stub}} {{tlx|Expand}} {{tlx|Redlinks}}
|-
| Book needs to be '''merged''' || {{tlx|Merge}} {{tlx|mergeto}} {{tlx|mergefrom}} 
|-
| A page that isn't in a book needs to be moved into a book. || {{tlx|Rename}}
|-
| Book needs to be '''moved or renamed''' || {{tlx|Move}} {{tlx|moveto}} {{tlx|Transwiki}}
|-
| Book needs to be '''split into subbooks''' || {{tlx|Split}}
|-
| Book needs to be '''split into subpages''' || {{tlx|Subpages}}
|-
| Book is not '''categorized''' || {{tlx|Uncategorized}}
|-
| Page is a '''duplicate''' || {{tlx|qr-dup}}
|-
| Book needs more '''images''' or better '''formatting''' || {{tlx|Images}} {{tlx|Formatting}}
|-
| Book looks like it's being written by a '''class or group''' || {{tlx|Looks Like A Class}}
|}

[[../Advanced Techniques/]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Policy and Guidelines|Wiki-Markup|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
[[pt:Usando o Wikilivros/Como editar um wikilivro]]</text>
      <sha1>lacxwcunpb9pkl0netn83l4fvs9qzj7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Writing Adolescent Fiction/Character names/Boys</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>136980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443309</id>
      <parentid>4442508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T16:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2603:8083:9900:11:5E83:3F58:B28B:79E0</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13476" sha1="fcedoyxtjvrhq0rvmefnt875yxgijn5" xml:space="preserve">==Organization note==
This list of general boys' names is divided into three tiers. In the first tier are the top 236 names among boys of high school age in the past few decades. In the second tier are other names you might run into more than once in your lifetime. Unusual names go into the third tier. Before adding a name, please check all three tiers to make sure it is not already on the list. If the name you are adding is an uncommon ethnic name, you might consider adding it to one of the other lists at [[Writing_Adolescent_Fiction/Character_names|Character names]] instead. 

#Aaron
#Abdul
#Adam
#Amden
#Adrian/Adrien
#Aidan/Aiden
#Ajay
#Alan/Allan/Allen
#Alessandro
#Alexander/Alex/Sandy/Alec
#Ali
#Andre
#Andrew/Andy/Drew
#Angel
#Angelo
#Arjun
#Arthur/Art
#Axel
#Ash
#Ashton
#Ashley
#Barrett
#Bernard/Barry
#Beau/Bo
#Benjamin/Ben/Benji
#Blake
#Brad/Bradley
#Brandon
#Brendan
#Brent
#Brett/Bret
#Brian/Bryan
#Bruce
#Bryce
#Byron
#Caleb
#Cameron
#Carlos
#Carlton
#Carson
#Casey
#Chad
#Charles/Charlie/Chuck
#Chase
#Christian/Chris
#Christopher/Chris/Kris/Topher/Kit
#Clayton/Clay
#Clifford/Cliff
#Cody
#Cole
#Colin
#Colton
#Connor
#Corey/Cory
#Craig
#Curtis/Kurt
#Cyrus
#Dakota
#Dale
#Damian/Damien/Damion
#Daniel/Dan/Danny
#Darren
#Darryl
#Darnell
#David/Dave/Davy
#Davis
#Dean
#Dennis
#Derek
#Desmond
#Devon/Devin
#Diego
#Dick
#Dominic/Dom
#Donald/Don/Donnie
#Douglas/Doug
#Duane/Dwayne
#Dustin
#Dylan
#Edward/Ed
#Eli
#Elijah
#Eric/Erik/Erick
#Ethan
#Eugene/Gene
#Evan
#Fabio
#Felipe
#Felix
#Frank/Frankie
#Fraser
#Gabriel/Gabe
#Garrett/Garret
#Gary
#Gavin
#George
#Glenn
#Gerik
#Gordon/Gordie/Gord
#Graham
#Grant
#Ghosty
#Gregory/Greg
#Hans
#Harold/Harry/Hal
#Henry/Harry/Hank
#Howard/Howie
#Hunter
#Ian
#Isaac
#Isa
#Isaiah
#Jackson/Jaxon/Jaxson/Jax
#Jacob/Jakob/Jake
#Jaime /Jamie
#Jamal
#James/Jim/Jem
#Jared
#Jason/Jay/Jase
#Jay
#Jeffrey/Geoffrey/Jeff
#Jeremy/Jerry
#Jerome
#Jesse
#Jesús
#Joel
#Joey
#John/Jack
#Jonathan/Jonathon/Jon
#Jordan/Jordy
#Jorge
#Jane
#Janice
#Janiqua
#Janiquea
#Janique
#Jallinson
#Jose
#Joseph/Joe/Joey
#Joshua/Josh
#Juan
#Julio
#Justin
#Karl/Carl
#Kai
#Keith
#Kelan
#Kenneth/Ken/Kenny
#Kero
#Kevin/Keven
#Kurt
#Kyle
#Lance
#Lawrence/Larry
#Lee
#Leonard/Len
#Leonardo/Leo
#Logan
#Louis/Lewis/Lou
#Lucas/Luke
#Luis
#Liam
#Malcolm
#Marchie
#Manuel/Manny
#Marc/Mark/Marcus/Markus
#Marco
#Martin/Marty
#Matthew/Matt
#Max/Maxwell
#Michael/Mike
#Miguel
#Miles
#Mitchell/Mitch
#Nathan/Nate
#Nathaniel/Nat
#Neil
#Nicholas/Nick/Nicky
#Noah
#Narchie
#Noor
#Omar
#Owen
#Oliver
#Oogie
#Patrick/Pat
#Paul
#Pedro
#Peter/Pete
#Pietro
#Philip/Phillip/Phil
#Pranav
#Rafael/Raphael
#Ramón
#Randall/Randy
#Raymond/Ray
#Reed/Reid
#Ricardo
#Richard/Rick/Rich/Ritchie/Ricky
#Robert/Rob/Bob
#Roberto
#Roy
#Russell/Russ/Rusty
#Ryan/Ry
#Samuel/Sam
#Scott
#Sean/Shawn/Shaun
#Seth
#Shane
#Simon
#Spencer
#Stanley/Stan
#Stephen/Steven/Stephan/Steve
#Taylor
#Terry/Terrence
#Theodore/Ted
#Thomas/Tom/Thom
#Timothy/Tim
#Tobias/Toby
#Todd
#Tony/Anthony/Antonio
#Tommy
#Travis/Trav
#Trent
#Trevor/Trev
#Trey
#Tristan
#Troy
#Tyler/Ty
#Tyrone/Ty
#Victor/Viktor
#Vincent/Vince
#Wayne
#Wesley/Wes
#William/Will
#Xavier
#Zachary/Zach/Zac/Zack
#Zavier
#Zander
#Zedrick

==Other  Names==
#Charlie
#Dexter
#Aaron
#Adan
#Adel
#Adonis
#Ahmad
#Ahmed
#Alain
#Albert/Al
#Alberto/Al
#Alex
#Alfonso/Al
#Alfred/Al
#Alfredo/Al
#Alistaire/Alistair
#Alvin
#Amin/Ameen
#Amir/Aamir
#Amyas
#Anand
#Andreas/Andy
#Andres
#Anselm
#Antoine/Antwan
#Anton
#Ari
#Armando
#Arnold/Arnie
#Ash
#Ashton
#Aurelio
#Alfrado
#Austin
#Avery
#Axel/Axl
#Balthassar
#Bartholomew/Bart
#Basheer
#Benito
#Bennett
#Bilal
#Baily/Baileigh
#Bailey
#Bjorn
#Blade
#Blaine
#Blair
#Boyce
#Boyd
#Bradford/Brad
#Brady
#Bram
#Brant
#Brantley
#Brendon
#Brennan/Brennon
#Brenton
#Brick
#Brock
#Broderick/Brodie
#Bronson
#Brook
#Bruno
#Caden/Kaiden
#Calvin/Cal
#Camilo
#Calob/Caleb
#Carlo
#Carey/Carry
#Carter
#Cassius
#Cedric
#Cesar
#Chance
#Chandler
#Chester/Chet
#Clarence
#Clark
#Claude
#Clem
#Cletus/Clete
#Cleve/Cleveland
#Clifton/Cliff
#Clinton/Clint
#Clive
#Colby
#Conrad/Konrad
#Constantine/Gus
#Cosmo
#Cristian
#Curly
#Dallas
#Damon
#Dane
#Dante
#Darby
#Darcy
#Dario
#Darius
#Davis
#Dawson
#Deandre
#DeAngelo
#DeJuan
#Del
#Demetri/Demetrius
#Denzel
#Dev
#Dewey
#DeWitt
#Dexter
#Dion/Deon
#Dirk
#Donnell/Don
#Donovan/Donavin/Don
#Donte
#Doyle
#Duncan
#Dusty
#Dwight
#Earl
#Edgar
#Eduardo
#Edwin
#Elias
#Elliott
#Ellis
#Elroy
#Elton
#Elvis
#Emery/Emory
#Emil
#Emilio
#Emmett
#Enrico/Rick
#Enrique
#Enzo
#Ernest/Ernie
#Esteban
#Ezra
#Fabio
#Faruq/Farouq
#Fernando
#Ferris
#Filippo
#Finn
#Flint
#Floyd
#Forrest
#Francisco/Chico
#Franco
#Franklin
#Frederick/Fred
#Fritz
#Gabriel
#Gage
#Galen
#Gareth
#Garth
#Genaro/Gennaro
#Gerald/Jerry
#Geraldo
#Gilbert/Gil
#Gilberto/Gil
#Giles/Gilles
#Gino
#Giorgio
#Giovanni
#Giuseppe/Joey
#Grayson/Greyson
#Gus/Augustine
#Guy
#Hakeem
#Halim
#Hamish
#Hamzah
#Harlan
#Harry
#Harrison
#Harvey
#Hassan
#Hayden
#Heath
#Hector
#Helias
#Hendrick/Hendrik
#Herbert/Herb/Herbie
#Hercules/Herc
#Herman
#Homer
#Houston
#Howell/Howie
#Hudson
#Hugh/Huey
#Hugo
#Hussein/Husain
#Ike
#Ilham
#Imani
#Immanuel/Emanuel/Emmanuel/Manny
#Ira
#Irwin
#Ivan
#Jabbar/Jabar
#Jace
#Jack
#Jacques
#Jafar
#Jake
#Jaleel/Jalil
#Jamaal
#Jamar
#Jamison                                                                                                                                         
#Jamel
#Jamil
#Jan
#Jaron
#Jasper
#Javier
#Javon/Jayvaughn
#Jayden/Jaden
#Jean-Luc
#Jean-Paul
#Jeb/Jebediah
#Jed/Jedediah
#Jeremiah/Jerry
#Jermaine
#Jess
#Jet/Jett
#Jethro
#Joaquin
#Joel
#John Paul
#Jonah
#Jonas
#Judd/Jude
#Julian
#Kaden
#Kai
#Kaleel/Kalil
#Kami
#Kareem
#Kaseem/Kasim
#Kaspar/Kasper
#Keegan
#Keenan
#Kelly
#Kelvin
#Kendall
#Kendrick
#Kennan/Kennon
#Kent
#Khalil
#Kiley
#Kim
#Kimo
#Kirby
#Kirk
#Krishna
#Kwame
#Kweisi
#Kya
#Laine/Lane/Layne
#Lamar
#Lamont
#Lane
#LaRon
#Lars
#Lateef
#Leandro
#Leland
#Leon
#Leroy
#Leslie
#Lester/Les
#Levi
#Liam
#Lincoln
#Lloyd
#Lon/Lonnie
#London
#Lorenzo
#Luca/Luka
#Lucius
#Lyle
#Lyman
#Lyndon
#Mackenzie
#Mahmoud
#Malik
#Mansoor/Mansur
#Marcos
#Mario
#Marquis
#Marshall
#Marvin
#Mason
#Masoud
#Mateo
#Matteo
#Mattheo/Matheo
#Maurice/Morris
#Maximillian/Max
#Mehdi
#Melvin/Mel
#Micah
#Milo
#Mohammed
#Monte/Monty
#Morgan
#Ned
#Nelson
#Nestor
#Neville
#Nico
#Nicola
#Nicolai
#Nigel
#Nikolaus
#Nils/Niels
#Nino
#Noe
#Norman/Norm
#Odin
#Oliver
#Orion
#Orlando
#Oscar
#Pablo
#Palmer
#Paolo
#Paris
#Parker
#Payne
#Percy
#Perry
#Philippe
#Pierce
#Pierre
#Prescott
#Preston/Pres
#Quentin
#Quinton/Quint
#Rafiq
#Raheem/Rahim
#Rajeev/Rajiv
#Raley
#Ralph
#Ramiro
#Randolph
#Rashad/Rashaad
#Rashid/Rasheed
#Raul
#Ravi
#Raymi
#Reagan
#Reese/Reece
#Reginald/Rex/Reggie
#Rembrandt
#Remington
#René
#Riley/Reilly
#Robin
#Rock
#Rocky
#Rodney/Rod
#Roger
#Roland
#Rolando
#Rolly 
#Roman
#Romeo
#Ronald/Ron
#Rory
#Roscoe
#Ross
#Royce
#Ruben/Reuben
#Rudolph/Rudolf/Rudy
#Salvador/Sal
#Sameer/Samir
#Sancho
#Sanjay
#Santiago
#Saul
#Sawyer
#Sebastian/Sebi
#Sergio
#Shad
#Shannon
#Shareef/Sharif
#Shea
#Sheldon
#Sherman/Sherm
#Shervin
#Sidney/Sydney/Sid
#Silas
#Sky
#Slade
#Smash
#Socrates
#Solomon
#Stefano/Stephano
#Stone
#Storm
#Stuart/Stewart
#Sulaiman
#Sven
#Tahj
#Tal
#Tanner
#Tariq
#Tate
#Tawfiq
#Telly
#Teo
#Terrell
#Thaddeus/Tad
#Trace
#Tracy
#Trenton/Trent
#Tucker/Tuck
#Tully
#Turner
#Tyson/Ty
#Van
#Vance
#Vernon/Vern
#Vikram
#Virgil
#Wade
#Walker
#Walter/Walt
#Ward
#Warren
#Webster
#Wendell
#Weston/Wes
#William/Will
#Whitney/Whit
#Wilfredo
#Wyatt
#Xavier
#Zachariah/Zach
#Zane
#Zeke
#Zephyr

==Unusual names==
#Abbott
#Abednego
#Abelard
#Abiel
#Ack
#Acton
#Adalbert
#Addison
#Adelard
#Adiel
#Adley
#Adlin
#Adriel
#Adrin
#Agrippa
#Ahab
#Ainsley
#Ajax
#Alaska
#Alden
#Alder
#Aldo
#Aldon
#Aldous
#Alfie
#Algernon
#Alick
#Aloysius
#Alphonse
#Alston
#Alton
#Alvery
#Alvis
#Ammon
#Andreus
#Andri
#Andrue
#Ansel
#Arcadio
#Arec
#Aren
#Argus
#Armand
#Arundel
#Asa
#Ashby
#Ashleigh
#Ashon
#Audie
#Audiffredy
#Aurelian
#Auran
#Authen
#Avalon
#Ayman
#Bailey
#Bainbridge
#Baljeet
#Bane
#Banner
#Barney
#Baron
#Barrett
#Barrington
#Barrow
#Bartholomew
#Baryt
#Beauregarde
#Beavis
#Beckam/Beck
#Beckham/Beck
#Beckett
#Belnar
#Belvin
#Benson
#Bentley
#Benton
#Benz
#Benzer
#Bertan
#Bertram
#Bink
#Birney
#Birtle
#Bishop
#Bix
#Blain
#Boaz
#Bohden
#Bon
#Booker
#Boston
#Bosworth
#Brainard
#Bramm
#Brayden
#Breaden
#Brecken
#Brenner
#Brentland
#Briar
#Brij
#Broden
#Brodin
#Bronce
#Brooks
#Brutus
#Bryson
#Bud
#Buford
#Bunker
#Burl
#Burton
#Buxton
#Cabell
#Caesar
#Cage
#Cairo
#Caldwell
#Calhoun
#Camden
#Camdon
#Canaan
#Canberra
#Canen
#Cannon
#Carldrick
#Carlisle
#Carys
#Case
#Cass
#Cassiel
#Cater
#Cathal
#Cavanough
#Cayd
#Cepheus
#Chadoe
#Chadwick
#Chancellor
#Chanton
#Chapman
#Charlen
#Charleston
#Chasen
#Chaylor
#Chirag
#Christopherus
#Cicero
#Cirq
#Cisco
#Claiborne
#Clarus
#Claudian
#Cleisthenes
#Cleon
#Climacus
#Clitus
#Clovis
#Colorado
#Concordius
#Connon
#Conlan
#Contardo
#Conway
#Conwell
#Cooper
#Cord
#Cordell
#Cordova
#Cork
#Cornell
#Cosby
#Cosmos
#Courtland
#Courtney
#Covert
#Crispus
#Crittenden
#Critty
#Cupid
#Cuthbert
#Cyle
#Dabney
#Dagget
#Dagwood
#Dameon
#Dana
#Danion
#Dardanos
#Daris
#Darragh
#Dartagnan
#Darwin
#Dash
#David
#Davidson
#Davin
#Davith
#Dax
#Daxton
#Dayton
#Dayv
#Dedrick
#Deion
#Delbert
#Delmer
#Demon
#Dennerio
#Dentury
#Denuel
#Denver
#Derry
#Desi
#Desiderius
#Destin
#Digby
#Digger
#Dijon
#Dilbert
#Dillard
#Dionysius
#Dodo
#Donato
#Donking
#Dorian
#Dossie
#Dotson
#Draco
#Drai
#Drogo
#Dru
#Duriel
#Duwayne
#Eason
#Easton
#Eaton
#Edwin
#Elbert
#Eldon
#Eldred
#Eleazar
#Eliezer
#Elmer
#Elmo
#Elsdon
#Elvin
#Elwood
#Emerson
#Engelbert
#Englebert
#Ennis
#Erza
#Ephan
#Eros
#Errol
#Erroll
#Ervin
#Erwan
#Eustace
#Ezekiel
#Farley
#Faron
#Favian
#Ferdinand
#Filbert
#Fisher
#Fitch
#Flame
#Foster
#Fox
#Freeman
#Friday
#Frost
#Fructosius
#Galloway
#Gamaliel
#Garfield
#Garland
#Garlon
#Garnett
#Garrick
#Garroth
#Gatlin
#Gaylord
#Gehrig
#Godfrey
#Grady
#Granite
#Gray
#Grey
#Greydon
#Griswold
#Grover
#Guy Edward
#Hadley
#Haight
#Halston
#Ham
#Han
#Harlen
#Harris
#Hart
#Hartley
#Hawke
#Hayes
#Haynes
#Hayson
#Hayward
#Heathcliff
#Henner
#Herberth
#Herwick
#Heyward
#Heywood
#Hobart
#Holden
#Hollis
#Horton
#Hospatio
#Huett
#Humphrey
#Humps
#Huntley
#Hurricane
#Huxley
#Hyland
#Icarus
#Ichabod
#Iggy
#Innocent
#Iowa
#Irelan
#Irvin
#Ishmael
#Iziah
#Iziah Edouard
#Jabin
#Jacari
#Jack Ross
#Jagger
#Jaime Ali
#Jaimie
#Jamar
#Jameson
#Jamyron
#Japheth
#Jarek
#Jarvis
#Jaspiern
#Javert
#Jaxton
#Jaxxon
#Jaymes
#Jay Paul
#Jayceon
#Jayson
#Jaython
#Jayvion
#Jaz
#Jeacock
#Jeff Anthony
#Jem
#Jensen
#Jericho
#Jersey
#Jeumol
#Joacin
#Joad
#Joby
#Jodocus
#Johano
#Johnathan
#John John
#John Lee
#John Cena
#Johnson
#Jomario
#Jonatan
#Jon Marc
#Joseph Ryan
#Joshuah
#Judah 
#Judas
#Jude
#Juston
#Justus
#Kade
#Kairo
#Kaiser
#Kalin
#Kansy
#Kase
#Kaymon
#Kazel
#Kedric
#Kedrick
#Kehre
#Keifer
#Kel
#Kelan
#Kelton
#Kennesaw
#Kenton
#Kid
#Kidd
#Kiefer
#Kiev
#Killian
#Kilroy
#King
#Kipland
#Kipling
#Kirkland
#Kirklin
#Knox
#Kole
#Kyrin
#Kyron
#Langley
#Lanny
#Lap
#Laramie
#Lawson
#Lazarus
#LeBaron
#Lee Roy
#Legend
#Leopold
#Leviticus
#Lex
#Link
#Linwood
#Lithium
#Livan
#Logan James
#Loren
#Lorin
#Lorne
#Lover
#Lowell
#Lucian
#Luck
#Ludis
#Lunden
#Lydel
#Lymphoid
#Lyndsey
#Mackay
#Manassas
#Maneill
#Manfred
#Manley
#Marcian
#Marlon
#Marlowe
#Mathan
#Matthews
#Matwain
#Maxton
#Maynard
#McKinley
#McScott
#Mecole
#Mei
#Melanchthon
#Melchizedek
#Melville
#Merle
#Merlin
#Merritt
#Merton
#Merv
#Mervin
#Merwyn
#Meshach
#Micahel
#Michael James
#Migh
#Mikal
#Milford
#Milhouse
#Millard
#Mize
#Monroe
#Montana
#Moore
#Morley
#Morton
#Murgatroyd
#Myron
#Nahum
#Napoleon
#Narcissus
#Nash
#Newt
#Newton
#Nicephorus
#Nicodemus
#Nikolao
#Nimrod
#Noah Bryce
#Nobert
#Nobie
#Norris
#Norton
#Norval
#Norville
#Numps
#Oder
#Odor
#Omar Jesús
#O’Mead
#Omer
#Omni
#Ontario
#Onyx
#Orson
#Orwell
#Othniel
#Painter
#Paras
#Parrish
#Parrott
#Parth
#Patrick Henry
#Patton/Pat
#Paxton
#Pearson
#Pickford
#Poindexter
#Pollard
#Polyeuctus
#Porter
#Prabhdev
#Primus
#Prince
#Princeton
#Proctor
#Quaterius
#Quincy
#Quinlan
#Quinn
#Quintin
#Quirt
#Raleigh
#Raynell
#Reamer
#Red
#Redrick
#Reef
#Reen
#Reginel
#Relix
#Renton
#Rexford
#Reyes
#Rezon
#Rhett
#Richmond
#Ridge
#Ridley
#Rigden
#Roark
#Robert Jay
#Rocket
#Roderick
#Roe
#Rollin
#Roosevelt
#Roper
#Roxbury
#Rulon
#Rulx
#Rush
#Russet
#Rusty James
#Rutherford
#Ryal
#Ryder
#Rylan
#Ryland
#Sage
#Salathiel
#Salem
#San Juan
#Satchel
#Savikar
#Sefton
#Senna
#Seymour
#Shade
#Shale
#Shandon
#Shavar
#Sheaffer
#Sherlock
#Shitrai
#Sisko
#Slate
#Slyder
#Sonji
#Speed
#Spicer
#Spike
#Stacius
#Stacy
#Standish
#Stanford
#Stanislas
#Stanton
#Starling
#Steehl
#Stenson
#Stephon
#Sterling
#Stetson
#Stevan
#Stevenson
#Steward
#Strom
#Stupen
#Swithin
#Symmachus
#Tabio
#Talbot
#Talmadge
#Taurus
#Tenley
#Tenner
#Terry Allen
#Texas
#Thaxton
#Thorne
#Thurman
#Turdd
#Till
#Tilly Willy
#Timaeus/Timeus
#Timmothy
#Tince
#Tirqueon
#Tirrell
#Tisign
#Tomen
#Tor
#Torey
#Torrance
#Tragedy
#Tramone
#Trask
#Travell
#Traver
#Travien
#Tree
#Tremaine
#Tristan Kyle
#Tristran
#Tryce
#Tustin
#Ty Kurt
#Tyler Frank
#Tyray
#Tyrus
#Ulysses
#Upton
#Utah
#Uzziah
#Val
#Valiant
#Van Buren
#Vensley
#Vere
#Vibson
#Vicson
#Ville
#Vinson
#Vitus
#Waldo
#Walton
#Walyn
#Warner
#Wayland
#Waylon
#Weldon
#Wells
#Weseley
#Westerly
#Westly
#Whitby
#Whitley
#Wilbert
#Wilbur
#Wilburn
#Wilkin
#Williams
#Winthrop
#Wolfgang
#Woodrow
#Worth
#Wylie
#Xeno
#Yale
#Yelberton
#Yoni
#York
#Yoftae
#Zaki
#Zander
#Zechariah
#Zell
#Zelman
#Zephaniah
#Zitner
#Zuriel
#Zurishaddai


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    <revision>
      <id>4443310</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Organization note */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13476" sha1="qo9zoi2ekxa2plonl4vzvaz1z5zo14p" xml:space="preserve">==Organization note==
This list of general boys' names is divided into three tiers. In the first tier are the top 237 names among boys of high school age in the past few decades. In the second tier are other names you might run into more than once in your lifetime. Unusual names go into the third tier. Before adding a name, please check all three tiers to make sure it is not already on the list. If the name you are adding is an uncommon ethnic name, you might consider adding it to one of the other lists at [[Writing_Adolescent_Fiction/Character_names|Character names]] instead. 

#Aaron
#Abdul
#Adam
#Amden
#Adrian/Adrien
#Aidan/Aiden
#Ajay
#Alan/Allan/Allen
#Alessandro
#Alexander/Alex/Sandy/Alec
#Ali
#Andre
#Andrew/Andy/Drew
#Angel
#Angelo
#Arjun
#Arthur/Art
#Axel
#Ash
#Ashton
#Ashley
#Barrett
#Bernard/Barry
#Beau/Bo
#Benjamin/Ben/Benji
#Blake
#Brad/Bradley
#Brandon
#Brendan
#Brent
#Brett/Bret
#Brian/Bryan
#Bruce
#Bryce
#Byron
#Caleb
#Cameron
#Carlos
#Carlton
#Carson
#Casey
#Chad
#Charles/Charlie/Chuck
#Chase
#Christian/Chris
#Christopher/Chris/Kris/Topher/Kit
#Clayton/Clay
#Clifford/Cliff
#Cody
#Cole
#Colin
#Colton
#Connor
#Corey/Cory
#Craig
#Curtis/Kurt
#Cyrus
#Dakota
#Dale
#Damian/Damien/Damion
#Daniel/Dan/Danny
#Darren
#Darryl
#Darnell
#David/Dave/Davy
#Davis
#Dean
#Dennis
#Derek
#Desmond
#Devon/Devin
#Diego
#Dick
#Dominic/Dom
#Donald/Don/Donnie
#Douglas/Doug
#Duane/Dwayne
#Dustin
#Dylan
#Edward/Ed
#Eli
#Elijah
#Eric/Erik/Erick
#Ethan
#Eugene/Gene
#Evan
#Fabio
#Felipe
#Felix
#Frank/Frankie
#Fraser
#Gabriel/Gabe
#Garrett/Garret
#Gary
#Gavin
#George
#Glenn
#Gerik
#Gordon/Gordie/Gord
#Graham
#Grant
#Ghosty
#Gregory/Greg
#Hans
#Harold/Harry/Hal
#Henry/Harry/Hank
#Howard/Howie
#Hunter
#Ian
#Isaac
#Isa
#Isaiah
#Jackson/Jaxon/Jaxson/Jax
#Jacob/Jakob/Jake
#Jaime /Jamie
#Jamal
#James/Jim/Jem
#Jared
#Jason/Jay/Jase
#Jay
#Jeffrey/Geoffrey/Jeff
#Jeremy/Jerry
#Jerome
#Jesse
#Jesús
#Joel
#Joey
#John/Jack
#Jonathan/Jonathon/Jon
#Jordan/Jordy
#Jorge
#Jane
#Janice
#Janiqua
#Janiquea
#Janique
#Jallinson
#Jose
#Joseph/Joe/Joey
#Joshua/Josh
#Juan
#Julio
#Justin
#Karl/Carl
#Kai
#Keith
#Kelan
#Kenneth/Ken/Kenny
#Kero
#Kevin/Keven
#Kurt
#Kyle
#Lance
#Lawrence/Larry
#Lee
#Leonard/Len
#Leonardo/Leo
#Logan
#Louis/Lewis/Lou
#Lucas/Luke
#Luis
#Liam
#Malcolm
#Marchie
#Manuel/Manny
#Marc/Mark/Marcus/Markus
#Marco
#Martin/Marty
#Matthew/Matt
#Max/Maxwell
#Michael/Mike
#Miguel
#Miles
#Mitchell/Mitch
#Nathan/Nate
#Nathaniel/Nat
#Neil
#Nicholas/Nick/Nicky
#Noah
#Narchie
#Noor
#Omar
#Owen
#Oliver
#Oogie
#Patrick/Pat
#Paul
#Pedro
#Peter/Pete
#Pietro
#Philip/Phillip/Phil
#Pranav
#Rafael/Raphael
#Ramón
#Randall/Randy
#Raymond/Ray
#Reed/Reid
#Ricardo
#Richard/Rick/Rich/Ritchie/Ricky
#Robert/Rob/Bob
#Roberto
#Roy
#Russell/Russ/Rusty
#Ryan/Ry
#Samuel/Sam
#Scott
#Sean/Shawn/Shaun
#Seth
#Shane
#Simon
#Spencer
#Stanley/Stan
#Stephen/Steven/Stephan/Steve
#Taylor
#Terry/Terrence
#Theodore/Ted
#Thomas/Tom/Thom
#Timothy/Tim
#Tobias/Toby
#Todd
#Tony/Anthony/Antonio
#Tommy
#Travis/Trav
#Trent
#Trevor/Trev
#Trey
#Tristan
#Troy
#Tyler/Ty
#Tyrone/Ty
#Victor/Viktor
#Vincent/Vince
#Wayne
#Wesley/Wes
#William/Will
#Xavier
#Zachary/Zach/Zac/Zack
#Zavier
#Zander
#Zedrick

==Other  Names==
#Charlie
#Dexter
#Aaron
#Adan
#Adel
#Adonis
#Ahmad
#Ahmed
#Alain
#Albert/Al
#Alberto/Al
#Alex
#Alfonso/Al
#Alfred/Al
#Alfredo/Al
#Alistaire/Alistair
#Alvin
#Amin/Ameen
#Amir/Aamir
#Amyas
#Anand
#Andreas/Andy
#Andres
#Anselm
#Antoine/Antwan
#Anton
#Ari
#Armando
#Arnold/Arnie
#Ash
#Ashton
#Aurelio
#Alfrado
#Austin
#Avery
#Axel/Axl
#Balthassar
#Bartholomew/Bart
#Basheer
#Benito
#Bennett
#Bilal
#Baily/Baileigh
#Bailey
#Bjorn
#Blade
#Blaine
#Blair
#Boyce
#Boyd
#Bradford/Brad
#Brady
#Bram
#Brant
#Brantley
#Brendon
#Brennan/Brennon
#Brenton
#Brick
#Brock
#Broderick/Brodie
#Bronson
#Brook
#Bruno
#Caden/Kaiden
#Calvin/Cal
#Camilo
#Calob/Caleb
#Carlo
#Carey/Carry
#Carter
#Cassius
#Cedric
#Cesar
#Chance
#Chandler
#Chester/Chet
#Clarence
#Clark
#Claude
#Clem
#Cletus/Clete
#Cleve/Cleveland
#Clifton/Cliff
#Clinton/Clint
#Clive
#Colby
#Conrad/Konrad
#Constantine/Gus
#Cosmo
#Cristian
#Curly
#Dallas
#Damon
#Dane
#Dante
#Darby
#Darcy
#Dario
#Darius
#Davis
#Dawson
#Deandre
#DeAngelo
#DeJuan
#Del
#Demetri/Demetrius
#Denzel
#Dev
#Dewey
#DeWitt
#Dexter
#Dion/Deon
#Dirk
#Donnell/Don
#Donovan/Donavin/Don
#Donte
#Doyle
#Duncan
#Dusty
#Dwight
#Earl
#Edgar
#Eduardo
#Edwin
#Elias
#Elliott
#Ellis
#Elroy
#Elton
#Elvis
#Emery/Emory
#Emil
#Emilio
#Emmett
#Enrico/Rick
#Enrique
#Enzo
#Ernest/Ernie
#Esteban
#Ezra
#Fabio
#Faruq/Farouq
#Fernando
#Ferris
#Filippo
#Finn
#Flint
#Floyd
#Forrest
#Francisco/Chico
#Franco
#Franklin
#Frederick/Fred
#Fritz
#Gabriel
#Gage
#Galen
#Gareth
#Garth
#Genaro/Gennaro
#Gerald/Jerry
#Geraldo
#Gilbert/Gil
#Gilberto/Gil
#Giles/Gilles
#Gino
#Giorgio
#Giovanni
#Giuseppe/Joey
#Grayson/Greyson
#Gus/Augustine
#Guy
#Hakeem
#Halim
#Hamish
#Hamzah
#Harlan
#Harry
#Harrison
#Harvey
#Hassan
#Hayden
#Heath
#Hector
#Helias
#Hendrick/Hendrik
#Herbert/Herb/Herbie
#Hercules/Herc
#Herman
#Homer
#Houston
#Howell/Howie
#Hudson
#Hugh/Huey
#Hugo
#Hussein/Husain
#Ike
#Ilham
#Imani
#Immanuel/Emanuel/Emmanuel/Manny
#Ira
#Irwin
#Ivan
#Jabbar/Jabar
#Jace
#Jack
#Jacques
#Jafar
#Jake
#Jaleel/Jalil
#Jamaal
#Jamar
#Jamison                                                                                                                                         
#Jamel
#Jamil
#Jan
#Jaron
#Jasper
#Javier
#Javon/Jayvaughn
#Jayden/Jaden
#Jean-Luc
#Jean-Paul
#Jeb/Jebediah
#Jed/Jedediah
#Jeremiah/Jerry
#Jermaine
#Jess
#Jet/Jett
#Jethro
#Joaquin
#Joel
#John Paul
#Jonah
#Jonas
#Judd/Jude
#Julian
#Kaden
#Kai
#Kaleel/Kalil
#Kami
#Kareem
#Kaseem/Kasim
#Kaspar/Kasper
#Keegan
#Keenan
#Kelly
#Kelvin
#Kendall
#Kendrick
#Kennan/Kennon
#Kent
#Khalil
#Kiley
#Kim
#Kimo
#Kirby
#Kirk
#Krishna
#Kwame
#Kweisi
#Kya
#Laine/Lane/Layne
#Lamar
#Lamont
#Lane
#LaRon
#Lars
#Lateef
#Leandro
#Leland
#Leon
#Leroy
#Leslie
#Lester/Les
#Levi
#Liam
#Lincoln
#Lloyd
#Lon/Lonnie
#London
#Lorenzo
#Luca/Luka
#Lucius
#Lyle
#Lyman
#Lyndon
#Mackenzie
#Mahmoud
#Malik
#Mansoor/Mansur
#Marcos
#Mario
#Marquis
#Marshall
#Marvin
#Mason
#Masoud
#Mateo
#Matteo
#Mattheo/Matheo
#Maurice/Morris
#Maximillian/Max
#Mehdi
#Melvin/Mel
#Micah
#Milo
#Mohammed
#Monte/Monty
#Morgan
#Ned
#Nelson
#Nestor
#Neville
#Nico
#Nicola
#Nicolai
#Nigel
#Nikolaus
#Nils/Niels
#Nino
#Noe
#Norman/Norm
#Odin
#Oliver
#Orion
#Orlando
#Oscar
#Pablo
#Palmer
#Paolo
#Paris
#Parker
#Payne
#Percy
#Perry
#Philippe
#Pierce
#Pierre
#Prescott
#Preston/Pres
#Quentin
#Quinton/Quint
#Rafiq
#Raheem/Rahim
#Rajeev/Rajiv
#Raley
#Ralph
#Ramiro
#Randolph
#Rashad/Rashaad
#Rashid/Rasheed
#Raul
#Ravi
#Raymi
#Reagan
#Reese/Reece
#Reginald/Rex/Reggie
#Rembrandt
#Remington
#René
#Riley/Reilly
#Robin
#Rock
#Rocky
#Rodney/Rod
#Roger
#Roland
#Rolando
#Rolly 
#Roman
#Romeo
#Ronald/Ron
#Rory
#Roscoe
#Ross
#Royce
#Ruben/Reuben
#Rudolph/Rudolf/Rudy
#Salvador/Sal
#Sameer/Samir
#Sancho
#Sanjay
#Santiago
#Saul
#Sawyer
#Sebastian/Sebi
#Sergio
#Shad
#Shannon
#Shareef/Sharif
#Shea
#Sheldon
#Sherman/Sherm
#Shervin
#Sidney/Sydney/Sid
#Silas
#Sky
#Slade
#Smash
#Socrates
#Solomon
#Stefano/Stephano
#Stone
#Storm
#Stuart/Stewart
#Sulaiman
#Sven
#Tahj
#Tal
#Tanner
#Tariq
#Tate
#Tawfiq
#Telly
#Teo
#Terrell
#Thaddeus/Tad
#Trace
#Tracy
#Trenton/Trent
#Tucker/Tuck
#Tully
#Turner
#Tyson/Ty
#Van
#Vance
#Vernon/Vern
#Vikram
#Virgil
#Wade
#Walker
#Walter/Walt
#Ward
#Warren
#Webster
#Wendell
#Weston/Wes
#William/Will
#Whitney/Whit
#Wilfredo
#Wyatt
#Xavier
#Zachariah/Zach
#Zane
#Zeke
#Zephyr

==Unusual names==
#Abbott
#Abednego
#Abelard
#Abiel
#Ack
#Acton
#Adalbert
#Addison
#Adelard
#Adiel
#Adley
#Adlin
#Adriel
#Adrin
#Agrippa
#Ahab
#Ainsley
#Ajax
#Alaska
#Alden
#Alder
#Aldo
#Aldon
#Aldous
#Alfie
#Algernon
#Alick
#Aloysius
#Alphonse
#Alston
#Alton
#Alvery
#Alvis
#Ammon
#Andreus
#Andri
#Andrue
#Ansel
#Arcadio
#Arec
#Aren
#Argus
#Armand
#Arundel
#Asa
#Ashby
#Ashleigh
#Ashon
#Audie
#Audiffredy
#Aurelian
#Auran
#Authen
#Avalon
#Ayman
#Bailey
#Bainbridge
#Baljeet
#Bane
#Banner
#Barney
#Baron
#Barrett
#Barrington
#Barrow
#Bartholomew
#Baryt
#Beauregarde
#Beavis
#Beckam/Beck
#Beckham/Beck
#Beckett
#Belnar
#Belvin
#Benson
#Bentley
#Benton
#Benz
#Benzer
#Bertan
#Bertram
#Bink
#Birney
#Birtle
#Bishop
#Bix
#Blain
#Boaz
#Bohden
#Bon
#Booker
#Boston
#Bosworth
#Brainard
#Bramm
#Brayden
#Breaden
#Brecken
#Brenner
#Brentland
#Briar
#Brij
#Broden
#Brodin
#Bronce
#Brooks
#Brutus
#Bryson
#Bud
#Buford
#Bunker
#Burl
#Burton
#Buxton
#Cabell
#Caesar
#Cage
#Cairo
#Caldwell
#Calhoun
#Camden
#Camdon
#Canaan
#Canberra
#Canen
#Cannon
#Carldrick
#Carlisle
#Carys
#Case
#Cass
#Cassiel
#Cater
#Cathal
#Cavanough
#Cayd
#Cepheus
#Chadoe
#Chadwick
#Chancellor
#Chanton
#Chapman
#Charlen
#Charleston
#Chasen
#Chaylor
#Chirag
#Christopherus
#Cicero
#Cirq
#Cisco
#Claiborne
#Clarus
#Claudian
#Cleisthenes
#Cleon
#Climacus
#Clitus
#Clovis
#Colorado
#Concordius
#Connon
#Conlan
#Contardo
#Conway
#Conwell
#Cooper
#Cord
#Cordell
#Cordova
#Cork
#Cornell
#Cosby
#Cosmos
#Courtland
#Courtney
#Covert
#Crispus
#Crittenden
#Critty
#Cupid
#Cuthbert
#Cyle
#Dabney
#Dagget
#Dagwood
#Dameon
#Dana
#Danion
#Dardanos
#Daris
#Darragh
#Dartagnan
#Darwin
#Dash
#David
#Davidson
#Davin
#Davith
#Dax
#Daxton
#Dayton
#Dayv
#Dedrick
#Deion
#Delbert
#Delmer
#Demon
#Dennerio
#Dentury
#Denuel
#Denver
#Derry
#Desi
#Desiderius
#Destin
#Digby
#Digger
#Dijon
#Dilbert
#Dillard
#Dionysius
#Dodo
#Donato
#Donking
#Dorian
#Dossie
#Dotson
#Draco
#Drai
#Drogo
#Dru
#Duriel
#Duwayne
#Eason
#Easton
#Eaton
#Edwin
#Elbert
#Eldon
#Eldred
#Eleazar
#Eliezer
#Elmer
#Elmo
#Elsdon
#Elvin
#Elwood
#Emerson
#Engelbert
#Englebert
#Ennis
#Erza
#Ephan
#Eros
#Errol
#Erroll
#Ervin
#Erwan
#Eustace
#Ezekiel
#Farley
#Faron
#Favian
#Ferdinand
#Filbert
#Fisher
#Fitch
#Flame
#Foster
#Fox
#Freeman
#Friday
#Frost
#Fructosius
#Galloway
#Gamaliel
#Garfield
#Garland
#Garlon
#Garnett
#Garrick
#Garroth
#Gatlin
#Gaylord
#Gehrig
#Godfrey
#Grady
#Granite
#Gray
#Grey
#Greydon
#Griswold
#Grover
#Guy Edward
#Hadley
#Haight
#Halston
#Ham
#Han
#Harlen
#Harris
#Hart
#Hartley
#Hawke
#Hayes
#Haynes
#Hayson
#Hayward
#Heathcliff
#Henner
#Herberth
#Herwick
#Heyward
#Heywood
#Hobart
#Holden
#Hollis
#Horton
#Hospatio
#Huett
#Humphrey
#Humps
#Huntley
#Hurricane
#Huxley
#Hyland
#Icarus
#Ichabod
#Iggy
#Innocent
#Iowa
#Irelan
#Irvin
#Ishmael
#Iziah
#Iziah Edouard
#Jabin
#Jacari
#Jack Ross
#Jagger
#Jaime Ali
#Jaimie
#Jamar
#Jameson
#Jamyron
#Japheth
#Jarek
#Jarvis
#Jaspiern
#Javert
#Jaxton
#Jaxxon
#Jaymes
#Jay Paul
#Jayceon
#Jayson
#Jaython
#Jayvion
#Jaz
#Jeacock
#Jeff Anthony
#Jem
#Jensen
#Jericho
#Jersey
#Jeumol
#Joacin
#Joad
#Joby
#Jodocus
#Johano
#Johnathan
#John John
#John Lee
#John Cena
#Johnson
#Jomario
#Jonatan
#Jon Marc
#Joseph Ryan
#Joshuah
#Judah 
#Judas
#Jude
#Juston
#Justus
#Kade
#Kairo
#Kaiser
#Kalin
#Kansy
#Kase
#Kaymon
#Kazel
#Kedric
#Kedrick
#Kehre
#Keifer
#Kel
#Kelan
#Kelton
#Kennesaw
#Kenton
#Kid
#Kidd
#Kiefer
#Kiev
#Killian
#Kilroy
#King
#Kipland
#Kipling
#Kirkland
#Kirklin
#Knox
#Kole
#Kyrin
#Kyron
#Langley
#Lanny
#Lap
#Laramie
#Lawson
#Lazarus
#LeBaron
#Lee Roy
#Legend
#Leopold
#Leviticus
#Lex
#Link
#Linwood
#Lithium
#Livan
#Logan James
#Loren
#Lorin
#Lorne
#Lover
#Lowell
#Lucian
#Luck
#Ludis
#Lunden
#Lydel
#Lymphoid
#Lyndsey
#Mackay
#Manassas
#Maneill
#Manfred
#Manley
#Marcian
#Marlon
#Marlowe
#Mathan
#Matthews
#Matwain
#Maxton
#Maynard
#McKinley
#McScott
#Mecole
#Mei
#Melanchthon
#Melchizedek
#Melville
#Merle
#Merlin
#Merritt
#Merton
#Merv
#Mervin
#Merwyn
#Meshach
#Micahel
#Michael James
#Migh
#Mikal
#Milford
#Milhouse
#Millard
#Mize
#Monroe
#Montana
#Moore
#Morley
#Morton
#Murgatroyd
#Myron
#Nahum
#Napoleon
#Narcissus
#Nash
#Newt
#Newton
#Nicephorus
#Nicodemus
#Nikolao
#Nimrod
#Noah Bryce
#Nobert
#Nobie
#Norris
#Norton
#Norval
#Norville
#Numps
#Oder
#Odor
#Omar Jesús
#O’Mead
#Omer
#Omni
#Ontario
#Onyx
#Orson
#Orwell
#Othniel
#Painter
#Paras
#Parrish
#Parrott
#Parth
#Patrick Henry
#Patton/Pat
#Paxton
#Pearson
#Pickford
#Poindexter
#Pollard
#Polyeuctus
#Porter
#Prabhdev
#Primus
#Prince
#Princeton
#Proctor
#Quaterius
#Quincy
#Quinlan
#Quinn
#Quintin
#Quirt
#Raleigh
#Raynell
#Reamer
#Red
#Redrick
#Reef
#Reen
#Reginel
#Relix
#Renton
#Rexford
#Reyes
#Rezon
#Rhett
#Richmond
#Ridge
#Ridley
#Rigden
#Roark
#Robert Jay
#Rocket
#Roderick
#Roe
#Rollin
#Roosevelt
#Roper
#Roxbury
#Rulon
#Rulx
#Rush
#Russet
#Rusty James
#Rutherford
#Ryal
#Ryder
#Rylan
#Ryland
#Sage
#Salathiel
#Salem
#San Juan
#Satchel
#Savikar
#Sefton
#Senna
#Seymour
#Shade
#Shale
#Shandon
#Shavar
#Sheaffer
#Sherlock
#Shitrai
#Sisko
#Slate
#Slyder
#Sonji
#Speed
#Spicer
#Spike
#Stacius
#Stacy
#Standish
#Stanford
#Stanislas
#Stanton
#Starling
#Steehl
#Stenson
#Stephon
#Sterling
#Stetson
#Stevan
#Stevenson
#Steward
#Strom
#Stupen
#Swithin
#Symmachus
#Tabio
#Talbot
#Talmadge
#Taurus
#Tenley
#Tenner
#Terry Allen
#Texas
#Thaxton
#Thorne
#Thurman
#Turdd
#Till
#Tilly Willy
#Timaeus/Timeus
#Timmothy
#Tince
#Tirqueon
#Tirrell
#Tisign
#Tomen
#Tor
#Torey
#Torrance
#Tragedy
#Tramone
#Trask
#Travell
#Traver
#Travien
#Tree
#Tremaine
#Tristan Kyle
#Tristran
#Tryce
#Tustin
#Ty Kurt
#Tyler Frank
#Tyray
#Tyrus
#Ulysses
#Upton
#Utah
#Uzziah
#Val
#Valiant
#Van Buren
#Vensley
#Vere
#Vibson
#Vicson
#Ville
#Vinson
#Vitus
#Waldo
#Walton
#Walyn
#Warner
#Wayland
#Waylon
#Weldon
#Wells
#Weseley
#Westerly
#Westly
#Whitby
#Whitley
#Wilbert
#Wilbur
#Wilburn
#Wilkin
#Williams
#Winthrop
#Wolfgang
#Woodrow
#Worth
#Wylie
#Xeno
#Yale
#Yelberton
#Yoni
#York
#Yoftae
#Zaki
#Zander
#Zechariah
#Zell
#Zelman
#Zephaniah
#Zitner
#Zuriel
#Zurishaddai


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  <page>
    <title>History of Edmeston, New York/People</title>
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__NOTOC__

'''Some of the people mentioned in the [[History of Edmeston, New York]]''', listed alphabetially in sections according to last names.

==Arnold==
*'''Benjamin Arnold''' one of the many owners of the '''Brady House'''

*'''Louden Arnold, Esq.''' (d. March 3, 1868, age 93y2m15d).  Buried at Taylor Hill Cemetery. &amp;mdash; [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyotsego/cemetery/taylorhl.htm]

*'''Stephen Arnold''' of [[w:Binghamton, New York|Binghamton, New York]], taught at [[w:Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill]] sometime before [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1820|'''1820''']].  He is said to have been sentenced to be hanged for whipping a student to death, but then to have been reprieved by the governor.

==Banks==
*'''Levi B. Banks''' &amp;mdash;

==Barrett==
*'''George D. Barret''' &amp;mdash; son of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#B|John Barrett]].

*'''John Barrett''' (b. [[w:January 9|Jan. 9]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1803|1803]]) &amp;mdash; Farmer and Manufacturer.  Born at Brockett’s Bridge.  His post office address was Edmeston.

*'''John Barrett''' (b. [[w:December 23|Dec. 23]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1827|1827]]) &amp;mdash; son of D.R. and Cyrene Barrett, was born in [[w:Manheim, New York|Manheim]], [[w:Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer Co., N.Y.]]. At the age of five he settled in Edmeston with his parents. As his father was a farmer, John was reared to habits of industry and economy on the farm, which principles he carried with him throughout a successful business life. As soon as he was able to work he was hired out by his father on the farm, in order to aid in paying for his parents' home. He continued at this for several years. He was married to [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#D|Miss Charissa Deming]], of Edmeston, [[w:September 19|Sept. 19]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1850s#1852|1852]], by whome one son - [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#B|Geo. D.]] - was born [[w:December 4|Dec. 4]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1860s#1864|1864]]. Mrs. Charissa Barrett was born in Edmeston, [[w:July 8|July 8]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1830s#1832|1832]].  Soon after marriage he commenced business for himself, and the fine property he accumulated shows the success which attended all his business operations. By his untiring energy and good judgement he became one of the foremost in his chosen occupation. Besides the duties of the farm he was engaged in the flour and lumber business with Edgar Bassett, at Edmeston, and it was not until [[w:October 15|Oct. 15]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1870s#1877|1877]], that he sold out his half-interest to his partner, conscious of the fact that his time on earth was short. He built his beautiful fine farm residence, in which his widow and son now reside, in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1860s#1860|1860]], and in that year settled on the home, where he continued to live till be was summoned, [[w:January 8|Jan. 8]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1870s#1878|1878]], to occupy a better &quot;mansion&quot; in the &quot;Summer Land of Rest.&quot;  As a citizen he was honest, trustworthy, respected, and esteemed; as a friend, sincere, and devoted. He had a very strong attachment for his family, and often did he express a desire that he might live to see his only son - George - grow to manhood's years, and well established in life. He had no apprehension of the future, and was firm in the faith that all would be well. In politics he affiliated with the Republican party. In business circles, and as a son and brother, he will be missed.&amp;mdash; ''History of Otsego County, New York 1740-1878, by D. Hamilton Hurd, Published by Everts &amp; Fariss, Philadelphia, page 149-150''

==Bates==
*'''John Bates''' &amp;mdash;

==Beardsley==
*'''Levi A. Beardsley''' inventor from South Edmeston &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1860s#1860|1860]].
Inventor of Pulley-Block, U.S. Patent - US 32856 A, July 23, 1861.

==Billings==
*'''Nehemiah Billings''' one of the original members of the Taylor Hill Church when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].
*'''Seviah Billings''' one of the original members of the Taylor Hill Church when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

==Bilyea==
*'''John Bilyea''' built the first [[w:tannery|tannery]] in Edmeston Centre.

==Bootman==
*'''Edgar Bootman''' was a son of [[#B|Joseph Bootman]].

*'''Joseph Bootman''' was a cloth dresser and wool carder who bought out [[#S|Mr. Stern]]. Joseph was the father of our townsmen [[#B|Truman]] and [[#B|Edgar Bootman]].

*'''Truman Bootman''' was a son of [[#B|Joseph Bootman]].

==Burdick==
'''Henry F. Burdick''' (b. Oct. 10, 1829) was a farmer born in [[w:Brookfied, New York|Brookfield]].  His post office address was Edmeston.

==Burleson==
*'''Silas Burleson''' &amp;mdash;

==Cahoon==
*'''Ebenezer Cahoon''' (July 9, 1835) was a farmer, born in  Edmeston.  His post office address was Burlington Flats.

==Carr==
*'''Percifer Carr''' &amp;mdash; see [[w:Percifer Carr|Wikipedia article: ''Percifer Carr'']].

==Chapin/Chapen==
*'''Daniel Chapin''' (d. 1837) and wife emigrated from the town of [[w:Richmond, Massachusetts|Richmond]] in [[w:Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire County, Massachusetts]], in about [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|1800]], and settled one and one half miles west of the Centre on lands of the Cooper patent. He died at age 63. His eldest son, Walter, remained on a portion of the old homestead until 1870, when he removed to Unadilla Forks, where he now ''[1878]'' resides.  John, the second son, occupies the homestead. His mother is living with him at the age of 98. Alfonso is a resident of Sherburne, Chenango county.

*On May 26, [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1815|1815]], '''Daniel Chapin''' alegedly stole a horse and saddle from [[w:James Fenimore Cooper|James Fenimore Cooper]]'s stable in Cooperstown.  He was arrested but hit the deputy in the face with a stick and escaped.  On June 22, after a manhunt, he was retaken and placed in the Cooperstown jail.  He almost succeeded in escaping from there by pulling up a plank and tunneling out.  In August, he was convicted and sentenced to 7 years hard labor in the state prison.

*In [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1820|1820]], '''Daniel Chapin''' was made the guardian of the children of Ezekiel Spencer of, Somers, Tolland County, Connecticut. [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyotsego/guardianship1.htm] The children and their dates of birth were:
** Horace, 1792
** Orlando, Sep 26, 1801
** Stephen, Oct 2, 1803
** Dolly, Aug 12, 1805
** Harriet, Mar 12, 1807
** Emily, Dec 18, 1808
** Ezekiel, Jr., May 1, 1811
** Mary Ann, Jan 28, 1812
** Hannah, Sep 28, 1814
** Loretta, Jul 9, 1818


*'''David Chapin''' was an early settler (according to the [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1902|1902 Otsego County New York Geographical and Historical]]).

*'''Esq. David Chapen''' carried on a large shoe shop, and also a tannery, keeping six or eight hands each.

*'''Uriah Chapin''' was an early settler in Burlington. David Chapin settled near Edmeston Centre, where he conducted a tannery.  A son, Laurentine, lives on the homestead.

==Chase== 
'''Horace Chase''' (b. Dec. 22, 1834) was a farmer, born in Edmeston. His post office address was Edmeston.

==Comstock==
*'''Mary Comstock''', an old maiden lady who lived on ''Pucker Street'' &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|''(1900)'']]

==Coon==
*'''John S. Coon''', born in [[w:Plainfield, New York|Plainfield]], Otsego County, in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1807|1807]].  When he was 28 years of age (1835) he built a furnace (at what is now [[w:West Edmeston, New York|West Edmeston]]) in which he made all kinds of farming implements, and continued to follow the same trade for some twenty years, then he manufactured wagons and cutters.  For many years he was the sole owner of all the mills at West Edmeston. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1830s#1835|1835]])''

==Cooper==
*'''Judge William Cooper''' (1754-1809), an Edmeston area landlord, founder of [[w:Cooperstown, New York|Cooperstown]], and father of [[w:James Fenimore Cooper|James Fenimore Cooper]] &amp;mdash; see [[w:William Cooper (judge)|Wikipedia article: ''William Cooper'']].

==Crandall==
*'''Henry D. Crandall''' (b.April 17, 1800) was a farmer, born in [[w:Brookfield, New York|Brookfield, New York]].  His post office address was Edmeston.

==Croghan==
*'''George Croghan''' (1720-1782) owned much of what is now [[w:Otsego County, New York|Otsego County]] until the [[w:American Revolution|American Revolution]] &amp;mdash; see [[w:George Croghan (1720-1782)|Wikipedia article: ''George Croghan'']].

==Deming==
*'''Aden Deming''' ([[History of Edmeston, New York/1760s#1768|1768]] - June, [[History of Edmeston, New York/1840s#1847|1847]]) was one of the first settlers in the town after [[w:Percifer Carr|Percifer Carr]].  He lived with [[w:Quaker|Quakers]] in [[w:Pittsfield, New York|Pittsfield, New York]] until twenty years of age, when he purchased his time for twenty dollars. In [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1791|1791]], he married [[#P|Martha Phelps]], and  after having purchased a farm in this town and made some  improvements, sold it for $125, and in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1792|1792]] settled with his  family in the locality known later as &quot;Graves' Flats.&quot;  He soon after moved across Wharton creek.  He was an industrious, hardy pioneer, and at the time of his death, he  was the owner of 1300 acres of land in Edmeston, and 400 in  Pittsfield. His wife died in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1840s#1848|1848]]. In [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1824|1824]], Aden Deming set aside $4000, the interest of which was to be given to the schools of the town.  As of [[History of Edmeston, New York/1870s#1878|1878]], three of their family resided in the area,
**'''Lyman''', on the old homestead, 
**'''Betsy''', wife of [[#P|Edwin Phelps]], in Edmeston Centre, and
**'''Nelson''', in [[w:New Berlin, New York|New Berlin, New York]].

==DeForest==
*'''Abel DeForest''' was one of the first settlers in [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]].

*'''Gideon DeForest''' was one of the first settlers in [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]].

==Dennison==
*'''Dorr Dennison''' (b. Jan. 4, 1852) was a farmer, born in Edmeston.  His post office address was Edmeston.
*'''Henry W. Dennison''' (b. March 21, 1853) was a farmer, born in Edmeston.  His post office address was Edmeston.

==Dresser==
*'''Franklin E. Dresser''' (b. June 19, 1827) was a farmer, born in [[w:Brookfield, New York|Brookfield]].  His post office box was Edmeston.

==Dutton==
*'''Alvin Dutton''' (March 21, 1824) was a farmer, born in [[w:Plainfield, New York|Plainfield]].  His post office address was [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]].
*'''Julia Ann Dutton''' (Aug. 24, 1825) was a farmer, born in Edmeston.  Her post office address was Edmeston.
*'''Joseph H. Dutton''' (Dec. 27, 1847) was a farmer, born in Edmeston.  His post office address was Edmeston.

==Edmeston==
*'''Andrew Edmeston''' was a near relative of Robert and [[w:William Edmeston|William Edmeston]], who became the recipient of a portion of the [[w:Mount Edmeston|Mount Edmeston]] estate.  [[w:Susan Fenimore Cooper|Susan Fenimore Cooper]], in her ''Small Family Memories'', recalled that during the period of her father [[w:James Fenimore Cooper|James Fenimore Cooper's]] temporary return to [[w:Cooperstown, New York|Cooperstown]], [[w:1813|1813]]-[[w:1817|1817]], he was &quot;quite intimate&quot; with a Mr. Edmeston, an Englishman &quot;of property&quot; who kept &quot;bachelor's hall&quot; with fellow countryman [[w:James Aitchison|James Aitchison]], the man to whom Cooper later dedicated ''[[w:The Spy|The Spy]]''. This was Andrew Edmeston.  At his death in [[w:1826|1826]], he left considerable property &quot;on both sides of the [[w:Unadilla River|River Unadilla]] in the counties of [[w:Otsego County, New York|Otsego]] and [[w:Chenango County, New York|Chenango]].&quot;  Hurd in his ''History of Otsego County'' states that after [[w:William Edmeston|Colonel William Edmeston's]] death his estate fell to his &quot;heirs and minor children residing in England.&quot; Andrew Edmeston apparently fell into one of these categories. His will lists his address as [[w:Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick-upon-Tweed]] &amp;mdash; [[w:James Fenimore Cooper|Cooper]] in his [[The Chronicles of Cooperstown/Chapter VI|''Chronicles of Cooperstown'']] says be died by drowning &amp;mdash; and it lists among his heirs an uncle, [[w:William Edmeston|William Edmeston]], a nephew, [[w:Robert Edmeston|Robert Edmeston]], and a son born in [[w:1824|1824]]. Whether or not this William Edmeston is the Colonel Edmeston of Mount Edmeston is not clear, though the date of the will makes it highly unlikely. &amp;mdash; [http://www.oneonta.edu/~cooper/articles/nyhistory/1968nyhistory-pickering.html James H. Pickering, ''New York in the Revolution: Cooper's Wyandotté'' Published in ''New York History, Vol. XLIX, No. 2'' (April 1968)]

*'''Robert Edmeston''' was the brother of [[w:William Edmeston|Colonel William Edmeston]] and owner of half of the Edmeston Patents. &amp;mdash; see [[w:William Edmeston|Wikipedia article:''William Edmeston''.]]

*'''Colonel William Edmeston''' &amp;mdash; see [[w:William Edmeston|Wikipedia article:''William Edmeston''.]]

==Edmonds==
*'''George T. Edmonds''' (Sept. 27, 1841) was a farmer, born in [[w:Dover, New York|Dover New York]]. His post office address was [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]].

==Flint==
*'''Pastor Elder Flint''' &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1870s#1870|''(1870)'']]

[[Image:Edmeston NY Gaskin House Early man w cat.jpg|thumb|right|Man on Gaskin House porch, possibly John Gaskin]]
==Gaskin==
*'''John S. Gaskin''' &amp;mdash; One of the many owners of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Businesses#Gaskin House|Gaskin House]]

==Goodrich==
*'''Charles F. Goodrich'''

==Goodsell==
*'''Levi Goodsell''' bought the '''Pleasant Street Hotel''' from Benjamin Peet.

==Graves==
*'''Rufus Graves'''

==Hawkins==
*'''Ambler Hawkins''' (b. June 2, 1840) was a butter and cheese manufacturer, born in Edmeston.  His post office address was Edmeston.

==Hickling==
*'''Thomas T. Hickling''' (May 12, 1827 - 13 Aug 1891) was a local farmer, born in [[w:Derbyshire|Derbyshire, England]].  His post office address was Edmeston and his farm was located northwest of Edmeston in an area known as Pleasant View. Thomas arrive in the USA on 6 Mar 1849 with his father, Joseph Hickling, brother William Hickling (23 Jun 1823 - 28 Jan 1872), and sister, Ann Hickling (4 May 1832 - 29 Dec 1896).

==Hoxie==
*'''Stephan Hoxie''' (b. c.1777) emigrated from [[w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], and was among the first settlers in the [[w:Unadilla Valley|Unadilla Valley]], at [[w:Leonardsville, New York|Leonardsville, New York]], upon premises now [''written in 1878''] owned by his direct descendants. He was an honored pioneer, and lived to the advanced age of 101 years.
**'''Solomon Hoxie, Sr.''' was the son of [[#Hoxie|Stephan Hoxie]] and father of [[#Hoxie|Nathan B. Hoxie]].
***'''Nathan B Hoxie''' (b. 1801) was the grandson of [[#Hoxie|Stephan Hoxie]], and son of [[#Hoxie|Solomon Hoxie, Sr.]]. In 1826 he married [[#Langworthy|Eliza Langworthy]], and in 1832 moved in this town, settling on a farm in the Edmeston patent, which at that time, was a dense uninviting wilderness. They had but two children, who grew to years of manhood: [[#Hoxie|Solomon Hoxie]] (their older son), and [[#Hoxie|Samuel L. Hoxie]] (their younger son).
****'''Solomon Hoxie''', the older son of [[#Hoxie|Nathan B. Hoxie]], married [[#Stickney|Lucy P. Stickney]], of Edmeston, and had three children: C. DeForest, Jennie L. and Franklin. Solomon Hoxie was supervisor for four years during the [[w:American Civil War|War of the Rebellion]].  In [[History of Edmeston, New York/1870s#1878|1878]] he was residing in [[w:Whitesboro, New York|Whitesboro, New York]].
****'''Samuel L. Hoxie''', younger son of [[#Hoxie|Nathan B. Hoxie]] lived on a farm adjoining the old homestead. He married [[#Pope|Rosetta E. Pope]], and their family consists of two children: Arthur S. and E. Ellsworth. Agnes, a daughter, died at the age of three years. Mr. Hoxie was one of the substantial citizens of the town, ranked among the progressive agriculturists and stock-breeders of the country. He occupied over 400 acres of land lying along the Unadilla river, and was largely engaged in dairying, although he gave much attention to breeding of improved stock. His horses were of the [[w:Hambletonian|Hambletonian]] and [[w:Golddust|Golddust]] breeds. He was a leading member of the Unadilla Stock-Breeders' association, and was instrumental in its organization.

*'''Samuel H. Hoxie''' (b. April 17, 1832) was born in [[w:Brookfield, New York|Brookfield]] his post office address was [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]]. [''Very possibly the same person as '''Samuel L. Hoxie''' above'']

==Huntington==
*'''F. C. Huntington''' (b. Dec. 22, 1832) was a farmer born in [[w:Brookfield, New York|Brookfield]] his post office address was [[w:South Edmeston, New York|South Edmeston]].

==Joslyn==
*'''William Joslyn''' owner of a residence and large shoe store at the foot of the hill near the cemetery. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1880s#1880|''(1880)'']]

==Kelsey==
*'''Daniel Kelsey''' resided on ''Pucker Street'' &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|''(1900)'']]

==Kennedy==
*'''James Kennedy'''
*'''William Kennedy'''

==Langworthy==
*'''George Langworthy''' bought the Carr farm from [[#D|Oliver DeLancy]].

*'''Hollum Langworthy''', a son of [[#L|Nathan Langworthy]], occupied his father's homestead and was a successful [[w:Beekeeping|apiarian]].

*'''Nathan Langworthy''', wife, and family emigrated from [[w:Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] about the year 1805 and settled in [[w:Brookfield, New York|Brookfield]], about half a mile below West Edmeston, where he died. Two of his children subsequently moved across the river into Edmeston. 

*'''William F. Langworthy''', a son of [[#L|Nathan Langworthy]], settled on a farm in sight of his father's place. He married Desire A. Bass in 1832. Numerous representatives of this family were residents of the town.

==Lincoln==
*'''Jonathan Lincoln Jr.''' (May 19, 1827 &amp;ndash; June 16, 1877) was born in Edmeston and died in [[w:Winslow, Illinois|Winslow, Illinois]].

==Matteson==
*'''Abel Matteson''' came from [[w:Pownal Vermont|Pownal Vermont]]

==Nash==
*'''Reverend Daniel Nash''' (1763-June 4 1837) was one of the first clergymen to be permanently located in [[w:Otsego County, New York|Otsego County]], beginning his labors in what were later [[w:Morris (town), New York|Morris]] and [[w:Exeter, New York|Exeter]]. A house in which Father Nash often conducted religious services was that of [[w:Percifer Carr|Percifer Carr]]. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|''(1800)'']]

:The Reverend Daniel Nash was born in [[w:Great Barrington, Massachusetts|Great Barrington, Massachusetts]].  He graduated from [[w:Yale University|Yale University]], became a teacher, joined the [[w:Episcopal Church|Episcopal Church]], and studied for ordination. In the 1790's, he moved to [[w:New Lebanon, New York|New Lebanon, New York]], taught school and became a lay leader in the Church. While there, he met Miss Olive Lusk, who later became his wife and partner in missionary work. 

:Traveling to the &quot;wilds&quot; of Otsego County, they lived in various one room cabins built of unhewn logs, with scarcely a pane of glass to let in light sufficient to read the Bible. Sunday mornings, he, Olive and child would make the trek to Exeter and Morris for services. Fr. Nash officiated and preached, and Olive led the responses and singing. 

:On October 11 1801, Daniel Nash was ordained to the priesthood by the [[w:Benjamin Moore|Rt. Rev. Benjamin Moore]], the newly consecrated Bishop of New York. The Bishop reflected upon this event and wrote &quot; Yesterday I ordained Fr. Nash a priest; and it affords me no little satisfaction to reflect that the first act of my Episcopal function has been employed in elevating to the priesthood so worthy a man.&quot; 

:Fr. Nash's ministry was marked by great devotion and energy, going from home to home, catechizing, teaching, and baptizing whole families. He preached to the Oneida Indians, and was loved by children. From 1804 to 1816, when the area was still wilderness, Nash reported 496 baptisms, and organized or founded at least 12 parishes in the Diocese of Albany. 

:At his death Fr. Nash left the words
::''Say, if you please, that I die in the faith of the Son of God. Of myself I am nothing. I trust alone in the merit and death of a crucified savior for pardon and acceptance.''

:He was buried beside his wife Olive who had died 20 years earlier. 
::&amp;mdash; [http://www.albanyepiscopaldiocese.org/about/revdnash.html Albany Episcopal Diocese: ''Reverend Daniel Nash 1763-1837'']

:The first even quasi-regular religious services in Richfield were performed by the redoubtable Father Daniel Nash, who founded numerous Episcopal churches in the county, presided at the funeral of Hannah Cooper in 1800, and became the first rector of Christ Church in Cooperstown. Nash himself thoroughly deserves a sketch among the founders of this country. No one should be misled by the supposed portrait of him as &quot;Mr. Grant&quot; in The Pioneers. It is, as one of Nash's own successors observed, much too &quot;anemic and depressing&quot; a portrait to serve for so rugged an apostle in the wilderness as Daniel Nash. One of Beardsley's best anecdotes relates to an occasion when Nash was to preach in the new school house. As he was about to begin, all of the males in the congregation ran off into the woods to chase a bear. The bear was killed, brought back, and barbecued. Nash partook heartily of the feast, declaring the hunt only a venial offense against the Sabbath.  The school in which Nash preached had been erected by a building bee as soon as &quot;six or seven families had settled within striking distance.&quot;
::&amp;mdash; [http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/articles/nyhistory/1954nyhistory-butterfield.html Lyman H. Butterfield ''Cooper's Inheritance: The Otsego Country and its Founders'']
: On Thursday September 17, 1828 in Exeter, Otsego County, NY, Rev. Daniel Nash married Edward B. Paine of this village to Sally Ann Johnston of Cooperstown, (daughter of Henri &amp; Horatio G)
::&amp;mdash; [http://www.dcnyhistory.org/oldnewsidx/kitty1.html MARRIAGES TAKEN FROM THE DELAWARE GAZETTE]

==Northrup==
*'''William Northrup's''' rather imposing home was the first residence on the right hand of ''&quot;Pucker Street&quot;'' when leaving Edmeston. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|''(1900)'']]

==Payne==
*'''U. D. Payne''', lived near the cemetery that was established there about that time and which has now grown to be what [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#G|Eddie Guest]] calls one of ''&quot;God's Great Slumber Groves.&quot;'' &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s|1900]] 

==Peck==
*'''Jedediah Peck''' (1748 - 1821) &amp;mdash; see [[w:Jedediah Peck|Wikipedia article: ''Jedediah Peck'']].

==Peet==
*'''Benjamin Peet''' built and ran the '''Pleasant Street Hotel''', the first hotel in town, located where the current firehouse is.  &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|''(1800)'']]
*'''Silas Peet'''

==Pettit==
*'''Agnes Pettit''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

*'''Jonathan Pettit''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

==Phelps==
*'''Edwin Phelps'''
*'''Martha Phelps''', wife of [[#D|Aden Deming]]

==Phinney==
*'''Marcy Phinney''', an original member of the Taylor Hill Church

==Pope==
*'''James F. Pope''' resided for some time on ''&quot;Pucker Street&quot;'', while he employed his time as [[w:tin|tin]] and [[w:lead|lead]] worker and also made trips about the country, mending household utensils, repairing clocks and purveying novelties, notions, etc., which he made, and flavoring essences of his own compounding. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|''(1900)'']]

*'''Samuel P. Pope'''

*'''Spencer Pope'''

==Robinson==
*'''Denzil Robinson''', father of [[#R|Jared Robinson]], grandfather of [[#R|Floyd Robinson]], lived on the farm where the road branches off [from ''Pucker Street''] which you may take to Burlington Flats, was one of the pioneer settlers and resided there until his death. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|1900]])''
**'''Jared Robinson''', son of [[#R|Denzil Robinson]], father of [[#R|Floyd Robinson]], conducted his father's farm from his father's death until he died, when it came into possession of Jared's son Floyd. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|1900]])''
***'''Floyd Robinson''', son of [[#R|Jared Robinson]], grandson of [[#R|Denzil Robinson]], established a nursery for trees, shrubs and fruits, on [''the family farm's''] fertile acres; since Floyd's death until now [''1900''], it has been conducted by his widow and son. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1900s#1900|1900]])''

==Russell==
*'''Robert E. Russell''' acted as agent for the Edmeston heirs at one time surveying lands and selling them off as other settlers wanted them. Some of the finest lands in Columbus were received by Russell for his services. 

==Simmons==
*'''Samuel Simmons''', with [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#Stickney|William Stickney]], built a [[w:forge|forge]] and [[w:triphammer|triphammer]] for the manufacture of [[w:ave|axe]]s, [[w:rifle|rifle barrels]], [[w:scythe|scythes]] and [[w:wrought iron|wrought iron]] [[w:plowshare|plowshares]] &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1818|1818]])''

==Smith==
*'''Diantha Smith''' was the daughter of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#S|Dr. Gains Smith]].

*'''Dr. Gains Smith''' (d. [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1819|1819]]) was the first physician in Edmeston.  He came with his family from Vermont in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|1800]], and settled on the road leading from Edmeston Centre to West Burlington.  He had a large practice, was highly esteemed in the community and died in at age 75. A daughter named Rachel married David Brown, in Vermont, and moved to this town after her father's death. Another daughter, Diantha, married Benjamin St.John in Saratoga County.  Their son (the doctor's grandson) was [[#S|David B. St.John]].

==Southworth==
*'''Ellen Mary Southworth''' was the daughter of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#R|Denzil Robinson]].

*'''Joseph Southworth''' built where David Talbot [later] lived, and kept a tavern some fifty years. Mr. Southworth had four sons and three daughters. His oldest son Joseph went to Michigan in 1830. Thomas lived on the old place until he died ''[1869]'', about twenty years ago. He was in the [[War of 1812]], and drew a pension. His youngest, Horace, lives now in Leonardsville, the rest of the family are dead. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|1800]])''

*'''Thomas Southworth''' was born in [[Mansfield, Connecticut]], in [[1792]] and died in Edmeston in [[1869]].  As a baby he moved with his father to Edmeston, where, like his father, ''Joseph'', he was a farmer and also ran the roadside inn on the farm.  He was also a shoe maker. Since the father of Ellen Mary Southworth (Denzil Robinson) was a shoemaker too, and was contemporary with Thomas, the family in later years tied two baby wooden shoe lasts together with ribbons and hung them up as a coat of arms. Just prior to the [[Mexican-American War|Mexican War of 1848]], Thomas learned that a local troop of horsemen was to be formed, to be sent to [[Mexico]].  He mortgaged the farm heavily to raise money to buy great quantities of leather, and hired a force of men to make boots for the troopers.  Too late he learned that the troop was not to be formed, leaving him with all the accumulated boots.  It took many years of manual labor for him, and of teaching school for two of his sons, to pay off the debt.

*'''William Southworth''', on the corner where Jared Robinson now lives. He sold to Deacon Lee, father of Martin Lee, who carries on the carding and cloth dressing, where John Taylor is now.

==Spencer==
*'''Dr. Halsey Spencer''' (d. 1870), came from [[w:Greene County, New York|Greene County, New York]] to  Otsego in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1814|1814]], and located in [[w:West Exeter, New York|West Exeter]]. He remained there two years, and removing to this town, settled on the turnpike between the Centre and West Burlington, where he began his practice as a physician, in which he labored until his death. He was an esteemed and influential citizen of the county, and served in various capacities. He was supervisor in 1835-37, member of assembly in 1828, and sheriff in 1838.

*'''Dr. William M. Spencer, M.D.''', a son of [[#S|Halsey Spencer]], was the first resident physician at the Centre, where he now [1878] resides, and is in the active practice of his profession. He served several years as supervisor.

==St. John==
*'''Honorable David B. St. John''' became a resident of the town in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1820|1820]].  He served as supervisor the adjoining town of [[Pittsfield, New York|Pittsfield]] for ten years (1835-1845), was a member of the [[New York State Assembly]] in the years [[1849]]-[[1860]], and was in the [[Constitutional Convention]] of [[1846]].  He was also a surveyor who surveyed much of the land in this vicinity.  He was the grandson of [[#S|Dr. Gains Smith]].

==Stearns==
*'''Stearns''' &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1818|1818]])''

==Stern==
*'''Mr. Stern''' was a cloth dresser and wool carder who sold his operation to [[#B|Joseph Bootman]].

==Stickney==
*'''William Stickney''' (June 1, 1790 - May 13, 1854) was born in [[Rindge, New Hampshire]], settled in Edmeston in June, [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1815|1815]], where he married Amy Peat [Peet?] July 5, [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1818|1818]].  They had eight children.  He was a blacksmith by trade, became a man of property, and was much respected.  With [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#S|Samuel Simmons]], he built a [[forge]] and [[triphammer]] for the manufacture of [[axe]]s, [[rifle barrel]]s, [[scythe]]s and [[wrought iron]] [[plowshare]]s. &amp;mdash; ''([[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1818|1818]])''
**'''Jane M. Stickney''' (b. October 26, 1819), daughter of [[#S|William Stickney]], was unmarried as of [[1865]].
**'''William Stickney''' (b. May 12, 1822), son of [[#S|William Stickney]], married Addia P. Hoig.
**'''Johaniah L. Stickney''' (January 9, 1824 - March 29, 1845 ), daughter of [[#S|William Stickney]], married David P. Randall on May 31, 1842 (no children).
**'''Nancy M. Stickney''' (January 12, 1826 - October 9, 1826) was the daughter of [[#S|William Stickney]].
**'''Mariah N. Stickney''' (b. July 23, 1827), daughter of [[#S|William Stickney]], married Anson D. Hammond on Nov. 15, 1849.
**'''Silus P. Stickney''' (b. November 23, 1829), son of [[#S|William Stickney]],  married Sarah A. Pitts.
**'''Azuba Stickney''' (b. July 30, 1833), child of [[#S|William Stickney]], was unmarried as of [[1865]].
**'''Lucy P. Stickney''' (b. April 19, 1836), daughter of [[#S|William Stickney]], married [[#H|Solomon Hoxie]].

==Talbot==
*'''Newell Talbot''' was a direct descendant of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#T|Timothy Taylor]], brother of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#T|Rev. Stephen Taylor]]. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1770s#1770|''(1770)'']]

*'''Isaac Talbot''' taught in the Edmeston Centre school. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1840s#1845|''(1845)'']]

==Taylor, Tailor==
*'''Benjamin B. Taylor''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

*'''Freelove Taylor''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

*'''Thomas Taylor''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

*'''Timothy Taylor''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]]. [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1827|''(1827)'']]

*'''Rev. (Elder) Stephen Taylor''' came from [[w:Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] and settled in the town in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1790|1790]].  He organized the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches|''First Baptist Church'']] of Edmeston, on Taylor Hill, March 8, [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]], donated the land on which to erect the church, assisted in the construction of the edifice and preached there for 35 years.  He never took a salary, had a farm of 80 acres, and the church helped him get his hay and wood (cut and drawn by a bee). He died in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1840s#1841|1841]] at age 71. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1820|''(1820)'']]

*'''William Taylor''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

==Ten Broeck==

*'''Jacob Ten Broeck Esqr.''' (c.1742 &amp;ndash; September 19, 1813), died in the 71st year of his life.  His gravestone stands at the [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyotsego/cemetery/dutchvalley.htm Dutch Valley Farm Cemetery].

*'''Ann Ten Broeck''' (c.1751 &amp;ndash; February 25, 1830), wife of Jacob Ten Broeck died at 79 years. Her gravestone stands at the [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyotsego/cemetery/dutchvalley.htm Dutch Valley Farm Cemetery].

*'''Reolff (Reoloff) Tenbroeck''' (c.1734 &amp;ndash; October 7, 1813) and his wife [[#T|Maria (Polly)]] came from [[w:Rock Hill, New Jersey|Rock Hill, New Jersey]]. Died at 79 years, 2 months and 7 days. [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nychenan/standw/nbsecd.htm Section D, St. Andrew's Cemetery, New Berlin]. &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|''(1800)'']]

*'''Maria (Polly) Tenbroeck''' (d. May 7, 1863??), born [[#V|Maria Vanderveer]], was the wife of [[#T|Reolff Tenbroeck]]. Died in Edmeston at age 50. [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nychenan/standw/nbsecd.htm Section D, St. Andrew's Cemetery, New Berlin] &amp;mdash; [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1800|''(1800)'']]

*'''Wessle (Wessel) TenBroek''' was town supervisor in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1800s#1809|1809]] and [[History of Edmeston, New York/1810s#1810|1810]].

*'''Anna Ten Broeck''' (c.1772 &amp;ndash; Nov 10, 1839), wife of Wessel Ten Broeck, died at age 67. Her gravestone stands at the [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyotsego/cemetery/dutchvalley.htm Dutch Valley Farm Cemetery].

==Terry==
*'''Thomas Terry''' was one of the members of the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Churches#Taylor Hill|Taylor Hill church]] when it was organized in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1790s#1794|1794]].

==Tunnicliff==
*'''John Tunnicliff''' (c.1725 &amp;ndash; January, 1800) was a prominant landowner and presumed [[w:Tory|Tory]] in [[w:Otsego County, New York|Otsego County]]. &amp;mdash; (See [[w:John Tunnicliff|Wikipedia article: ''John Tunnicliff'']].)

==Underwood==
*'''Ambler Underwood''' was the younger brother of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Homer Underwood]].  Both were building contractors.

*'''Delos Underwood''' was the husband of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Lydia Underwood]] and father of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Homer Underwood]].

*'''Halsey Underwood''', younger brother of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Homer Underwood]], specialized in painting and plastering.

*'''Homer Underwood''', born in Edmeston on [[w:November 16|November 16]], [[History of Edmeston, New York/1840s#1848|1848]] to [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#Underwood|Delos]] and [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#Underwood|Lydia Underwood]], was the first of 7 children, 3 boys, 3 girls, and a baby that died shortly after birth.  At an early age, he learned carpentry form [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#B|Samuel Bilyea]].  Homer and his brother [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Ambler]] became building contractors, their brother, [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Halsey]], a painter and plasterer.  Together they built a church, bank, school, opera house, and a large tenement home called the [[History of Edmeston, New York/Houses#Five Sisters|Five Sisters]].  Many of the more substantial homes in town can be attributed to their teamwork.  They also moved a number of old buildings, a common practice in those days. Their suppliers included [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#A|Bert Ackerman’s]] Sash and Blind factory and an adjacent furniture factory. 

*'''Lydia (Cook) Underwood''' was the wife of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Delos Underwood]] and mother of [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Homer, Ambler]], and [[History of Edmeston, New York/People#U|Halsey Underwood]].

==Utter==
*'''Mr. Utter''' -

==Vanderveer==
*'''Maria Vanderveer''' of [[w:Rock Hill, New Jersey|Rock Hill, New Jersey]] married [[#T|Reolff Tenbroeck]]

==Vandenberg==
*'''Vandenberg''' was a miller.

==Waldo==
*'''Erastus Waldo''' was a noble man; He held some town office the most of the time until he left town. — ''[[History of Edmeston, New York/1830s#1830|1830]]''

==White==
*'''Lyman White''' opened a store in [[History of Edmeston, New York/1820s#1824|1824]] near the Peet Tavern

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>53vv3mqzln9avln9pdxfdlk09caaw3q</sha1>
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    <title>LaTeX/Special Characters</title>
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      <text bytes="19502" sha1="s3dmqx5tyzc7fl7wiazk8er0q8zgwfm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;Chikita Isaac www.btc.com 

Chikita Isaac www.FINRA.com

www.bitcoin.com{{LaTeX/Top}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

{{Info| This chapter assumes you are using the &lt;tt&gt;latex&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;pdflatex&lt;/tt&gt; engines and need to concern yourself with TeX's various encodings. &lt;tt&gt;lualatex&lt;/tt&gt; and &lt;tt&gt;xelatex&lt;/tt&gt;, on the other hand, accept [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] input and can usually typeset documents using the correct glyphs without further user intervention. See the [[LaTeX/Fonts#Font encoding|Fonts]] chapter's discussion of encoding for additional information.}}

In this chapter we will tackle matters related to input encoding, typesetting diacritics and special characters.

In the following document, we will refer to ''special characters'' for all symbols other than the lowercase letters a–z, uppercase letters A-Z, figures 0–9, and English punctuation marks.

Some languages usually need a dedicated input system to ease document writing. This is the case for Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and others. This specific matter will be tackled in [[LaTeX/Internationalization|Internationalization]].

The rules for producing characters with diacritical marks, such as accents, differ somewhat depending whether you are in text mode, math mode, or the tabbing environment.

== Input encoding ==

TeX uses ASCII by default. But 128 characters is not enough to support non-English languages. TeX has its own way of doing that with commands for every diacritical marking (see [[#Escaped codes|Escaped codes]]). But if we want accents and other special characters to appear directly in the source file, we have to tell TeX that we want to use a different encoding.

There are several encodings available to LaTeX:
* ASCII: the default. Only bare English characters are supported in the source file.
* ISO-8859-1 (a.k.a., Latin 1): 8-bits encoding. It supports most characters for Latin languages, but that's it.
* UTF-8: a Unicode multi-byte encoding. Supports the complete Unicode specification.
* Others...
In the following we will assume that you want to use UTF-8.

There are some ''important steps'' to specify encoding.
* Make sure your text editor decodes the file in UTF-8.
* Make sure it saves your file in UTF-8. Most text editors do not make the distinction, but some do, such as Notepad++.
* If you are working in a terminal, make sure it is set to support UTF-8 input and output. Some old Unix terminals may not support UTF-8. [[w:PuTTY|PuTTY]] is not set to use UTF-8 by default, you have to configure it.
* Tell LaTeX that the source file is UTF-8 encoded.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
}}

{{LaTeX/Package|inputenc}} &lt;ref&gt;For a detailed information on the package, see [https://www.tug.org/texmf-dist/doc/latex/base/inputenc.pdf complete specifications written by the package's authors].&lt;/ref&gt; package tells LaTeX what the text encoding format of your &lt;tt&gt;.tex&lt;/tt&gt; files is.

{{Warning|If you check the character encoding (''e.g.'' using the Unix &lt;tt&gt;file&lt;/tt&gt; command), be sure that your file contains at least one special character, otherwise it will be recognized as ASCII (which is logical since UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII).}}

The inputenc package allows the user to change the encoding ''within the document'' as well — by means of the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\inputencoding{'encoding name'}
&lt;!----&gt;}}.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
% ...
% In this area
% The UTF-8 encoding is specified.
% ...
\inputencoding{latin1}
% ...
% Here the text encoding is specified as ISO Latin-1.
% ...
\inputencoding{utf8}
% Back to the UTF-8 encoding.
% ...
}}

===Extending the support===

The LaTeX support of UTF-8 is fairly specific: it includes only a limited range of Unicode input characters. It only defines those symbols that are known to be available with the current ''font encoding''. You might encounter a situation where using UTF-8 might result in error:

 ! Package inputenc Error: Unicode char \u8:ũ not set up for use with LaTeX.

This is due to the utf8 definition not necessarily having a mapping of all the character glyphs you are able to enter on your keyboard. Such characters include, for example:

 ŷ Ŷ ũ Ũ ẽ Ẽ ĩ Ĩ

In such case, you may try to use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8x}} option to define more character combinations. {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8x}} is not officially supported, but can be viable in some cases. However, it might break up compatibility with some packages like {{LaTeX/Package|csquotes}}.

Another possiblity is to stick with {{LaTeX/Parameter|utf8}} and to define the characters yourself. This is easy:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{'codepoint'}{'TeX sequence'}
}}
where {{LaTeX/Parameter|codepoint}} is the unicode codepoint of the desired character. {{LaTeX/Parameter|TeX sequence}} is what to print when the character matching the codepoint is met.
You may find codepoints on this [http://www.unicode.org/charts/#symbols site]. Codepoints are easy to find on the web.
Example:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0177}{\^y}
}}
Now inputting ŷ will effectively print ŷ.

== Escaped codes ==

In addition to direct UTF-8 input, LaTeX supports the composition of special characters as well. This is convenient if your keyboard lacks some desired accents and other diacritics.

The following accents may be placed on letters. Although &quot;o&quot; letter is used in most of the examples, the accents may be placed on any letter. Accents may even be placed above a &quot;missing&quot; letter; for example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{}&lt;!----&gt;}} produces a tilde over a blank space.

The following commands may be used only in paragraph (default) or LR (left-right) mode.
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! LaTeX command
! Sample
! Description
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\`{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ò || grave accent
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\'{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ó || acute accent
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ô || circumflex
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&quot;{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ö || umlaut, trema or dieresis
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\H{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ő || long Hungarian umlaut (double acute)
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || õ || tilde
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\c{c}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ç || cedilla
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\k{a}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ą || ogonek
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\l{}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ł || barred l (l with stroke)
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\={o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ō || macron accent (a bar over the letter)
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\b{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || &lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt; || bar under the letter &lt;!--- The correct construction o&amp;#817; should work but doesn't render properly (tried 3 browsers under windows) ---&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\.{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ȯ || dot over the letter
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\d{u}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ụ || dot under the letter
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\r{a}&lt;!----&gt;}} || å || ring over the letter (for å there is also the special command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\aa&lt;!----&gt;}})
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\u{o}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ŏ || breve over the letter
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\v{s}&lt;!----&gt;}} || š || caron/háček (&quot;v&quot;) over the letter
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\t{oo}&lt;!----&gt;}} || o&amp;#865;o || &quot;tie&quot; (inverted u) over the two letters 
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\o{}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ø || slashed o (o with stroke)
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={\i}&lt;!----&gt;}} || ı || dotless i (i without tittle)
|}

Older versions of LaTeX would not remove the dot on top of the i and j letters when adding a diacritic. To correct this, one had to use the dotless version of these letters, by typing {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\i}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\j}}. For example:
* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^{\i}&lt;!----&gt;}} should be used for i-circumflex î;
* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&quot;{\i}&lt;!----&gt;}} should be used for i-umlaut ï.

However, '''current versions of LaTeX do not need this anymore''' (and may, in fact, crash with an error).

If a document is to be written completely in a language that requires particular diacritics several times, then using the right configuration allows those characters to be written directly in the document. For example, to achieve easier coding of umlauts, the babel package can be configured as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage[german]{babel}&lt;!----&gt;}}. This provides the short hand {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&quot;o&lt;!----&gt;}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&quot;o&lt;!----&gt;}}. This is very useful if one needs to use some text accents in a label, since no backslash will be accepted otherwise.

More information regarding language configuration can be found in the [[LaTeX/Internationalization|Internationalization]] section.

==''Less than &lt;'' and ''greater than &gt;''==

The two symbols '&lt;' and '&gt;' are actually ASCII characters, but you may have noticed that they will print '¡' and '¿' respectively. This is a font encoding issue. If you want them to print their real symbol, you will have to use another font encoding such as T1, loaded with the {{LaTeX/Package|fontenc}} package. See [[LaTeX/Fonts|Fonts]] for more details on font encoding.

Alternatively, they can be printed with dedicated commands:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\textless
\textgreater
}}

==&lt;font id=&quot;Euro&quot;&gt;Euro &lt;big&gt;€&lt;/big&gt; currency symbol&lt;/font&gt;==

When writing about money these days, you need the [[w:euro sign|euro sign]].
The {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}} package features a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\texteuro&lt;!----&gt;}} command which gives you the euro symbol as supplied by your current text font. Depending on your chosen font this may be quite far from the official symbol.

An official version of the euro symbol is provided by {{LaTeX/Package|eurosym}}. Load it in the preamble (optionally with the {{LaTeX/Parameter|official}} option):

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[official]{eurosym}
}}

then you can insert it with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{}&lt;!----&gt;}} command. Finally, if you want a euro symbol that matches with the current font style (e.g., bold, italics, etc.) you can use a different option:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[gen]{eurosym}
}}

again you can insert the euro symbol with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{} &lt;!----&gt;}}.

Alternatively, you can use the {{LaTeX/Package|marvosym}} package which also provides the official euro symbol.
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{marvosym}
% ...

\EUR{}
}}

Now that you have succeeded in printing a euro sign, you may want the '€' on your keyboard to actually print the euro sign as above.
There is a simple method to do that. You must make sure you are using UTF-8 encoding along with a working {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\euro{}&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\EUR{}&lt;!----&gt;}}command.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\euro{}&lt;!----&gt;}
% or
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\EUR{}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}

Complete example:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{marvosym}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\EUR{}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}

== Degree symbol for temperature and math ==
The easiest way to print temperature and angle values is to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\SI{value}{unit}&lt;!----&gt;}} command from the {{LaTeX/Package|siunitx}} package, which works both in text and math mode:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{siunitx}
%...

A $\SI{45}{\degree}$ angle.

It is \SI{17}{\degreeCelsius} outside.
}}
For more information, see the [http://ctan.org/pkg/siunitx documentation of the {{LaTeX/Package|siunitx}} package].

A common mistake is to use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\circ&lt;!----&gt;}} command. It will not print the correct character (though {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$^\circ$&lt;!----&gt;}} will). Use the {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}} package instead, which provides a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textdegree&lt;!----&gt;}} command.

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{textcomp}
%...

A $45$\textdegree angle.
}}

For temperature, you can use the same command or opt for the {{LaTeX/Package|gensymb}} package and write

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{gensymb}
\usepackage{textcomp}
%...

17\,\celsius % best (with textcomp)
}}

Some keyboard layouts feature the degree symbol, you can use it directly if you are using UTF-8 and {{LaTeX/Package|textcomp}}. For better results in terms of font quality, we recommend the use of an appropriate font, like {{LaTeX/Package|lmodern}}:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{textcomp}

% ...

17\,°C

17\,℃ % best
}}

==Other symbols==

LaTeX has many symbols at its disposal. The majority of them are within the mathematical domain, and later chapters will cover how to get access to them. For the more common text symbols, use the following commands:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Command
! Sample
! Character
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\%&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\%&lt;/math&gt;
| %
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\$&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\$&lt;/math&gt;
|$
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\{&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\{&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;{&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\_&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\_&lt;/math&gt;
|_
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\P&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\P&lt;/math&gt;
|¶
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddag&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|‡
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textbar&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textgreater&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textendash&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|–
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\texttrademark&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|™
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textexclamdown&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|¡
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textsuperscript&lt;nowiki&gt;{a}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{X^{a}}&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pounds&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|£
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\#&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\#&lt;/math&gt;
|#
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&amp;&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\&amp;&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&lt;nowiki&gt;}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\}&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\S&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\S&lt;/math&gt;
|§
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dag&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|†
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textbackslash&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|\
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textless&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;&lt;&lt;/math&gt;
|&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textemdash&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|—
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textregistered&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|®
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textquestiondown&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|¿
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textcircled&lt;nowiki&gt;{a}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|ⓐ
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\copyright&lt;!----&gt;}}
|n/a
|©
|}

Not mentioned in above table, tilde (~) is used in LaTeX code to produce [[LaTeX/Text_Formatting#Non-breaking_spaces|non-breakable space]]. To get printed tilde sign, either write {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~{}&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textasciitilde{}&lt;!----&gt;}}. 
And a visible space &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;␣&lt;/span&gt; can be created with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\textvisiblespace&lt;!----&gt;}}.

For some more interesting symbols, the Postscript ZapfDingbats font is available thanks to the {{LaTeX/Package|pifont}} package. Add the declaration to your preamble: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{pifont}&lt;!----&gt;}}. Next, the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ding{number}&lt;!----&gt;}}, will print the specified symbol. Here is a table of the available symbols:

[[Image:LaTeX-dingbats.png|ZapfDingbats symbols]].

==In special environments==

=== Math mode ===

Several of the above and some similar accents can also be produced in math mode. The following commands may be used only in math mode.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! LaTeX command
! Sample
! Description
! Text-mode equivalence
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\hat{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|circumflex
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\^&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\widehat{oo}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\widehat{oo}&lt;/math&gt;
|wide version of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat&lt;!----&gt;}} over several letters
|
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\check{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\check{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|vee or check
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\v&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tilde{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\tilde{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|tilde
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\~&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\widetilde{oo}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\widetilde{oo}&lt;/math&gt;
|wide version of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\tilde&lt;!----&gt;}} over several letters
|
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\acute{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\acute{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|acute accent
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\'&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\grave{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\grave{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|grave accent
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\`&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\dot{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\dot{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|dot over the letter
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\.&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ddot{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\ddot{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|two dots over the letter (umlaut in text-mode)
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\&quot;&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\breve{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\breve{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|breve
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\u&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\bar{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\bar{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|macron
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\=&lt;!----&gt;}}
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vec{o}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\vec{o}&lt;/math&gt;
|vector (arrow) over the letter
|
|}

When applying accents to letters {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=i&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=j&lt;!----&gt;}}, you can use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\imath&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\jmath&lt;!----&gt;}} to keep the dots from interfering with the accents:
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! LaTeX command
! Sample
! Description
! Sample with upper dot
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\hat{\imath}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\hat{\imath}&lt;/math&gt;
|circumflex on letter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=i&lt;!----&gt;}} without upper dot
|&lt;math&gt;\hat{i}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|{{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\vec{\jmath}&lt;!----&gt;}}
|&lt;math&gt;\vec{\jmath}&lt;/math&gt;
|vector (arrow) on letter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=j&lt;!----&gt;}} without upper dot
|&lt;math&gt;\vec{j}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

=== Tabbing environment ===

Some of the accent marks used in running text have other uses in the tabbing environment. In that case they can be created with the following command:

* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a'&lt;!----&gt;}} for an acute accent
* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a`&lt;!----&gt;}} for a grave accent
* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\a=&lt;!----&gt;}} for a macron accent

== Unicode keyboard input ==
{{Wikipedia|Unicode input}}
Some operating systems provide a keyboard combination to input any Unicode code point, the so-called ''unicode compose key''.

Many X applications (*BSD and GNU/Linux) support the &lt;tt&gt;Ctrl+Shift+u&lt;/tt&gt; combination. A &quot;&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;&quot; symbol should appear. Type the code point and press &lt;tt&gt;enter&lt;/tt&gt; or &lt;tt&gt;space&lt;/tt&gt; to actually print the character.
Example:
 &lt;Ctrl+Shift+u&gt; 20AC &lt;space&gt;
will print the euro character.

Desktop environments like GNOME and KDE may feature a customizable compose key for more memorizable sequences.

Xorg features advanced keyboard layouts with variants that let you enter a lot of characters easily with combination using the appropriate modifier, like &lt;tt&gt;Alt Gr&lt;/tt&gt;. It highly depends on the selected layout+variant, so we suggest you to play a bit with your keyboard, preceding every key and dead key with the &lt;tt&gt;Alt Gr&lt;/tt&gt; modifier.

In Windows, you can hold &lt;tt&gt;Alt&lt;/tt&gt; and type a &lt;tt&gt;&lt;codepoint&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; to get a desired character. For example,
 &lt;Alt&gt; + 0252
will print the German letter ü.

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120514064815/http://spectroscopy.mps.ohio-state.edu/symposium_53/latexinstruct.html A few other LaTeX accents and symbols]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221127061132/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/latex/ltx-401.html NASA GISS: Accents]
* [ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CTAN/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List]
* [https://mathvault.ca/wp-content/uploads/Comprehensive-List-of-Mathematical-Symbols.pdf Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols]
* [//www.rpi.edu/dept/arc/training/latex/LaTeX_symbols.pdf PDF document with a lengthy list of symbols provided by various packages]
* [http://detexify.kirelabs.org/classify.html Search LaTeX symbols by drawing them]

==Notes and References==
{{reflist}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{LaTeX/Bottom|List Structures|Internationalization}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[sr:LaTeX/Посебни знакови]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Pastries Filled with Jam (Marmeladetascherl)</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>180414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443354</id>
      <parentid>4426190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3634" sha1="92s9j165i5y55prvh0zhqjfuu3uhih7" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of Austria|Austrian Cuisine]]

{{recipesummary
| category = Pastry recipes
| servings = 4-5
| time = 0.5 hr
| difficulty = 2
| Image = [[File:Jam tascherl.JPG|300px]]
}}'''Marmeladetascherl''' are a variety of sweet filled [[Cookbook:Pastry|pastry]] originating in Austria.
==History==

Pinzgau, a region in Austria, is popular for various reasons, but especially for the food. Nowadays cuisines of other countries and influence Austrian cuisine, but people in former times had only little choice about what to cook. This was particularly the case for the vast population living under humble circumstances. Although a variety of common professions existed in the Pinzgau region, agriculture and farming were the most fundamental. 

The basis for food in the Pinzgau region was [[Cookbook:Milk|milk]], [[Cookbook:Potato|potatoes]], and [[Cookbook:Corn|corn]], which were cooked and prepared in various ways. Meat was a seldom culinary pleasure, even for comparatively prosperous families. Meat was commonly preserved as [[Cookbook:Bacon|bacon]] and occasionally eaten during days of hard fieldwork or on Sundays in dumplings. Rich families ate vegetables almost every day, and fruits were eaten by those who owned fruit orchards. During winter, dried fruits were used to stuff pastries. The famous fruit bread, particularly prepared for Christmas, still reminds of that tradition. The chance for a healthy and balanced diet was a clear privilege to farmers with landholdings. In the past, poverty was the major reason for under-nourishment and consequently for diseases and infections, and almost everything was used and eaten with very few leftovers thrown away. 

The ''marmeladetascherl'' have their origins in those times; so just try them and get a taste of former times in the Pinzgau region. 

==Ingredients==
* 250 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]] [[Cookbook:Flour|flour]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|teaspoon]] [[Cookbook:Baking Powder|baking powder]]
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Butter|butter]]
* 1 package curd cheese (e.g. [[Cookbook:Quark|quark]] or [[Cookbook:Farmer Cheese|farmer cheese]])
* 1 [[Cookbook:Pinch|pinch]] of [[Cookbook:Salt|salt]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Egg White|egg white]]
* [[Cookbook:Jam|Jam]] (or nut cream)

==Procedure==
#Mix the flour with the baking powder, and rub in the butter. Then, add the curd and the salt, and [[Cookbook:Kneading|knead]] it into [[Cookbook:Dough|dough]].
#Let the dough rest in the fridge for 1 hour. 
#[[Cookbook:Dough#Rolling|Roll]] the dough to about 2 mm thick, and cut it into 10 cm squares.
#Put a blob of jam in the middle of each square, and fold them diagonally. Press the edges to seal the ''tascherl''.
#[[Cookbook:Brush|Brush]] a bit of the egg white onto each ''tascherl'', and place onto a [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|baking sheet]].
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 180°C, put the ''tascherl'' into the oven, and [[Cookbook:Baking|bake]] them for approximately 20 minutes.
# Before serving, dust some sugar onto the tascherl to add some extra flavour.

== References ==

* Sprache und Essen, Pinzgauer Kochbuch: Kost und Brauch aus der Region Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Ein Schulprojekt der Fachschule für wirtschaftliche Berufe in Bramberg am Wildkogel. Publisher: Tauriska.

[[Category:Austrian recipes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Pastry recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Baking recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]
[[Category:Recipes with images]]
[[Category:Butter recipes]]
[[Category:Baking powder recipes]]
[[Category:Cheese recipes]]
[[Category:Egg white recipes]]
[[Category:Wheat flour recipes]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Sweet Omelette</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>200115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443351</id>
      <parentid>4360168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:32:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>4443351</origin>
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      <text bytes="1339" sha1="g5q9kn6auhehsp2pbgtfvc8yxpk8cr6" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Egg recipes
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|Cuisine of the United Kingdom]] | [[Cookbook:Omelet Recipes|Omelet Recipes]]

Eggs eaten in sweet style.

== Ingredients ==
*2 [[Cookbook:Egg|eggs]]
*[[Cookbook:Jam|Jam]] of choice
*[[Cookbook:Powdered Sugar|Icing sugar]] or [[Cookbook:Castor Sugar|castor sugar]]

== Procedure ==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 180°C.
#Crack the eggs and separate the egg yolk from the egg whites. 
#Place the egg whites into the bowl, and [[Cookbook:Whipping|whip]] the egg whites with a [[Cookbook:Whisk|whisk]] until soft and fluffy.
#Briefly whisk the egg yolks, then gently [[Cookbook:Folding|fold]] them into the whipped whites.
#Pour into a [[Cookbook:Frying Pan|frying pan]] over low heat, and cook slowly on the stove until the bottom is golden brown.
#Place the frying pan into the oven after taking it off the stove, and [[Cookbook:Baking|bake]] until it is golden brown on the top.
#Pull out of the oven and unmold onto a plate.
#Pour and spread the jam gently over the omelette. Sift some icing sugar over the top of it.
#Enjoy!

[[Category:Egg recipes]]
[[Category:Omelette recipes]]
[[Category:Breakfast recipes]]
[[Category:Pan fried recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Sugar recipes]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Linux Kernel/Multitasking</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>226982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443373</id>
      <parentid>4443303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T08:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan</username>
        <id>3188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* CPU specific */ hotplug</comment>
      <origin>4443373</origin>
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      <text bytes="65080" sha1="rtze7w4t4luxs7pnw7ffm6gxuwg4maa" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}

{| style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5pc&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; |multitasking
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#eeb&quot; |[[#Processes|processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#dda&quot; |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9&quot; |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#bb8&quot; |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aa8&quot; |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]]
|- style=&quot;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#997&quot; |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]]
|}

Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system.
As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources.
Each CPU executes a single task at a time.
However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish.
For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one.
The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''.


== Processes ==
'''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}}using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}.
Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call.

Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process &quot;immediately&quot;.  Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}}

Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone).


PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A  lists current processes.
Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id.
A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id.
Which internal historically is called PID. 
⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}.
For a single thread process all these IDs are equal.


⚲ API
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} 
:: syscalls: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &amp;ndash; set pointer to thread ID 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process and block parent 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &amp;ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}}
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &amp;ndash; operations on a process or thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &amp;ndash; terminate the calling process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &amp;ndash; exit all threads in a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 


: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}}


📖 References
: {{w|fork (system call)}}
: {{w|exit (system call)}}
: {{w|wait (system call)}}
: {{w|exec (system call)}}

=== Inter-process communication ===
Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms:

Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces

🔧 TODO:
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}}

{{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}}


: [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}}
: {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}}
: {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}}
: Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}}
: Sys V IPC:
:: Message queues
:: Semaphores
:: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}}


📖 References
: {{w|Inter-process communication}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}

== Threads or tasks ==

In Linux kernel &quot;thread&quot; and &quot;task&quot; are almost synonyms. 

💾 ''History: Till 2.6.39, kernel mode has only one thread protected by {{w|big kernel lock}}.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}}
::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}}
:: function&amp;nbsp;{{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}()  returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}}
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess.
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wake a thread
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}}

==Scheduler==

The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process.

Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

Linux uses the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS), the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called &quot;fair queuing&quot; originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}.

In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a &quot;timeline&quot; of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example.

Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called &quot;sleeper fairness&quot;, which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it.

The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general &lt;tt&gt;task_struct&lt;/tt&gt; process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an &quot;ideal processor&quot; would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an &quot;ideal processor&quot;.

When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes,  the operation of the scheduler is as follows:
# The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution.
# If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree.
# If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time.
# The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration.

If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running.

An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload.

Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; /&gt;

The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}  scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the &quot;normal&quot; &amp;mdash;i.e. non realtime&amp;mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call.

Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; &gt;
Malte Skarupke.
[https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ &quot;Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &amp;ndash;  priority of running processes
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &amp;ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &amp;ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &amp;ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &amp;ndash; the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}}


⚙️ Internals

:{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function.
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 


🛠️ Utilities

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}]
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}}
: [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz]


📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}}
: CFS
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}}
:: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler]
:: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes]
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}}


📚 Further reading about the scheduler
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing]
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


=== Preemption ===

Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness.
In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput.

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &amp;ndash; no forced preemption for servers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &amp;ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &amp;ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &amp;ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt

=== Wait queues ===
A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then.


⚲ API

{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}}

{{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock.

Waiting for simple events:

: Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context
: Wait alternatives:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc
👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}.

Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}}
: [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues]

== Synchronization ==
Thread synchronization is defined as a  mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads.

=== User space synchronization ===

==== Futex ====

A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for &quot;fast userspace mutex&quot;) is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables.

A futex consists of a kernelspace ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in userspace.  Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in userspace (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue).  A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases.


The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases.

: WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep.
: WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}}

📖 References
: {{w|Futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}}


==== File locking ====
⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}}


==== Semaphore ====

💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}''

⚲ API 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}}

=== Kernel space synchronization ===

For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks.

==== Sleeping locks ====

===== Read-Copy-Update =====

Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers.

💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.''


⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. 


👁 For example, consider the following sequence of events:&lt;pre&gt;
	         CPU 0                  CPU 1                 CPU 2
	     ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------
	 1.  rcu_read_lock()
	 2.                    enters synchronize_rcu()
	 3.                                               rcu_read_lock()
	 4.  rcu_read_unlock()
	 5.                     exits synchronize_rcu()
	 6.                                              rcu_read_unlock()
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]]
:Since &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;'s overhead must also be quite small.

:Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture.  Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with &lt;code&gt;rcu_assign_pointer&lt;/code&gt;, an important function of &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_lock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_unlock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations in order to determine when (1) &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations may return to their callers and (2) &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization]


===== Mutexes =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}}


💾 ''Historical''
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}}
: [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events]

==== per CPU local lock ==== 

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}}
: etc


On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel]


💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.''

==== Spinning locks ====

===== {{w|Spinlock}}s =====

a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop (&quot;spin&quot;) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or &quot;goes to sleep&quot;.

Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list.

Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). 
Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels.


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}}
: 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks]


===== {{w|Seqlock}}s =====

A ''seqlock'' (short for &quot;sequential lock&quot;) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small.

It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after.

💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger  and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}}

👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock]

==== Spinning or sleeping locks ====

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !! on server !! on preempt RT
|-
| spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|-
| rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping
|-
| local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|}


==== Low level ====

The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior
when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &amp;ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; generic barrier definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; force strict CPU ordering
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &amp;ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started


📚 Further reading
: {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations
: {{w|Memory barrier}} &amp;ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations

=== Time ===

⚲ UAPI
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}}  &amp;mdash; microsecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls
:: ...

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
: {{w|Year 2038 problem}}

=== ... ===


⚙️ Locking internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime locking correctness validator
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &amp;ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking


📚 Locking references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
:::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}:
:::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks
:::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}}
: {{w|Synchronization (computer science)}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)], {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}}

== Interrupts ==
An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.  The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities.

There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}).

A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed.  The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself.  For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk.

Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler.  The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts.


⚲ API

: /proc/interrupts
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &amp;ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information
: [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &amp;ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system
: There are many ways to request ISR, two of them
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &amp;ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &amp;ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &amp;ndash; main interrupt support header
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &amp;ndash; contains handler functions 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &amp;ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}}
: Structure of structures:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}}
::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}}
: ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts]

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &amp;ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}

=== IRQ affinity ===

⚲ API
: /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity
: /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list

Common types and functions:
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &amp;ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}}
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &amp;ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs

===== ... =====

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML]


📚 Further reading
: IDT &amp;ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}}

== Deferred works ==

=== Scheduler context ===

==== Threaded IRQ ====

⚲ API 

{{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}

ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function

⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}}

📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}}


==== Work ====

work is a workqueue wrapper

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}}


👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_wq}}

==== Workqueue ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}}

=== Interrupt context ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &amp;ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}}

==== Timers ====

===== softirq timer =====

This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &amp;mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}}

⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}}

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}}

===== High-resolution timer =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &amp;mdash; callback
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 


👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} '''


📚 HR timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}


===== ... =====

📚 Timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration]

==== Tasklet ====

tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations

⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} 


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ


==== Softirq ====

softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs

⚲ API
: cat /proc/softirqs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}}


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}}


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues]
:[https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management]
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs]
: [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work]

==CPU specific==


🖱️ GUI
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &amp;ndash; program for tuning running processes


⚲ API
: cat /proc/cpuinfo
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/
: /sys/cpu/
: /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/
: grep -i cpu /proc/self/status
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &amp;ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR)
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &amp;ndash; display information about the CPU architecture


: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &amp;ndash; arch specific cpu topology information 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &amp;ndash; generic cpu definition 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &amp;ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &amp;ndash; Interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &amp;ndash; cputime accounting APIs


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}}


=== Cache ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}}
: https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils 
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}}

=== {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} ===

This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel.

Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include:
* Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s.
* Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized.
* Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads.
* Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization.
* Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently.
* NUMA &amp;ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory.
* Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores.
* Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise.
* Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation.


🗝️ Key terms
: '''Affinity''' refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}.


⚲ API
: &lt;code&gt;ps -PLe&lt;/code&gt; &amp;ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR).
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &amp;ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &amp;ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &amp;ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &amp;ndash; configure CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &amp;ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets
: grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &amp;ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask
:: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &amp;ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &amp;ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &amp;ndash; cpuset interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}}
:: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &amp;ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &amp;ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &amp;ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &amp;ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}}
: /sys/bus/cpu
: [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} – affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}}
: IPI &amp;ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}}
: smpboot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, domain, and managed_irq in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &amp;ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain
: [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 
: [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin]


==== CPU hotplug ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/cpu.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug states 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} &amp;ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug locking
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ...
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}}
:: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}}

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug cpuhotplug @LKML]

=== {{w|Memory barrier}}s ===

Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors.
MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}}

=== Architectures ===

Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations.

Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}).


Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}}

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, 

⚙️ Arch internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}}
:: '''x86'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86
:: '''ARM'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization]


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}}


📚 Further reading about multitasking, scheduling and CPU
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


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{| style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5pc&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; |multitasking
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#eeb&quot; |[[#Processes|processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#dda&quot; |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9&quot; |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#bb8&quot; |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aa8&quot; |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]]
|- style=&quot;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#997&quot; |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]]
|}

Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system.
As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources.
Each CPU executes a single task at a time.
However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish.
For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one.
The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''.


== Processes ==
'''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}}using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}.
Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call.

Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process &quot;immediately&quot;.  Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}}

Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone).


PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A  lists current processes.
Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id.
A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id.
Which internal historically is called PID. 
⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}.
For a single thread process all these IDs are equal.


⚲ API
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} 
:: syscalls: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &amp;ndash; set pointer to thread ID 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process and block parent 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &amp;ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}}
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &amp;ndash; operations on a process or thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &amp;ndash; terminate the calling process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &amp;ndash; exit all threads in a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 


: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}}


📖 References
: {{w|fork (system call)}}
: {{w|exit (system call)}}
: {{w|wait (system call)}}
: {{w|exec (system call)}}

=== Inter-process communication ===
Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms:

Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces

🔧 TODO:
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}}

{{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}}


: [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}}
: {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}}
: {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}}
: Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}}
: Sys V IPC:
:: Message queues
:: Semaphores
:: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}}


📖 References
: {{w|Inter-process communication}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}

== Threads or tasks ==

In Linux kernel &quot;thread&quot; and &quot;task&quot; are almost synonyms. 

💾 ''History: Till 2.6.39, kernel mode has only one thread protected by {{w|big kernel lock}}.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}}
::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}}
:: function&amp;nbsp;{{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}()  returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}}
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess.
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wake a thread
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}}

==Scheduler==

The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process.

Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

Linux uses the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS), the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called &quot;fair queuing&quot; originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}.

In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a &quot;timeline&quot; of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example.

Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called &quot;sleeper fairness&quot;, which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it.

The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general &lt;tt&gt;task_struct&lt;/tt&gt; process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an &quot;ideal processor&quot; would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an &quot;ideal processor&quot;.

When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes,  the operation of the scheduler is as follows:
# The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution.
# If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree.
# If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time.
# The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration.

If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running.

An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload.

Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; /&gt;

The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}  scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the &quot;normal&quot; &amp;mdash;i.e. non realtime&amp;mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call.

Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; &gt;
Malte Skarupke.
[https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ &quot;Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &amp;ndash;  priority of running processes
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &amp;ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &amp;ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &amp;ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &amp;ndash; the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}}


⚙️ Internals

:{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function.
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 


🛠️ Utilities

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}]
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}}
: [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz]


📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}}
: CFS
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}}
:: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler]
:: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes]
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}}


📚 Further reading about the scheduler
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing]
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


=== Preemption ===

Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness.
In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput.

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &amp;ndash; no forced preemption for servers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &amp;ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &amp;ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &amp;ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt

=== Wait queues ===
A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then.


⚲ API

{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}}

{{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock.

Waiting for simple events:

: Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context
: Wait alternatives:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc
👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}.

Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}}
: [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues]

== Synchronization ==
Thread synchronization is defined as a  mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads.

=== User space synchronization ===

==== Futex ====

A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for &quot;fast userspace mutex&quot;) is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables.

A futex consists of a kernelspace ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in userspace.  Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in userspace (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue).  A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases.


The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases.

: WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep.
: WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}}

📖 References
: {{w|Futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}}


==== File locking ====
⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}}


==== Semaphore ====

💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}''

⚲ API 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}}

=== Kernel space synchronization ===

For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks.

==== Sleeping locks ====

===== Read-Copy-Update =====

Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers.

💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.''


⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. 


👁 For example, consider the following sequence of events:&lt;pre&gt;
	         CPU 0                  CPU 1                 CPU 2
	     ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------
	 1.  rcu_read_lock()
	 2.                    enters synchronize_rcu()
	 3.                                               rcu_read_lock()
	 4.  rcu_read_unlock()
	 5.                     exits synchronize_rcu()
	 6.                                              rcu_read_unlock()
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]]
:Since &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;'s overhead must also be quite small.

:Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture.  Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with &lt;code&gt;rcu_assign_pointer&lt;/code&gt;, an important function of &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_lock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_unlock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations in order to determine when (1) &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations may return to their callers and (2) &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization]


===== Mutexes =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}}


💾 ''Historical''
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}}
: [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events]

==== per CPU local lock ==== 

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}}
: etc


On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel]


💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.''

==== Spinning locks ====

===== {{w|Spinlock}}s =====

a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop (&quot;spin&quot;) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or &quot;goes to sleep&quot;.

Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list.

Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). 
Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels.


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}}
: 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks]


===== {{w|Seqlock}}s =====

A ''seqlock'' (short for &quot;sequential lock&quot;) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small.

It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after.

💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger  and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}}

👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock]

==== Spinning or sleeping locks ====

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !! on server !! on preempt RT
|-
| spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|-
| rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping
|-
| local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|}


==== Low level ====

The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior
when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &amp;ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; generic barrier definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; force strict CPU ordering
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &amp;ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started


📚 Further reading
: {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations
: {{w|Memory barrier}} &amp;ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations

=== Time ===

⚲ UAPI
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}}  &amp;mdash; microsecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls
:: ...

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
: {{w|Year 2038 problem}}

=== ... ===


⚙️ Locking internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime locking correctness validator
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &amp;ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking


📚 Locking references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
:::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}:
:::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks
:::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}}
: {{w|Synchronization (computer science)}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)], {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}}

== Interrupts ==
An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.  The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities.

There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}).

A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed.  The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself.  For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk.

Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler.  The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts.


⚲ API

: /proc/interrupts
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &amp;ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information
: [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &amp;ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system
: There are many ways to request ISR, two of them
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &amp;ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &amp;ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &amp;ndash; main interrupt support header
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &amp;ndash; contains handler functions 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &amp;ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}}
: Structure of structures:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}}
::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}}
: ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts]

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &amp;ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}

=== IRQ affinity ===

⚲ API
: /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity
: /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list

Common types and functions:
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &amp;ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}}
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &amp;ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs

===== ... =====

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML]


📚 Further reading
: IDT &amp;ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}}

== Deferred works ==

=== Scheduler context ===

==== Threaded IRQ ====

⚲ API 

{{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}

ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function

⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}}

📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}}


==== Work ====

work is a workqueue wrapper

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}}


👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_wq}}

==== Workqueue ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}}

=== Interrupt context ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &amp;ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}}

==== Timers ====

===== softirq timer =====

This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &amp;mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}}

⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}}

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}}

===== High-resolution timer =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &amp;mdash; callback
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 


👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} '''


📚 HR timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}


===== ... =====

📚 Timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration]

==== Tasklet ====

tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations

⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} 


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ


==== Softirq ====

softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs

⚲ API
: cat /proc/softirqs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}}


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}}


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues]
:[https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management]
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs]
: [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work]

==CPU specific==


🖱️ GUI
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &amp;ndash; program for tuning running processes


⚲ API
: cat /proc/cpuinfo
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/
: /sys/cpu/
: /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/
: grep -i cpu /proc/self/status
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &amp;ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR)
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &amp;ndash; display information about the CPU architecture


: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &amp;ndash; arch specific cpu topology information 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &amp;ndash; generic cpu definition 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &amp;ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &amp;ndash; Interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &amp;ndash; cputime accounting APIs


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}}


=== Cache ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}}
: https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils 
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}}

=== {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} ===

This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel.

Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include:
* Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s.
* Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized.
* Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads.
* Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization.
* Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently.
* NUMA &amp;ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory.
* Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores.
* Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise.
* Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation.


🗝️ Key terms
: '''Affinity''' refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}.


⚲ API
: &lt;code&gt;ps -PLe&lt;/code&gt; &amp;ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR).
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &amp;ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &amp;ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &amp;ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &amp;ndash; configure CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &amp;ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets
: grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &amp;ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask
:: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &amp;ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &amp;ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &amp;ndash; cpuset interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}}
:: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &amp;ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &amp;ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &amp;ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &amp;ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}}
: /sys/bus/cpu
: [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} – affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}}
: IPI &amp;ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}}
: smpboot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, domain, and managed_irq in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &amp;ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain
: [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 
: [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin]


==== CPU hotplug ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/cpu.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug states 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &amp;ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug locking
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ...


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}}
:: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}}

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug cpuhotplug @LKML]

=== {{w|Memory barrier}}s ===

Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors.
MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}}

=== Architectures ===

Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations.

Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}).


Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}}

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, 

⚙️ Arch internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}}
:: '''x86'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86
:: '''ARM'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization]


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}}


📚 Further reading about multitasking, scheduling and CPU
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443375</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-01T08:43:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan</username>
        <id>3188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* CPU hotplug */ intro</comment>
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      <text bytes="65473" sha1="89y3gembonqau7cgwpm4qukksiuhdtz" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}

{| style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5pc&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; |multitasking
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#eeb&quot; |[[#Processes|processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#dda&quot; |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9&quot; |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#bb8&quot; |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aa8&quot; |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]]
|- style=&quot;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#997&quot; |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]]
|}

Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system.
As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources.
Each CPU executes a single task at a time.
However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish.
For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one.
The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''.


== Processes ==
'''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}}using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}.
Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call.

Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process &quot;immediately&quot;.  Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}}

Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone).


PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A  lists current processes.
Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id.
A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id.
Which internal historically is called PID. 
⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}.
For a single thread process all these IDs are equal.


⚲ API
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} 
:: syscalls: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &amp;ndash; set pointer to thread ID 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process and block parent 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &amp;ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}}
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &amp;ndash; operations on a process or thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &amp;ndash; terminate the calling process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &amp;ndash; exit all threads in a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 


: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}}


📖 References
: {{w|fork (system call)}}
: {{w|exit (system call)}}
: {{w|wait (system call)}}
: {{w|exec (system call)}}

=== Inter-process communication ===
Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms:

Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces

🔧 TODO:
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}}

{{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}}


: [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}}
: {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}}
: {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}}
: Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}}
: Sys V IPC:
:: Message queues
:: Semaphores
:: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}}


📖 References
: {{w|Inter-process communication}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}

== Threads or tasks ==

In Linux kernel &quot;thread&quot; and &quot;task&quot; are almost synonyms. 

💾 ''History: Till 2.6.39, kernel mode has only one thread protected by {{w|big kernel lock}}.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}}
::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}}
:: function&amp;nbsp;{{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}()  returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}}
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess.
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wake a thread
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}}

==Scheduler==

The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process.

Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

Linux uses the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS), the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called &quot;fair queuing&quot; originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}.

In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a &quot;timeline&quot; of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example.

Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called &quot;sleeper fairness&quot;, which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it.

The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general &lt;tt&gt;task_struct&lt;/tt&gt; process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an &quot;ideal processor&quot; would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an &quot;ideal processor&quot;.

When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes,  the operation of the scheduler is as follows:
# The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution.
# If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree.
# If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time.
# The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration.

If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running.

An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload.

Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; /&gt;

The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}  scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the &quot;normal&quot; &amp;mdash;i.e. non realtime&amp;mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call.

Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; &gt;
Malte Skarupke.
[https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ &quot;Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &amp;ndash;  priority of running processes
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &amp;ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &amp;ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &amp;ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &amp;ndash; the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}}


⚙️ Internals

:{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function.
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 


🛠️ Utilities

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}]
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}}
: [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz]


📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}}
: CFS
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}}
:: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler]
:: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes]
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}}


📚 Further reading about the scheduler
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing]
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


=== Preemption ===

Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness.
In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput.

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &amp;ndash; no forced preemption for servers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &amp;ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &amp;ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &amp;ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt

=== Wait queues ===
A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then.


⚲ API

{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}}

{{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock.

Waiting for simple events:

: Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context
: Wait alternatives:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc
👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}.

Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}}
: [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues]

== Synchronization ==
Thread synchronization is defined as a  mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads.

=== User space synchronization ===

==== Futex ====

A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for &quot;fast userspace mutex&quot;) is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables.

A futex consists of a kernelspace ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in userspace.  Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in userspace (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue).  A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases.


The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases.

: WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep.
: WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}}

📖 References
: {{w|Futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}}


==== File locking ====
⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}}


==== Semaphore ====

💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}''

⚲ API 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}}

=== Kernel space synchronization ===

For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks.

==== Sleeping locks ====

===== Read-Copy-Update =====

Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers.

💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.''


⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. 


👁 For example, consider the following sequence of events:&lt;pre&gt;
	         CPU 0                  CPU 1                 CPU 2
	     ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------
	 1.  rcu_read_lock()
	 2.                    enters synchronize_rcu()
	 3.                                               rcu_read_lock()
	 4.  rcu_read_unlock()
	 5.                     exits synchronize_rcu()
	 6.                                              rcu_read_unlock()
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]]
:Since &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;'s overhead must also be quite small.

:Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture.  Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with &lt;code&gt;rcu_assign_pointer&lt;/code&gt;, an important function of &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_lock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_unlock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations in order to determine when (1) &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations may return to their callers and (2) &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization]


===== Mutexes =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}}


💾 ''Historical''
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}}
: [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events]

==== per CPU local lock ==== 

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}}
: etc


On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel]


💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.''

==== Spinning locks ====

===== {{w|Spinlock}}s =====

a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop (&quot;spin&quot;) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or &quot;goes to sleep&quot;.

Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list.

Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). 
Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels.


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}}
: 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks]


===== {{w|Seqlock}}s =====

A ''seqlock'' (short for &quot;sequential lock&quot;) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small.

It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after.

💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger  and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}}

👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock]

==== Spinning or sleeping locks ====

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !! on server !! on preempt RT
|-
| spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|-
| rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping
|-
| local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|}


==== Low level ====

The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior
when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &amp;ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; generic barrier definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; force strict CPU ordering
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &amp;ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started


📚 Further reading
: {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations
: {{w|Memory barrier}} &amp;ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations

=== Time ===

⚲ UAPI
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}}  &amp;mdash; microsecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls
:: ...

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
: {{w|Year 2038 problem}}

=== ... ===


⚙️ Locking internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime locking correctness validator
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &amp;ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking


📚 Locking references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
:::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}:
:::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks
:::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}}
: {{w|Synchronization (computer science)}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)], {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}}

== Interrupts ==
An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.  The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities.

There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}).

A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed.  The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself.  For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk.

Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler.  The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts.


⚲ API

: /proc/interrupts
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &amp;ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information
: [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &amp;ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system
: There are many ways to request ISR, two of them
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &amp;ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &amp;ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &amp;ndash; main interrupt support header
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &amp;ndash; contains handler functions 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &amp;ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}}
: Structure of structures:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}}
::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}}
: ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts]

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &amp;ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}

=== IRQ affinity ===

⚲ API
: /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity
: /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list

Common types and functions:
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &amp;ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}}
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &amp;ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs

===== ... =====

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML]


📚 Further reading
: IDT &amp;ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}}

== Deferred works ==

=== Scheduler context ===

==== Threaded IRQ ====

⚲ API 

{{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}

ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function

⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}}

📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}}


==== Work ====

work is a workqueue wrapper

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}}


👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_wq}}

==== Workqueue ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}}

=== Interrupt context ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &amp;ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}}

==== Timers ====

===== softirq timer =====

This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &amp;mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}}

⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}}

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}}

===== High-resolution timer =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &amp;mdash; callback
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 


👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} '''


📚 HR timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}


===== ... =====

📚 Timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration]

==== Tasklet ====

tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations

⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} 


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ


==== Softirq ====

softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs

⚲ API
: cat /proc/softirqs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}}


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}}


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues]
:[https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management]
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs]
: [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work]

==CPU specific==


🖱️ GUI
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &amp;ndash; program for tuning running processes


⚲ API
: cat /proc/cpuinfo
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/
: /sys/cpu/
: /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/
: grep -i cpu /proc/self/status
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &amp;ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR)
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &amp;ndash; display information about the CPU architecture


: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &amp;ndash; arch specific cpu topology information 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &amp;ndash; generic cpu definition 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &amp;ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &amp;ndash; Interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &amp;ndash; cputime accounting APIs


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}}


=== Cache ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}}
: https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils 
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}}

=== {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} ===

This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel.

Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include:
* Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s.
* Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized.
* Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads.
* Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization.
* Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently.
* NUMA &amp;ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory.
* Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores.
* Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise.
* Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation.


🗝️ Key terms
: '''Affinity''' refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}.


⚲ API
: &lt;code&gt;ps -PLe&lt;/code&gt; &amp;ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR).
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &amp;ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &amp;ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &amp;ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &amp;ndash; configure CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &amp;ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets
: grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &amp;ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask
:: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &amp;ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &amp;ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &amp;ndash; cpuset interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}}
:: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &amp;ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &amp;ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &amp;ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &amp;ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}}
: /sys/bus/cpu
: [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} – affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}}
: IPI &amp;ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}}
: smpboot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, domain, and managed_irq in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &amp;ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain
: [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 
: [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin]


==== CPU hotplug ====

CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively.


⚲ API
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/cpu.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug states 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &amp;ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug locking
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ...


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}}
:: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}}

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug cpuhotplug @LKML]

=== {{w|Memory barrier}}s ===

Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors.
MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}}

=== Architectures ===

Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations.

Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}).


Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}}

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, 

⚙️ Arch internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}}
:: '''x86'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86
:: '''ARM'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization]


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}}


📚 Further reading about multitasking, scheduling and CPU
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


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      <timestamp>2024-11-01T08:56:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan</username>
        <id>3188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* CPU hotplug */ CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL</comment>
      <origin>4443378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65819" sha1="c78a0l6r8seh68yzzg85mcrf78f4r5x" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}}

{| style=&quot;width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5pc&quot;
! bgcolor=&quot;#ffc&quot; |multitasking
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#eeb&quot; |[[#Processes|processes]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#dda&quot; |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9&quot; |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#bb8&quot; |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]]
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;#aa8&quot; |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]]
|- style=&quot;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#997&quot; |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]]
|}

Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system.
As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources.
Each CPU executes a single task at a time.
However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish.
For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one.
The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''.


== Processes ==
'''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}}using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}.
Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call.

Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process &quot;immediately&quot;.  Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates.

{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}}

Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone).


PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number.
{{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A  lists current processes.
Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id.
A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id.
Which internal historically is called PID. 
⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}.
For a single thread process all these IDs are equal.


⚲ API
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h]
: [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} 
:: syscalls: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &amp;ndash; set pointer to thread ID 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &amp;ndash; create a child process and block parent 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &amp;ndash; create a child process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &amp;ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}}
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &amp;ndash; operations on a process or thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &amp;ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &amp;ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} 
:: syscalls:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &amp;ndash; terminate the calling process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &amp;ndash; exit all threads in a process 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &amp;ndash; wait for process to change state 


: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}}


📖 References
: {{w|fork (system call)}}
: {{w|exit (system call)}}
: {{w|wait (system call)}}
: {{w|exec (system call)}}

=== Inter-process communication ===
Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms:

Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations):

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces

🔧 TODO:
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}}
{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}}

{{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}}


: [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}}
: {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}}
: {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}}
: Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}}
: Sys V IPC:
:: Message queues
:: Semaphores
:: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}}


📖 References
: {{w|Inter-process communication}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}

== Threads or tasks ==

In Linux kernel &quot;thread&quot; and &quot;task&quot; are almost synonyms. 

💾 ''History: Till 2.6.39, kernel mode has only one thread protected by {{w|big kernel lock}}.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}}
::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}}
:: function&amp;nbsp;{{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}()  returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}}
:{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess.
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wake a thread
::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}}

==Scheduler==

The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process.

Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated.

Linux uses the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS), the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called &quot;fair queuing&quot; originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}.

In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a &quot;timeline&quot; of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example.

Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called &quot;sleeper fairness&quot;, which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it.

The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general &lt;tt&gt;task_struct&lt;/tt&gt; process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an &quot;ideal processor&quot; would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an &quot;ideal processor&quot;.

When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes,  the operation of the scheduler is as follows:
# The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution.
# If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree.
# If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time.
# The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration.

If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running.

An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload.

Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; /&gt;

The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}  scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the &quot;normal&quot; &amp;mdash;i.e. non realtime&amp;mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call.

Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;malte&quot; &gt;
Malte Skarupke.
[https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ &quot;Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &amp;ndash;  priority of running processes
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &amp;ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &amp;ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process
:: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &amp;ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &amp;ndash; the main scheduler API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}}


⚙️ Internals

:{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function.
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 


🛠️ Utilities

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}]
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}}
: [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz]


📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}}
: CFS
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}}
:: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler]
:: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes]
: [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}}


📚 Further reading about the scheduler
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing]
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


=== Preemption ===

Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness.
In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput.

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &amp;ndash; no forced preemption for servers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &amp;ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &amp;ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &amp;ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt

=== Wait queues ===
A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then.


⚲ API

{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}}

{{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock.

Waiting for simple events:

: Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context
: Wait alternatives:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc
👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}.

Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}}
: [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues]

== Synchronization ==
Thread synchronization is defined as a  mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads.

=== User space synchronization ===

==== Futex ====

A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for &quot;fast userspace mutex&quot;) is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables.

A futex consists of a kernelspace ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in userspace.  Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in userspace (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue).  A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases.


The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases.

: WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep.
: WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}}

📖 References
: {{w|Futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}}


==== File locking ====
⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}}


==== Semaphore ====

💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}''

⚲ API 
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}}

=== Kernel space synchronization ===

For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks.

==== Sleeping locks ====

===== Read-Copy-Update =====

Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers.

💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.''


⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small:

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. 


👁 For example, consider the following sequence of events:&lt;pre&gt;
	         CPU 0                  CPU 1                 CPU 2
	     ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------
	 1.  rcu_read_lock()
	 2.                    enters synchronize_rcu()
	 3.                                               rcu_read_lock()
	 4.  rcu_read_unlock()
	 5.                     exits synchronize_rcu()
	 6.                                              rcu_read_unlock()
&lt;/pre&gt;
[[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]]
:Since &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;'s overhead must also be quite small.

:Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture.  Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU.  The value returned by &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section.  As with &lt;code&gt;rcu_assign_pointer&lt;/code&gt;, an important function of &lt;code&gt;rcu_dereference&lt;/code&gt; is to document which pointers are protected by RCU.

The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_lock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rcu_read_unlock&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations in order to determine when (1) &lt;code&gt;synchronize_rcu&lt;/code&gt; invocations may return to their callers and (2) &lt;code&gt;call_rcu&lt;/code&gt; callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs.


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization]


===== Mutexes =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}}


💾 ''Historical''
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}}
: [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events]

==== per CPU local lock ==== 

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}}
: etc


On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel]


💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.''

==== Spinning locks ====

===== {{w|Spinlock}}s =====

a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop (&quot;spin&quot;) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or &quot;goes to sleep&quot;.

Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list.

Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). 
Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels.


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}}
: 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] 
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks]


===== {{w|Seqlock}}s =====

A ''seqlock'' (short for &quot;sequential lock&quot;) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small.

It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after.

💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger  and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.''


⚲ API

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}}

👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock]

==== Spinning or sleeping locks ====

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! !! on server !! on preempt RT
|-
| spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|-
| rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping
|-
| local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping
|}


==== Low level ====

The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior
when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &amp;ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; generic barrier definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; force strict CPU ordering
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &amp;ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started


📚 Further reading
: {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &amp;ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations
: {{w|Memory barrier}} &amp;ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations

=== Time ===

⚲ UAPI
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}}  &amp;mdash; microsecond resolution
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls
:: ...

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &amp;mdash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
: {{w|Year 2038 problem}}

=== ... ===


⚙️ Locking internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime locking correctness validator
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &amp;ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking


📚 Locking references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}}
:::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}:
:::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks
:::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}}
: {{w|Synchronization (computer science)}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)], {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}}

== Interrupts ==
An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.  The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities.

There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}).

A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed.  The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself.  For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk.

Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler.  The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts.


⚲ API

: /proc/interrupts
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &amp;ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information
: [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &amp;ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system
: There are many ways to request ISR, two of them
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &amp;ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &amp;ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &amp;ndash; main interrupt support header
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &amp;ndash; contains handler functions 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &amp;ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}}
: Structure of structures:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}}
::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}}
: ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts]

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &amp;ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}}

=== IRQ affinity ===

⚲ API
: /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity
: /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list

Common types and functions:
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &amp;ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}}
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &amp;ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs

===== ... =====

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML]


📚 Further reading
: IDT &amp;ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}}

== Deferred works ==

=== Scheduler context ===

==== Threaded IRQ ====

⚲ API 

{{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}

ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function

⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}}

📖 References

: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}}


==== Work ====

work is a workqueue wrapper

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}}


👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}}

⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_wq}}

==== Workqueue ====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}}

=== Interrupt context ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &amp;ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}}

==== Timers ====

===== softirq timer =====

This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &amp;mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}}

⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}}

👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}}

===== High-resolution timer =====

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &amp;mdash; callback
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}},  {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 


👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} '''


📚 HR timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}


===== ... =====

📚 Timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration]

==== Tasklet ====

tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations

⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} 


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ


==== Softirq ====

softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs

⚲ API
: cat /proc/softirqs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}}


⚙️ Internals 
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}}


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}}


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues]
:[https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management]
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs]
: [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work]

==CPU specific==


🖱️ GUI
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &amp;ndash; program for tuning running processes


⚲ API
: cat /proc/cpuinfo
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/
: /sys/cpu/
: /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/
: grep -i cpu /proc/self/status
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &amp;ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR)
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &amp;ndash; display information about the CPU architecture


: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &amp;ndash; arch specific cpu topology information 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &amp;ndash; generic cpu definition 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &amp;ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &amp;ndash; Interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &amp;ndash; cputime accounting APIs


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}}


=== Cache ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}}
: https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils 
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}}

=== {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} ===

This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel.

Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include:
* Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s.
* Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized.
* Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads.
* Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization.
* Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently.
* NUMA &amp;ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory.
* Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores.
* Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise.
* Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation.


🗝️ Key terms
: '''Affinity''' refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}.


⚲ API
: &lt;code&gt;ps -PLe&lt;/code&gt; &amp;ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR).
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &amp;ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &amp;ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &amp;ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &amp;ndash; configure CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &amp;ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets
: grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &amp;ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask
:: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &amp;ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &amp;ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &amp;ndash; cpuset interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}}
:: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &amp;ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &amp;ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &amp;ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &amp;ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}}
: /sys/bus/cpu
: [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} – affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}}
: IPI &amp;ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}}
: smpboot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, domain, and managed_irq in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &amp;ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain
: [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] 
: [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin]


==== CPU hotplug ====

CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively.


⚲ API
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/cpu.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug states 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &amp;ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug locking
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ...


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}}
:: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}}

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}}


📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &amp;ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between &quot;offline&quot; and &quot;online&quot; states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}}
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug cpuhotplug @LKML]

=== {{w|Memory barrier}}s ===

Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors.
MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}}

=== Architectures ===

Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations.

Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}).


Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} &gt; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}}

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, 

⚙️ Arch internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}}
:: '''x86'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86
:: '''ARM'''
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}}
::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM
::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization]


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}}


📚 Further reading about multitasking, scheduling and CPU
: [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools]


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>c78a0l6r8seh68yzzg85mcrf78f4r5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. e5</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>266638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443367</id>
      <parentid>3452538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:59:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2404:440C:1706:EC00:34F3:98C5:8168:1B36</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Expanded description</comment>
      <origin>4443367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1196" sha1="5tvbpadj18nttfacwfm6cn19itmtfsj" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Classical variation|
  |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|=
  |pd|pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd|=
  | | | | |pd|nd| | |=
  | | | |pd|pl| | | |=
  | | | |pl| | | | |=
  | | |nl| | | | | |=
  |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|=
  |rl| |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
||
}}
= Classical Defence/Steinitz Variation =
Black's Knight on f6 is attacked, granting white space and a tempo with the e5 pawn push. Most often Black retreats it to [[/4...Nfd7|d7]] as Black's only 2 other viable moves, Ng8 and Ne4, either gives white a significant development advantage or allows white to compromises Black's central pawn structure by Exchanging Knights. This variation is the highest-scoring against the French, and is the preference of current top computer programs.

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align &quot;center&quot;&gt;1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;4&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Main Line&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;(e5)&lt;br&gt;[[/4...Nfd7|Nfd7]]&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|French Defence}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
      <sha1>5tvbpadj18nttfacwfm6cn19itmtfsj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Flora of New York/Poaceae 3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>291640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443305</id>
      <parentid>4443302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T14:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AnRo0002</username>
        <id>147596</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Elymus trachycaulus (3821791717).jpg]] → [[File:Elymus violaceus (3821791717).jpg]]</comment>
      <origin>4443305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="126948" sha1="9r5oktmvcm5tmv7vx7668362wyczq1t" xml:space="preserve">{{../header
| this      = Poaceae 3
| prev-link = Poaceae 2
| next-link = Poaceae 4
}}

[[../Poales genus index|Poales genus index]]

From ''[http://www.tropicos.org/docs/meso/CLASSIFICATION%20OF%20world%20grasses%202013%20Oct%2029%20%282%29fZedits%20April%205%202014.htm A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae]''

==Subfamily Pooideae==

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Subfam. '''Pooideae''' Benth. (1861) is a large group that contains the '''cool-season grasses'''. This includes barley, oats, rye, wheat, and others.
}}

===Tribe Brachyelytreae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Brachyelytreae''' Ohwi (1941) contains only the genus ''Brachyelytrum''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

====''Brachyelytrum''====

{{../txt
|img=Brachyelytrum aristosum iNat-97555391.jpg
|cap=''Brachyelytrum aristosum''
|The ranges of the two North American '''shorthusk''' species overlap in New York, and they grow closely together in some parts of the state, but not in mixed populations, nor have they been known to hybridize.&lt;ref&gt;[http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Brachyelytrum_aristosum+&amp;type=treatment Stephen N. Stephenson &amp; Jeffery M. Saarela &quot;6.01 Treatment of ''Brachyelytrum'' P. Beauv.&quot; The Grass Manual on the Web]&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the New York Flora Atlas, both shorthusk species grow in mesic hardwood forests. Northern shorthusk (''B. aristosum'') is found in cooler, more northern sites, while southern shorthusk (''B. erectum'') usually grows in warmer, more southern sites, and sometimes in dry-mesic or calcareous sites.

*''Brachyelytrum aristosum'' ('''northern shorthusk'''): Lemmas (0.7-) 0.8—1.2 (-1.4) mm wide, minutely scabrous, longest hairs (0.06-) 0.08—0.14 (-0.2) mm long, not evident at 10x; weakly veined, mid-veins similar in prominence to secondary veins; widest leaf blades (0.8-) 1.0—1.4 (-1.6) cm wide;
*''Brachyelytrum erectum'' ('''southern shorthusk'''): Lemmas (0.8-) 1.1—1.5 (-1.8) mm wide, hispid, longest hairs (0.2-) 0.4—0.8 (-0.9) mm long, easily seen under 10x magnification, conspicuously veined, mid-veins more prominent than the secondary veins; widest leaf blades (0.9-) 1.1—1.7 (-2.0) cm wide.&lt;ref&gt;[https://keybase.rbg.vic.gov.au/keys/show/8316 Jeffery M. Saarela, Pau M. Peterson, Robert J. Soreng, &amp; Ralph E. Chapman (2003). &quot;A Taxonomic Revision of the Eastern North American and Eastern Asian Disjunct Genus Brachyelytrutn (Poaceae): Evidence from Morphology, Phytogeography and AFLPs.&quot; ''Systematic Botany'' 28:674-692. via. KeyBase (2021). Grasses of North America north of Mexico: ''Brachyelytrum.'']&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Brachyelytreae&lt;ref&gt;Brachyelytreae Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 55: 361. 1941&lt;/ref&gt;|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Brachyelytrum|Shorthusk|177|2|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Brachyelytrum aristosum
| author1 = (Michx.) Trel.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1888|Brachyelytrum aristosum|Trel.}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1943|Brachyelytrum erectum|var1=septentrionale|Babel}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1988|B. septentrionale|G.C.Tucker}}
| sn3     = {{../sn|auct|B. erectum|var=glabratum}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Northern short-husk
| en2     = {{../en|Northern long-awned|wood grass}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nwi1    =
| nwi2    =
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2383|5|Demonstrably secure in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRAR9|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = brachyelytrum/aristosum
| inat    = 204147-Brachyelytrum-aristosum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  
| image1  = Brachyelytrum aristosum c (16147935218).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Brachyelytrum erectum
| author1 = (Schreb.) P.Beauv.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1802|Muhlenbergia erecta|Schreb.}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1812|Brachyelytrum erectum|P.Beauv.}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1892|B. aristosum|var=glabratum|Vasey}}
| sn3     = {{../sn|1964|B. erectum|var=glabratum|au1=T. Koyama &amp; Kawano}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Bearded short-husk
| en2     = {{../en|Southern long-awned|wood grass}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nwi1    =
| nwi2    =
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2333|5|Demonstrably secure in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRER2|NN|Native to eastern US &amp; Canada}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = brachyelytrum/erectum
| inat    = 129495-Brachyelytrum-erectum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  
| image1  = Brachyelytrum erectum iNat-133355901.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table}}

===Tribe Nardeae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Nardeae''' W.D.J. Koch. (1837) contains only the genus ''Nardus.''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

====''Nardus''====

{{../txt
|img=Nardus stricta - Borstgras Lindberg.jpg
|cap=''Nardus stricta''
|''Nardus stricta'' ('''matgrass''') is and Old-World grass that has been found in northern New York, New England, and eastern Canada.  It is also present in Oregon and Idaho, where it is listed as a noxious weed.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Nardeae||Nardus|
}} 
{{../genus|Nardus|Mat grass|400|1|
}}
{{../taxon
| species = Nardus stricta
| author  = L.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1753|Nardus stricta|L.}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1941|N. glabriculmis|Sakalo}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1976|N. stricta|var=glabriculmis|var-au=(Sakalo) Tzvelev}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Matgrass
| en2     = Mat grass
| en3     = Moor matgrass
| en4     = Doormat grass
| en5     = Strict matgrass
| en6     = Nard grass
| en7     = Wirebent
| fr1     = Nard raide
| fr2     = Nard
| fr3     = Poil-de-bouc
| fr4     = Poil-de-chien
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Europe
| from1   = temperate Asia
| from2   = northern Africa
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = Naturalized weed
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2273|X|Non-native/Exotic}}
| usda    = {{../usda|NAST3|XX|}}
| vascan  = 7794
| gobot   = Nardus/stricta
| its-id  = 41952 
| ars-id  = 25066
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25511276
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = Nardus+stricta
| bna-id  = Nardus%20stricta
| map     = 
| image1  = Nardus stricta 01.JPG|width1=120
}}
{{../end table|Poaceae|Pooideae|Nardeae|Nardineae|
}}

===Tribe Meliceae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Meliceae''' Link ex Endl. (1830) contains '''''Glyceria''', Lycochloa, '''Melica''', Pleuropogon, '''Schizachne''', ''and'' Triniochloa.''&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

====''Glyceria''====

''Glyceria'' ('''manna grass''' or '''sweet grass''') is treated here based on:
* [http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Glyceria.htm#Glyceria Barkworth &amp; Anderton] and
* [http://www.amjbot.org/content/94/4/551.full Am. J. Bot. April 2007 vol. 94 no. 4 551-557  doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.4.551]

======''Glyceria'' sect. ''Hydropoa''======

{{../txt
|img=Glyceria grandis iNat-79794321.jpg
|cap=''Glyceria grandis''
|''Glyceria'' sect. ''Hydropoa'' &lt;small&gt;(Dumort.) Dumort&lt;/small&gt; includes a total of about five species, of which only '''American manna grass''' in known to grow in New York State. The Eurasian ''G. maxima'' is assessed as highly invasive for the region, but there have as yet been no vouchered reports in New York. However, there is concern that some of the specimens of ''G. grandis'' might in fact be ''G. maxima''. 

An observation of ''Glyceria maxima'' made by Paul Rutledge in Wyoming County 1994 is shown in iMapInvasives.&lt;ref&gt;[https://imapinvasives.natureserve.org/imap/services/page/Presence/441702.html iMapInvasives presence record for Reed Mannagrass in Wyoming County (Carlton Hill Upper Little Tonawanda Creek) made by Paul Rutledge in 1994, based on data mined in 2015.]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Meliceae|Melicineae|Glyceria||Hydropoa|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Glyceria|Manna grass|1003|11|sect=Hydropoa|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria grandis
| author  = S.Watson
| var     = grandis
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1890|Glyceria grandis|S.Watson}}
|{{../sn|1823|Poa aquatica|var=americana|var-au=Torr.}}
|{{../sn|1892|Panicularia americana||(Torr.) MacMill.}}
|{{../sn|1913|Panicularia grandis||(S. Watson) Nash}}
|{{../sn|1921|Glyceria grandis|fo=grandis|fo-au=S. Watson|info=autonym due to G. grandis fo. pallescens Fernald}}
|{{../sn|1934|Glyceria grandis|var=grandis|var-au=S.Watson|info=autonym due to G. grandis var. komarovii Kelso}}
|{{../sn|1942|Glyceria maxima|ssp=grandis|ssp-au=(S.Watson) Hultén}}
|{{../sn|1957|Glyceria maxima|var=grandis|var-au=(S.Watson) Breitung}}
|{{../sn|1967|Glyceria maxima|var=americana|var-au=(Torr.) B. Boivin}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|American manna grass|}}
{{../vn1|American mannagrass|}}
{{../vn1|American glyceria|}}
{{../vn1|Giant glyceria|}}
{{../vn1|Giant manna grass|}}
| en1     = 
| en2     = Giant glyceria
| en3     = Giant manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 4
| nwi1    = OBL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = S5, G5
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2245|5|Demonstrably secure in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLGRG|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/grandis
| inat    = 77291-Glyceria-grandis
| its-id  = 528256 
| ars-id  = 465514
| fna-i2  = Glyceria_grandis
| tro-id  = 25517668
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = GLGRG
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria grandis (6167893043).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria maxima
| author  = (Hartm.) Holb.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1753|Poa aquatica|L.}}
{{../sp-1|1812|Melica aquatica|(L.) Weber ex P.Beauv.}}
{{../sp-1|1820|Glyceria aquatica|(L.) Wahlb.}}
{{../sp-1|1820|Molinia maxima|Hartm.}}
{{../sp-1|1919|Glyceria maxima|(Hartm.) Holb.}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Reed meadowgrass|2021 iNaturalist}}
{{../vn1|Reed mannagrass|2020 iMapInvasives}}
{{../vn1|Reed sweetgrass|2021 GBIF}}
{{../vn1|Tall glyceria|}}
{{../vn1|English watergrass|}}
| fr-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Glycerie aquatique|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = northern Eurasia
| status1 = Highly invasive
| status2 = No NY reports
| status3 = NYFA Excluded
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyis    = 80%&lt;ref&gt;{{../nyis-ref|Glyceria maxima|High|80|}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|216|No NY reports}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLMA3|XX|AK,MA,WI, BC,NF,ON,QC only}}
| gbif    = 2705484
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = glyceria/maxima
| inat    = 163336-Glyceria-maxima
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-i2  = Glyceria_maxima
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| cos     = Wyoming (1994 iMap)
| image1  = Glyceria maxima Oulu, Finland 04.07.2013.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Glyceria'' sect. ''Glyceria''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Glyceria borealis iNat-50675848.jpg
|cap=''Glyceria borealis''
|
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Meliceae|Melicineae|Glyceria||Glyceria|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Glyceria|Manna grass|1003|11|sect=Glyceria|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria borealis
| author1 = (Nash) Batchelder
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn||Panicularia borealis|Nash}}
|{{../sn||G. borealis|(Nash) Batchelder}}
|{{../sn||G. fluitans|var=angustata|var-au=Vasey ex Fernald|}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Northern manna grass
| en2     = Small floating manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 7
| nwi1    = OBL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2135|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLBO|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/borealis
| inat    = 77287-Glyceria-borealis
| its-id  = 40841
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria borealis NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria septentrionalis
| author1 = Hitchc. (1906)
| var     = septentrionalis
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||Panicularia septentrionalis|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Floating manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 7
| nwi1    = OBL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = S5, G5
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2242|5|Demonstrably secure in New York}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLSE3|NN|Eastern US &amp; Canada}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/septentrionalis
| inat    = 140117-Glyceria-septentrionalis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria septentrionalis iNat-40736716 (3x4).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria acutiflora
| author  = Torr.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||Panicularia acutiflora|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Creeping mannagrass
| en2     = Sharp-glumed manna grass
| en3     = Sharp-flowered manna grass
| en4     = Sharp-scaled manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 9
| nwi1    = OBL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = S5, G5
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2125|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLAC|N0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/acutiflora
| inat    = 163333-Glyceria-acutiflora
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria acutiflora iNat-133934763 (3x4).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria fluitans
| author  = (L.) R.Br.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||Festuca fluitans|L.|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||Panicularia fluitans|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Water manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Naturalized
| c-rank  = X
| nwi1    = OBL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, GNR
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2377|X|Chenango}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLFL2|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/fluitans
| inat    = 77290-Glyceria-fluitans
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| cos     = Bronx (1898), Chemung, Chenango (1939), Oneida, Richmond, Rockland, Westchester
| image1  = Glyceria.fluitans.2.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria declinata
| author  = Brébiss. 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Small manna grass
| en2     = Waxy mannagrass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Impersistent
| status2 = Unk. naturalization
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2247|X|Queens only, Not Persisting, Not Native}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLDE|XX|NY,LA,VN,BC only}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/declinata
| inat    = 77288-Glyceria-declinata
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria.declinata2.-.lindsey.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Glyceria|Manna grass|1003|X|sect=Glyceria|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria septentrionalis
| au1abbr = Hitchc.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| var     = arkansana
| var-au1 = (Fernald) Steyerm. &amp; C. Kucera
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Floating manna grass
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|220|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLSE3||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/septentrionalis
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 535827
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria borealis × septentrionalis
| sp-disp = G. borealis × septentrionalis
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = {{../hybrid-of|northern manna grass|floating manna grass}}
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|221|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Ny hybrid.svg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria notata
| au-abbr = Chevall. 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1827|Glyceria notata|Chevall.}}
|{{../sn|1839|G. fluitans|au=(L.) R.Br.|var=plicata|var-au=Fr.}}
|{{../sn|1845|G. plicata|(Fr.) Fr.}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Plicate sweet grass
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Eruasia
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|219|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/notata
| inat    = 436444-Glyceria-notata
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 408433
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria notata1.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Glyceria'' sect. ''Striatae''=====

{{../txt
|img=Glyceria striata iNat-130742319.jpg
|cap=''Glyceria striata''&lt;br&gt;fowl mannagrass
|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Meliceae|Melicineae|Glyceria||Striatae|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Glyceria|Manna grass|1003|11|sect=Striatae|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria striata
| author  = (Lam.) Hitchc.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1791|Poa striata|Lam.}}
{{../sp-1|1797|Poa nervata|Willd.}}
{{../sp-1|1830|Glyceria nervata|(Willd.) Trin.}}
{{../sp-1|1891|Panicularia nervata|(Willd.) Kuntze}}
{{../sp-1|1928|Glyceria striata|(Lam.) Hitchc.}}
{{../var1|1929|Glyceria striata|(Lam.) Hitchc.|stricta|(Scribn.) Fernald}}
{{../sp-1|1933|Panicularia striata|(Lam.) Hitchc.}}
{{../ssp1|1942|Glyceria striata|(Lam.) Hitchc.|stricta|(Scribn.) Hultén}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Fowl manna grass
| en2     = Fowl mannagrass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2241|5|Demonstrably secure in New York}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLST|NN|Most of North America}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/striata
| inat    = 77293-Glyceria-striata
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 70324
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25509674
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria striata.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria melicaria
| author1 = (Michx.) F.T.Hubbard (1912)
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Slender manna grass|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Melic mannagrass}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 7
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2244|5|Demonstrably secure in New York}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLME2|NN|Eastern US &amp; Canada}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/melicaria
| inat    = 163337-Glyceria-melicaria
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria melicaria iNat-100400143.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria canadensis
| author1 = (Michx.) Trin.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||Panicularia canadensis|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Rattlesnake mannagrass|}}
{{../vn1|Canada manna grass|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 8
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2126|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLCA|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/canadensis
| inat    = 68032-Glyceria-canadensis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria canadensis iNat-148290615.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria obtusa
| author  = (Muhl.) Trin.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1817|Poa obtusa|Muhl.}}
|{{../sn|1830|Glyceria obtusa|(Muhl.) Trin.}}
|{{../sn|1891|Panicularia obtusa||(Muhl.) Kuntze}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Atlantic mannagrass
| en2     = Blunt manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Vulnerable
| c-rank  = 10
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2243|3?|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLOB|NN|Endangered in PA}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/obtusa
| inat    = 163339-Glyceria-obtusa
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 408430
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25517672
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria obtusa iNat-149983086.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria laxa
| author  = (Scribn.) Scribn. 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||G. canadensis|var=laxa|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||Glyceria × ottawensis|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn||Panicularia laxa|Scribn.|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Limp manna grass
| en2     = Northern manna grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Endangered
| c-rank  = 10
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2209|1?|Especially vulnerable in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|GLLA|NN|Protected in TN}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Glyceria/laxa
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Glyceria laxa (as Panicularia laxa) BB-1913-p.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Glyceria|Manna grass|1003|X|sect=Striatae|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria × gatineauensis
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| hp1     = Glyceria melicaria
| hp2     = Glyceria striata
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn||Glyceria × gatineauensis|}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = {{../hybrid-of|slender manna grass|fowl manna grass}}
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X||EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Ny hybrid.svg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Glyceria × ottawensis
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| hp1     = Glyceria canadensis
| hp2     = Glyceria striata
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn||Glyceria × ottawensis|}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = {{../hybrid-of|slender manna grass|Canada manna grass}}
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X||EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Ny hybrid.svg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Melica''====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Melica altissima 'Atropurpurea' Perłówka wyniosła 2010-06-20 03.jpg
|cap=''Melica altissima'' 'Atropurpurea'
|
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Meliceae|Melicineae|Melica|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Melica|Melic grass|390|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Melica altissima
| author  = L.
| en1     = Siberian melicgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Excluded
| status2 = Waif
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|789|EXCLUDED Bronx 1915}}
| usda    = {{../usda|MEAL|XW|NY, OK, ON(waif) only.}}
| inat    = 165232-Melica-altissima
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| map     = Excluded nymap.svg
| cos     = excluded
| image1  = Melica altissima kz04.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Schizachne''====

{{../txt
|img=Schizachne purpurascens flowers 001.JPG
|cap=''Schizachne purpurascens''
|'''False melic''' (''Schizachne purpurascens'')
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Meliceae||Schizachne|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Schizachne|False melic|625|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Schizachne purpurascens
| author1 = (Torr.) Swallen
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    =
{{../sp-1|1823|Trisetum purpurascens|Torr.}}
{{../sp-1|1803|Avena striata|Michx. illeg. hom.}}
{{../sp-1|1906|Melica striata|Hitchc.}}
{{../sp-1|1908|Melica purpurascens|(Torr.) Hitchc.}}
{{../sp-1|1913|Avena torreyi|Nash}}
{{../sp-1|1928|S. purpurascens|(Torr.) Swallen}}
{{../sp-1|1936|S. striata|(Hitchc.) Hultén}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = False melic
| en2     = False melic grass
| en3     = Purple oat
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2349|5|Demonstrably secure in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|SCPU|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Schizachne/purpurascens
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Schizachne purpurascens flowers 001 (2x3).JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

===Tribe Stipeae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Stipeae''' Dumort. (1824) contains ''Achnatherum, Aciachne, Amelichloa, Anatherostipa, Anemanthele, Austrostipa, Celtica, Eriocoma, '''Hesperostipa''', Jarava, Lorenzochloa, Macrochloa, '''Nassella''', Oloptum, Ortachne, Orthoraphium, '''Oryzopsis''', Pappostipa, '''Patis''', '''Piptochaetium''', '''Piptatheropsis''', Piptatherum, Psammochloa, Ptilagrostis, Stipa, Stipellula, Timouria, ''and'' Trikeraia''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the New York grasses in the tribe Stipeae are referred to in general as '''rice grasses'''.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Oryzopsis''====

{{../txt
|img=Oryzopsis asperifolia InsectImages 1213037 (1x1).jpg
|cap=''Oryzopsis asperifolia''
|The name ''Oryzopsis'' reflects a similarity to the genus ''Oryza'' (rice). '''Spreading whitegrass''', '''roughleaf ricegrass''', or '''white-grained mountain rice grass''' is common in shaded habitats of New York.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Oryzopsis|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Oryzopsis|Rice grass|225|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Oryzopsis asperifolia
| author1 = Michx.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Spreading white grass|2021 New York Flora Association}}
{{../vn1|Roughleaf ricegrass|}}
{{../vn1|White-grained mountain-ricegrass|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2202|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ORAS|NN|}}
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = oryzopsis/asperifolia
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 26086
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| image1  = Oryzopsis asperifolia InsectImages 5548444 (2x3).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Patis''====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Patis|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Patis|Rice grass|1144|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Patis racemosa
| author  = (Sm.) Romasch.,
| author1 = P.M.Peterson &amp; R.J.Soreng
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1813|Milium racemosum|Sm.}}
{{../sp-1|1817|Oryzopsis melanocarpa|Muhl.}}
{{../sp-1|1829|Piptatherum racemosum|(Sm.) Eaton}}
{{../sp-1|1906|Oryzopsis racemosa||(Sm.) Ricker ex Hitchc.}}
{{../sp-1|2011|Patis racemosa|(Sm.) Romasch.,|P.M.Peterson &amp; R.J.Soreng}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Black-fruited rice grass
| en2     = Blackseed ricegrass
| en3     = Black-fruited mountain-ricegrass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2363|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|PARA2|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = piptatherum/racemosum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Patis racemosa (as Oryzopsis racemosa) BB-1913.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Piptatheropsis''====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Piptatheropsis|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Piptatheropsis|Rice grass|1143|2|author=&lt;br&gt;Romasch., P.M.Peterson &amp; Soreng
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Piptatheropsis pungens
| author1 = (Torr.) Romasch., P.M.Peterson &amp;
| author2 = R.J.Soreng
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1821|Milium pungens||Torr. ex Spreng.}}
{{../sp-1|1908|Oryzopsis pungens||(Torr. ex Spreng.) Hitchc.}}
{{../sp-1|2001|Piptatherum pungens||(Torr. ex Spreng.) Dorn}}
{{../sp-1|2011|Piptatheropsis pungens||(Torr. ex Spreng.) Romasch., P.M.Peterson &amp; R.J.Soreng}}
| en1     = Mountain ricegrass
| en2     = Short-awned mountain-rice grass
| status  = Native
| status1 = Likely secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2362|4|as Piptatherum pungens}}
| usda    = {{../usda|PIPU9|NN|protected in: CT,IN,IA,NJ,PA,RI,VT}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Piptatherum/pungens
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Piptatheropsis pungens (as Oryzopsis pungens) BB-1913.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Piptatheropsis canadensis
| author1 = (Poir.) Romasch., P.M.Peterson &amp;
| author2 = R.J.Soreng
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1806|Stipa canadensis|Poir.}}
{{../sp-1|1835|Urachne canadensis|(Poir.) Torr.}}
{{../sp-1|1843|Oryzopsis canadensis|(Poir.) Torr.}}
{{../sp-1|1888|Oryzopsis juncea||Britton, Sterns &amp; Poggenb. illeg.}}
{{../sp-1|2001|Piptatherum canadense|(Poir.) Dorn}}
{{../sp-1|2011|Piptatheropsis canadensis|(Poir.)|Romasch., P.M.Peterson &amp; R.J.Soreng}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Canada ricegrass
| en2     = Canada mountain-ricegrass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Endangered
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2155|2|as Piptatherum canadense}}
| usda    = {{../usda|PICA19|NN|protected in: ME,MI,NH,NY}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = piptatherum/canadense
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 100376533
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Piptatheropsis canadensis (as Stipa canadensis) BB-1913.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Piptochaetium''====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Piptochaetium|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Piptochaetium|Spear grass|931|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Piptochaetium avenaceum
| author1 = (L.) Parodi (1944)
| sn0     = Stipa avenacea ''L''
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Black-seeded spear grass|2021 New York Flora Association}}
{{../vn1|Blackseed speargrass|}}
| en1     = 
| status  = Native
| status1 = Vulnerable
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2133|3?|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|PIAV|NN|}}
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Piptochaetium avenaceum (as Stipa avenacea) BB-1913.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Hesperostipa''====

{{../txt
|img=Stipa comata (3911843341).jpg
|cap=''Hesperostipa comata''
|'''Needle-and-thread grass''' is native to western North America and has not been found to naturalize in New York State.  It was collected from [[w:Cobb's Hill Reservoir|Cobb's Hill Reservoir]] in Rochester 1914 but has not persisted there. See [[../Plants of Monroe County|Plants of Monroe County]].
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Hesperostipa|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Hesperostipa|Needle and thread|1011|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hesperostipa comata | ssp0 = comata
| author  = (Trin. &amp; Rupr.) Barkworth
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| syns    = &lt;poem&gt;
1842.''    Stipa comata           ''Trin. &amp; Rupr. in Sp. Gram. Stipac.:75
1993.'' '''Hesperostipa comata''' ''(Trin. &amp; Rupr.) Barkworth in Phytologia 74:16
&lt;/poem&gt;
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Needle-and-thread|}}
{{../vn1|Needle-and-thread grass|}}
{{../vn1|Needlegrass|}}
{{../vn1|Speargrass|}}
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = western N. America
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Impersistent
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = Heliophily: 9
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, G5
| ns-rank = 
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2288|Monroe 1914|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HECO26|NN|Western &amp; Central US &amp; Canada}}
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| col-id  = 
| pow-id  = 77233787-1
| wfo-id  = 
| fsus    = 9062
| vascan  = 7713
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 402288
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25553277
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Stipa comata-5-12-04.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====''Nassella''====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Stipeae|Stipinae|Nassella|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Nassella|Tussock grass|994|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Nassella viridula
| author1 = (Trin.) Barkworth
| sn0     = Stipa viridula ''Trin.''
| en1     = Green needlegrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2305|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|NAVI4|NN|Western &amp; Central US &amp; Canada}}
| its-id  = 507086
| ars-id  = 402095
| fna-id  = 
| image1  = Nassella viridula or stipa viridula.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

===Tribe Diarrheneae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Diarrheneae''' C.S. Campb. (1985) contains '''''Diarrhena''''' and ''Neomolinia''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

====''Diarrhena''====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Diarrheneae&lt;ref&gt;Diarrheneae Tateoka ex C.S. Campb., J. Arnold Arbor. 66: 188. 8 Apr 1985&lt;/ref&gt;||Diarrhena|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Diarrhena|Beak grain|869|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Diarrhena obovata
| author1 = (Gleason) Brandenburg (1991)
| sn0     = Diarrhena americana ''var.'' obovata
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Western beakgrain|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Beak grass}}
{{../vn1|Obovate beakgrain|2020 USDA-NRCS}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Endangered
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2376|2|Native, very vulnerable in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|DIOB3|NN|}}
| its-id  = 506940
| ars-id  = 433150
| image1  = Diarrhena americana HC-1950.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

===Tribe Brachypodieae===

{{../txt
|img=
|cap=
|Tribe '''Brachypodieae''' Harz (1880) consists of the single genus ''Brachypodium'' (syn. ''Trachynia''),&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt; which has no known species that are native to the western hemisphere.
}}

====''Brachypodium''====
{{../txt
|img=Brachypodium sylvaticum iNat-48309280.jpg
|cap=''Brachypodium sylvaticum''
|''Brachypodium'', commonly known as '''false brome''' contains the invasive '''slender false brome''' (''B. sylvaticum''), which has a number of dense populations in New York and according to iMapInvasives is present in at least 11 counties.&lt;ref&gt;[https://imapinvasives.natureserve.org/imap/services/page/map.html?x=-75.1407&amp;y=42.7276&amp;z=8&amp;dpnl=legend&amp;lgrp=ALL&amp;bm=topo&amp;toc=mainDataTOC;0;0=1;40|ConfirmedPresenceTOC;0;0=1;0|aoiTOC;0;0=0;40|statesTOC;0;0=0;0|countiesTOC;0;0=0;0|waterbodiesTOC;0;0=0;40|conservationLandsTOC;0;0=0;40|usgsTopoTOC;0;0=0;0|ismaTOC;0;0=0;0|hydrobasinTOC;0;0=0;0|countryTOC;0;0=0;0|municipalBoundariesTOC;0;0=0;0|tncIPMMS;0;0=0;40|mobiToc;0;0=0;0&amp;fobs=&amp;fhbtt=&amp;fspec=4584&amp;fstyp=n&amp;fkdom=&amp;fgens=&amp;fbdte=&amp;fadte=&amp;fproj=&amp;forg=&amp;fjur=&amp;felim= iMapInvasives. ''Brachypodium sylvaticum'' New York map.]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Purple false brome''' (''B. distachyon'') has not been reported in New York, but in listed in iMap as Highly invasive with an NYS Tier of 1b, as it is present in New Jersey.

'''Heath false brome''' (''B. pinnatum'') has not been reported in New York, but may be of concern because it has been reported in western Massachusetts.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Brachypodieae&lt;ref&gt;Brachypodieae Harz, Linnaea 43: 15. 1880&lt;/ref&gt;||Brachypodium|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Brachypodium|False brome|1118|1|author=P.Beauv.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Brachypodium sylvaticum
| author  = (Huds.) P.Beauv. 
| ssp     = sylvaticum
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1762|Festuca sylvatica|Huds.}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1776|Bromus sylvaticus|Moench}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1777|Triticum sylvaticum|Pollich}}
| sn3     = {{../sn|1812|Bra. sylvaticum|P.Beauv.}}
| sn4     = {{../sn|1827|Agropyron sylvaticum|Chevall.}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Slender false brome|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1||}}
| en1     = Slender false brome
| fr1     = Brachypode des bois
| fr2     = Brachypode des forêts
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Eurasia
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Very highly invasive
| status2 = NYIS: 87%&lt;ref&gt;{{fny-nyis-ref|Brachypodium sylvaticum|Very highly invasive|87%}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| status3 = Prohibited&lt;ref&gt;{{../prohibit-ref}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| status4 = NYS Tier 3
| c-rank  = X
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, GNR
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7190|X|Tomp,Gene only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRSY|X0|Oregon only: nox. weed}}
| ref-21  = [http://www.nyflora.org/download_file/view/40/74/ NYFA] CP-2&lt;ref name=CP2&gt;{{fny-ref|CP2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| vascan  = 27710
| gobot   = |not listed: brachypodium/sylvaticum
| its-id  = 41331
| ars-id  = 7606
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 50148587
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = Brachypodium%20sylvaticum
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = Brachypodium sylvaticum ssp sylvaticum nymap.svg
| cos     = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Genesee (1998, 2009), Tompkins (2009, 2010)&quot;&gt;NYFA: 2 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;abbr title=&quot;Cayuga, Dutchess, Genesee, Livingsotn, Madison, Monroe, Onondaga, Seneca, Tompkins, Wyoming, Yates&quot;&gt;iMap: 11 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Brachypodium sylvaticum iNat-48309306.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Brachypodium|False brome|1118|X|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Brachypodium distachyon
| au-abbr = (L.) P. Beauv.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1||Brachypodium distachyon|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Purple false brome|}}
{{../vn1|Stiff brome|}}
{{../vn1||}}
| fr-vns  = 
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Eurasia
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Highly invasive
| status2 = NYS Tier 1b
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|0|0|Not listed in NY}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRDI2|XX}}
| gbif    =
| pow-id  = 
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| fna-i1  = 
| fna-i2  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = Brachypodium%20distachyon
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| cos     = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;No counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Brachypodium distachyon Espigas 2010-5-26 DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Brachypodium pinnatum
| author1 = (L.) P.Beauv.
| sn1     = {{../sn|1753|Bromus pinnatus|L.}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1812|Bra. pinnatum|P.Beauv.}}
| en1     = Heath false brome
| en2     = Chalk false brome
| en3     = Japanese false bromegrass
| status  = Introduced | from=Eurasia | from1=northern Africa
| status1 = No NY reports
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|0|0|Not listed in NY}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRPI|X0|CA, MA, OR (only)}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = brachypodium/pinnatum
| its-id  = 41333
| ars-id  = 300079
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = Brachypodium+pinnatum
| bna-id  = Brachypodium%20pinnatum
| map     = Brachypodium pinnatum nymap.svg
| cos     = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;No counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Brachypodium pinnatum sl10.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

===Tribe Bromeae===

====''Bromus''====

The genus '''''{{fny-w|Bromus}}''''' is here divided by sections according to the treatment by [http://herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/bromus.htm Leon E. Pavlick and Laurel K. Anderton].

=====''Bromus'' sect. ''Bromus''=====

[http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG Catalogue of New World Grasses]

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Bromeae||Bromus||Bromus|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|12|BROMU|11|sect=Bromus
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus arvensis
| author  = L.
| sn0     = {{../sn||Forasaccus arvensis|(L.) Bubani|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||Serrafalcus arvensis|(L.) Godr.|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn||B. erectus|var=arvensis|(L.) Huds.|}}
| sn3     = {{../sn||B. anatolicus|Boiss. &amp; Heldr.|}}
| en1     = Field brome
| status  = Introduced
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2323|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRAR5|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 40494
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus arvensis inflorescence (17).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus briziformis
| author1 = Fisch. &amp; C.A.Mey.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||B. brizaeformis|info=orth. var.|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = {Rattlesnake brome
| en2     = Rattlesnake chess
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = temperate Asia
| status1 = Impersistent
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2324|X|Tompkins only}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRBR5|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 7779
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus briziformis (38790908131) (3x4).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus commutatus
| author  = Schrad. 1806
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||B. racemosus|ssp=commutatus|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||B. commutatus|var=apricorum|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn||B. hordaceus|var=commutatus|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Hairy brome
| en2     = Hairy chess
| en3     = Meadow brome
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Weed
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2326|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRRA2|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = bromus/commutatus
| its-id  = 40497
| ars-id  = 7788
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Detail of Bromus commutatus panicle.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus hordeaceus
| author  = L.
| ssp     = hordeaceus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1||Bromus mollis|L.}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Soft brome
| en2     = Soft chess
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2182|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRHOH|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = bromus/hordeaceus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus hordeaceus 129423017.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus hordeaceus
| author  = L.
| ssp     = pseudothominei
| ssp-au1 = (P.M.Sm.) H.Scholz
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Lesser soft brome
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|7209|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRHOP|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = bromus/hordeaceus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus hordeaceus2.jpeg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus hordeaceus
| author  = L.
| ssp     = thominei
| ssp-au1 = (Hardouin) Braun-Blanq.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1833|Bromus thominei|Hardouin}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1907|B. hordeaceus|var=thominei|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1923|B. hordeaceus|ssp=thominei|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Sand soft brome
| fr1     = Brome des dunes
| fr2     = Brome des&lt;br&gt;&amp;emsp; Thomine-Desmazures
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = No specimens
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|0|D|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRHOT|XX|}}
| vascan  = 7461
| gobot   = bromus/hordeaceus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus japonicus
| author1 = Thunb. ex Murray 1784
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||B. arvensis|var=japonicus|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||B. japonicus|var=porrectus|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn||B. patulus|Mert. &amp; W.D.J.Koch|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Japanese brome
| en2     = Japanese chess
| en3     = Japanese bromegrass 
| en4     = Thunberg's brome
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Weed
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2186|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRAR5|XX|Syn. of arvensis}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 40479
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus japonicus (5124291414).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus lanceolatus
| author  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Mediterranean brome
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|6746|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRLA7|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Flora Atlantica, sive, Historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt (Plate 19) (7455940316).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus lepidus
| author  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Slender soft brome
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2188|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus racemosus
| author  = L.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0      = {{../sn||B. arvensis|var=racemosus|}}
| sn1      = {{../sn||B. hordeaceus|var=racemosus|}}
| sn2      = {{../sn||B. squarrosus|var=racemosus|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Bald brome
| en2     = Smooth brome
| en3     = Spiked brome-grass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Naturalized
| c-rank  = X
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2191|Xn|Not Native, Naturalized}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRRA2|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 40516
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus.racemosus2.-.lindsey.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus scoparius
| author  = 
| en1     = Broom brome
| status  = Introduced
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|6744|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRSC3|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus scoparius NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus secalinus
| author  = 
| en1     = Rye brome
| status  = Introduced
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2193|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRSE|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/secalinus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus secalinus0.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus squarrosus
| author  = 
| var     = squarrosus
| en1     = Corn brome
| status  = Introduced
| nyfa    = {{fny-nyfa|2194|X|}}
| usda    = {{fny-nrcs|BRSQ2|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus squarrosus NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Bromus'' sect. ''Bromopsis''=====

{{../txt
|img=Bromus ciliatus - Flickr - aspidoscelis.jpg
|cap=''Bromus ciliatus''
|''Bromus'' sect. ''{{fny-w|Bromopsis}}'' {{fny-au|Dumort}} has also gone by the name ''Bromus'' sect. ''{{fny-w|Pnigma}}'' {{fny-au|Dumort}}.

''Bromus inermis'' ('''smooth brome''') is listed as a Tier-4 invasive plant in the Finger Lakes PRISM, though it hasn't been assessed at the state level. 
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Bromeae||Bromus||Bromopsis|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|26|sect=Bromopsis|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus ciliatus
| en1     = Fringed brome
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2325|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRCI2|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/ciliatus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     =
| image1  = 2017.06.19 14.39.59 DSC00219 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus latiglumis
| author1 = (Shear) Hitchc.
| sn0     = Bromus altissimus ''Pursh''
| en1     = Canada brome
| en2     = Earlyleaf brome
| status  = Native 
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6749|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRLA4|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/latiglumis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     =
| image1  = Bromus latiglumis 2 (3x4).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus pubescens
| en1     = Hairy wood brome grass
| en2     = Hairy woodland brome
| status  = Native 
| status1 = Secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2190|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRPU6|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/latiglumis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     =
| image1  = Bromus pubescens.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus kalmii
| en1     = Arctic brome
| en2     = Kalm's brome
| en3     = Wild chess
| status  = Native 
| status1 = Likely secure
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2184|4|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRKA2|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/latiglumis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Bromus kalmii iNat-47113927 (3x4).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus nottowayanus
| en1     = Satin brome
| en2     = Virginia brome
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Very vulnerable
| c-rank  = 7
| nwi1    = FACU
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = S1-2, G4-5
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7150|1-2|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRNO|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/nottowayanus
| inat    = 159469-Bromus-nottowayanus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| cos     = Erie (1927-28),&lt;br&gt;Tompkins (1914-2004),&lt;br&gt;Washington (1913-15)
| image1  = Bromus nottowayanus iNat-140213370.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus erectus
| en1     = Meadow brome
| status  = Introduced
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2180|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRER3|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/erectus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = 20190526Bromus erectus3.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus inermis
| au-abbr = Leyss.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1||Bromus inermis|Leyss.}}
{{../ssp1||Bromus inermis|Leyss.|aristatus|Schur}}
{{../ssp1||Bromus inermis|Leyss.|divaricatus|Rohlena}}
{{../ssp1||Bromus inermis|Leyss.|villosus|(Mert. &amp; Koch) Beck}}
{{../sp-1||Bromopsis inermis|(Leyss.) Holub}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Smooth brome
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Eurasia
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = FL Tier 4&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers. ''Bromus inermis'': Finger Lakes Tier 4. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program]&lt;/ref&gt;
| status3 = CP-W,&lt;ref name=CP5/&gt; NE-M&lt;ref name=NE2/&gt;
| status4 = ISSG-GISD&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1223 ''Bromus inermis'' is a highly competitive C3 grass that forms a dense sod, resulting in smothering and exclusion of other (native) species and decreasing natural biodiversity.]&lt;/ref&gt;
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = UPL
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, G5
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2169|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRIN2|MM|1 ssp. native NA, other Eurasia}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/inermis
| inat    = 75903-Bromus-inermis
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus inermis (5143700263).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|26|sect=Bromopsis|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus ramosus
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Hairy brome 
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X||EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRRA3|X0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Bromus/ramosus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Bromus ramosus IP0706072.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table|refs=
&lt;ref name=CP5&gt;[http://www.cornellplantations.org/sites/default/files/plantations%20invasive%20plants%20policy_final.pdf Appendix 5. Plant species '''of concern''' (Watch List) within the central Finger Lakes region.] ''Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections'' (2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=NE2&gt;[http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wildlife/range/weed/Sec3B.htm Category 2 Plants - '''moderately invasive'''] - ''Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States'' (1998) US Forest Service&lt;/ref&gt;
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Bromus'' sect. ''Ceratochloa''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Bromus carinatus (3861052158).jpg
|cap=''Bromus carinatus''
|Bromus sect. Ceratochloa is native to North and South America, and contains about 25 species, including: ''B. aleutensis, B. arizonicus, B. carinatus, B. maritimus, B. polyanthus,'' and ''B. sitchensis.''&lt;ref&gt;[http://floranorthamerica.org/Bromus_sect._Ceratochloa Leon E. Pavlickf. &quot;''Bromus'' sect. ''Ceratochloa''&quot;, ''Flora of North America,'' Volume 24 (Poaceae). Treatment on page 199.]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Bromeae||Bromus||Ceratochloa|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|26|sect=Ceratochloa|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus carinatus 
| au-abbr = Hook. &amp; Arn.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| var     = carinatus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1816|Bromus pendulinus|Sessé ex Lag. }}
{{../sp-1|1840|Bromus carinatus|Hook. &amp; Arn.}}
{{../sp-1|1874|Bromus hookerianus|Thurb. }}
{{../sp-1|1896|Bromus laciniatus|Beal}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = California brome
| status  = Introduced
| from    = western North America
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Not naturalized
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7662|X|Bronx only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRCA5|MM|}}
| gbif    =
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 7783
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| cos     = Bronx (2017)
| image1  = Bromuscarinatus.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|X|sect=Ceratochloa|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus carinatus 
| var     = marginatus
| en1     = Large mountain brome
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Excluded
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|191|EXCLUDED (was Monroe only)}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| map     = Excluded nymap.svg
| cos     = excluded
| image1  = Bromus carinatus (B. marginatus) (6244111914).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus catharticus
| var     = catharticus
| en1     = Rescuegrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Excluded
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|191|EXCLUDED (was Albany only)}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRCA6|XX|Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). 1986. NY Checklist 3}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     = Excluded nymap.svg
| cos     = excluded
| image1  = Starr 080418-4233 Bromus catharticus.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Bromus'' sect. ''Genea''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=20160426Bromus tectorum1.jpg
|cap=''Bromus tectorum''
|''Bromus'' sect. ''Genea'' &lt;small&gt;Dumort.&lt;/small&gt; in New York State consists primarily of the moderately invasive ''Bromus tectorum'' ('''cheat grass''', '''downy brome''', or '''downy chess'''). Other species of this section also present in the state are ''Bromus diandrus'' ('''ripgut brome'''), ''B. rubens'' ('''red brome'''), and ''B. sterilis'' ('''poverty brome'''). All grasses in this section are native to Europe and northern Africa&lt;ref&gt;[http://floranorthamerica.org/Bromus_sect._Genea Leon E. Pavlickf. &quot;''Bromus'' sect. ''Genea''&quot;, ''Flora of North America,'' Volume 24 (Poaceae). Treatment on page 224.]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Bromeae||Bromus||Genea|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Bromus|Brome|817|26|sect=Genea|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus tectorum
| au-abbr = L.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1||Bromus tectorum|L.}}
{{../var1||Bromus tectorum|L.|glabratus|Spenn.}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Cheatgrass|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Downy brome|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Downy chess|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
| fr-vns  = 
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Europe
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Moderately invasive
| status2 = ISSG-GISD&lt;ref&gt;The invasive grass ''Bromus tectorum'' is troublesome to farmers and many ecosystems. It usually thrives in disturbed areas preventing natives from returning to the area. Disturbance such as overgrazing, cultivation, and frequent fires encourage invasion. Once established the natives cannot compete and the whole ecosystem is altered. [http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Bromus+tectorum Global Invasive Species Database (2021) Species profile: ''Bromus tectorum''. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Bromus+tectorum on 19-06-2021.]&lt;/ref&gt;
| nyis    = 50%&lt;ref&gt;{{../nyis-ref|Bromus tectorum|Moderately invasive|50|first}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, GNR
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2137|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRTE|XX|}}
| gbif    =
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = 
| cos     = 
| image1  = 20170613Bromus tectorum1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus sterilis
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Barren brome|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Poverty brome|2021 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = 
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Europe
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = Naturalized
| imap    = 
| ipa-us  = 5213
| ny-tier =
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2256|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRST2|XX|}}
| gbif    =
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = 
| cos     = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Bronx (1996-97), Kings (2011), Nassau (1921-89), New York (2008-11), Niagara, Orange (1990), Richmond, Rockland (1990), Tompkins (1945), Ulster, Yates&quot;&gt;NYFA: 11 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Bromus sterilis sl3.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus diandrus
| en1     = Ripgut brome
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Europe
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Unknown naturalization
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6747|X|Suffolk only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRDI3|XX|}}
| gbif    =
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = 
| cos     = Suffolk (1946)
| image1  = Anisantha diandra flower (10).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Bromus rubens
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Foxtail brome|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Foxtail chess|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Red brome|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Europe
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Not naturalized
| status2 = Impersistent
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = UPL
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6745|X|Tompkins only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|BRRU2|XX|}}
| gbif    =
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| map     = 
| cos     = Tompkins (1932)
| image1  = Bromus rubens M 1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table}}

===Tribe Triticeae===

{{../txt
|
}}

====Subtribe Hordeinae====

{{../txt
|Subribe '''Hordeinae''' Dumort. (1829) contains '''''[[#Agropyron|Agropyron]]''', Anthosachne, Australopyrum, Connorochloa, Crithopsis, Douglasdewya, '''[[#Elymus|Elymus]]''', '''[[#Eremopyrum|Eremopyrum]]''', Festucopsis, Henrardia, Heteranthelium, Hordelymus, '''[[#Hordeum|Hordeum]]''', Kengyilia, '''[[#Leymus|Leymus]]''', '''[[#Pascopyrum|Pascopyrum]]''', Peridictyon, Psathyrostachys, Pseudoroegneria, '''[[#Secale|Secale]]''', Stenostachys, ''and'' '''[[#Taeniatherum|Taeniatherum]]'''.''&lt;ref&gt;[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12150/full R.J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P.M. Peterson, F.O. Zuloaga, E.J. Judziewicz, T.S. Filgueiras, O. Morrone &amp; K. Romaschenko (2015). &quot;A World-wide Phylogenetic Classification of Poaceae (Gramineae).&quot; ''Jnl of Sytematics Evolution'', '''53: 117-137'''. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150]&lt;/ref&gt; Genera in bold text have been found in New York.
}}

=====''Agropyron''=====

{{../txt
|img=Agropyron cristatum IMG 5765.jpg
|cap=''Agropyron cristatum''
|''Agropyron cristatum'' ('''crested wheatgrass''') is common and considered invasive in the west but is uncommon in New York State.  The New York Flora Atlas shows that it was collected from five counties during the 1940s and '50s.  It also infers that North American ''Agropyron cristatum'' has likely introgressed with ''Agropyron desertorum'' ('''desert wheatgrass''') to a degree that makes them indistinguishable.
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae||Agropyron|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Agropyron|Wheat grass|44|1||n|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Agropyron cristatum
| author  = (L.) Gaertn.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1770|Agropyron cristatum|(L.) Gaertn.}}
{{../sp-1|1824|Agropyron desertorum|(Fisch. ex Link) Schult. '''auct.'''}}
{{../sp-1|1956|Agropyron cristatiforme|P.K.Sarkar}}
{{../ssp1|1970|Agropyron cristatum|(L.) Gaertn.|pectinatum|(M.Bieb.) Tzvelev}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Crested wheatgrass
| status  = Introduced 
| status1 = 
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2173|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AGCR|XX|}}
| gbif    =
| pow-id  = 
| wfo-id  = 
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| fna-i1  = 
| fna-i2  = 
| tro-id  =
| nwg-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| fws-id  = 
| bug-id  = 
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Albany (1947), Erie, Jefferson (1946), Kings (1958), Suffolk (1941-44)&quot;&gt;5 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;No New York iNaturalist observations, 2022-03-10&quot;&gt;No observations&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Agropyron cristatum 1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table}}

=====''Elymus''=====

======''Elymus virginicus/hystrix'' complex======

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae||Elymus|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Elymus|Wild rye|34|18|author=L.|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus virginicus
| author  = L.
| var     = virginicus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1753|Elymus virginicus|L.}}
|{{../sn|1797|E. striatus|Willd.}}
|{{../sn|1898|E. hirsutiglumis|Scribn.}}
|{{../sn|1908|E. virginicus|var=hirsutiglumis|var-au=Hitchc.}}
|{{../sn|1909|E. jejunus|(Ramaley) Rydb.}}
|{{../sn|1926|E. virginicus|var=jejunus|var-au=(Ramaley) Bush}}
|{{../sn|1933|E. virginicus|var=typicus|var-au=Fernald|info=invalid}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Virginia wildrye
| en2     = Virginia wild rye
| en3     = Common eastern wildrye
| en4     = Terrell grass
| fr1     = Élyme de Virginie
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2395|5|Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELVIV|NN|Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus}}
| vascan  = 7615
| gobot   = Elymus/virginicus
| its-id  = 527870 | Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus
| ars-id  = 
| nwg-id  = 25517641
| tro-id  = 25517641 | Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     = Elymus virginicus var virginicus nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus virginicus (21017431585).jpg|width1=120
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus virginicus
| author  = L.
| var     = halophilus
| var-au1 = (E.P. Bicknell) Wiegand
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1908|E. halophilus|E.P.Bicknell}}
|{{../sn|1918|E. virginicus|var=halophilus|var-au=(E.P.Bicknell) Wiegand}}
|{{../sn|1932|Terrellia halophila||(E.P. Bicknell) Nevski}}
|{{../sn|1933|E. virginicus|fo=lasiolepis|fo-au=Fernald}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Saltmarsh wildrye
| en2     = Terrell grass
| fr1     = Élyme halophile
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Vulnerable
| c-rank  = 8
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2397|3?|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELVIH|NN|}}
| vascan  = 9573
| gobot   = Elymus/virginicus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25518164
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     = Elymus virginicus var halophilus nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus virginicus var halophilus NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus virginicus
| author  = L.
| var     = intermedius
| var-au1 = (Vasey ex S.Watson &amp; J.M.Coult.) Bush
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1890|E. canadensis|var=intermedius|var-au=Vasey ex S.Watson &amp; J.M.Coult.}}
|{{../sn|1926|E. virginicus|var=intermedius|var-au=(Vasey ex S.Watson &amp; J.M.Coult.) Bush}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Hairy Virginia wild-rye
| en2     = Intermediate wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme intermédiaire
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Unranked
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2351|U|Not yet ranked - Oswego County only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 9574
| gobot   = Elymus/virginicus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25537249
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus virginicus (6181469182).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus virginicus
| author  = L.
| var     = jejunus
| var-au  = (Ramaley) Bush
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1909|Elymus jejunus|(Ramaley) Rydb.}}
|{{../sn|1926|E. virginicus|var=jejunus|Bush}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Exserted Virginia wild-rye
| en2     = Western wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme maigre
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Unranked
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2342|U|Suffolk only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/virginicus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus virginicus (6181470544).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus hystrix
| author  = L.
| var     = hystrix
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1753|Elymus hystrix|L.}}
|{{../sn|1794|Hystrix patula|Moench}}
|{{../sn|1819|Asperella echidnea|Raf.|info=nom. nud.}}
|{{../sn|1892|Hystrix hystrix|(L.) Millsp.|info=nom. inval. tautonym }}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Eastern bottle-brush grass
| fr1     = Élyme 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = Part shade
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2304|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELHYH|NN|}}
| vascan  = 7735
| gobot   = Elymus/hystrix
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = ELHYH
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Common Bottlebrush Grass (1018667887).jpg|width1=120
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus hystrix
| author  = L.
| var     = bigelovianus
| var-au1 = (Fernald) Bowden
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1922|Asperella hystrix|var=bigeloviana|var-au=Fernald}}
|{{../sn|1929|Hystrix patula|var=bigeloviana|var-au=(Fernald) Deam}}
|{{../sn|1964|E. hystrix|var=bigeloviana|var-au=(Fernald) Bowden}}
|{{../sn|1972|E. hystrix|var=bigelovianus|var-au=(Fernald) Mohlenbr.|info=isonym}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Bigelow’s bottlebrush grass|New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Eastern bottlebrush grass|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Bottlebrush grass
| en2     = Eastern bottlebrush grass
| fr1     = Élyme étalé
| fr2     = Hystrix étalé
| fr3     = Gymnostique hérisson
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Likely secure
| c-rank  = 5
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2308|4|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELHYB|N0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/hystrix
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| nwg-id  = 25527730
| tro-id  = 25527730
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = ELHYB
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Hystrix patula.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus × ebingeri
| author  = G.C.Tucker
| hp1     = Elymus hystrix
| hp2     = Elymus virginicus ''var.'' virginicus 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Ebinger's wild-rye
| fr1     = Élyme 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Likely secure
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2316|4?|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELEB|NN|}}
| vascan  = 7620
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 565157
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Ny hybrid.svg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus glabriflorus
| author  = (Vasey ex 
| author1 = L.H.Dewey) Scribn. &amp; C.R.Ball
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1894|E. canadensis|var=glabriflorus|var-au=Vasey ex L.H.Dewey}}
|{{../sn|1896|E. virginicus|var=glaucus|var-au=Beal}}
|{{../sn|1901|E. glabriflorus|(Vasey ex|L.H.Dewey) Scribn. &amp; C.R.Ball}}
|{{../sn|1918|E. australis|var=glabriflorus|var-au=(Vasey ex L.H.Dewey) Wiegand}}
|{{../sn|1926|E. virginicus|var=glabriflorus|var-au=(Vasey ex L.H.Dewey) Scribn. &amp; C.R.Ball}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Hairy southeastern wildrye
| en2     = Southeastern wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme 
| status  = Native
| status1 = Unranked
| c-rank  = 10
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7222|N|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELGL3|N0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = elymus/glabriflorus
| its-id  = 512821 
| ars-id  = 454262
| nwg-id  = 25537244
| tro-id  = 25537244
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus glabriflorus (as E. australis) HC-1900.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus macgregorii
| author1 = R.Brooks &amp; J.J.N.Campb.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|2000|Elymus macgregorii||R.Brooks &amp; J.J.N.Campb.}}
|{{../sn|auct|E. striatus|info=(Lindheimer 1851)}}
|{{../sn|auct|E. virginicus|info=(Wipff &amp; Hatch 1990)}}
|{{../sn|auct|E. glabriflorus|info=(Campbell 2000)}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Early wildrye
| en2     = MacGregor's wild rye
| en3     = Wheatgrass
| fr1     = Élyme de MacGregor
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Endangered
| status2 = Note&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2100 University of Michigan Herbarium:] ''Elymus macgregorii'' is a &quot;recently described species formerly included with ''E. virginicus''&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7111|1?|Elymus macgregorii R.E. Brooks &amp; J.J.N. Campb. (early wild rye) is a recently described species, previously confused with Elymus glabriflorus Campbell (2000).}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELMA|NN|}}
| vascan  = 23667
| gobot   = Elymus/macgregorii
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 50253626
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = Elymus%20macgregorii
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

======''Elymus canadensis'' complex======

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae||Elymus|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Elymus|Wild rye|34|18|author=L.|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus canadensis
| author  = L.
| var     = canadensis
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1753|Elymus canadensis|L. p.p.}}
|{{../sn|1759|E. philadelphicus|L. p.p.}}
|{{../sn|1809|E. glaucifolius|Willd.|}}
|{{../sn|1824|E. canadensis|var=glaucifolius|var-au=(Willd.) Torr.}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Canada wildrye
| en2     = Great Plains wildrye
| en3     = Nodding wildrye
| fr1     = Èlyme du Canada
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2314|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELCA4|NN|}}
| vascan  = 7587
| gobot   = Elymus/canadensis
| its-id  = 527863 
| ars-id  = 15032    &lt;!-- Elymus canadensis L. --&gt;
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25517621 &lt;!-- Elymus canadensis var. canadensis --&gt;
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| map     = 
| image1  = Elymus canadensis NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus riparius
| author  = Wiegand
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1895|E. salina|M.E. Jones}}
|{{../sn|1918|E. riparius|Wiegand}}
|{{../sn|1967|E. canadensis|var=riparius|var-au=(Wiegand) B. Boivin}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = River wild-rye
| en2     = Riverbank wildrye
| en3     = Eastern riverbank wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme des rivages
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2410|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELRI|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/riparius
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25510983
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus riparius NRCS-1.jpg|width1=120
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus trachycaulus
| author  = (Link) Gould
| ssp     = glaucus
| ssp-au  = (Pease &amp; A.H.Moore) Cody
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1910|Agropyron caninum|fo=glaucum|fo-au=Pease &amp; A.H.Moore}}
|{{../sn|1932|A. trachycaulum|var=glaucum|var-au=(Pease &amp; A.H.Moore) Malte}}
|{{../sn|1994|Elymus trachycaulus|ssp=glaucus|ssp-au=(Pease &amp; A.H.Moore) Cody}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Slender wheatgrass
| fr1     = Élyme 
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 8
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2387|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELTRS|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/trachycaulus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus trachycaulus.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus trachycaulus
| author  = (Link) Gould ex Shinners
| ssp     = trachycaulus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1900|Agropyron novae-angliae|Scribn.}}
|{{../sn|1947|E. pauciflorus|(Schwein.) Gould|non=Lam. 1791}}
|{{../sn|1954|E. trachycaulus|(Link) Gould ex Shinners p.p.}}
|{{../sn|1977|E. novae-angliae|(Scribn.) Tzvelev}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Slender wheatgrass
| fr1     = Élyme 
| status  = Native
| status1 = Likely secure
| c-rank  = 8
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2389|4|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELTRT|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/trachycaulus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus violaceus (3821791717).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus villosus
| author  = Muhl. ex Willd. 
| var     = villosus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1809|Elymus villosus|Muhl. ex Willd.}}
|{{../sn|1854|Elymus propinquus|Fresen. ex Steud.}}
|{{../sn|1954|Elymus canadensis|var=villosus|var-au=(Muhl. ex Willd.) Shinners|info=nom. illeg. hom.}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Downy wild-rye
| en2     = Hairy wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2159|5|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELVI|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/villosus
| its-id  = 531424
| ars-id  = 15074  &lt;!--  Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. --&gt;
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25510999
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus villosus NPS-1.jpg|width1=120
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus villosus
| author  = Muhl. ex Willd.
| var     = arkansanus
| var-au  = (Scribn. &amp; C.R.Ball) J.J.N.Campb.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|1901|Elymus arkansanus|Scribn. &amp; C.R. Ball}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1906|E. striatus|var=arkansanus|var-au=(Scribn. &amp; C.R. Ball) Hitchc.}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|1995|E. villosus|var=arkansanus|var-au=(Scribn. &amp; C.R. Ball) J.J.N.Campb.}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Arkansas wild-rye
| en2     = Hairy wildrye
| fr1     = Élyme 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Unranked
| c-rank  = 10
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2341|U|Not yet ranked}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELVI|NN|shows E. villosus var. arkansanus as a synonym of E. villosus}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/villosus
| its-id  = 531423
| ars-id  = 
| nwg-id  = 50044088
| tro-id  = 50044088
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus villosus var arkansanus (as E. arkansanus) LS-1901.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus wiegandii
| author  = Fernald
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1933|Elymus wiegandii|Fernald}}
|{{../sn|1980|E. canadensis|ssp=wiegandii|ssp-au=(Fernald) Á. Löve}}
|{{../sn|1964|E. canadensis|var=wiegandii|var-au=(Fernald) Bowden}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Wiegand's wild rye
| en2     = Wiegand's wildrye
| en3     = Northern riverbank wild rye
| fr1     = Élyme de Wiegand
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Native
| status1 = Likely secure
| c-rank  = 6
| nwi1    = FAC
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2393|4|River banks, floodplain forests, thickets in deep alluvial soils.}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELWI|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = elymus/wiegandii
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus canadensis (3738626381).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus repens
| author  = (L.) Gould
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||Agropyron repens|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn||Elytrigia repens|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Quack grass
| en2     = Couch grass
| en3     = Quick grass
| en4     = Quitch
| fr1     = Élyme 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Widespread weed
| status2 = [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/quackgrass.shtml#.UD-qNiLld8E NISIC]
| c-rank  = 0
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2290|X|Elymus repens (L.) Gould - quack grass - Disturbed soils, roadsides, waste places, pastures, successional fields, and cultivated lands.}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELRE4|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Elymus/repens
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     = Elymus repens Nymap.svg
| image1  = Kweek Elytrigia repens.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table}}

======''Elymus'' excluded taxa======

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae||Elymus|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Elymus|Wild rye|34|X|author=L.|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus riparius × villosus
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| hp1     = Elymus riparius
| hp2     = Elymus villosus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = {{../hybrid-of|river wild-rye|hairy wild-rye}}
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|209|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Ny hybrid.svg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus canadensis
| au-abbr = L.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
| var     = robustus
| var-au  = (Scribn. &amp; J.G.Sm.) Mack. &amp; Bush
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1897|Elymus robustus|Scribn. &amp; J.G.Sm.}}
|{{../sn|1902|E. canadensis|var=robustus|var-au=(Scribn. &amp; J.G.Sm.) Mack. &amp; Bush}}
|{{../sn|1926|E. glaucifolius|var=robustus|var-au=(Scribn. &amp; J.G.Sm.) Bush}}
|{{../sn|1927|E. philadelphicus|var=robustus|var-au=(Scribn. &amp; J.G.Sm.) Farw.}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = 
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|210|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELCA4|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25535716
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  =  Elymus canadensis 2015.07.09 - andrey zharkikh.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus violaceus
| au-abbr = (Hornem.) Feilberg
| au-full = Jon Feilberg (fl. 1972-1984)
| au-pub  = Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 15:12. 1984.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1832|Triticum violaceum|Hornem.}}
|{{../sn|1880|Agropyron violaceum|(Hornem.) Lange}}
|{{../sn|1984|E. violaceus|(Hornem.) Feilberg}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = 
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|211|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 783180 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25546842
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus caninus
| au-abbr = (L.) L.
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1753|Triticum caninum|L.}}
|{{../sn|1755|E. caninus|(L.) L.}}
|{{../sn|1934|Roegneria canina|(L.) Nevski}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Bearded couch
| en2     = Bearded wheatgrass
| en3     = Fibrous wheatgrass
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|212|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 32016
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus caninus1.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus glaucus
| author  = Buckley
| ssp     = glaucus
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1862|E. glaucus|Buckley}}
|{{../sn|1881|E. glaucus|var=glaucus|}}
|{{../sn|1901|E. glaucus|var=jepsonii|var-au=Burtt Davy}}
|{{../sn|1947|E. glaucus|ssp=jepsonii|ssp-au=(Burtt Davy) Gould}}
|{{../sn|1902|E. parishii|Burtt Davy &amp; Merr.}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Blue wild-rye
| en2     = Common western wild-rye
| en3     = Smooth wild-rye
| fr1     = Élyme glauque
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| status2 = Note&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2403 New York Flora Atlas:] ''Elymus glaucus'' ssp. ''glaucus'' was collected as an introduced waif from Highland Park, Rochester in 1912. An assumed native population was discovered in the {{../w|Shawangunks}} in Sullivan County in 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|855|EXCLUDED Monroe 1912, N1-Sullivan 2006}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ELGLG|NN|}}
| vascan  = 7594
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 524031
| ars-id  = 317647
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| nse-id  = Elymus+glaucus+ssp.+glaucus
| bna-id  = Elymus%20glaucus
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Elymus glaucus (3811873742).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Elymus curvatus
| au-abbr =  Piper
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|1840|E. virginicus|var=submuticus|var-au=Hook.}}
|{{../sn|1903|E. curvatus|Piper}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Awnless wild-rye
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|859|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = elymus/curvatus
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 314086
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25537256
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Eremopyrum''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Eremopyrum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Eremopyrum|False wheatgrass|1049|3|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Eremopyrum bonaepartis
| author1 = ({{fny-w|Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.}}) {{fny-w|Sergei Arsenjevic Nevski|Nevski}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../spa1|1827|Agropyron squarrosum|Link}}
{{../spa1|1851|Eremopyrum squarrosum||(Roth) Jaub. &amp; Spach}}
{{../spa1|1894|A. bonaepartis||(Spreng.) T. Durand &amp; Schinz}}
{{../spa1|1933|E. bonaepartis|(Spreng.) Nevski}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Taper-tipped wheatgrass|Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson. 2017 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Tapertip false wheatgrass|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Asia
| from1   = northern Africa
| status1 = Impersistent
| status2 = Not naturalized
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6727|Xm|Mitchell and Tucker (1997, 2003) exclude the name Eremopyrum squarrosum from the flora of New York stating &quot;old mis-ID of E. bonapartis&quot;. Eremopyrum bonaepartis and E. squarrosum are considered conspecific (Soreng et al. 2003) so we place E. squarrosum as a synonym of E. bonaepartis.}}
| usda    = {{../usda|ERBO3|X0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 15368
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = Eremopyrum%20bonaepartis.png
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Eremopyrum bonaepartis E00365918.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Eremopyrum orientale
| author  = (L.) Jaub. &amp; Spach
| en1     = Oriental false wheatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = 
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6726|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Westchester (1894-95)&quot;&gt;Westchester (1894-95)&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;xx counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Eremopyrum orientale NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Eremopyrum triticeum
| author  = (Gaertn.) Nevski
| en1     = Annual wheatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = 
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6726||}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Westchester (1895)&quot;&gt;Westchester (1895)&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;xx counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Eremopyrum triticeum (6180953949).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Eremopyrum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Hordeum''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Hordeum jubatum - close-up (aka).jpg
|cap=''Hordeum jubatum''
|'''Barley''' (genus ''Hordeum'') includes species both native and introduced to North America, but none are considered to be native to New York State.
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Hordeum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Hordeum|Barley|877|5|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum jubatum
| author  = L.
| ssp0    = jubatum
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| syns    = &lt;poem&gt;
1753.'' '''Hordeum jubatum'''    ''L. in Sp. Pl.:85
1816.''    Hordeum adscendens    ''Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland &amp; C.S.Kunth
1819.''    Critesion geniculatum ''Raf. in J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 89:103
1827.''    Elymus jubatus        ''(L.) Link in Hort. Berol. 1:19 
1899.''    Hordeum caespitosum   ''Scribn. in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 7:245
1934.''    Critesion jubatum     ''(L.) Nevski in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 2:721
1940.''    Hordeum pampeanum     ''(Hauman) Herter in Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6:147
1984.''    Critesion adscendens  ''(Kunth) Á.Löve in Feddes Repert. 95:440
&lt;/poem&gt;
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| en-vns  = Foxtail barley &lt;br&gt; Squirreltail barley
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = western N. America
| from2   = Asia
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Naturalized
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = FAC
| habit0  = Perennial
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = Heliophily: 9
| chro-no = 2n = 28
| ny-rank = SNA, G5
| ns-rank = 
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2239|35 counties|State exotic or non-native}}
| inatc   = {{../inat|60287-Hordeum-jubatum|22 counties|22 counties}}
| gbifc   = {{../gbif|2706052|present in NY|present in New York State}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOJUJ|NN|}}
&lt;!-- ========= --&gt;
| col-id  = 
| pow-id  = 405267-1
| wfo-id  = 
| fsus    = 2090
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/jubatum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-i2  = Hordeum_jubatum
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = Hordeum%20jubatum
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Hordeum jubatum (Gramineae) plant.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum pusillum
| author  = Nutt.
| en1     = Little barley
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2237|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOPU|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/pusillum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Hordeum pusillum NRCS-1.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum vulgare
| author  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Cultivated barley|2022 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Common barley|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = Not naturalized
| imap    =
| ipa-us  = 5732
| griisus = 193834993/verbatim invasive (D2)
| ny-tier =
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA, GNR
| ns-rank = 2.134371/Hordeum_vulgare Exotic
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2117|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOVU|XX|}}
| gbif    = 2706056
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/vulgare
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;18 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;New York county&quot;&gt;New York county&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Hordeum vulgare ear, wintergerst aar (1).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum murinum
| author  = L.
| ssp0    = leporinum
| ssp-au  = (Link) Arcang.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1834|Hordeum leporinum|Link.}}
{{../ssp1|1882|Hordeum leporinum|L.|leporinum|(Link) Arcang.}}
{{../var1|1890|Hordeum leporinum|L.|leporinum|(Link) K.Richt.}}
{{../ssp1|1980|Critesion murinum|(L.) Á.Löve|leporinum|(Link) Á.Löve}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Hare barley
| en2     = Leporinum barley
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = Naturalized
| imap    = 1306
| ipa-us  = 5730
| griisus = 
| ny-tier =
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = 
| ns-rank = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2224|X|State exotic or non-native}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOMUL|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/murinum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Bronx1901-2007, New York (1987, 2006), Tompkins, Westchester&quot;&gt;4 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond&quot;&gt;5 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = 20160810Hordeum murinum2.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum marinum
| au-abbr = Huds.
| au-full = 
| ssp     = gussoneanum
| ssp-au  = (Parl.) Thell.
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../spa1| |Hordeum hystrix|Roth}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Mediterranean barley|New York Flora Atlas 2017}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| fr-vns  = 
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
{{../vn1||}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Not naturalized
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7393|X}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOMAG|XX}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/marinum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Hordeum marinum IMG 5841.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Hordeum|Barley|877|X|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Hordeum brachyantherum
| author  = 
| ssp     = brachyantherum
| en1     = Meadow barley
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|788|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|HOBRB2|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Hordeum/brachyantherum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     = Excluded nymap.svg
| image1  = Hordeum brachyantherum (6134788492).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Leymus''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Leymus|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Leymus|Wild rye|35|1|author=Hochst.|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Leymus arenarius
| author  = (L.) Hochst.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Wild rye
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Naturalized
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2246|Xn|Naturalized, Not Native}}
| usda    = {{../usda|LEAR11|XX|}}
| its-id  = 503432
| ars-id  = 102161
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Strandrug01.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Leymus|Wild rye|35|X|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|author=Hochst.
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Leymus mollis
| au-abbr = 
| au-full = 
| au-pub  = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = {{../snl
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
|{{../sn|||}}
}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = American dune grass
| fr1     = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = N. America native
| status1 = Excluded
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = 
| habit1  = 
| light   = 
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|X|223|EXCLUDED}}
| usda    = {{../usda|LEMO8|NN|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 102171
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  =
| kew-id  =
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Leymusmollis.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Pascopyrum''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Pascopyrum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Pascopyrum|Wheat grass|977|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Pascopyrum smithii
| author1 = Barkworth &amp; D.R.Dewey (1985)
| en1     = Western wheatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = N. America native
| status2 = Imperisistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2264|Xm|Erie &amp; Monroe only}}
| usda    = {{../usda|PASM|NN|as P. smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Pascopyrum/smithii
| its-id  = 784287
| ars-id  = 102367
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Pascopyrum smithii NRCS-2.jpg 
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Secale''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Roggen IMG 8059.jpg
|cap=''Secale cereale''
|'''Rye''' (''Secale cereale'') is commonly planted as a grain, forage, or cover crop, but is not listed as naturalizing in New York State.&lt;ref&gt;[https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=6697 Weldy, Troy, David Werier, and Andrew Nelson (2021). ''Secale cereale'', New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]&lt;/ref&gt;  Feral rye is known to contaminate wheat crops and become established in open rangeland, waste places, and roadsides if it escapes cultivation elsewhere in North America.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Feral_rye Drew Lyon, Marjolein Schat, Bilal Bush, (2016). Feral rye (''Secale cereale'') High Plains Integrated Pest Management Guide for Colorado, Western Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana and Western South Dakota. University of Nebraska Lincoln, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia.]&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Secale|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Secale|Rye|206|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Secale cereale
| author  = L.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1753|Secale cereale|L.}}
{{../var1|1753|Secale cereale|L.|hybernum|L.}}
{{../var1|1753|Secale cereale|L.|vernum|L.}}
{{../sp-1|1796|Triticum cereale|(L.) Salisb.}}
{{../sp-1|1933|Triticum secale|Link}}
{{../sp-1|1933|Secale turkestanicum|Bensin}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Rye|2021 New York Flora Atlas}}
{{../vn1|Cereal rye|}}
{{../vn1|Cultivated rye|}}
{{../vn1|Cultivated annual rye|}}
{{../vn1|Common rye|}}
| fr-vns  = 
{{../vn1|Seigle cultivé|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = southwest Asia
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| status2 = Not naturalized
| imap    =
| ipa-us  = 6393
| griisus = 2705966 Invasive
| ny-tier =
| c-rank  = X
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA
| ns-rank = 2.131894/Secale_cereale GNR Exotic
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6697|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|SECE|XW|}}
| gbif    = 2705966
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Secale/cereale
| inat    = 79021-Secale-cereale
| its-id  = 42090
| ars-id  = 317600
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 25509953
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot; &quot;&gt;28 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Kings (Marine Park 2021), Westchester (Stone Barns Center 2020)&quot;&gt;2 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Żyto.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Taeniatherum''=====

{{:Flora of New York/txt
|img=Taeniatherum caput-medusae (3872861397).jpg
|cap=''Taeniatherum caput-medusae''
|'''Medusahead''' (''Taeniatherum caput-medusae'') is a winter annual grass, native to Eurasia, that has infested western grasslands.&lt;ref&gt;[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g8JXtwmtFrolq8clyAtCS25A53ndtEkb/view  Colorado Departement of Agriculture (2015). &quot;Medusahead Identification and Management.&quot;] [https://ag.colorado.gov/conservation/noxious-weeds/publications Noxious Weed Publications]&lt;/ref&gt; It is not known to naturalize in New York State but was collected in Westchester County in 1898, from &quot;about the Yonkers Wool Mill.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/1929941213 Ramirez J, Watson K, Thiers B, McMillin L (2021). The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY). Version 1.41. The New York Botanical Garden. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/6e8nje accessed via GBIF.org on 2021-11-25.]&lt;/ref&gt; 
}}

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Hordeinae|Taeniatherum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Taeniatherum|Taeniatherum|392|1|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Taeniatherum caput-medusae
| author  = (L.) Nevski
| ssp     = caput-medusae
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| syns    = 
{{../sp-1|1753|Elymus caput-medusae|L.}}
{{../sp-1|auct.|Taeniatherum asperum|non=Nevski}}
{{../var1|1988|Taeniatherum crinitum||caput-medusae|(L.) Wipff}}
{{../sp-1|1933|Taeniatherum caput-medusae|(L.) Nevski}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Medusahead
| en2     = Rye-weed
| en3     = Medusahead rye
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| from    = Eurasia
| status1 = Potentially invasive
| griisus = 160935199/verbatim Invasive
| status2 = Not naturalized
| c-rank  = 
| nwi1    = 
| habit0  = Winter annual
| habit1  = Graminoid
| light   = 
| chro-no = 
| ny-rank = SNA
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6692|Xm|Not Persisting, Not Native}}
| usda    = {{../usda|TACA8|X0|Noxious weed in US West}}
| gbif    = 2705666
| vascan  = 169522-Taeniatherum-caput-medusae
| gobot   = Taeniatherum/caput-medusae
| inat    = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Yonkers Wool Mill, Westchester (1898)&quot;&gt;Westchester (1898)&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;No iNaturalist observations from eastern North America as of Nov. 2021&quot;&gt;no NY observations&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = 2015.06.05 13.54.02 IMG 2593 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

====Subtribe Triticinae====

=====''Aegilops''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Triticinae|Aegilops|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Aegilops|Goat grass|572|5||n|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Aegilops cylindrica
| author  = Host
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn||A. cylindrica|var=rubiginosa|}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|auct|A. tauschii|non=Coss.|}}
| sn2     = {{../sn||Cylindropyrum cylindricum|}}
| sn3     = {{../sn||Triticum cylindricum|}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Jointed goatgrass
| en2     = Jointgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Naturalized
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2171|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AECY|X0|Prohibited noxious weed in West}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| inat    = 75290-Aegilops-cylindrica
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| nyfa-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;Albany (1952), Erie, Kings (1935-48), Richmond (1977), Westchester&quot;&gt;5 counties&lt;/abbr&gt;
| inat-co = &lt;abbr title=&quot;unidentifiable observations in Erie and Niagara Counties&quot;&gt;no observations&lt;/abbr&gt;
| image1  = Aegilops cylindrica (3874100733).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Aegilops crassa
| author  = Boiss.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|||}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|||}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|||}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Persian goatgrass
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Not naturalized
| status2 = Waif around wool mill
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6758|X|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AECR|X0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  
| image1  = Aegilops crassa NRCS-1 (3x4).png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Aegilops geniculata
| author  = 
| en1     = Ovate goatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2172|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AEGE|X0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Aegilops geniculata 20150506 1.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Aegilops tauschii
| author  = Coss.
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| sn0     = {{../sn|||}}
| sn1     = {{../sn|1850|Aegilops tauschii|Coss.}}
| sn2     = {{../sn|||}}
&lt;!-- -- --&gt;
| en1     = Tausch's goatgrass
| en2     = Rough-spiked hardgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|7191|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AETA2|X0|California &amp; Arizona only}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Aegilops tauschii 06887.jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Aegilops triuncialis
| author  = 
| en1     = Barbed goatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6757|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|AETR|X0|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| map     =  nymap.svg
| image1  = Aegilops triuncialis (Poaceae) (33069263111).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Triticum''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Triticinae|Triticum|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Triticum|Wheat|45|2|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Triticum aestivum
| author  = 
| en1     = Cultivated wheat
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = 
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|2336|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|TRAE|Xw|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Triticum/aestivum
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Blé tendre (GRAPELLI) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (4) (24000541431).jpg
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../genus|Triticum|Wheat|45|X|txt=(excluded&amp;nbsp;taxa)|
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../taxon
| species = Triticum turgidum
| author  = L. (1753)
| sn0     = T. dicoccum ''Schrank''
| en1     = Pouland wheat
| en2     = Rivet wheat
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Excluded
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|||}}
| usda    = {{../usda|||}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = 
| its-id  = 
| ars-id  = 
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = Excluded nymap.svg
| image1  = Triticum turgidum (as T. dicoccum) HC-1922.png
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

=====''Thinopyrum''=====

{{../table|order=Poales|Poaceae|Pooideae|Triticeae|Triticinae|Thinopyrum|
}}
{{../genus|Thinopyrum|Wheat grass|978|1|
}}
{{../taxon
| species = Thinopyrum intermedium
| author1 = (Host) Barkworth &amp; D.R.Dewey (1985) 
| ssp     = barbulatum
| en1     = Intermediate wheatgrass
| status  = Introduced
| status1 = Impersistent
| nyfa    = {{../nyfa|6755|Xm|}}
| usda    = {{../usda|THIN6|XX|}}
| vascan  = 
| gobot   = Thinopyrum/intermedium
| its-id  = 526765
| ars-id  = 409629
| fna-id  = 
| tro-id  = 
| ipn-id  = 
| lbj-id  = 
| nse-id  = 
| bna-id  = 
| bbg-id  = 
| cpc-id  = 
| cab-id  = 
| eol-id  = 
| kew-id  = 
| red-id  = 
| mbg-id  = 
| adf-id  = 
| fed-id  = 
| map     = nymap.svg
| image1  = Dwarf and Wild Thinopyrum intermedium.JPG
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;
{{../end table
}}&lt;!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ --&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>9r5oktmvcm5tmv7vx7668362wyczq1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bengali/Dialects</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>295737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443379</id>
      <parentid>4288505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T09:07:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sbb1413</username>
        <id>3208344</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding map. Removing the &quot;Bangla&quot; section that basically repeats what has been discussed in previous sections.</comment>
      <origin>4443379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5327" sha1="841cfh53gn23ykb17sriqkpx6dni78x" xml:space="preserve">==Dialect (উপভাষা)==
A dialect (উপভাষা ''upobhaṣa''; IPA: /upobʱaʃa/) is one of the different spoken forms of a language used by a specific group of peoples speaking the language.
A dialect originates from different reasons, including :

* The geographical relief :
Physical barriers like mountains or rivers that seclude a specific group of speakers of the language give rise to phonetic and grammatical differences among the group and the majority of speakers in that language, which in turn becomes a dialect. This happens because the separating barriers divide the specific language group into minor groups of speakers, which helps in the genesis of the ''dialect''. 

* Population :
Population of the language group is another deciding factor. If the population is minor, the emergence of a dialect is less likely, because it will be more hard for the speech defects to reside long enough. The reason behind this is that the phonetic and morphological defects of the language will get corrected automatically when the speakers will come into contact with people who speak the language grammatically.  

These are the most prominent reasons behind the origin of a new dialect.

==Dialects of Bengali==
{{BookCat}}
[[File:Suniti Kumar Chatterji Bengali Dialects.svg|thumb|Bengali dialects, according to Suniti Kumar Chatterji]]
Bengali linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped Bengali into four principal dialects: Rarhi, Bangali, Kamrupi and Varendri (রাঢ়ী, বঙ্গালী, কামরূপী ও বরেন্দ্রী; IPA : /raɽi/, /bɔnɡali/, /kamrupi/, /bɔrend̪ri/). Modern linguists consider Manbhumi (মানভূমী IPA : /manbʱumi/) a dialect in addition to the dialects mentioned above. Presently, there are numerous other dialects as well, which constitute a dialect continuum.

A dialect continuum is a collection of dialects where a speaker of a dialect of one extreme boundary is unable or scarcely able to understand a dialect of another boundary. E.g., a speaker of the Manbhumi dialect will not be able to understand the dialect spoken at the extreme east boundary of Bangladesh completely. But the speakers of both dialects will understand the standard dialect of Bengali, which is the dialect spoken in and around the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River Basin (ভাগীরথী-হুগলি /bʱagirot̪ʰi ɦuɡli/) in West Bengal, India. The standard dialect is the dialect used for literary and official purposes.

Basically, languages and dialects have little difference. A dialect with a large amount of difference with the others dialects can become a separate language in the future. For example, Bengali and [[Assamese]] were once dialects of a common language, ''[[w:Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi Prakrit]]''. However, the differences between them became so much prominent that they became separate languages. We will first study here the five dialects mentioned above, then move to other important dialects.

===Rarhi (রাঢ়ী)===
Rarhi is the dialect spoken by Bengali speaking people of South-Western and Central part of the state of West Bengal, India. The standard colloquial dialect of Bengali also belongs to this dialect. This dialect is characterized by :
* Extensive use of ''abhishruti'' (অভিশ্রুতি, /obʱisrut̪i/). For example, করিয়া (''koriẏa'' /koɹi̯a/, meaning - having done) &gt; কইরা (''koira'' /koi̯ɹa/) &gt; করে (''kore'' /koɹe/).
* The change of অ to ও, when অ is the first sound of a word where the অ is followed by ই(ি), ও(ো), ক্ষ or য. For example, অতি (means 'excess') is pronounced /ot̪i/.
* Use of [[w:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]]. For example, বিলাতি (/bilat̪i/, meaning - foreign) &gt; বিলিতি (/bilit̪i/).

====Abhishruti and apinihiti====
''Abhishruti'' and ''apinihiti'' (অপিনিহিতি, /opiniɦit̪i/) are two phonological phenomena that occur in spoken Bengali. ''Apinihiti'' (metathesis) refers to the phonological process in which a ই or উ is pronounced before it occurs in the word. ''Abhishruti'' (umlaut) is the sound change in which this shifted ই or উ becomes removed and changes the preceding vowel. Observe the example above : করিয়া (''koriẏa'') &gt; কইরা (''koira'') &gt; করে (''kore''). At first, ''apinihiti'' changes ''koriẏa'' to ''koira'' (notice how the i changes the position), then ''abhishruti'' changes ''koira'' to ''kore''.

==Beyond the dialects==
Dialects are not the only subgroups that a language can have. There are others, like [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]] which are the differences in the spoken language due to factors such as profession, richness and poverty, castism and many other differences in social status. Usually each profession has its own special vocabulary. So there is a difference in language as well. In [[Tamil]], the difference of speech between a Brahmin (Iyengar) and a non-Brahmin (Mudaliyar) is huge. An [[w:Ethnolect|ethnolect]] is spoken by a specific ethnic group and a ''[[w:Regional dialect|Regional dialect]]'' is spoken in a specific region. Finally, an [[w:Idiolect|idiolect]] is an individual's distinct use of a language. All these ''lects'' are linguistically called [[w:Variety|varieties]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Fool's Gold Loaf</title>
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    <id>298509</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1661" sha1="2a7zb2vc147ieyazdc4r7btdw92bgbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Recipe summary
| Category = Sandwich recipes
| Servings = 8–10
| Difficulty = 2
}}

{{Recipe}}

The '''fool's gold loaf''' is a rather unusual sandwich, consisting of a whole French loaf filled with margarine, bacon, peanut butter and jelly. It is famous for being a favorite of Elvis Presley.

== Ingredients ==
* 2 [[Cookbook:Tablespoon|tbsp]] [[Cookbook:Margarine|margarine]]
* 1 loaf French white [[Cookbook:Bread|bread]]
* 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|lb]] (450 [[Cookbook:Gram|g]]) [[Cookbook:Bacon|bacon]] slices
* 1 jar of smooth [[Cookbook:Peanut Butter|peanut butter]]
* 1 jar of grape [[Cookbook:Jelly|jelly]] (US) or jam (UK)

== Procedure ==
# Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 350°F (180°C). Spread the margarine generously all over all sides of the loaf. Place it on a [[Cookbook:Baking Sheet|baking sheet]] in the oven.
# Meanwhile, [[Cookbook:Frying|fry]] the bacon in a bit of oil until it is crisp, and drain it thoroughly on [[Cookbook:Paper Towel|paper towels]].
# Remove the loaf from the oven when it is evenly browned, after approximately 15 minutes.
# Slice the loaf lengthwise and hollow out the interior, leaving as much bread along the walls as desired.
# Slather a thick layer of peanut butter in the cavity of the loaf and follow with another thick layer of grape jelly. Use lots of both.
# Arrange the bacon slices inside the cavity, or, if desired, layer the bacon slivers between the peanut butter and jelly. Close the loaf, slice and eat.
[[Category:Recipes]]
[[Category:Bacon recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Peanut butter recipes]]
[[Category:Sandwich recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes using bread]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Fruit Preserves</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>flesh out</comment>
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      <text bytes="15144" sha1="l6atdqw9ype02t4d2gwq5ogsgmn7pzx" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Fruits jam variants.jpg|300px]]
| Category = Condiments
}}{{Ingredient}}

'''Fruit preserves''' are a group of sweet spreads made by cooking fruit with sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Friberg |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmpkzgAACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Professional Pastry Chef: Fundamentals of Baking and Pastry |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-46629-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001/acref-9780199313396 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chesman |first=Andrea |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Backyard_Homestead_Book_of_Kitchen_K/H9KOCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Backyard Homestead Book of Kitchen Know-How: Field-to-Table Cooking Skills |date=2015-09-19 |publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-61212-205-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
The basic technique is the same for most varieties of preserve. The fruit and sugar are cooked together to reduce the water and concentrate the sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In non-industrial settings, this is typically done by simple boiling at atmospheric pressure until the mixture reaches the 'gel stage' or about 7–8°F or 4–4.5°C above the boiling point of water at a given elevation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In industrial settings, vacuum evaporators may be used, which results in water loss at a lower temperature, preserving volatile flavor and texture of the product.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_Food_and_Cooking/bKVCtH4AjwgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0 |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |date=2007-03-20 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5637-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the mixture is slowly cooled, it sets to the end spreadable consistency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Once finished, the preserves may be stored in the fridge, but it is very common in modern times to sterilize them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Research Chefs Association |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Culinology/GPClCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Culinology: The Intersection of Culinary Art and Food Science |date=2016-02-29 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-48134-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canning is typically the most common method of doing so,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; readily done by both industrial producers and home cooks. In some cases, so-called freezer jams are made without any cooking and with freeze-tolerant pectin—these are kept in the freezer for preservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Despite some differences, all fruit preserves share the same essential characteristics. Most take the form of a syrupy gel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; with attention paid to the specific ratios of fruit, sugar, and pectin needed to achieve desired gelling characteristics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3t-swEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals |last2=Hause |first2=Alan M. |last3=Martel |first3=Priscilla |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-444190-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because sugar is a preservative, preserves are quite sweet, but preserves not meant for long-term storage may be less so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Pectin ===
[[Cookbook:Pectin|Pectin]] is critical to the finished texture of most preserves, as it is the gelling agent most commonly used. Naturally, it is found in fruit skins, cores, and seeds,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; from which it is extracted during cooking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; When the pectin is released from the fruit, it cannot initially form a gel, and it must typically be cooked with sugar and acid in order to force it to interact with itself, forming a network that solidifies upon cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Commercially, several types of pectin are available, each with slightly different properties and requirements for sugar, acid, and cooking of the preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While pectin is present in most if not all fruits, not all fruits contain sufficient pectin to set the finished preserve. In these cases, it becomes necessary to supplement the preserves with pectin-rich fruits or with commercially available purified pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rinsky |first=Glenn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZhyDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional |last2=Rinsky |first2=Laura Halpin |date=2008-02-28 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-00955-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sugar ===
Just as critical to traditional preserve-making is sugar, which plays multiple roles in achieving the desired final product. At its most basic level, sugar provides desirable sweetness to preserves, especially to those made with fruits relatively low in sugar or high in acid. However, sugar is also very important as a preservative,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; helping protect the finished product from all but the most tolerant microbes. Even then, it can take quite a while for sugar-tolerant yeasts to spoil the preserves. As a result, low-sugar preserves tend to have poorer keeping quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Finally, sugar is structurally important, as it sequesters water and helps ensure that traditional pectins can bind to each other and form the requisite gel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=This |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpFAAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51203-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, while sucrose is commonly the sugar of choice for many preserves, as the mixture cooks in an acidic environment, a significant amount of the sucrose inverts to produce glucose and fructose, which impacts the texture by sequestering water and suppressing crystallization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Provost |first=Joseph J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ydECwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Science of Cooking: Understanding the Biology and Chemistry Behind Food and Cooking |last2=Colabroy |first2=Keri L. |last3=Kelly |first3=Brenda S. |last4=Wallert |first4=Mark A. |date=2016-05-02 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-118-67420-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical sugar concentration for preserves using traditional pectin is about 60–65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Acid ===
Like sugar, acidity is critical to both flavor and texture in fruit preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This acidity can come from the main fruit(s) in the preserve or can be added supplementally, typically through citrus juice or vinegar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; As mentioned above, the acid helps invert the sugar during the cooking process, and it also cuts through the high sugar levels required in traditional preserves. Critically, acidity helps prevent the ionization of pectin that causes the molecules to repel each other and fail to gel;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; thus, acid is important for preserves made with traditional high-methoxyl pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The optimal pH for preserves is generally stated to be from 2.8 to 3.5,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; with 0.5% acid by weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Flavor ===
The preparation of preserves can affect its flavor. Notably, the longer the mixture is cooked, the greater the loss of volatile aromatic compounds, and the less bright and fresh the preserve will taste. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something to consider. Additionally, the texture of the final preserve can also affect its flavor—if the jam sets very firmly, the aromatic molecules will not circulate as well, and it will be less flavorful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Fruit ===
Just about every fruit can be made into preserves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; though they will all produce preserves with different characteristics. Fruits with relatively low acidity (e.g. ) will need supplemental acid, and fruits with low pectin (e.g. strawberries, raspberries, peaches) will need to be supplemented by either pectin-rich fruits (e.g. grapes, apples, quinces, cranberries) or by commercial pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; While the fruit does not need to be particularly attractive, it should not be moldy or otherwise low quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Additionally, note that overripe fruit will have lower pectin than slightly underripe fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Varieties ==
Generally speaking, fruit preserves can be divided into a couple different varieties. '''Jam''' is a preserve made from whole, crushed, chopped, or puréed fruit, with the key distinction that it contain pulp, skins, and sometimes even seeds&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k87uoQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition |last2=Martel |first2=Priscilla |last3=Damme |first3=Eddy Van |date=2015-01-06 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-388675-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kipfer |first=Barbara Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;source=newbks_fb |title=The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference |date=2012-04-11 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18603-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ruhlman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO6-wjf_XdgC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen |date=2008 |publisher=Black Incorporated |isbn=978-1-86395-143-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;—is is rarely or never strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is cooked to the gel stage,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the final consistency is thick but spreadable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Unlike jam, '''jelly''' is made from the fruit juice only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Jellies are translucent and wobbly and have a defined but delicate texture without any bits.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; '''Marmalade''' is similar to jam in that it uses fruits with peel, but it is typically made from citrus fruits,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; and the overall consistency is similar to that of jelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; '''Fruit butters''' are made from puréed fruits cooked down until concentrated and spreadable but not particularly gelatinous.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Pectin is rarely added here,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and apple butter is one of the more common variations. Fruit '''compotes''' are typically less sweet and cooked for less time than other preserves, remaining somewhat juicier and sometimes even preserving the original shape and structure of the fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In some cases, the term '''conserve''' is used to refer to chunks or pieces of fruit in a thick syrup,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; but this term is less well-defined than the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some people may also use the term '''preserve''' to refer to something like a conserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Redcurrant jelly (2699068744).jpg|Jelly, from redcurrants
File:Apple Butter.jpg|Fruit butter, from apples
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Marmalade, from oranges
File:Hartley's blackcurrant jam.jpg|Jam, from blackcurrants
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Selection and storage ==
Preserves have a fairly long shelf life in general due to their high sugar content and acidity,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; though they will eventually succumb to mold. To prevent this, preserves are very commonly canned, which extends their lifetime to years provided the seal stays intact. As with most foods, it's a good idea to keep them away from light and heat to optimally preserve their flavor.

== Techniques ==

=== Checking set ===
How to know when preserves are done cooking? With jam and jelly at least, there are a couple ways to make sure the mixture has reached the gel point. In the cold dish test, dollop a little jam onto a cold plate and allow it to cool; when you push your finger through it, it should leave a clear trail with a little surface wrinkling and no flowing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Alternatively, you can dip a metal spoon into the preserves and let the mixture run off it; when it is ready, the mixture should slide off in thick sheets and not small individual drops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Troubleshooting ===
The main issue that occurs with preserves is failure to set as desired. If not enough pectin is present, there will obviously not be a good set, and insufficient sugar and acid will also cause failure to set.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On the other hand, too much acid can make an over-firm gel that weeps liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; And, excessive cooking can eventually cause the pectin to degrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Make sure to allow the fruit to cook for a bit and soften before adding the sugar, since sugar will slow the release of pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; To prevent soft centers, don't pack the preserves in very large volumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

To preserve flavor, cook gently in a wide pot without stirring too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Use ==
Preserves are used for a variety of purposes, usually in sweet dis hes. As spreads, they are applied to bread, pancakes, scones, cakes, and cookies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; They are also used as fillings in tarts, cakes, pastries, and donuts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Seedless jams and jellies may be heated and brushed onto desserts to give a clear, shiny coating.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; As a less-sweet and saucier preserve, compote  Make sure the product you select has the correct texture for the application, firm enough to hold its shape if necessary and stable enough not to leak during baking if applicable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; 

== Substitution ==

== Recipes ==

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Condiments]]</text>
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        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>/* Use */</comment>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Fruits jam variants.jpg|300px]]
| Category = Condiments
}}{{Ingredient}}

'''Fruit preserves''' are a group of sweet spreads made by cooking fruit with sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Friberg |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmpkzgAACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Professional Pastry Chef: Fundamentals of Baking and Pastry |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-46629-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001/acref-9780199313396 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chesman |first=Andrea |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Backyard_Homestead_Book_of_Kitchen_K/H9KOCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Backyard Homestead Book of Kitchen Know-How: Field-to-Table Cooking Skills |date=2015-09-19 |publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-61212-205-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
The basic technique is the same for most varieties of preserve. The fruit and sugar are cooked together to reduce the water and concentrate the sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In non-industrial settings, this is typically done by simple boiling at atmospheric pressure until the mixture reaches the 'gel stage' or about 7–8°F or 4–4.5°C above the boiling point of water at a given elevation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In industrial settings, vacuum evaporators may be used, which results in water loss at a lower temperature, preserving volatile flavor and texture of the product.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_Food_and_Cooking/bKVCtH4AjwgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0 |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |date=2007-03-20 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5637-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the mixture is slowly cooled, it sets to the end spreadable consistency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Once finished, the preserves may be stored in the fridge, but it is very common in modern times to sterilize them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Research Chefs Association |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Culinology/GPClCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Culinology: The Intersection of Culinary Art and Food Science |date=2016-02-29 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-48134-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canning is typically the most common method of doing so,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; readily done by both industrial producers and home cooks. In some cases, so-called freezer jams are made without any cooking and with freeze-tolerant pectin—these are kept in the freezer for preservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Despite some differences, all fruit preserves share the same essential characteristics. Most take the form of a syrupy gel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; with attention paid to the specific ratios of fruit, sugar, and pectin needed to achieve desired gelling characteristics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3t-swEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals |last2=Hause |first2=Alan M. |last3=Martel |first3=Priscilla |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-444190-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because sugar is a preservative, preserves are quite sweet, but preserves not meant for long-term storage may be less so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Pectin ===
[[Cookbook:Pectin|Pectin]] is critical to the finished texture of most preserves, as it is the gelling agent most commonly used. Naturally, it is found in fruit skins, cores, and seeds,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; from which it is extracted during cooking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; When the pectin is released from the fruit, it cannot initially form a gel, and it must typically be cooked with sugar and acid in order to force it to interact with itself, forming a network that solidifies upon cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Commercially, several types of pectin are available, each with slightly different properties and requirements for sugar, acid, and cooking of the preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While pectin is present in most if not all fruits, not all fruits contain sufficient pectin to set the finished preserve. In these cases, it becomes necessary to supplement the preserves with pectin-rich fruits or with commercially available purified pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rinsky |first=Glenn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZhyDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional |last2=Rinsky |first2=Laura Halpin |date=2008-02-28 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-00955-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sugar ===
Just as critical to traditional preserve-making is sugar, which plays multiple roles in achieving the desired final product. At its most basic level, sugar provides desirable sweetness to preserves, especially to those made with fruits relatively low in sugar or high in acid. However, sugar is also very important as a preservative,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; helping protect the finished product from all but the most tolerant microbes. Even then, it can take quite a while for sugar-tolerant yeasts to spoil the preserves. As a result, low-sugar preserves tend to have poorer keeping quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Finally, sugar is structurally important, as it sequesters water and helps ensure that traditional pectins can bind to each other and form the requisite gel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=This |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpFAAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51203-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, while sucrose is commonly the sugar of choice for many preserves, as the mixture cooks in an acidic environment, a significant amount of the sucrose inverts to produce glucose and fructose, which impacts the texture by sequestering water and suppressing crystallization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Provost |first=Joseph J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ydECwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Science of Cooking: Understanding the Biology and Chemistry Behind Food and Cooking |last2=Colabroy |first2=Keri L. |last3=Kelly |first3=Brenda S. |last4=Wallert |first4=Mark A. |date=2016-05-02 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-118-67420-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical sugar concentration for preserves using traditional pectin is about 60–65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Acid ===
Like sugar, acidity is critical to both flavor and texture in fruit preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This acidity can come from the main fruit(s) in the preserve or can be added supplementally, typically through citrus juice or vinegar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; As mentioned above, the acid helps invert the sugar during the cooking process, and it also cuts through the high sugar levels required in traditional preserves. Critically, acidity helps prevent the ionization of pectin that causes the molecules to repel each other and fail to gel;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; thus, acid is important for preserves made with traditional high-methoxyl pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The optimal pH for preserves is generally stated to be from 2.8 to 3.5,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; with 0.5% acid by weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Flavor ===
The preparation of preserves can affect its flavor. Notably, the longer the mixture is cooked, the greater the loss of volatile aromatic compounds, and the less bright and fresh the preserve will taste. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something to consider. Additionally, the texture of the final preserve can also affect its flavor—if the jam sets very firmly, the aromatic molecules will not circulate as well, and it will be less flavorful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Fruit ===
Just about every fruit can be made into preserves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; though they will all produce preserves with different characteristics. Fruits with relatively low acidity (e.g. ) will need supplemental acid, and fruits with low pectin (e.g. strawberries, raspberries, peaches) will need to be supplemented by either pectin-rich fruits (e.g. grapes, apples, quinces, cranberries) or by commercial pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; While the fruit does not need to be particularly attractive, it should not be moldy or otherwise low quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Additionally, note that overripe fruit will have lower pectin than slightly underripe fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Varieties ==
Generally speaking, fruit preserves can be divided into a couple different varieties. '''Jam''' is a preserve made from whole, crushed, chopped, or puréed fruit, with the key distinction that it contain pulp, skins, and sometimes even seeds&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k87uoQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition |last2=Martel |first2=Priscilla |last3=Damme |first3=Eddy Van |date=2015-01-06 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-388675-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kipfer |first=Barbara Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;source=newbks_fb |title=The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference |date=2012-04-11 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18603-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ruhlman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO6-wjf_XdgC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen |date=2008 |publisher=Black Incorporated |isbn=978-1-86395-143-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;—is is rarely or never strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is cooked to the gel stage,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the final consistency is thick but spreadable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Unlike jam, '''jelly''' is made from the fruit juice only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Jellies are translucent and wobbly and have a defined but delicate texture without any bits.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; '''Marmalade''' is similar to jam in that it uses fruits with peel, but it is typically made from citrus fruits,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; and the overall consistency is similar to that of jelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; '''Fruit butters''' are made from puréed fruits cooked down until concentrated and spreadable but not particularly gelatinous.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Pectin is rarely added here,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and apple butter is one of the more common variations. Fruit '''compotes''' are typically less sweet and cooked for less time than other preserves, remaining somewhat juicier and sometimes even preserving the original shape and structure of the fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In some cases, the term '''conserve''' is used to refer to chunks or pieces of fruit in a thick syrup,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; but this term is less well-defined than the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some people may also use the term '''preserve''' to refer to something like a conserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Redcurrant jelly (2699068744).jpg|Jelly, from redcurrants
File:Apple Butter.jpg|Fruit butter, from apples
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Marmalade, from oranges
File:Hartley's blackcurrant jam.jpg|Jam, from blackcurrants
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Selection and storage ==
Preserves have a fairly long shelf life in general due to their high sugar content and acidity,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; though they will eventually succumb to mold. To prevent this, preserves are very commonly canned, which extends their lifetime to years provided the seal stays intact. As with most foods, it's a good idea to keep them away from light and heat to optimally preserve their flavor.

== Techniques ==

=== Checking set ===
How to know when preserves are done cooking? With jam and jelly at least, there are a couple ways to make sure the mixture has reached the gel point. In the cold dish test, dollop a little jam onto a cold plate and allow it to cool; when you push your finger through it, it should leave a clear trail with a little surface wrinkling and no flowing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Alternatively, you can dip a metal spoon into the preserves and let the mixture run off it; when it is ready, the mixture should slide off in thick sheets and not small individual drops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Troubleshooting ===
The main issue that occurs with preserves is failure to set as desired. If not enough pectin is present, there will obviously not be a good set, and insufficient sugar and acid will also cause failure to set.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On the other hand, too much acid can make an over-firm gel that weeps liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; And, excessive cooking can eventually cause the pectin to degrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Make sure to allow the fruit to cook for a bit and soften before adding the sugar, since sugar will slow the release of pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; To prevent soft centers, don't pack the preserves in very large volumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

To preserve flavor, cook gently in a wide pot without stirring too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Use ==
Preserves are used for a variety of purposes, usually in sweet dishes. As spreads, they are applied to bread, pancakes, scones, cakes, and cookies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; They are also used as fillings in tarts, cakes, pastries, and donuts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Seedless jams and jellies may be heated and brushed onto desserts to give a clear, shiny coating.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; As a less-sweet and saucier preserve, compote  Make sure the product you select has the correct texture for the application, firm enough to hold its shape if necessary and stable enough not to leak during baking if applicable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; 

== Substitution ==

== Recipes ==
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Fruit preserve recipes&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Condiments]]</text>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Fruits jam variants.jpg|300px]]
| Category = Condiments
}}{{Ingredient}}

'''Fruit preserves''' are a group of sweet spreads made by cooking fruit with sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Friberg |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmpkzgAACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Professional Pastry Chef: Fundamentals of Baking and Pastry |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-46629-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001/acref-9780199313396 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chesman |first=Andrea |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Backyard_Homestead_Book_of_Kitchen_K/H9KOCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Backyard Homestead Book of Kitchen Know-How: Field-to-Table Cooking Skills |date=2015-09-19 |publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-61212-205-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
The basic technique is the same for most varieties of preserve. The fruit and sugar are cooked together to reduce the water and concentrate the sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In non-industrial settings, this is typically done by simple boiling at atmospheric pressure until the mixture reaches the 'gel stage' or about 7–8°F or 4–4.5°C above the boiling point of water at a given elevation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In industrial settings, vacuum evaporators may be used, which results in water loss at a lower temperature, preserving volatile flavor and texture of the product.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_Food_and_Cooking/bKVCtH4AjwgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0 |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |date=2007-03-20 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5637-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the mixture is slowly cooled, it sets to the end spreadable consistency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Once finished, the preserves may be stored in the fridge, but it is very common in modern times to sterilize them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Research Chefs Association |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Culinology/GPClCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Culinology: The Intersection of Culinary Art and Food Science |date=2016-02-29 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-48134-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canning is typically the most common method of doing so,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; readily done by both industrial producers and home cooks. In some cases, so-called freezer jams are made without any cooking and with freeze-tolerant pectin—these are kept in the freezer for preservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Despite some differences, all fruit preserves share the same essential characteristics. Most take the form of a syrupy gel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; with attention paid to the specific ratios of fruit, sugar, and pectin needed to achieve desired gelling characteristics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3t-swEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals |last2=Hause |first2=Alan M. |last3=Martel |first3=Priscilla |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-444190-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because sugar is a preservative, preserves are quite sweet, but preserves not meant for long-term storage may be less so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Pectin ===
[[Cookbook:Pectin|Pectin]] is critical to the finished texture of most preserves, as it is the gelling agent most commonly used. Naturally, it is found in fruit skins, cores, and seeds,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; from which it is extracted during cooking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; When the pectin is released from the fruit, it cannot initially form a gel, and it must typically be cooked with sugar and acid in order to force it to interact with itself, forming a network that solidifies upon cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Commercially, several types of pectin are available, each with slightly different properties and requirements for sugar, acid, and cooking of the preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While pectin is present in most if not all fruits, not all fruits contain sufficient pectin to set the finished preserve. In these cases, it becomes necessary to supplement the preserves with pectin-rich fruits or with commercially available purified pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rinsky |first=Glenn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZhyDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional |last2=Rinsky |first2=Laura Halpin |date=2008-02-28 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-00955-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sugar ===
Just as critical to traditional preserve-making is sugar, which plays multiple roles in achieving the desired final product. At its most basic level, sugar provides desirable sweetness to preserves, especially to those made with fruits relatively low in sugar or high in acid. However, sugar is also very important as a preservative,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; helping protect the finished product from all but the most tolerant microbes. Even then, it can take quite a while for sugar-tolerant yeasts to spoil the preserves. As a result, low-sugar preserves tend to have poorer keeping quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Finally, sugar is structurally important, as it sequesters water and helps ensure that traditional pectins can bind to each other and form the requisite gel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=This |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpFAAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51203-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, while sucrose is commonly the sugar of choice for many preserves, as the mixture cooks in an acidic environment, a significant amount of the sucrose inverts to produce glucose and fructose, which impacts the texture by sequestering water and suppressing crystallization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Provost |first=Joseph J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ydECwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Science of Cooking: Understanding the Biology and Chemistry Behind Food and Cooking |last2=Colabroy |first2=Keri L. |last3=Kelly |first3=Brenda S. |last4=Wallert |first4=Mark A. |date=2016-05-02 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-118-67420-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical sugar concentration for preserves using traditional pectin is about 60–65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Acid ===
Like sugar, acidity is critical to both flavor and texture in fruit preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This acidity can come from the main fruit(s) in the preserve or can be added supplementally, typically through citrus juice or vinegar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; As mentioned above, the acid helps invert the sugar during the cooking process, and it also cuts through the high sugar levels required in traditional preserves. Critically, acidity helps prevent the ionization of pectin that causes the molecules to repel each other and fail to gel;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; thus, acid is important for preserves made with traditional high-methoxyl pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The optimal pH for preserves is generally stated to be from 2.8 to 3.5,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; with 0.5% acid by weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Flavor ===
The preparation of preserves can affect its flavor. Notably, the longer the mixture is cooked, the greater the loss of volatile aromatic compounds, and the less bright and fresh the preserve will taste. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something to consider. Additionally, the texture of the final preserve can also affect its flavor—if the jam sets very firmly, the aromatic molecules will not circulate as well, and it will be less flavorful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Fruit ===
Just about every fruit can be made into preserves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; though they will all produce preserves with different characteristics. Fruits with relatively low acidity (e.g. ) will need supplemental acid, and fruits with low pectin (e.g. strawberries, raspberries, peaches) will need to be supplemented by either pectin-rich fruits (e.g. grapes, apples, quinces, cranberries) or by commercial pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; While the fruit does not need to be particularly attractive, it should not be moldy or otherwise low quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Additionally, note that overripe fruit will have lower pectin than slightly underripe fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Varieties ==
Generally speaking, fruit preserves can be divided into a couple different varieties. '''Jam''' is a preserve made from whole, crushed, chopped, or puréed fruit, with the key distinction that it contain pulp, skins, and sometimes even seeds&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k87uoQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition |last2=Martel |first2=Priscilla |last3=Damme |first3=Eddy Van |date=2015-01-06 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-388675-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kipfer |first=Barbara Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;source=newbks_fb |title=The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference |date=2012-04-11 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18603-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ruhlman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO6-wjf_XdgC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen |date=2008 |publisher=Black Incorporated |isbn=978-1-86395-143-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;—is is rarely or never strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is cooked to the gel stage,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the final consistency is thick but spreadable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Unlike jam, '''jelly''' is made from the fruit juice only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Jellies are translucent and wobbly and have a defined but delicate texture without any bits.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; '''Marmalade''' is similar to jam in that it uses fruits with peel, but it is typically made from citrus fruits,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; and the overall consistency is similar to that of jelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; '''Fruit butters''' are made from puréed fruits cooked down until concentrated and spreadable but not particularly gelatinous.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Pectin is rarely added here,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and apple butter is one of the more common variations. Fruit '''compotes''' are typically less sweet and cooked for less time than other preserves, remaining somewhat juicier and sometimes even preserving the original shape and structure of the fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In some cases, the term '''conserve''' is used to refer to chunks or pieces of fruit in a thick syrup,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; but this term is less well-defined than the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some people may also use the term '''preserve''' to refer to something like a conserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Redcurrant jelly (2699068744).jpg|Jelly, from redcurrants
File:Apple Butter.jpg|Fruit butter, from apples
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Marmalade, from oranges
File:Hartley's blackcurrant jam.jpg|Jam, from blackcurrants
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Selection and storage ==
Preserves have a fairly long shelf life in general due to their high sugar content and acidity,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; though they will eventually succumb to mold. To prevent this, preserves are very commonly canned, which extends their lifetime to years provided the seal stays intact. As with most foods, it's a good idea to keep them away from light and heat to optimally preserve their flavor.

== Techniques ==

=== Checking set ===
How to know when preserves are done cooking? With jam and jelly at least, there are a couple ways to make sure the mixture has reached the gel point. In the cold dish test, dollop a little jam onto a cold plate and allow it to cool; when you push your finger through it, it should leave a clear trail with a little surface wrinkling and no flowing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Alternatively, you can dip a metal spoon into the preserves and let the mixture run off it; when it is ready, the mixture should slide off in thick sheets and not small individual drops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Troubleshooting ===
The main issue that occurs with preserves is failure to set as desired. If not enough pectin is present, there will obviously not be a good set, and insufficient sugar and acid will also cause failure to set.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On the other hand, too much acid can make an over-firm gel that weeps liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; And, excessive cooking can eventually cause the pectin to degrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Make sure to allow the fruit to cook for a bit and soften before adding the sugar, since sugar will slow the release of pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; To prevent soft centers, don't pack the preserves in very large volumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

To preserve flavor, cook gently in a wide pot without stirring too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Use ==
Preserves are used for a variety of purposes, usually in sweet dishes. As spreads, they are applied to bread, pancakes, scones, cakes, and cookies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; They are also used as fillings in tarts, cakes, pastries, and donuts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Seedless jams and jellies may be heated and brushed onto desserts to give a clear, shiny coating.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; As a less-sweet and saucier preserve, compote  Make sure the product you select has the correct texture for the application, firm enough to hold its shape if necessary and stable enough not to leak during baking if applicable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; 

== Substitution ==

== Recipes ==
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Recipes for fruit preserves&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Recipes using fruit preserves&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Condiments]]</text>
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{{Ingredient summary
| Image = [[File:Fruits jam variants.jpg|300px]]
| Category = Condiments
}}{{Ingredient}}

'''Fruit preserves''' are a group of sweet spreads made by cooking fruit with sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Friberg |first=Bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gmpkzgAACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Professional Pastry Chef: Fundamentals of Baking and Pastry |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-46629-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Darra |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001/acref-9780199313396 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931339-6 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199313396.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chesman |first=Andrea |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Backyard_Homestead_Book_of_Kitchen_K/H9KOCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=The Backyard Homestead Book of Kitchen Know-How: Field-to-Table Cooking Skills |date=2015-09-19 |publisher=Storey Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-61212-205-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
The basic technique is the same for most varieties of preserve. The fruit and sugar are cooked together to reduce the water and concentrate the sugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In non-industrial settings, this is typically done by simple boiling at atmospheric pressure until the mixture reaches the 'gel stage' or about 7–8°F or 4–4.5°C above the boiling point of water at a given elevation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In industrial settings, vacuum evaporators may be used, which results in water loss at a lower temperature, preserving volatile flavor and texture of the product.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_Food_and_Cooking/bKVCtH4AjwgC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=0 |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |date=2007-03-20 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-5637-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the mixture is slowly cooled, it sets to the end spreadable consistency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

Once finished, the preserves may be stored in the fridge, but it is very common in modern times to sterilize them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Research Chefs Association |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Culinology/GPClCgAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Culinology: The Intersection of Culinary Art and Food Science |date=2016-02-29 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-48134-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canning is typically the most common method of doing so,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; readily done by both industrial producers and home cooks. In some cases, so-called freezer jams are made without any cooking and with freeze-tolerant pectin—these are kept in the freezer for preservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== Characteristics ==
Despite some differences, all fruit preserves share the same essential characteristics. Most take the form of a syrupy gel,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; with attention paid to the specific ratios of fruit, sugar, and pectin needed to achieve desired gelling characteristics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3t-swEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Cooking: A Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals |last2=Hause |first2=Alan M. |last3=Martel |first3=Priscilla |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0-13-444190-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because sugar is a preservative, preserves are quite sweet, but preserves not meant for long-term storage may be less so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Pectin ===
[[Cookbook:Pectin|Pectin]] is critical to the finished texture of most preserves, as it is the gelling agent most commonly used. Naturally, it is found in fruit skins, cores, and seeds,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; from which it is extracted during cooking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; When the pectin is released from the fruit, it cannot initially form a gel, and it must typically be cooked with sugar and acid in order to force it to interact with itself, forming a network that solidifies upon cooling.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Commercially, several types of pectin are available, each with slightly different properties and requirements for sugar, acid, and cooking of the preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While pectin is present in most if not all fruits, not all fruits contain sufficient pectin to set the finished preserve. In these cases, it becomes necessary to supplement the preserves with pectin-rich fruits or with commercially available purified pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rinsky |first=Glenn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZhyDwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional |last2=Rinsky |first2=Laura Halpin |date=2008-02-28 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-00955-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sugar ===
Just as critical to traditional preserve-making is sugar, which plays multiple roles in achieving the desired final product. At its most basic level, sugar provides desirable sweetness to preserves, especially to those made with fruits relatively low in sugar or high in acid. However, sugar is also very important as a preservative,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; helping protect the finished product from all but the most tolerant microbes. Even then, it can take quite a while for sugar-tolerant yeasts to spoil the preserves. As a result, low-sugar preserves tend to have poorer keeping quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Finally, sugar is structurally important, as it sequesters water and helps ensure that traditional pectins can bind to each other and form the requisite gel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=This |first=Hervé |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpFAAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=Kitchen Mysteries: Revealing the Science of Cooking |date=2007-11-15 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51203-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337 |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Interestingly, while sucrose is commonly the sugar of choice for many preserves, as the mixture cooks in an acidic environment, a significant amount of the sucrose inverts to produce glucose and fructose, which impacts the texture by sequestering water and suppressing crystallization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Provost |first=Joseph J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ydECwAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Science of Cooking: Understanding the Biology and Chemistry Behind Food and Cooking |last2=Colabroy |first2=Keri L. |last3=Kelly |first3=Brenda S. |last4=Wallert |first4=Mark A. |date=2016-05-02 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-1-118-67420-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical sugar concentration for preserves using traditional pectin is about 60–65%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Acid ===
Like sugar, acidity is critical to both flavor and texture in fruit preserves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This acidity can come from the main fruit(s) in the preserve or can be added supplementally, typically through citrus juice or vinegar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; As mentioned above, the acid helps invert the sugar during the cooking process, and it also cuts through the high sugar levels required in traditional preserves. Critically, acidity helps prevent the ionization of pectin that causes the molecules to repel each other and fail to gel;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; thus, acid is important for preserves made with traditional high-methoxyl pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The optimal pH for preserves is generally stated to be from 2.8 to 3.5,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; with 0.5% acid by weight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Flavor ===
The preparation of preserves can affect its flavor. Notably, the longer the mixture is cooked, the greater the loss of volatile aromatic compounds, and the less bright and fresh the preserve will taste. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something to consider. Additionally, the texture of the final preserve can also affect its flavor—if the jam sets very firmly, the aromatic molecules will not circulate as well, and it will be less flavorful.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Fruit ===
Just about every fruit can be made into preserves,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; though they will all produce preserves with different characteristics. Fruits with relatively low acidity (e.g. ) will need supplemental acid, and fruits with low pectin (e.g. strawberries, raspberries, peaches) will need to be supplemented by either pectin-rich fruits (e.g. grapes, apples, quinces, cranberries) or by commercial pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; While the fruit does not need to be particularly attractive, it should not be moldy or otherwise low quality.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Additionally, note that overripe fruit will have lower pectin than slightly underripe fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Varieties ==
Generally speaking, fruit preserves can be divided into a couple different varieties. '''Jam''' is a preserve made from whole, crushed, chopped, or puréed fruit, with the key distinction that it contain pulp, skins, and sometimes even seeds&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Labensky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k87uoQEACAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=On Baking: A Textbook of Baking and Pastry Fundamentals, Updated Edition |last2=Martel |first2=Priscilla |last3=Damme |first3=Eddy Van |date=2015-01-06 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-0-13-388675-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kipfer |first=Barbara Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en&amp;source=newbks_fb |title=The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference |date=2012-04-11 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-18603-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ruhlman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cO6-wjf_XdgC&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en |title=The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen |date=2008 |publisher=Black Incorporated |isbn=978-1-86395-143-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;—is is rarely or never strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is cooked to the gel stage,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and the final consistency is thick but spreadable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Unlike jam, '''jelly''' is made from the fruit juice only.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Jellies are translucent and wobbly and have a defined but delicate texture without any bits.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; '''Marmalade''' is similar to jam in that it uses fruits with peel, but it is typically made from citrus fruits,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; and the overall consistency is similar to that of jelly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; '''Fruit butters''' are made from puréed fruits cooked down until concentrated and spreadable but not particularly gelatinous.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Pectin is rarely added here,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and apple butter is one of the more common variations. Fruit '''compotes''' are typically less sweet and cooked for less time than other preserves, remaining somewhat juicier and sometimes even preserving the original shape and structure of the fruit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; In some cases, the term '''conserve''' is used to refer to chunks or pieces of fruit in a thick syrup,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; but this term is less well-defined than the others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some people may also use the term '''preserve''' to refer to something like a conserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
File:Redcurrant jelly (2699068744).jpg|Jelly, from redcurrants
File:Apple Butter.jpg|Fruit butter, from apples
File:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg|Marmalade, from oranges
File:Hartley's blackcurrant jam.jpg|Jam, from blackcurrants
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Selection and storage ==
Preserves have a fairly long shelf life in general due to their high sugar content and acidity,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; though they will eventually succumb to mold. To prevent this, preserves are very commonly canned, which extends their lifetime to years provided the seal stays intact. As with most foods, it's a good idea to keep them away from light and heat to optimally preserve their flavor.

== Techniques ==

=== Checking set ===
How to know when preserves are done cooking? With jam and jelly at least, there are a couple ways to make sure the mixture has reached the gel point. In the cold dish test, dollop a little jam onto a cold plate and allow it to cool; when you push your finger through it, it should leave a clear trail with a little surface wrinkling and no flowing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Alternatively, you can dip a metal spoon into the preserves and let the mixture run off it; when it is ready, the mixture should slide off in thick sheets and not small individual drops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Troubleshooting ===
The main issue that occurs with preserves is failure to set as desired. If not enough pectin is present, there will obviously not be a good set, and insufficient sugar and acid will also cause failure to set.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; On the other hand, too much acid can make an over-firm gel that weeps liquid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; And, excessive cooking can eventually cause the pectin to degrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Make sure to allow the fruit to cook for a bit and soften before adding the sugar, since sugar will slow the release of pectin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; To prevent soft centers, don't pack the preserves in very large volumes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

To preserve flavor, cook gently in a wide pot without stirring too much.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

== Use ==
Preserves are used for a variety of purposes, usually in sweet dishes. As spreads, they are applied to bread, pancakes, scones, cakes, and cookies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; They are also used as fillings in tarts, cakes, pastries, and donuts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Seedless jams and jellies may be heated and brushed onto desserts to give a clear, shiny coating.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; As a less-sweet and saucier preserve, compote  Make sure the product you select has the correct texture for the application, firm enough to hold its shape if necessary and stable enough not to leak during baking if applicable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; 

== Substitution ==

== Recipes ==

=== Recipes for preserves ===
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Recipes for fruit preserves&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Recipes using preserves ===
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:3&quot;&gt;
&lt;categorytree mode=&quot;all&quot;&gt;Recipes using fruit preserves&lt;/categorytree&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Condiments]]</text>
      <sha1>k0svz7ii5dta62w5a5nl86n7spdupjp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ada Programming/Attributes/'Remainder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>307514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443336</id>
      <parentid>3823176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T02:06:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>173.63.38.80</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Description */ Corrected text to indicate that the sign of the result doesn't always match the sign of the numerator and provided some actual examples.</comment>
      <origin>4443336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="901" sha1="nxr585vulxpqn8evb1hwgzza6jknj9z" xml:space="preserve">== Description ==

X'Remainder(Y,Z) is an Ada [[Ada Programming/Attributes|attribute]] where X is any floating-point type and Y,Z are any instances of that type. This attribute represents the fractional part of this result. Z should never be zero.

The sign of Y may or may not be the same as the sign of the result.

== Example ==

 type Real is digits 15;
 Real'Remainder (7.5, 2.3); -- returns 0.6
 Real'Remainder (42.97482350828000, 6.283185307179586); -- returns -1.00747364197711

== See also ==

=== Wikibook ===

* [[Ada Programming]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Truncation]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding]]

=== Ada Reference Manual ===

* {{Ada/RM2|13|3|Operational and Representation Attributes}}
* {{Ada/RMA1|K|Language-Defined Attributes}}


[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Ada Programming}}|Remainder]]</text>
      <sha1>nxr585vulxpqn8evb1hwgzza6jknj9z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443337</id>
      <parentid>4443336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T02:14:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>173.63.38.80</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example */ Added functions to make the Remainder attribute more useful to most people.  (Brian McGuinness)</comment>
      <origin>4443337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2229" sha1="ti6ryh6w8kvijqtq255qq22ppay4qzp" xml:space="preserve">== Description ==

X'Remainder(Y,Z) is an Ada [[Ada Programming/Attributes|attribute]] where X is any floating-point type and Y,Z are any instances of that type. This attribute represents the fractional part of this result. Z should never be zero.

The sign of Y may or may not be the same as the sign of the result.

== Example ==

 type Real is digits 15;
 Real'Remainder (7.5, 2.3); -- returns 0.6
 Real'Remainder (42.97482350828000, 6.283185307179586); -- returns -1.00747364197711

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- Mod function for real numbers
  -- 
  -- x = The number whose remainder is desired
  -- y = The divisor
  --
  -- We return x mod y with the same sign as y.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  function &quot;mod&quot; (x, y : Real) return Real is
    result : Real := Real'Remainder (x, y);
  begin
    if y &gt; 0.0 then
      if result &lt; 0.0 then
        result := result + y;
      end if;
    else
      if result &gt; 0.0 then
        result := result + y;
      end if;
    end if;
    return result;
  end &quot;mod&quot;;

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  -- Rem function for real numbers
  -- 
  -- x = The number whose remainder is desired
  -- y = The divisor
  --
  -- We return x mod y with the same sign as x.
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  function &quot;rem&quot; (x, y : Real) return Real is
    result : Real := Real'Remainder (x, y);
  begin
    if x &gt; 0.0 then
      if result &lt; 0.0 then
        result := result + abs y;
      end if;
    else
      if result &gt; 0.0 then
        result := result - abs y;
      end if;
    end if;
    return result;
  end &quot;rem&quot;;

== See also ==

=== Wikibook ===

* [[Ada Programming]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Rounding]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Truncation]]
* [[Ada Programming/Attributes/'Unbiased_Rounding]]

=== Ada Reference Manual ===

* {{Ada/RM2|13|3|Operational and Representation Attributes}}
* {{Ada/RMA1|K|Language-Defined Attributes}}


[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Ada Programming}}|Remainder]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>LaTeX/Customizing Page Headers and Footers</title>
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    <id>385185</id>
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      <id>4443327</id>
      <parentid>3831862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T23:37:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:1700:16A0:AF60:202D:6B0D:A537:1C5E</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443327</origin>
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      <text bytes="19477" sha1="s4b63oo0g9vtjbuuf9a4pjn387mlzm6" xml:space="preserve">
{{outdated}} 
{{rewrite}}

=== Standard page styles ===

The possibilities of changing the headers in plain Latex are actually quite limited. There are two commands available: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{''style''}&lt;!----&gt;}} will apply the specified style to the current and all subsequent pages, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{''style''}&lt;!----&gt;}} will only affect the current page. The possible styles are:

{|
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|empty}}
| Both header and footer are cleared
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|plain}}
| Header is clear, but the footer contains the page number in the center.
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|headings}}
| Footer is blank, header displays information according to document class (e.g., section name) and page number top right.
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|myheadings}}
| Page number is top right, and it is possible to control the rest of the header.
|}

The commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markright&lt;!----&gt;}}  and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markboth&lt;!----&gt;}} can be used to set the content of the headings by hand. The following commands placed at the beginning of an article document will set the header of all pages (one-sided)  to contain &quot;John Smith&quot; top left, &quot;On page styles&quot; centered and the page number top right:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\markright{John Smith\hfill On page styles\hfill}
}}

There are special commands containing details on the running page of the document.

{|
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thepage&lt;!----&gt;}}     || number of the current page
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}}    || current chapter name printed like &quot;CHAPTER 3. THIS IS THE CHAPTER TITLE&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}}   || current section name printed like &quot;1.6. THIS IS THE SECTION TITLE&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptername&lt;!----&gt;}} || the name ''chapter'' in the current language. If this is English, it will display &quot;Chapter&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thechapter&lt;!----&gt;}}  || current chapter number
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thesection&lt;!----&gt;}}  || current section number
|}

Note that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} convert the names to uppercase, whichever was the formatting of the text. If you want them to print the actual name of the chapter without converting it to uppercase use the following command:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{#1}{} }
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{#1}{} }
}}

Now {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} will just print the name of the chapter and section, without number and without affecting the formatting. Note that these redefinitions must be inserted ''after'' the first call of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{fancy}&lt;!----&gt;}}.  The standard book formatting of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptermark&lt;!----&gt;}} is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\chaptername\ \thechapter.\ #1}&lt;!----&gt;}{}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}

Watch out: if you provide long text in two different &quot;parts&quot; only in the footer or only in the header, you might see overlapping text.

Moreover, with the following commands you can define the thickness of the decorative lines on both the header and the footer:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}}

The first line for the header, the second for the footer. Setting it to zero means that there will be no line.

==== Plain pages issue ====

An issue to look out for is that the major sectioning commands ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\part&lt;!----&gt;}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chapter&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\maketitle&lt;!----&gt;}}) specify a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{plain}&lt;!----&gt;}}. So, if you wish to suppress all styles by inserting a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}} at the beginning of your document, then the style command at each section will override your initial rule, for those pages only. To achieve the intended result one can follow the new section commands with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}}. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\part&lt;!----&gt;}} command, however, cannot be fixed this way, because it sets the page style, but also advances to the next page, so that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{}&lt;!----&gt;}} cannot be applied to that page. Two solutions:
* simply write {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{nopageno}&lt;!----&gt;}} in the preamble. This package will make {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{plain}&lt;!----&gt;}} have the same effect as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}}, effectively suppressing page numbering when it is used.
* Use {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} as described below.

The tricky problem when customizing headers and footers is to get things like running section and chapter names in there. Standard LaTeX accomplishes this with a two-stage approach. In the header and footer definition, you use the commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} to represent the current section and chapter heading, respectively. The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapter or section command is processed. For ultimate flexibility, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chapter&lt;!----&gt;}} command and its friends do not redefine {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} themselves. They call yet another command ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptermark&lt;!----&gt;}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sectionmark&lt;!----&gt;}}, or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\subsectionmark&lt;!----&gt;}}) that is responsible for redefining {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}}, except if they are starred -- in such a case, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markboth{Chapter/Section name}{}&lt;!----&gt;}} must be used inside the sectioning command if header and footer lines are to be updated.

Again, several packages provide a solution:
* an alternative one-stage mechanism is provided by the package {{LaTeX/Package|titleps}});
* {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} will handle the process its own way.

=== Customizing with ''fancyhdr'' ===

To get better control over the headers, one can use the package {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} written by
Piet van Oostrum. It provides several commands that allow you to customize the header and footer lines of
your document. For a more complete guide, the author of the package produced this [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf documentation].

To begin, add the following lines to your preamble:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\setlength{\headheight}{15.2pt}
\pagestyle{fancy}
}}

You can now observe a new style in your document.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\headheight&lt;!----&gt;}} needs to be 13.6pt or more, otherwise you will get a warning and possibly formatting issues. Both the header and footer comprise three elements each according to its horizontal position (left, centre or right).

The styles supported by {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}}:
* the four LaTeX styles;
* {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} defines a new header for all pages but ''plain-style'' pages such as chapters and titlepage;
* {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} is the same, but for absolutely all pages (this page style is deprecated, for new documents a combination of {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} should be used instead, see section&amp;nbsp;26 of the manual).

==== Style customization ====

The styles can be customized with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=fancyhdr&lt;!----&gt;}} specific commands.
Those two styles may be configured directly, whereas for LaTeX styles you need to make a call to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} command.

To set header and footer style, {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} provides three interfaces. They all provide the same features, you just use them differently. Choose the one you like most.

* You can use the following six commands (these commands are deprecated, use the new ones defined below).
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lhead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\chead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\rhead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
}}
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\cfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\rfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
}}

Hopefully, the behaviour of the above commands is fairly intuitive: if it has ''head'' in it, it affects the head etc, and obviously, ''l'', ''c'' and ''r'' means '''l'''eft, '''c'''entre and '''r'''ight respectively.

* You can also use the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhead&lt;!----&gt;}} for header and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyfoot&lt;!----&gt;}} for footer. They work in the same way, so we'll explain only the first one. The syntax is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhead[selectors]{output you want}
}}

You can use multiple selectors optionally separated by a comma. The selectors are the following:
{|
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|E}} || even page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|O}} || odd page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|L}} || left side
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|C}} || centered
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|R}} || right side
|-
|}
so {{LaTeX/Parameter|CE,RO}} will refer to the center of the even pages and to the right side of the odd pages. 

* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhf&lt;!----&gt;}} is a merge of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhead&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyfoot&lt;!----&gt;}}, hence the name. There are two additional selectors {{LaTeX/Parameter|H}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|F}} to specify the header or the footer, respectively. If you omit the {{LaTeX/Parameter|H}} and the {{LaTeX/Parameter|F}}, it will set the fields for both.

These commands will only work for {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}}. To customize LaTeX default style you need the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplainstyle&lt;!----&gt;}} command. See below for examples.

For a clean customization, we recommend you start from scratch. To do so you should ''erase'' the current pagestyle.  Providing empty values will make the field blank. So
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhf{}
}}
will just delete the current heading/footer configuration, so you can make your own.

==== Plain pages ====

There are two ways to change the style of plain pages like chapters and titlepage.

First you can use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} style. If you do so, you can use the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplain{...}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} inside {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} commands like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lhead{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, etc.

When LaTeX wants to create a page with an empty style, it will insert the first argument of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplain&lt;!----&gt;}}, in all the other cases it will use the second argument. For instance:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{fancyplain}
\fancyhf{}
\lhead{ \fancyplain{}{Author Name} }
\rhead{ \fancyplain{}{\today} }
\rfoot{ \fancyplain{}{\thepage} }
}}

It has the same behavior of the previous code, but you will get empty header and footer in the title and at the beginning of chapters.

Alternatively you could redefine the ''plain'' style, for example to have a really plain page when you want. The command to use is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle{plain}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} and the argument can contain all the commands explained before. An example is the following:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{fancy}

\fancypagestyle{plain}{ %
  \fancyhf{} % remove everything
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % remove lines as well
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}
}}

In that case you can use any style but {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} because it would override your redefinition.

==== Examples ====

For two-sided, it's common to mirror the style of opposite pages, you tend to think in terms of ''inner'' and ''outer''. So, the same example as above for two-sided is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lhead[Author Name]{}
\rhead[]{Author Name}
\lhead[]{\today}
\rhead[\today]{}
\lfoot[\thepage]{}
\rfoot[]{\thepage}
}}

This is effectively saying author name is top outer, today's date is top inner, and current page number is bottom outer. Using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhf&lt;!----&gt;}} can make it shorter:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhf[HLE,HRO]{Author's Name}
\fancyhf[HRE,HLO]{\today}
\fancyhf[FLE,FRO]{\thepage}
}}

Here is the complete code of a possible style you could use for a two-sided document:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\setlength{\headheight}{15pt}

\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{#1}{} }
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{#1} }

\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\thepage}
\fancyhead[RE]{\textit{ \nouppercase{\leftmark}&lt;!----&gt;} }
\fancyhead[LO]{\textit{ \nouppercase{\rightmark}&lt;!----&gt;} }

\fancypagestyle{plain}{ %
  \fancyhf{} % remove everything
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % remove lines as well
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}
}}

Using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} one can additionally define multiple styles for one's document that are easy to switch between. Here's a somewhat complicated example for a two-sided book style:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancypagestyle{fancybook}{%
    \fancyhf{}%
    % Note the ## here. It's required because \fancypagestyle is making a macro (\ps@fancybook).
    % If we just wrote #1, TeX would think that it's the argument to \ps@fancybook, but
    % \ps@fancybook doesn't take any arguments, so TeX would complain with an error message.
    % You are not expected to understand this.
    \renewcommand*{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{\thesection\ ##1} }%
    \renewcommand*{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{\chaptername\ \thechapter: ##1}{} }%
    % Increase the length of the header such that the folios 
    % (typography jargon for page numbers) move into the margin
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{6mm}% slightly less than 0.25in
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{6mm}%
    % Put some space and a vertical bar between the folio and the rest of the header
    \fancyhead[LE]{\thepage\hskip3mm\vrule\hskip3mm\leftmark}%
    \fancyhead[RO]{\rightmark\hskip3mm\vrule\hskip3mm\thepage}%
}
}}

===  Customizing with scrlayer-scrpage ===

Package &lt;code&gt;scrlayer-scrpage&lt;/code&gt; is part of the KOMA-script
bundle. Using this package to customize the headers and footers
is recommended with every KOMA-script class. The package can be
used with the standard classes as well. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{scrlayer-scrpage}
\usepackage{mwe}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Just loading the package doesn't change the default behavior.
Chapter titles are on left hand pages, the section titles on
right hand pages. The page number appears in the outer head.

Now, what can we do to customize the headers and footers?

We can use the commands that are available with the package, they
are described in more detail in the package documentation.

Following a few examples that may be needed in real documents.

==== How can one move the page number to the center of the footer and remove the capitalization of the header? ====


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\cfoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the center of the foot, also on plain pages
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Both, header and footer are separated in an inner, center, and
outer part, which can be set independently. The asterisk defines
the same content to be on &lt;code&gt;plain&lt;/code&gt; pages as well.
Usually, pages on which a chapter starts, use the
&lt;code&gt;plain&lt;/code&gt; style.

==== How can I have my name and title of my thesis in the inner foot? ====


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\ofoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the outer part of the foot, also on plain pages
\ifoot*{Walter Wombat\\ Is life on Mars possible?}% Name and title beneath each other in the inner part of the foot
\setlength{\footheight}{24.0pt}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


==== How to change to font style in headers and footers? ====

The package provides an interface similar to the KOMA-script classes. You can
add font attribute to the header and footer. The page number can be set
independently.


{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\addtokomafont{pagehead}{\sffamily}
\addtokomafont{pagefoot}{\tiny}% Making the foot extra tiny to demonstrate
\addtokomafont{pagenumber}{\large\bfseries\color{red!80!black}&lt;/!----&gt;}% that the page number can be controlled on its own. 
\ofoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the outer part of the foot, also on plain pages
\ifoot*{Walter Wombat\\ Is life on Mars possible?}% Name and title beneath each other in the inner part of the foot
\setlength{\footheight}{24.0pt}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}|
render=[[File:wbEnHeaderFooter.png|500px]]
}}

=== Page ''n'' of ''m'' ===

Some people like to put the current page number in context with the whole document. LaTeX only provides access to the current page number.  However, you can use the {{LaTeX/Package|lastpage}} package to find the total number of pages, like this:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{lastpage}
...
\cfoot{\thepage\ of \pageref{LastPage} }
}}

''Note the capital letters''. Also, add a backslash after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thepage&lt;!----&gt;}} to ensure adequate space between the page number and 'of'. And recall, when using references, that you have to run LaTeX an extra time to resolve the cross-references.

=== Customizing with titleps ===

{{LaTeX/Package|titleps}} takes a one-stage approach, without having to use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}}.

For example:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newpagestyle{main}{
   \sethead[\thepage][\chaptertitle][(\thesection]  % even
           {\thesection)}{\sectiontitle}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;} % odd
\pagestyle{main}
}}
defines a pagestyle named &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; with the page at the left on even pages and at the right on odd pages, the chapter title at the center of even pages, and so on. 

With titleps all the format is done in the page style, and not partly when the mark is emitted and partly when the mark is retrieved.
The following example is similar to the previous one, but elements are coloured:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
  \usepackage[dvipsnames,usenames]{color}
  \usepackage{titleps}
  \newpagestyle{main}[\small]{
    \setheadrule{.55pt}%
    \sethead[\colorbox{black}{\color{white}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;}]%  even-left
            [\chaptertitle]%                              even-center
            [\colorbox{CornflowerBlue}{\thesection}]%     even-right
            {\colorbox{CornflowerBlue}{\thesection}&lt;!----&gt;}%     odd-left
            {\sectiontitle}%                              odd-center
            {\colorbox{black}{\color{white}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;}&lt;!----&gt;}%  odd-right
  }
}}


[[de:LaTeX-Kompendium:_Kopf-_und_Fu%C3%9Fzeile]]</text>
      <sha1>s4b63oo0g9vtjbuuf9a4pjn387mlzm6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443328</id>
      <parentid>4443327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T23:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:1700:16A0:AF60:202D:6B0D:A537:1C5E</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19500" sha1="rlew2k24pimyauaieggjaiixan0aler" xml:space="preserve">
{{outdated}} 
{{rewrite}}

=== Standard page styles ===

The possibilities of changing the headers in plain Latex are actually quite limited. There are two commands available: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{''style''}&lt;!----&gt;}} will apply the specified style to the current and all subsequent pages, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{''style''}&lt;!----&gt;}} will only affect the current page. The possible styles are:

{|
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|empty}}
| Both header and footer are cleared
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|plain}}
| Header is clear, but the footer contains the page number in the center.
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|headings}}
| Footer is blank, header displays information according to document class (e.g., section name) and page number top right.
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|myheadings}}
| Page number is top right, and it is possible to control the rest of the header.
|}

The commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markright&lt;!----&gt;}}  and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markboth&lt;!----&gt;}} can be used to set the content of the headings by hand. The following commands placed at the beginning of an article document will set the header of all pages (one-sided)  to contain &quot;John Smith&quot; top left, &quot;On page styles&quot; centered and the page number top right:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{myheadings}
\markright{John Smith\hfill On page styles\hfill}
}}

There are special commands containing details on the running page of the document.

{|
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thepage&lt;!----&gt;}}     || number of the current page
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}}    || current chapter name printed like &quot;CHAPTER 3. THIS IS THE CHAPTER TITLE&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}}   || current section name printed like &quot;1.6. THIS IS THE SECTION TITLE&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptername&lt;!----&gt;}} || the name ''chapter'' in the current language. If this is English, it will display &quot;Chapter&quot;
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thechapter&lt;!----&gt;}}  || current chapter number
|-
| {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thesection&lt;!----&gt;}}  || current section number
|}

Note that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} convert the names to uppercase, whichever was the formatting of the text. If you want them to print the actual name of the chapter without converting it to uppercase use the following command:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{#1}{} }
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{#1}{} }
}}

Now {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} will just print the name of the chapter and section, without number and without affecting the formatting. Note that these redefinitions must be inserted ''after'' the first call of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{fancy}&lt;!----&gt;}}.  The standard book formatting of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptermark&lt;!----&gt;}} is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\chaptername\ \thechapter.\ #1}&lt;!----&gt;}{}&lt;!----&gt;}
}}

Watch out: if you provide long text in two different &quot;parts&quot; only in the footer or only in the header, you might see overlapping text.

Moreover, with the following commands you can define the thickness of the decorative lines on both the header and the footer:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}}

The first line for the header, the second for the footer. Setting it to zero means that there will be no line.

==== Chikita Isaac ====
www.btc.com

chikita isaac

An issue to look out for is that the major sectioning commands ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\part&lt;!----&gt;}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chapter&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\maketitle&lt;!----&gt;}}) specify a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{plain}&lt;!----&gt;}}. So, if you wish to suppress all styles by inserting a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}} at the beginning of your document, then the style command at each section will override your initial rule, for those pages only. To achieve the intended result one can follow the new section commands with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}}. The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\part&lt;!----&gt;}} command, however, cannot be fixed this way, because it sets the page style, but also advances to the next page, so that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thispagestyle{}&lt;!----&gt;}} cannot be applied to that page. Two solutions:
* simply write {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\usepackage{nopageno}&lt;!----&gt;}} in the preamble. This package will make {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{plain}&lt;!----&gt;}} have the same effect as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\pagestyle{empty}&lt;!----&gt;}}, effectively suppressing page numbering when it is used.
* Use {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} as described below.

The tricky problem when customizing headers and footers is to get things like running section and chapter names in there. Standard LaTeX accomplishes this with a two-stage approach. In the header and footer definition, you use the commands {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} to represent the current section and chapter heading, respectively. The values of these two commands are overwritten whenever a chapter or section command is processed. For ultimate flexibility, the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chapter&lt;!----&gt;}} command and its friends do not redefine {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} themselves. They call yet another command ({{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chaptermark&lt;!----&gt;}}, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\sectionmark&lt;!----&gt;}}, or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\subsectionmark&lt;!----&gt;}}) that is responsible for redefining {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}}, except if they are starred -- in such a case, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\markboth{Chapter/Section name}{}&lt;!----&gt;}} must be used inside the sectioning command if header and footer lines are to be updated.

Again, several packages provide a solution:
* an alternative one-stage mechanism is provided by the package {{LaTeX/Package|titleps}});
* {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} will handle the process its own way.

=== Customizing with ''fancyhdr'' ===

To get better control over the headers, one can use the package {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} written by
Piet van Oostrum. It provides several commands that allow you to customize the header and footer lines of
your document. For a more complete guide, the author of the package produced this [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf documentation].

To begin, add the following lines to your preamble:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\setlength{\headheight}{15.2pt}
\pagestyle{fancy}
}}

You can now observe a new style in your document.

The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\headheight&lt;!----&gt;}} needs to be 13.6pt or more, otherwise you will get a warning and possibly formatting issues. Both the header and footer comprise three elements each according to its horizontal position (left, centre or right).

The styles supported by {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}}:
* the four LaTeX styles;
* {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} defines a new header for all pages but ''plain-style'' pages such as chapters and titlepage;
* {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} is the same, but for absolutely all pages (this page style is deprecated, for new documents a combination of {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} should be used instead, see section&amp;nbsp;26 of the manual).

==== Style customization ====

The styles can be customized with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=fancyhdr&lt;!----&gt;}} specific commands.
Those two styles may be configured directly, whereas for LaTeX styles you need to make a call to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} command.

To set header and footer style, {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} provides three interfaces. They all provide the same features, you just use them differently. Choose the one you like most.

* You can use the following six commands (these commands are deprecated, use the new ones defined below).
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lhead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\chead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\rhead[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
}}
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\cfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
\rfoot[&lt;even output&gt;]{&lt;odd output&gt;}
}}

Hopefully, the behaviour of the above commands is fairly intuitive: if it has ''head'' in it, it affects the head etc, and obviously, ''l'', ''c'' and ''r'' means '''l'''eft, '''c'''entre and '''r'''ight respectively.

* You can also use the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhead&lt;!----&gt;}} for header and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyfoot&lt;!----&gt;}} for footer. They work in the same way, so we'll explain only the first one. The syntax is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhead[selectors]{output you want}
}}

You can use multiple selectors optionally separated by a comma. The selectors are the following:
{|
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|E}} || even page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|O}} || odd page
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|L}} || left side
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|C}} || centered
|-
| {{LaTeX/Parameter|R}} || right side
|-
|}
so {{LaTeX/Parameter|CE,RO}} will refer to the center of the even pages and to the right side of the odd pages. 

* {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhf&lt;!----&gt;}} is a merge of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhead&lt;!----&gt;}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyfoot&lt;!----&gt;}}, hence the name. There are two additional selectors {{LaTeX/Parameter|H}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|F}} to specify the header or the footer, respectively. If you omit the {{LaTeX/Parameter|H}} and the {{LaTeX/Parameter|F}}, it will set the fields for both.

These commands will only work for {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancy}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}}. To customize LaTeX default style you need the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplainstyle&lt;!----&gt;}} command. See below for examples.

For a clean customization, we recommend you start from scratch. To do so you should ''erase'' the current pagestyle.  Providing empty values will make the field blank. So
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhf{}
}}
will just delete the current heading/footer configuration, so you can make your own.

==== Plain pages ====

There are two ways to change the style of plain pages like chapters and titlepage.

First you can use the {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} style. If you do so, you can use the command {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplain{...}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} inside {{LaTeX/Package|fancyhdr}} commands like {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\lhead{...}&lt;!----&gt;}}, etc.

When LaTeX wants to create a page with an empty style, it will insert the first argument of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyplain&lt;!----&gt;}}, in all the other cases it will use the second argument. For instance:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{fancyplain}
\fancyhf{}
\lhead{ \fancyplain{}{Author Name} }
\rhead{ \fancyplain{}{\today} }
\rfoot{ \fancyplain{}{\thepage} }
}}

It has the same behavior of the previous code, but you will get empty header and footer in the title and at the beginning of chapters.

Alternatively you could redefine the ''plain'' style, for example to have a really plain page when you want. The command to use is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle{plain}{...}&lt;!----&gt;}} and the argument can contain all the commands explained before. An example is the following:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\pagestyle{fancy}

\fancypagestyle{plain}{ %
  \fancyhf{} % remove everything
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % remove lines as well
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}
}}

In that case you can use any style but {{LaTeX/Parameter|fancyplain}} because it would override your redefinition.

==== Examples ====

For two-sided, it's common to mirror the style of opposite pages, you tend to think in terms of ''inner'' and ''outer''. So, the same example as above for two-sided is:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\lhead[Author Name]{}
\rhead[]{Author Name}
\lhead[]{\today}
\rhead[\today]{}
\lfoot[\thepage]{}
\rfoot[]{\thepage}
}}

This is effectively saying author name is top outer, today's date is top inner, and current page number is bottom outer. Using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancyhf&lt;!----&gt;}} can make it shorter:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancyhf[HLE,HRO]{Author's Name}
\fancyhf[HRE,HLO]{\today}
\fancyhf[FLE,FRO]{\thepage}
}}

Here is the complete code of a possible style you could use for a two-sided document:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\setlength{\headheight}{15pt}

\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{#1}{} }
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{#1} }

\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\thepage}
\fancyhead[RE]{\textit{ \nouppercase{\leftmark}&lt;!----&gt;} }
\fancyhead[LO]{\textit{ \nouppercase{\rightmark}&lt;!----&gt;} }

\fancypagestyle{plain}{ %
  \fancyhf{} % remove everything
  \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % remove lines as well
  \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
}
}}

Using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fancypagestyle&lt;!----&gt;}} one can additionally define multiple styles for one's document that are easy to switch between. Here's a somewhat complicated example for a two-sided book style:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\fancypagestyle{fancybook}{%
    \fancyhf{}%
    % Note the ## here. It's required because \fancypagestyle is making a macro (\ps@fancybook).
    % If we just wrote #1, TeX would think that it's the argument to \ps@fancybook, but
    % \ps@fancybook doesn't take any arguments, so TeX would complain with an error message.
    % You are not expected to understand this.
    \renewcommand*{\sectionmark}[1]{ \markright{\thesection\ ##1} }%
    \renewcommand*{\chaptermark}[1]{ \markboth{\chaptername\ \thechapter: ##1}{} }%
    % Increase the length of the header such that the folios 
    % (typography jargon for page numbers) move into the margin
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{6mm}% slightly less than 0.25in
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{6mm}%
    % Put some space and a vertical bar between the folio and the rest of the header
    \fancyhead[LE]{\thepage\hskip3mm\vrule\hskip3mm\leftmark}%
    \fancyhead[RO]{\rightmark\hskip3mm\vrule\hskip3mm\thepage}%
}
}}

===  Customizing with scrlayer-scrpage ===

Package &lt;code&gt;scrlayer-scrpage&lt;/code&gt; is part of the KOMA-script
bundle. Using this package to customize the headers and footers
is recommended with every KOMA-script class. The package can be
used with the standard classes as well. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{scrlayer-scrpage}
\usepackage{mwe}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Just loading the package doesn't change the default behavior.
Chapter titles are on left hand pages, the section titles on
right hand pages. The page number appears in the outer head.

Now, what can we do to customize the headers and footers?

We can use the commands that are available with the package, they
are described in more detail in the package documentation.

Following a few examples that may be needed in real documents.

==== How can one move the page number to the center of the footer and remove the capitalization of the header? ====


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\cfoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the center of the foot, also on plain pages
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Both, header and footer are separated in an inner, center, and
outer part, which can be set independently. The asterisk defines
the same content to be on &lt;code&gt;plain&lt;/code&gt; pages as well.
Usually, pages on which a chapter starts, use the
&lt;code&gt;plain&lt;/code&gt; style.

==== How can I have my name and title of my thesis in the inner foot? ====


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;latex&quot;&gt;
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\ofoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the outer part of the foot, also on plain pages
\ifoot*{Walter Wombat\\ Is life on Mars possible?}% Name and title beneath each other in the inner part of the foot
\setlength{\footheight}{24.0pt}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


==== How to change to font style in headers and footers? ====

The package provides an interface similar to the KOMA-script classes. You can
add font attribute to the header and footer. The page number can be set
independently.


{{LaTeX/Example|code=
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{mwe}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage[markcase=noupper% remove the uppercasing
]{scrlayer-scrpage}
\ohead{}% clear the outer head
\addtokomafont{pagehead}{\sffamily}
\addtokomafont{pagefoot}{\tiny}% Making the foot extra tiny to demonstrate
\addtokomafont{pagenumber}{\large\bfseries\color{red!80!black}&lt;/!----&gt;}% that the page number can be controlled on its own. 
\ofoot*{\pagemark}% the pagenumber in the outer part of the foot, also on plain pages
\ifoot*{Walter Wombat\\ Is life on Mars possible?}% Name and title beneath each other in the inner part of the foot
\setlength{\footheight}{24.0pt}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Manta Ray}
\blindtext
\section{Taxonomy}
\blindtext[10]
\chapter{Mobula}
\blindtext
\section{Life style}
\blindtext[10]
\end{document}|
render=[[File:wbEnHeaderFooter.png|500px]]
}}

=== Page ''n'' of ''m'' ===

Some people like to put the current page number in context with the whole document. LaTeX only provides access to the current page number.  However, you can use the {{LaTeX/Package|lastpage}} package to find the total number of pages, like this:

{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\usepackage{lastpage}
...
\cfoot{\thepage\ of \pageref{LastPage} }
}}

''Note the capital letters''. Also, add a backslash after {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\thepage&lt;!----&gt;}} to ensure adequate space between the page number and 'of'. And recall, when using references, that you have to run LaTeX an extra time to resolve the cross-references.

=== Customizing with titleps ===

{{LaTeX/Package|titleps}} takes a one-stage approach, without having to use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\leftmark&lt;!----&gt;}} or {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\rightmark&lt;!----&gt;}}.

For example:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
\newpagestyle{main}{
   \sethead[\thepage][\chaptertitle][(\thesection]  % even
           {\thesection)}{\sectiontitle}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;} % odd
\pagestyle{main}
}}
defines a pagestyle named &lt;code&gt;main&lt;/code&gt; with the page at the left on even pages and at the right on odd pages, the chapter title at the center of even pages, and so on. 

With titleps all the format is done in the page style, and not partly when the mark is emitted and partly when the mark is retrieved.
The following example is similar to the previous one, but elements are coloured:
{{LaTeX/Usage|code=
  \usepackage[dvipsnames,usenames]{color}
  \usepackage{titleps}
  \newpagestyle{main}[\small]{
    \setheadrule{.55pt}%
    \sethead[\colorbox{black}{\color{white}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;}]%  even-left
            [\chaptertitle]%                              even-center
            [\colorbox{CornflowerBlue}{\thesection}]%     even-right
            {\colorbox{CornflowerBlue}{\thesection}&lt;!----&gt;}%     odd-left
            {\sectiontitle}%                              odd-center
            {\colorbox{black}{\color{white}{\thepage}&lt;!----&gt;}&lt;!----&gt;}%  odd-right
  }
}}


[[de:LaTeX-Kompendium:_Kopf-_und_Fu%C3%9Fzeile]]</text>
      <sha1>rlew2k24pimyauaieggjaiixan0aler</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...c6/3. Nc3/3...dxc4</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>396588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443364</id>
      <parentid>4284021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:39:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2404:440C:1706:EC00:34F3:98C5:8168:1B36</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated theory table; Updated description</comment>
      <origin>4443364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1010" sha1="1ghebiuol8e7ufr83iuuxmgh097wm0a" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Slav Defence|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|  |  |pd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |pd|pl|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
||
}}
== 3...dxc4 ==
This move captures the gambit pawn. Since White's Knight on c3 is exposed to attacks by Black's b-pawn, black can often safely over-extend with moves like a6 and b5 to keep ahold of the c-pawn in this line. This move is lesser seen than the main line 3. Nf6. There is a trap following the moves 4.e3 b5, where the move 5. Nxb5?, trying to exploit the h1-a8 diagonal is a mistake which gives black the advantage after 5...cxb5 6.Qf3 Qc7! 7.Qxa8 Bb7 as white has to sacrifice material in order to avoid losing their Queen.

== Theory table ==
{|
|+
!4
!5
!6
!7
!
|-
|[[/4.e3|e3]]
b5
|a4
b4
|Ne4
Qd5
|Nd2
c3
| +/=
|-
|...
...
|Nxb5?
cxb5
|Qf3
Qc7
|Qxa8
Bb7
| -/+
|-
|e4
b5
|a4
b4
|Nb1
Ba6
|Qc2
Nf6
|=
|}</text>
      <sha1>1ghebiuol8e7ufr83iuuxmgh097wm0a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...dxc4/3. Nc3</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>396621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443339</id>
      <parentid>4388899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:11:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2404:440C:1706:EC00:34F3:98C5:8168:1B36</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated Theory table to be more complete</comment>
      <origin>4443339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1354" sha1="nnz6fdkol8uzz8l2suziwutc6p3oumv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Queen's Gambit Accepted|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |pd|pl|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
}}
== 3. Nc3 ==
Two players have labeled this move misguided, as the knight is vulnerable here to a b7-b5-b4 advance. It also doesn't control d4 or e5, two important squares. The most common and highest-scoring response is for Black to follow up with 3...a6, preparing a future ...b5 thrust which will introduce the idea of attacking the knight with ...b4 and also tries to claim that Black can keep hold of the pawn. This usually leads to a firefight on the queenside. The less common 3...[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...dxc4|c6]] transposes to a position in the Slav defence, with a similar idea in mind.

== Theory table ==
{|
|+
!3
!4
!5
!6
!
|-
|Nc3
[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...dxc4|c6]]
|e3
b5
|a4
b4
|Ne4
Qd5
|=
|-
|...
...
|e4
b5
|a4
b4
|Nb1
Ba6
|=
|-
|...
a6
|a4
Nc6
|Nf3
Nf6
|e4
Bg4
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|...
...
|...
Bg4
|e3
Na5
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|...
...
|...
e5
|Nxe5
Nxe5
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|e3
b5
|a4
b4
|Bxc4
e6
|=
|}

{{Wikipedia|Queen's Gambit Accepted}}
{{ChessMid}}
{{ChessFooter}}</text>
      <sha1>nnz6fdkol8uzz8l2suziwutc6p3oumv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443343</id>
      <parentid>4443339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2404:440C:1706:EC00:34F3:98C5:8168:1B36</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Expanded the description of the move</comment>
      <origin>4443343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1526" sha1="i5zh76zcq9e9ngnlv1oov3063wfaltv" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Queen's Gambit Accepted|
   |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd|=
   |pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd|pd|pd|=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |pd|pl|  |  |  |  |=
   |  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  |=
   |pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl|pl|=
   |rl|  |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
}}
== 3. Nc3 ==
Two players have labeled this move misguided, as the knight is vulnerable here to a b7-b5-b4 advance. It also doesn't control d4 or e5, two important squares in Queen's Gambit Accepted positions. The most common and highest-scoring response for Black is to follow up with 3...a6, preparing a future ...b5 thrust which will introduce the idea of attacking the knight with ...b4, whilst also claiming that Black can keep ahold of the pawn with suitable defence. This usually leads to a firefight on the queenside, with a4 usually being played sooner rather than later by White in order to disrupt Black's defence of the c-pawn. The less common 3...[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...dxc4|c6]] transposes to a position in the Slav defence, with a similar idea in mind.

== Theory table ==
{|
|+
!3
!4
!5
!6
!
|-
|Nc3
[[Chess_Opening_Theory/1._d4/1...d5/2._c4/2...c6/3._Nc3/3...dxc4|c6]]
|e3
b5
|a4
b4
|Ne4
Qd5
|=
|-
|...
...
|e4
b5
|a4
b4
|Nb1
Ba6
|=
|-
|...
a6
|a4
Nc6
|Nf3
Nf6
|e4
Bg4
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|...
...
|...
Bg4
|e3
Na5
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|...
...
|...
e5
|Nxe5
Nxe5
|=/+
|-
|...
...
|e3
b5
|a4
b4
|Bxc4
e6
|=
|}

{{Wikipedia|Queen's Gambit Accepted}}
{{ChessMid}}
{{ChessFooter}}</text>
      <sha1>i5zh76zcq9e9ngnlv1oov3063wfaltv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>443446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443313</id>
      <parentid>4443248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T17:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Refcanimm</username>
        <id>3267488</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Credibility */</comment>
      <origin>4443313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="128148" sha1="pfh985xu9cwgsurc9ymn8k2sruwkfk7" xml:space="preserve">== IRPA Sections 110-111: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division ==
Sections 110 and 111 of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' read:&lt;pre&gt;Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division

Appeal
110 (1) Subject to subsections (1.1) and (2), a person or the Minister may appeal, in accordance with the rules of the Board, on a question of law, of fact or of mixed law and fact, to the Refugee Appeal Division against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division to allow or reject the person’s claim for refugee protection.

Notice of appeal
110(1.1) The Minister may satisfy any requirement respecting the manner in which an appeal is filed and perfected by submitting a notice of appeal and any supporting documents.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD ===
As per s. 110(1) of the IRPA, the jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD. The RAD is to apply the correctness standard of review to determine whether the RPD erred.&lt;ref&gt;''Huruglica v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 93 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 157, at para 106, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp2gp#par106&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD reviews the RPD’s decisions for correctness” and “no deference is shown to the original decision maker”. Instead, the RAD “conducts its own analysis of the question” and “must determine whether it agrees with the answer given by the decision maker; if not, it will substitute its own view and provide the correct answer”. Therefore, the RAD “is ultimately empowered to come to its own conclusions on the question”. Importantly “this can entail reweighing the evidence that was before the RPD, either in and of itself or in light of new evidence admitted on the appeal. The RAD is not required to defer to the RPD’s findings, including factual ones”.&lt;ref&gt;''Marinaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 548 (CanLII) at para 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, the court recognizes that there there may be cases where the RPD enjoyed a meaningful advantage over the RAD in making findings of fact or mixed fact and law. Although the RAD should sometimes exercise a degree of restraint before substituting its own determination, the issue of whether the circumstances warrant such restraint ought to be addressed on a case-by-case basis.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (CanLII), para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; The record before the RAD should, in most cases, fully disclose the information on which the RPD based its findings and permit the RAD to review them on a correctness basis.&lt;ref&gt;''Rozas del Solar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1145 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; If, however, the RPD makes credibility findings based on information to which the RAD would not have access to on appeal, the RPD may enjoy a meaningful advantage warranting deference from the RAD.

The RAD may then set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute the determination that, in its opinion, should have been made: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

The fact that the RAD may hear appeals on questions of fact and mixed law and fact indicates that the RAD has jurisdiction as a trier of fact, which includes determinations of credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Keqaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 563, paragraph 14 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;

The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; However, decision-makers are not required to refer to every piece of evidence or address every argument:&lt;ref&gt;''Akhagbemhe, Loretha Olere v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2630-23), Gleeson, February 26, 2024; 2024 FC 313.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions may focus on the determinative issue]]. That said, a failure by the RPD to provide adequate reasons may be a ground for the RAD to grant an appeal of a RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Albadrawsawi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1207 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k638z#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

The RAD is to proceed on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, unless admissible new evidence is accepted onto the record. This has implications for the jurisdiction of the RAD to hear and consider new issues. Where a claim could have been presented to the RPD, but was not, and statements in support of that aspect of the claim are not admissible on appeal as new evidence, then the RAD need not assess that aspect of the appellant's allegations. For example, in ''Vasli v. Canada'', the RAD found that a claim based upon wearing the hijab could have been raised before the RPD and so it could not be raised for the first time at the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Vasli v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 77 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv0qx#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so because, while “the RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence, absent new evidence on an issue, it cannot consider a new argument, developed for the ﬁrst time on appeal.”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances]].

The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]]. A corollary of the obligation to identify such errors is that, subject to some exceptions discussed at the link above, an applicant cannot reasonably fault the RAD for not going beyond the grounds of appeal or for not providing extensive reasons regarding matters that the applicant did not challenge.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-6383-20), Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]].

=== The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal submissions ===
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; As part of this, the RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;''Aghedo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 450 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfx80#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD is not bound by the findings of the RPD on appeal, and it remains open to the RAD to render new or different substantive findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 291 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k30f8#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD is to conduct its own independent review of the file, including on issues of credibility, without holding a new oral hearing]]. 

Inherent in this jurisdiction is the power to raise new issues. At the common law, appellate courts ordinarily have a limited discretion to raise new issues. As the Supreme Court of Canada recognized in ''R. v. Mian'', while appellate courts have the discretion to raise new issues, this power should be used sparingly and “only in rare circumstances”. It further explained that a new issue should only be raised “when failing to do so would risk an injustice”, “whether there is a sufficient record on which to raise the issue”, and where it would not result in “procedural prejudice to any party”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ewen,'' 2023 FCA 225 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k165v#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-20.&lt;/ref&gt; These criteria arguably need not constrain the RAD, a specialized tribunal distinct from a court. The Federal Court notes that the strict application of the concepts from ''R. v. Mian'' to the RPD/RAD context is not binding.&lt;ref&gt;''Nmashie v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 437 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwf7t#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt; It may be argued that section 111 of the IRPA signals that the standard from ''R. v. Mian'' is not the one that should apply to the RAD and that the RAD has broad discretion to bring finality to a claim consistent with its obligation to proceed quickly and informally: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously|Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 111: Decision and Referrals]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. The court holds that &quot;upon a plain reading of the legislation&quot;, the RAD is clothed with the jurisdiction to raise and decide an issue such as the availability of an Internal Flight Alternative, even if neither party has raised it, provided that it notifies the parties and gives them an opportunity to present submissions on the new issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Angwah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 654 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsm44#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Federal Court has at times had recourse to the criteria from ''R. v. Mian'' when interpreting the RAD's jurisdiction, for example with Justice Kane of the Federal Court finding that the RAD may only raise a new issue &quot;if failing to raise the new issue would risk injustice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 725 at para 71, 255 ACWS (3d) 805.&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of what constitutes a new issue, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]].

Some earlier Federal Court caselaw held that the RAD lacked jurisdiction to independently decide issues that had not been decided by the RPD, for example a ''sur place'' claim. That caselaw held that if the RAD felt that such an issue ought to have been decided, the RAD should refer that part of the claim back to the RPD for a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Jianzhu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 551 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghfbz#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this decision has been distinguished on the basis that it has been supplanted by the subsequent Federal Court of Appeal case ''Huruglica v Canada''&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; and the cases have been read as standing for the proposition that &quot;the RAD may not raise a new issue not determined by the RPD without providing further notice to the appellant,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ojarikre v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 896 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkfd9#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; not as a wholesale want of RAD jurisdiction requiring a remittal to the RPD. See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground]].

This said, the Federal Court, in ''Sarker v. Canada'', cautions against a “wholesale review and reversal” of the RPD’s credibility findings without an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1367''.'' &lt;/ref&gt; However, it is well established that the RAD may make new credibility assessments without an oral hearing on the basis of the evidence before it.&lt;ref&gt;''Siddiqui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1028, paragraph 10 (CanLII) relying on ''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763, paragraph 38 (CanLII). &lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(a): the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division]].

== IRPA Section 110(2): Restrictions on appeals ==
&lt;pre&gt;Restriction on appeals
(2) No appeal may be made in respect of any of the following:
(a) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting the claim for refugee protection of a designated foreign national;
(b) a determination that a refugee protection claim has been withdrawn or abandoned;
(c) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded;
(d) subject to the regulations, a decision of the Refugee Protection Division in respect of a claim for refugee protection if
(i) the foreign national who makes the claim came directly or indirectly to Canada from a country that is, on the day on which their claim is made, designated by regulations made under subsection 102(1) and that is a party to an agreement referred to in paragraph 102(2)(d), and
(ii) the claim — by virtue of regulations made under paragraph 102(1)(c) — is not ineligible under paragraph 101(1)(e) to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division;
(d.1) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting a claim for refugee protection made by a foreign national who is a national of a country that was, on the day on which the decision was made, a country designated under subsection 109.1(1);
(e) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting an application by the Minister for a determination that refugee protection has ceased;
(f) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting an application by the Minister to vacate a decision to allow a claim for refugee protection.

Making of appeal
(2.1) The appeal must be filed and perfected within the time limits set out in the regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== No appeal may be made to the RAD in respect of any of the listed categories of refugee claimants ===
This provision is entitled &quot;restriction on appeals&quot; and provides that no appeal may be made to the RAD in respect of any of the listed categories of refugee claimants. Originally, the restriction on appeals was limited to individuals who withdraw their applications for protection or whose applications for protection are declared abandoned by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, Canada Gazette, Vol. 148, No. 14 — July 2, 2014, SOR/2014-166 June 19, 2014, ''Regulations Amending the Regulations Amending the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (Amendment Consequential to the Economic Action Plan 2013 Act, No. 1),'' P.C. 2014-818 June 18, 2014, &lt;https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2014/2014-07-02/html/sor-dors166-eng.html&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the PCISA legislation then added the other categories above. 

=== 110(2)(c): No appeal may be made against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded ===
Section 110(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that no appeal may be made in respect of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded. In a case where there is both an exclusion and a no credible basis finding, the court has held that paragraph 110(2)(c) does not bar appeals to the RAD of the RPD’s exclusion decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 110(2)(d): No appeal may be made regarding claims by claimants who are allowed to make a refugee claim pursuant to an exception to the Safe Third Country Agreement ===
Subject to the regulations, no appeal may be made the RAD of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division in respect of a claim for refugee protection if  the conditions in s. 110(2)(d) are met. In effect, this bars access to an appeal before the RAD for claimants who are allowed to make a refugee claim pursuant to an exception to the Safe Third Country Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The court observes that &quot;the language of paragraph 110(2)(d) of the IRPA is crystal clear and leaves little room for interpretation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has upheld the constitutionality of this provision. In ''Dor v. Canada'', it determined that paragraph 110(2)(d) does not have a “disproportionate” impact such that section 15 of the Charter would be engaged.&lt;ref&gt;''Dor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 892 (CanLII), at para 82, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkktj#par82&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Rodriguez v. Canada'', the court held that the applicant had not established that a refugee claimant’s choices with respect to his or her travel into Canada is a personal characteristic that is immutable or the basis of historical prejudices or stereotypes within the meaning of section 15.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Kreishan v Canada,'' the Federal Court of Appeal determined that paragraph 110(2)(d) of the IRPA does not violate section 7 of the ''Charter''.&lt;ref&gt;''Kreishan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FCA 223 (CanLII), [2020] 2 FCR 299, at para 127, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j225k#par127&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== IRPA Section 110(3): Procedure ==
&lt;pre&gt;Procedure
(3) Subject to subsections (3.1), (4) and (6), the Refugee Appeal Division must proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, and may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal and, in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, written submissions from a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and any other person described in the rules of the Board.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== History of this provision ===
The earlier version of this provision that was enacted with the IRPA, but never came into force, read:&lt;blockquote&gt;(3) The Refugee Appeal Division shall proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, and may accept written submissions from the Minister, the person who is the subject of the appeal, and a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and any other person described in the rules of the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,'' SC 2001, c 27, s 110, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vwq#sec110&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== In the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from UNHCR ===
IRPA section 110(3) provides that in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the Refugee Appeal Division may accept documentary evidence from a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. But see RAD Rule 45, which provides that the UNHCR's written submissions must not raise new issues: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 45: UNHCR providing written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel]].

The weight placed on such submissions should be consistent with Canada's obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation]].

=== The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from posing questions or introducing new evidence ===
The Refugee Appeal Division must proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, though, subject to subsections (3.1), (4) and (6) of IRPA s. 110, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal, and, in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, written submissions from the UNHCR and any other person specified in the rules of the Board. 

When this provision was originally enacted in 2001, the provisions provided only for a paper-based appeal to the RAD. In 2012, the legislation was amended to also provide the added possibility of submitting new evidence or having an oral hearing in some limited circumstances. Furthermore, the original legislation from circa 2001 had provided that the Minister could only present written submissions. This provision was then modified in 2012 to allow the Minister to provide documentary evidence to the RAD as well.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

What is omitted from this rule is any mention of the power of the RAD itself to introduce new evidence. Nor is the RAD's ability to act ''suo moto'' considered in subsections (3.1) [time limit for making a decision], (4) [evidence that may be presented by the person who is the subject of the appeal], or (6) [when the RAD may hold a hearing]. The RAD's ability to put new evidence on the record, e.g. disclose an updated National Documentation Package to the parties, is governed by other provisions of the Act, especially s. 165 IRPA [Powers of a commissioner]: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member#Section 165 of the IRPA]]. There is no question that the RAD has such a power to introduce new evidence, indeed, the courts have stated that the RAD has an obligation to do so in some cases, e.g. in ''Zhang v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD should consider the most recent information, given that it is assessing risk on a forward looking basis, including an updated National Documentation Package released by the Board subsequent to a appeal being perfected.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1031 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkxkv#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that the use of &lt;abbr&gt;NDPs&lt;/abbr&gt; does not preclude the disclosure of additional Country of Origin Information not contained in an &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt; by the Division or a party to a proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'', Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Board's ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' state that the RAD may decide to obtain information other than that provided in the RPD record and by the parties in the RAD proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has spoken with approval of a RAD Member's ability to conduct their own research and to rely on that research, provided that they disclose it to the parties and give them an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Byarugaba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 833 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k539g#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The panel conducting research]]. 

Furthermore, the RAD has the jurisdiction to ask an appellant for additional explanations on inconsistent evidence which exists on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Islam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 320 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34kj#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-30.&lt;/ref&gt; It is not obligated to send a matter back to the RPD for redetermination simply because it seeks to explore a potential credibility issue which was not canvased prior but instead has the jurisdiction to seek additional testimonial evidence even where the testimony is not regarding new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Islam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 320 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34kj#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-30.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal]].

== IRPA Section 110(3.1): Time limit for making a decision ==
&lt;pre&gt;Time limits
(3.1) Unless a hearing is held under subsection (6), the Refugee Appeal Division must make a decision within the time limits set out in the regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The time limits for making a decision are set out in the regulations ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]].

== IRPA Section 110(4)-(5): Evidence that may be presented ==
&lt;pre&gt;Evidence that may be presented
(4) On appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal may present only evidence that arose after the rejection of their claim or that was not reasonably available, or that the person could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented, at the time of the rejection.

Exception
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in respect of evidence that is presented in response to evidence presented by the Minister.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== What is &quot;evidence&quot; and how is evidence distinct from other types of documents such as legal authorities? ===
On appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal may present only evidence that meets the criteria stipulated above. This invites the question &quot;what is 'evidence' and how is evidence distinct from other types of documents such as legal authorities?&quot;. For an exploration of this question, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rules 3(3)(e) and 3(3)(f): Legal authorities may be distinguished from evidence that an appellant wants to rely on]]. It is also notable that the phrase &quot;may present only evidence&quot; can be contrasted with s. 110(3) of the IRPA which refers only to &quot;documentary evidence&quot; (see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(3): Procedure]]), indicating that the intent of this clause is to cover both documentary and other types of evidence.

=== Section 110(4) applies to presenting additional evidence, not to whether evidence excluded by the RPD should in fact be included ===
Section 110(4) of the Act applies to the evidence that the person who is the subject of the appeal may present to the RAD. It does not concern evidence that was presented to the RPD but not accepted. Such evidence is distinct and covered by RAD Rule 3(3)(c) which concerns any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 3: Perfecting Appeal]].

=== Criteria for presenting new evidence ===
Subsection 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' limits the admission of new evidence on appeal to the following three circumstances: i) where the evidence arose after the rejection of the claim; ii) where the evidence was not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim; or iii) where the evidence could not have reasonably been expected to be presented at the time of the rejection of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Soto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp4rk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal has held that these statutory conditions “leave no room for discretion on the part of the RAD” and must “be narrowly interpreted”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Singh'', 2016 FCA 96 at paras 38-49.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as “the role of the RAD is not to provide an opportunity to complete a deficient record submitted before the RPD”.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt; The onus is on the applicants to convince the RAD that their new evidence is admissible.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 54 at para 24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Federal Court of Appeal also comments that &quot;It goes without saying that the RAD always has the freedom to apply the conditions of subsection 110(4) with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has observed that &quot;in reading the subsection itself, one cannot say that the RAD is entirely without discretion in assessing the admissibility of new evidence within the confines of those three conditions themselves&quot; and that while &quot;the first two conditions, newness and reasonable availability, appear to be relatively objective and confer little, if any, discretion upon the RAD&quot;, &quot;the third condition, whether the applicant could have reasonably been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence at the time the RPD rejected the refugee claim, is clearly quite broad and entails a certain degree of inherent discretion in its application.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v Canada,'' [2018] FC 1182 at para 63.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to ''Rule'' 3(3)(g)(iii) of the ''RAD Rules'', appellants must submit a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding how any documentary evidence they wish to rely on meets the requirements set out in subsection 110(4) of the ''Act''. A consideration of each of these grounds for admitting new evidence follows:

==== Statutory criteria for the admissibility of new evidence in IRPA s. 110(4) ====

===== i) Did the evidence arise after the rejection of the claim? =====
Considerations include:
* ''Is the appellant attempting to prove an event or circumstance that post-dates the RPD decision?'' The newness of a piece of evidence cannot be tested solely by the date on which the document was created.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''Chirivi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1114 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gngzz#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt; What is important is the date of the event or circumstance sought to be proved by the documentary evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; For example, in ''Zeinaly v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RAD had reasonably refused to admit a counsellor’s letter, which, while dated after the RPD decision, only contained information that had existed at the time of the RPD hearing, thereby not being new.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeinaly v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 21 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k23w6#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, RAD Member L. Gamble concluded that a psychological report, while dated after the RPD hearing, related to long-standing medical issues that pre-dated the RPD hearing, for which she had been receiving treatment since prior to the RPD hearing, and as such the report was not attempting to prove a new circumstance that arose after the rejection of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2018 CanLII 96898 (CA IRB), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hvl2q#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, in ''Aboubakar v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RAD had acted unreasonably in refusing to admit photos of the appellant at an LGBTQ+ event which post-dated the RPD decision, commenting &quot;the evidence of the applicant’s continued involvement with the LGBTQ+ community since the time of the RPD’s decision in this case is a new event&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 451 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03c7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-30.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the applicant argued in that case, new evidence may be filed on appeal to corroborate an allegation that an appellant was seeking to advance at the RPD and it is entirely possible for a refugee protection claimant to file evidence on appeal of the continuity of political involvement or religious practice in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 451 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03c7#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-30.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Does the new evidence simply establish the continuation of a pre-existing state?'' Evidence indicating that &quot;nothing has changed&quot; regarding pre-existing country conditions, for example the continued existence of domestic violence in a country,&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 126457 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtpdr&gt;, para. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; or the continued detention of specific Members of Parliament in a country,&lt;ref&gt;''Zararsiz v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 692 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j89kx&gt;, para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; has generally not been taken to meet the test of being evidence that &quot;arose after the rejection of the claim&quot; since it is not something that, properly speaking, arose (in the sense of something emerging or becoming apparent) at any particular time following the RPD's rejection of the claim.
* ''Is there any date associated with the newly submitted evidence?'' On their own, undated photos provided without evidentiary context do not establish that an event occurred after the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Dosunmu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 188 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gxjt3#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the appellant attempting to correct a deficient RPD record?'' In ''Amin v. Canada'' the Federal Court upheld a RAD decision which concluded that donation receipts post-dating the RPD decision were inadmissible and that it was reasonably open to the RAD to reject them per s. 110(4) of the Act on the basis that the Applicants were improperly attempting to correct a deficient record given that (a) the RPD expressly rejected the Applicants’ claim due to a lack of sufficient evidence, such as evidence of donations or communications related to religious activity or membership; and (b) the donation receipt was dated only days after the RPD’s rejection of their claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Amin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 192 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvfwz#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the more common approach is to assess this type of consideration under the credibility criterion in ''Singh v. Canada'' discussed below, not as part of the s. 110(4) criteria.

===== ii) Was the evidence not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim? =====
Applicants bear the burden of putting their best foot forward and they may not submit new evidence whenever they are surprised by an outcome.&lt;ref&gt;''Marin v Canada (MCI)'', 2016 FC 847 at paras 26-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors to consider include:
* ''Did the appellant request leave to provide post-hearing submissions to the RPD?'' The courts have noted that nothing prevents a party from requesting an opportunity to provide post-hearing submissions, and where they did not do so at the RPD, this is relevant to this new evidence admissibility analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Gabane v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 735 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp9gx#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Did the appellant indicate to the RPD that the document existed?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'' the RAD found that a document did not meet the s. 110(4) criteria as it concluded that the Appellant could reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have indicated to the RPD prior to the rejection that such evidence existed.&lt;ref&gt;''Nsofor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 274 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvwn4#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Was the appellant unaware that the evidence existed?'' In ''Samaraweera v. Canada'', the court held that it was necessary to consider the submission that the applicant’s family had deliberately concealed from the applicant the ongoing harassment and efforts to search for the applicant until after the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Samaraweera, Chiranjeewa Malaka v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-8499-22 and IMM-9763-22), Southcott, August 15, 2023; 2023 FC 1109.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the RPD reserve its decision, and if so how much time passed prior to it being rendered?'' When looking at the amount of time that elapsed between an RPD hearing and a panel of the RPD rendering a decision, to assess whether that duration was quick and meant that an applicant could not have reasonably submitted documents during that time period, the court in ''Aregbesola v. Canada'' noted that a 34-day timespan could not be considered &quot;quick&quot; in that case where country condition documents from the internet were at issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola,'' 2022 FC 820 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl53#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the appellant provide an explanation about how they were eventually able to obtain the documents?'' In a case where evidence pre-dated the RPD's decision, but the appellants maintain that they could not have reasonably presented the evidence sooner because of an inability to obtain help in securing the documents, the court held that &quot;it was reasonable for the RAD to expect some explanation about how the Applicants were eventually able to obtain the documents.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1166 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jr9w5#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Absent a proper explanation, the court held in ''Ali v. Canada'' that it was reasonable to conclude that the documents could have been obtained and provided to the RPD sooner. 
* ''Was obtaining the evidence not within the appellant's control and, if so, did the appellant make reasonable efforts to try to obtain it?'' In ''Fardusi v. Canada'', the court held that the fact that the information in question was in the hands of another person, the agent of persecution, until subsequently being served on the Appellant during a legal proceeding, was relevant to whether it was reasonably available to her.&lt;ref&gt;''Fardusi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1568 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt3cg#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-05.&lt;/ref&gt; It points to a conclusion that the evidence was not reasonably available to the appellant prior. In ''Ambrose–Esede v. Canada'', the Court found the RAD erred when it did not accept the affidavit of a friend and business partner of the agent of harm on the basis that it was reasonably available prior to the rejection. The affiant had explained that he did not provide the affidavit earlier because he did not want his friend and business associate to regard him as an enemy but when the claim was rejected, he realized the applicants’ lives were in danger and he changed his mind and came forward with the affidavit.&lt;ref&gt;''Ambrose–Esede v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1241, paragraphs 36–38 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Was the appellant's counsel negligent in not providing the document?'' In ''Singh v. Canada'', the court considered it relevant that the failure to produce the document was the fault of the claimant's lawyer.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1022 (CanLII), [2015] 3 FCR 587, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gf3rl&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the evidence arise shortly before the RPD decision?'' In ''Ogundipe v Canada'', the Court concluded that the RAD should have accepted as new evidence an article that was published two days before the RPD decision and related to an event that occurred the day before the publication.&lt;ref&gt;''Ogundipe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 771 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsgjk&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  However, in ''Parminder'' ''Singh v. Canada'', the court states that &quot;it does not follow from the reasons in ''Ogundipe'' that evidence pre-dating the RPD’s decision by a short period of time will necessarily meet the section 110(4) criteria in every case&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 336 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jffk7#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; and it upheld a RAD decision that refused to admit an article published four days before the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Parminder Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 336 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jffk7#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in ''Collahua v. Canada'', the Court found ''Ogundipe v Canada'' distinguishable because that case concerned articles dated six weeks before the RPD’s decision; the court accepted that their refusal was reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;''Fernandez Collahua, Eder Christian v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-9185-22), Southcott, July 31, 2023; 2023 FC 1045.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== iii) Was the evidence that which the person could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented at the time of the rejection? =====
Evidence that is available earlier may not become relevant until later in the process in ways that the person may not initially expect. Where evidence could not have reasonably been expected to have been presented (or, according to the French version, “normally have been expected”&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1022 (CanLII), [2015] 3 FCR 587, at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gf3rl#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt;) at the time of the rejection of the claim, it may be admitted on appeal. That said, an appellant cannot offer new evidence “every time he or she is surprised by the RPD’s decision.”&lt;ref&gt;''Marin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 847 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsp12#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-08.&lt;/ref&gt; As a general matter, an appeal to the RAD is not a second chance to submit evidence to address weaknesses identified by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Lemus Oliva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1429 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsr3s#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the court observes that this condition for admitting new evidence &quot;is clearly quite broad and entails a certain degree of inherent discretion in its application.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v Canada,'' [2018] FC 1182, at para 63.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors to consider include:
* ''When did the issue arise?''
** ''Did the issue arise at the hearing or only in the RPD's reasons?'' If the issue arose at the hearing, then the question of the document's admissibility will generally turn on whether the evidence was not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim (above), including whether the appellant could have requested an adjournment, informed the RPD that they were trying to obtain additional information, and requested leave to provide post-hearing submissions under the RPD rules.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Did the issue only arise after the perfection of the appeal, for example in a new issue notification?''
* ''Should the appellant have anticipated that the issue in question would have arisen?'' Even if the issue only arose in the decision, the RAD must consider whether the appellant should reasonably have anticipated that the issue would have come up.&lt;ref&gt;''Shafi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 714 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1kx10#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** In some cases, the answer will point to concluding that the person could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have provided the evidence. For example, in ''Ismailov v. Canada'' the court concluded that it was unreasonable for the RAD to conclude that the applicant should have reasonably been expected to submit articles to the RPD about the ability to leave Uzbekistan when one is being investigated by the prosecutor's office, as the applicant could not have anticipated that the RPD would be suspicious about this fact (the documents established that it was common that such persons could leave the country).&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 53, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par53&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** In other circumstances, the answer will point to concluding that the person could reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have provided the evidence. For example, the issue of IFA is one that claimants should always anticipate even if not identified before the RPD hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola'', 2022 FC 820, paragraphs 9-14 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Hassan v. Canada'', Mr. Hassan argued that he had not anticipated the RPD would reject an initial letter from a Canadian Somali association that he provided to support his claim&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt; and that as a result he should be allowed to submit new letters from Canadian Somali associations affirming his identity as a Somali at the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt; The court upheld the RAD's determination that, notwithstanding the fact that identity was at the centre of the RAD decision (the claim was rejected on that basis), the affidavits that Mr. Hassan submitted to the RAD did not contain any information that arose after the RPD’s decision and so it was reasonable for the RAD to conclude that he had not provided a sufficient explanation for why the evidence could not have been presented before the RPD rendered its decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Does the appellant's state of mind and awareness support a conclusion that they should reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence to the RPD?''
**''Was the appellant's psychological state such that they could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence at the time of the rejection?'' RAD Member T. Cheung accepted that an appellant only came to understand the state of his mental health after the RPD decision, when his physician noted the symptoms of a condition and referred him to a specialist.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 125957 (CA IRB), at para 7, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jswhk#par7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, while the condition pre-dated the RPD decision, the evidence about it was not evidence which the person would reasonably have been expected to have presented before the RPD. Where there is evidence that a claimant's state of mind has had an impact on their behaviour, the RAD should consider not only whether this justifies admitting psychological evidence on point, but also whether their state of mind supports a conclusion that they could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented other evidence to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrera Cornejo c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 268 (CanLII), au para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2x69#par10&gt;, consulté le 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the section below on personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status]].
**''Was the appellant self-represented before the RPD and were they aware of their ability to submit evidence post-hearing?'' The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants. The fact that an applicant was self-represented and did not speak the language of the proceedings (English or French) does not itself establish that they could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have presented the documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; However, in ''Clarke v Canada'', the court concluded that the IAD had acted unfairly when it did not advise a self-represented applicant that she could file more material after the close of the hearing, as permitted under the IRB Rules.&lt;ref&gt;''Clarke v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 267, paras. 13 and 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RPD does not bring this to a self-represented claimant's attention, this may support a conclusion that information which came to the claimant's attention following their RPD hearing could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented to the RPD.

==== Personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status ====
According to the IRB Gender Guidelines, the assessment of whether new evidence meets the admissibility test under subsection 110(4) of the IRPA and RAD Rule 29(4) should be undertaken using a trauma-informed approach that considers the difficulties faced by persons who have experienced gender-based violence.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​​​​​​​​​Effective date: July 18​​, 2022, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed September 17, 2022), at 11.8.3.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that an applicant was self-represented and did not speak the language of the proceedings (English or French) does not itself establish that they could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have presented the documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;''Mauricio Berrios v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 739 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgzz4#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]].

==== Additional Raza/Singh factors ====
In addition to the express statutory requirements in the statutory provision above, the RAD must ensure that the implied conditions of admissibility laid out by the Federal Court of Appeal are fulfilled, specifically credibility, relevance, newness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at paras 34-38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16&lt;/ref&gt; Some Federal Court decisions add the requirement that the evidence be &quot;material&quot; to the decision to this list,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Saeed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz6hl#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; but it is the view of this author that the better view is that the Federal Court of Appeal held that materiality should not be a requirement for admitting evidence at the RAD because materiality is dealt with under the new hearing provisions in the Act, not at the evidence admissibility stage.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; This is discussed more below. 

The Federal Court of Appeal has commented that &quot;It goes without saying that the RAD always has the freedom to apply the conditions of subsection 110(4) with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; and it would appear that this comment applies to the following so-called “implicit” criteria in subsection 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Nteta-Tshamala v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1191 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j2vf2#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; RAD decisions have held that, when interpreting these criteria, there is a &quot;low bar for admissibility&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 143642 (CA IRB), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j9brf#par15&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may admit new evidence that meets the “source and circumstance” credibility threshold and still give it little or no weight when assessing its credibility and probative value within the context of all the evidence in deciding the appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajaguna v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 556 (CanLII); ''Tan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1204, paragraphs 35-36 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Haggar v. Canada'' the RAD admitted a document allegedly issued by Chad’s National Security Agency demanding the appellant's arrest, it held a hearing on &quot;how the Circular had been obtained, its authenticity, the reliability of the information it contains and its probative value in light of the documentary evidence&quot;, and in the end the RAD gave no weight to this new evidence, finding that it was a false document; the Federal Court then upheld this decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Haggar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 388 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hrq02#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The additional requirements from ''Canada v. Singh'' do not need to be weighed against the statutory ones; if the new evidence does not meet the statutory requirements for admission in s. 110(4), there is no need to consider the further constraints at common law.&lt;ref&gt;''Soto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp4rk#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Conservely, the RAD is under no obligation to analyze the explicit criteria of subsection 110(4) of the IRPA before analyzing these implied conditions of ''Raza'' and ''Singh''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, evidence must meet all of the above criteria; for example, if evidence is not credible, relevance and newness are irrelevant and the RAD can reasonably focus its analysis on the issue of credibility if it is determinative.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

More information: 

===== &lt;u&gt;Newness&lt;/u&gt; =====
Is the evidence new in the sense that it is capable of: (a) proving the current state of affairs in the country of removal or an event that occurred or a circumstance that arose after the hearing in the RPD, or (b) proving a fact that was unknown to the refugee claimant at the time of the RPD hearing, or (c) contradicting a finding of fact by the RPD (including a credibility finding)? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration)'', 2023 CF 451, para. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; In general, this newness factor under ''Singh'' is considered “redundant” and it is said that it “does not really add” to what is required under s. 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (MCI) v. Singh'', 2016 FCA 96, at para. 46; ''Dugarte de Lopez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2020 FC 707, at para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Documents that essentially repeat the same information that was before the RPD will fail this newness criterion.&lt;ref&gt;''Kabba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 117 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv4nm#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, evidence that refers to an old risk should not be rejected as “not new” where it speaks to the development of the risk and is materially different evidence of that old risk.&lt;ref&gt;''Jessamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 489 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/29msb#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== &lt;u&gt;Credibility&lt;/u&gt; =====
Is the evidence credible, considering its source and the circumstances in which it came into existence? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the credibility analysis at this stage is not limited to specific grounds such as the “source” or the “circumstances in which [the evidence] came into existence.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''Marquez Obando, Luis Fernando v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-1843-20), McHaffie, March 31, 2022, 2022 FC 441.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
* ''Is there reasonably expected corroborating evidence?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the Appellant indicated that he tried to obtain a document earlier, but was unable to do so because the police station had burned down. The RAD rejected the document on the basis that, among other things, there was no corroborating evidence regarding the alleged fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Nsofor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 274 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvwn4#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is there a sufficient explanation of the circumstances in which the document was obtained?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the the RAD rejected a document as not sufficiently credible given that there was no explanation given as to how and why the handwritten paper document was saved from an alleged police station fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Naggayi v. Canada'', the court upheld a decision that rejected a newly tendered marriage document because its availability contradicted the appellant's prior testimony that she had been unable to obtain it because her husband had it.&lt;ref&gt;''Naggayi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 216 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j54nm#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Onyeawuna v. Canada'', the RAD concluded that a letter ostensibly from the Nigerian police was not credible because it did not explain how or why the police would assist a known fugitive.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeawuna v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1214 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwgrb#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Simone v. Canada,'' the court upheld a decision that rejected a newly tendered identity document on the basis that he had indicated that the document had been previously surrendered the document to his government's authorities before they had issued him a replacement document ten years prior, concluding &quot;it is not credible that after surrendering his old birth certificate to the authorities in 2009, the Appellant was suddenly somehow able to retrieve this document ten years later to disclose for his appeal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Simone v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1345 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl850#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Has the original document been provided or only a copy thereof?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD determination that the fact that all that was provided was a WhatsApp screen shot of the document – not the document itself – properly detracted from the document's credibility in the circumstances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* ''Does the new evidence include reasonably expected security features?'' The RAD may conclude that evidence is not credible where it lacks reasonably expected security features.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 6 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlzcs#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-18&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Kumar v. Canada'', the court upheld a finding that newly tendered evidence was not credible based on a “significant difference” between the affiant’s signature on one of the new affidavits as compared to two affidavits sworn by the same affiant that had been before the RPD. In the former, the last letter of the signature looked like a “z”; in the latter, it looked like an “n”.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 127 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2fnj&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ali Khan v. Canada'', the court upheld a finding that a letter lacked credibility because of a discrepancy between the signature on it and the signature on the author's attached driver's licence.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 797 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4xjj#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the timing by which the document allegedly arose exceedingly fortuitous?'' The RAD can regard the timing of evidence as dubious or convenient in a way which undermines its credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Ariyibi, Olufemi Jonathan v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-7110-21), Favel, April 5, 2023; 2023 FC 478.&lt;/ref&gt; Past RAD panels have concluded that the production of alleged police and court documents which notably escalate efforts to find the appellant, days after the rejection of his claim, is suspicious.&lt;ref&gt;''Meng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 365 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggttf#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Yusuf v. Canada,'' the court held that the RAD reasonably found an affidavit was too fortuitous to be credible because it was extremely unlikely that the affiant, who was meant to be the applicant’s reception upon arrival in Canada but did not appear at the airport and never communicated with the applicant in the subsequent three years, ran into the applicant by chance within weeks of the negative RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf, Abdirashid Cabdi v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-9107-21), Fuhrer, July 28, 2023; 2023 FC 1032.&lt;/ref&gt; Such concerns about documents being obtained in implausible circumstances can serve to rebut the presumption of authenticity of foreign documents.&lt;ref&gt;''Shakil Ali, Unknown v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2344-22), Sebastien Grammond, February 2, 2023; 2023 FC 156 &lt;/ref&gt; However, fortuitous timing alone may not always be a sufficient standalone ground on which to dismiss evidence, since, as the RAD has observed “it is, of course, not impossible that the events would occur during this time and timing alone [may] very well not be a basis to find the Appellant’s story and the new evidence supporting it to be lacking in credibility.”&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the document consistent with other evidence on file?'' In ''Tuncdemir v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD reasonably came to the conclusion that an affidavit lacked credibility in light of the fact that the affidavit contradicted certain parts of the Applicant’s BoC narrative.&lt;ref&gt;''Tuncdemir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gt78c#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Internal inconsistency between the evidence and the testimony of an applicant can also give rise to a negative credibility finding.&lt;ref&gt;''Cooper v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 118 at para 4.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sachdeva v. Canada'', the court commented as follows regarding an affidavit that an appellant considered providing to the RAD: &quot;the affiant, a resident of India from the region where the Sachdeva family lived, said at the beginning of his affidavit that he has known Mr. Sachdeva for the &lt;q&gt;last couple of years,&lt;/q&gt; whereas Mr. Sachdeva and his family left India in October 2018, i.e. four years before the affidavit was signed… Needless to say, on its face, this evidence was not credible and had no probative value whatsoever.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Are there other credibility issues with the source of this new evidence?'' The rejection of a witness’s affidavit on grounds of credibility is a reasonable matter to consider as part of assessing the source of subsequent evidence from that witness.&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; At times, several interrelated documents are submitted, and their credibility may be assessed together; for example, in ''Onyeawuna v. Canada'' the RAD found that a letter from a lawyer that discussed a new police letter was “coloured with the same relevance and credibility problems as the new letter from the police”.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeawuna v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1214 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwgrb#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Has the appellant submitted other fraudulent documents?'' When considering the source of the evidence, the tribunal is entitled to consider that the RAD has upheld other serious credibility concerns that involve the applicant’s submission of fraudulent documents.&lt;ref&gt;''Bashirov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 823 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhgbf#par15&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD must guard against engaging in circular reasoning by refusing to admit evidence because the content of the new evidence is not credible based on the RPD’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Pilashvili, Mamuka v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4408-20), Go, May 12, 2022; 2022 FC 706.&lt;/ref&gt; A general finding that a refugee claimant lacks credibility does not impugn all evidence that might corroborate their story.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 906 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkd85#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;
* For further context, see also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(h) - May receive and base a decision on evidence considered credible or trustworthy]].

===== &lt;u&gt;Relevance&lt;/u&gt; =====
In determining the relevance of the new evidence, the RAD is required to determine whether the evidence was “capable of proving or disproving a fact that is relevant to the claim for protection”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The RAD is required to assess relevance in the context of the applicants’ submissions and how the items are being relied upon&lt;ref&gt;''Brzezinski v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 936 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz4j9#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-25.&lt;/ref&gt; relative to the determinative issues that are outstanding for the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Marku v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 255 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmzng#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
* ''Does the appellant refer to the evidence in their arguments on appeal?'' RAD Member K. Qureshi concluded in one case that as a result of the appellants’ failure to make submissions, they were unable to discern a psychological report's relevance to the appeal: &quot;While the principal Appellant may very well suffer from psychological impairments, the Appellants have not explained how this impacts the claim; for example, on the ability to testify, or live in an IFA etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 121480 (CA IRB), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhsvx#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; The report was rejected on this basis.
* ''Does the evidence relate to the determinative issue on appeal or only another issue?'' In ''Kakar v. Canada'' the court upheld the RAD's refusal to admit new evidence on the basis that &quot;if the Mafia is not targeting Mr. Kakar, evidence concerning the situation of persons sought by the Mafia is simply irrelevant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 153 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv8l9#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Asim v. Canada'' the court upheld a RAD decision which had rejected a doctor’s letter as not relevant because the letter did not provide any specific information on how the applicant’s condition could have affected his testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Asim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 517 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnq4m#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the determinative issue was the claimant's credibility and the RAD properly rejected the letter as not relevant because it did not relate to the credibility findings of the RPD.

===== &lt;u&gt;Materiality&lt;/u&gt; =====
As noted above, some Federal Court decisions note that evidence must also be &quot;material&quot; to be admitted on appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;''Saeed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz6hl#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18; ''Ifogah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1139 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jc3bf#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence is material if it could reasonably be expected to have affected the result of the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 312 at para 15.&lt;/ref&gt; In the view of this author, the better view is that the Federal Court of Appeal held that materiality should not be a requirement for admitting evidence at the RAD because materiality is dealt with under the new hearing provisions in the Act, not at the evidence admissibility stage.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal in ''Singh v. Canada'' answered a certified question on point as follows: &quot;the requirement concerning the materiality of the new evidence must be assessed in the context of subsection 110(6), for the sole purpose of determining whether the RAD may hold a hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 74, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par74&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-18.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the extent to which different Federal Court justices have articulated that there is a materiality requirement for evidence admission at the RAD may call this interpretation of ''Singh v. Canada'' into question - this includes comments by Justice Bell,&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 312 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5n32#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Ahmed,&lt;ref&gt;''Faysal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 324 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfqkt#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Gascon,&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13; ''Mavangou v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 177 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hz70j#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Little,&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt; and Justice Sadrehashemi.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, some panels of the RAD appear to have taken this approach when concluding that it is not necessary for a panel of the RAD to make a determination about whether new evidence is admissible or not if admitting it would not change the outcome of the appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; If the materiality of evidence is a condition precedent for admitting it before the RAD, it is said that the RAD must take a “generous approach” to the notion of materiality.&lt;ref&gt;Khan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2020 FC 438 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment context, the Federal Court of Appeal phrased the materiality question as follows: &quot;Is the evidence material, in the sense that the refugee claim probably would have succeeded if the evidence had been made available to the RPD? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; This approach is best not followed at the RAD; in the words of the Federal Court, the materiality test that the RAD applies is less rigid since the RAD has a broader mandate and can accept new evidence that, while not determinative, has an impact on the overall assessment of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
*''Should any weight be assigned to the evidence?'' The court has noted that it is impossible to conclude new evidence, once admitted, has no weight because, if the evidence could not have been expected to affect the result, it would not have been admissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;''Yurtsever v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 312 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5n32#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-15; ''Wang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 200 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34jw#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-28&lt;/ref&gt;
=== The RAD may refuse to accept new evidence that is not credible without holding a hearing ===
In situations where the RAD rejects new evidence on the basis that the evidence is not credible, it need not hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the evidence. The Federal Court holds that the lack of an oral hearing, by itself, does not give rise to a breach of procedural fairness. This is because in such a situation the RAD makes a credibility finding about documents, not about the applicant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; 

See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must exercise its discretion about whether to hold a hearing where the criteria in s. 110(6) are met, regardless of whether a party has requested a hearing]].

=== The RAD may exclude evidence but then provide an alternative analysis of how the evidence would affect the decision if it had been admitted ===
It is open to a panel of the RAD to determine that evidence does not meet the criteria to be admitted, but to state that in the event that it has erred in concluding that the documents should not be admitted into evidence, it will, in the alternative, consider them.&lt;ref&gt;''Bhuiyan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 915 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxzb4#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Hashim v. Canada,'' the Court found even though documents did not constitute new evidence and that it had not accepted them on that basis, the decision's further analysis of those documents “was not intended to lessen this finding, but rather was conducted as a matter of completeness.”&lt;ref&gt;''Hashim, Ali v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11290-22), Furlanetto, September 11, 2023; 2023 FC 1224.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD may decline to consider whether or not new evidence is admissible if the new evidence would not change the outcome of the appeal ===
It is not necessary for a panel of the RAD to make a determination about whether new evidence is admissible or not if admitting it would not change the outcome of the appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 24189 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6264#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-24; ''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 152954 (CA IRB), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt4br#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-20; ''X (Re),'' 2023 CanLII 145561 (CA IRB), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q36#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD may reject evidence, accept evidence, or accept evidence only in part ===
The RAD may accept only part of a particular document on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 124591 (CA IRB), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqgs3#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-28.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Bhuiyan v. Canada'' the RAD acted properly where it accepted an affidavit from the appellant, but not the exhibits attached to the affidavit.&lt;ref&gt;''Bhuiyan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 351 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3g0k#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Inadmissible evidence does not become admissible simply because it is commingled with, or bootstrapped onto, a document which is admissible. As such, for example, where an affidavit includes both admissible and inadmissible paragraphs a panel may admit some and reject others. 

=== The RAD may conclude that new evidence meets the threshold for admissibility, even if it is ultimately held to lack reliability and credibility ===
In ''Ariyibi v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD decision in which the RAD found that the new evidence met the threshold for admissibility, but assigned it little weight on the basis that the letters lacked reliability and credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Ariyibi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 478 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzn1k#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD would err if it admitted evidence, but then assigned it ''no weight'': the court has held that if evidence could not have been expected to affect the result, it will not be admissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; 

== IRPA Section 110(6): Hearings ==
&lt;pre&gt;Hearing
(6) The Refugee Appeal Division may hold a hearing if, in its opinion, there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3)
(a) that raises a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal;
(b) that is central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim; and
(c) that, if accepted, would justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD must exercise its discretion about whether to hold a hearing where the criteria in s. 110(6) are met, regardless of whether a party has requested a hearing ===
The RAD Rules put the onus on applicants to inform the RAD why they are requesting an oral hearing and to provide “full and detailed submissions” supporting this request.&lt;ref&gt;''Sisay Teka v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2018 FC 314 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hr3pj#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD rules allow an appellant to request a hearing, the IRPA does not actually impose a burden either to request, or to satisfy the RAD that the circumstances merit, an oral hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The onus rests with the RAD to consider and apply the statutory criteria reasonably.&lt;ref&gt;''Horvath v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 CF 147 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqbkx#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD's reasons should show how it conducted a meaningful analysis of the criteria in subsection 110(6) and determined whether or not to hold an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Tchangoue v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 334, paras. 17-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRPA provides that the Division is entitled to base its decision on evidence adduced in the proceedings that it considered credible or trustworthy; this is a statutory basis from the Division to determine that there is sufficient evidence in the record to decide an appeal without further testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Baleeyoos v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 666 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5v#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt; See the statutory provision at: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/171 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 171(a.3)]]. 

While this is a discretionary provision,&lt;ref&gt;''Abdulai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 173 (CanLII), at para 56, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdm#par56&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; and oral hearings at the RAD are relatively unusual,&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 121216 (CA IRB), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkwvh#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; a hearing must generally be held where these statutory requirements are met.&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; While the RAD retains discretion to (not) hold a hearing under subsection 110(6), it will need to exercise that discretion reasonably in the circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Mofreh v Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship)'', 2019 FC 97 at paras 26-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has concluded that “an oral hearing will generally be required when the statutory criteria have been satisfied”.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhuo v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 911, para. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Not exercising that discretion to hold an oral hearing simply because neither party requested a hearing does not meet the threshold of reasonableness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Zhuo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 911 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkgfv#par11&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-15.&lt;/ref&gt; In Waldman's words, &quot;although the language in both the RAD and PRRA context is permissive rather than imperative, the jurisprudence in the PRRA context would appear to indicate that hearings may be a mandatory component of procedural fairness in cases where credibility is central to the decision. This principle was first established by the Supreme Court in ''Singh'' and has been integrated into the jurisprudence on the PRRA regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-228.3 (Section 9.553) Rel. 61-2/2017.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there is no right to an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1472 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3hhc#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, in situations where the RAD rejects new evidence on the basis that the evidence is not credible, it need not hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the evidence. The lack of an oral hearing, by itself, does not give rise to a breach of procedural fairness. This is because in such a situation the RAD makes a credibility finding about documents, not about the applicant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;''Rashid v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1569 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f1t#par27&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Interpretation of the section 110(6) criteria ===
Section 110(6) of the IRPA provides that the Refugee Appeal Division may hold a hearing if, in its opinion, there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3) that meets the following three-part conjunctive test. The presumption, according to this statutory provision, is that there will be no oral hearing unless all three criteria under the tripartite test in subsection 110(6) are met as well as the conditions under subsection 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Ketchen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 388 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gphgd#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This differs from the cognate provision for the PRRA context where the Federal Court has held that an applicant does not need to meet all the criteria under that section before an oral hearing is required.&lt;ref&gt;''Hurtado Prieto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 253 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/28gxm#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, this section of the IRPA is clear that all three subsections of 110(6) must be present for a hearing to be held with the phase &quot;à la fois&quot; that precedes the criteria in the French text (&quot;La section peut tenir une audience si elle estime qu’il existe des éléments de preuve documentaire visés au paragraphe (3) qui, à la fois...&quot;).

The criteria for determining whether to hold an oral hearing set out in subsection 110(6) of the IRPA “are unquestionably related to the materiality of the new documentary evidence”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajayi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1155 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzvjq#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The following subsection 110(6) criteria are said to be &quot;associated with the existence of new documentary evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The section of the regulations on having a hearing in the PRRA context, that this paragraph is modelled on, is said to be &quot;an awkwardly worded section&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Tekie v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 27 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1jlvs#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;(A) that raises a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal&lt;/u&gt; ====
When approaching this question, a panel can consider whether the new evidence will alter credibility findings or “justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the applicant”?&lt;ref&gt;''Gedara v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1023 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jjf5q#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the documentary evidence must raise a serious issue with the respect to the credibility of the ''person'' who is the subject of the appeal; a hearing should not be held merely to assess the credibility of the evidence itself if that evidence does not raise a serious issue with respect to the person's credibility. In the words of ''A.B. v. Canada'', the RAD is not required to hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of new evidence—it is when otherwise credible and admitted evidence raises a serious issue with respect to the general credibility of the applicant that the determination of an oral hearing becomes relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 61 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j50l4#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Norris has observed in the analogous PRRA context, while it can be difficult to draw a bright line, “doubts about the veracity of evidence do not necessarily amount to concerns about an applicant’s credibility”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 1207 at para 32.&lt;/ref&gt; This factor is composed of two elements: (i) the new evidence must raise a serious issue and (ii) this serious issue must be in respect of the credibility of the person. In approaching this question, a panel can consider the following questions:
* ''Does the new evidence raise a new serious credibility issue?'' 
** ''Does the new evidence justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the person and their narrative?'' The Federal Court of Appeal specifies that a hearing is only held where new evidence would justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the person and his or her narrative.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FCA 96, paragraph 44 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Federal Court states that it is when credible and admitted evidence raises a serious issue with respect to the ''general credibility'' of the person that the determination of an oral hearing becomes relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 61, paragraph 17 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Is there already similar evidence in the record?'' Panels have generally considered whether there was already similar evidence in the record. If so, then the new, additional, evidence will generally not raise a serious issue with respect to credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Pestova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1024 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/h4vbf#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05; See also: ''Ajaj v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 674, paragraph 22 (CanLII); ''Ikheloa v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 1161, paragraph 29 (CanLII); ''Nteta–Tshamala v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 1191, paragraph 30 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Is the serious issue raised by the new evidence in respect of the credibility of a person who is the subject of the appeal?'' 
** ''Do credibility questions emerge from the evidence, or only questions regarding the probative value and/or sufficiency of the evidence?'' Section 110(6) requires that, before a hearing can be held, new documentary evidence must raise a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal. Doubts about the veracity of evidence do not necessarily amount to concerns about an applicant’s credibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334, paragraph 42 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RAD accepts the credibility of the person’s testimony, there is no issue raised as to his credibility, a precondition to holding an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Nuri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1783, paragraph 16 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RAD does not have credibility concerns as a result of the evidence, but rather concerns about the evidence's weight, the criteria of s. 110(6) will not met.&lt;ref&gt;''Adera v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 871 (CanLII), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsp11#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, where the RAD does not raise any &quot;new&quot; serious issues with respect to the credibility of the applicant, but instead bases its decision on a lack of sufficient evidence to prove the applicant's claim (e.g. the applicant's identity), then a hearing is not available.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 172 (CanLII), at paras 63-65, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j51j4#par65&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** ''Does the new evidence call into question the credibility of an appellant or of third parties?'' In ''Ariyibi v. Canada'', the court concluded that the RAD was not obligated to conduct an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the new evidence that had been offered, as the new evidence did not raise a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the appellants, but rather called into question the credibility of the third parties who authored the new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;Ariyibi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 478 (CanLII), para. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Kanakarathinam v. Canada'', the Federal Court noted that a credibility finding against a third party (for example, the applicant's mother) does not trigger the right to an oral hearing as this does not go directly to the applicant’s credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Kanakarathinam, Uthayasankar v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-764-21), McDonald, April 21, 2022; 2022 FC 577.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence from third parties recounting new incidents occurring in a home country while an appellant is in Canada will not necessarily impact on the appellant’s credibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; 

==== &lt;u&gt;(B) that is central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim&lt;/u&gt; ====
When considering this branch of the test, panels have considered the following questions:
* ''Is the evidence central to the RPD's decision, or an aspect thereof?'' The court notes that this criterion requires not that the new evidence be &quot;central to the claim&quot; but instead &quot;central to the decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeme v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1243 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwk5b#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, evidence which is central to the claim but on a point that was not at issue in the decision or reasons, would not be &quot;central to the decision&quot;.
* ''Is the evidence central with respect to one of the elements that has or needs to be proven to receive refugee protection?'' This can be considered a materiality requirement; evidence is material if it could reasonably be expected to have affected the result of the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 312 at para 15.&lt;/ref&gt; An example of a situation that would meet this criterion, but not the next, is where a claim was rejected on the basis of identity and IFA. New evidence related to identity would be central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim, even if, if accepted, it would not, in itself, justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim.

==== &lt;u&gt;(C) that, if accepted, would justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim&lt;/u&gt; ====
When considering this branch of the test, panels have considered the following questions:
* ''Does the evidence relate to a determinative issue?'' In assessing this criterion, the RAD should look at the determinative issue(s) and whether the findings would be affected by the new evidence. See, for example, ''Idugboe v. Canada'': &quot;The evidence that was rejected on credibility grounds spoke to new instances of threats and attacks, none of which would have affected the determinative IFA issue. While the evidence arguably speaks to the motivation of Mr. Idugboe’s family to find the Idugboes on their return, the IFA determination was based on a variety of factors, including their means and ability to locate the Idugboes in Port Harcourt, none of which was affected by this newly tendered evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Do the documents raise a new issue that could justify granting protection?'' Where the new evidence that has been tendered raises a new issue that could justify granting protection, for example a ''sur place'' claim, then this will indicate that this criterion is met.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 674 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsct8#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Should the evidence be accorded sufficient weight such that it could justify allowing or rejecting the claim?'' When making this determination, it is proper to consider the weight of the evidence that has been tendered; where new evidence has been admitted, but has been assigned very little weight such that it is insufficient to overcome previous negative credibility findings, then this may properly indicate that the new evidence which was accepted could not justify allowing the claim and the conditions in this subsection are thereby not met.&lt;ref&gt;''Oluwakemi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 973 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gtzw0#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may decide that it is able to sufficiently consider the evidence and assess its probative value without holding an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1472 (CanLII), at para 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3hhc#par42&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; It may assign very little weight to the “new” evidence and find the new evidence which was accepted could not justify allowing the claim and the conditions in the subsection have not been met.&lt;ref&gt;''Oluwakemi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 973 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gtzw0#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Simone v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD decision that in a case where the appellant had not established his identity, and had submitted fraudulent evidence about his identity, newly accepted affidavits from two friends in Toronto did not justify holding an oral hearing because they did not justify allowing or rejecting the claim given that the evidence could not outweigh the other credibility concerns with the appellant's identity on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Simone v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1345 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl850#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Applicability of PRRA jurisprudence ===
The factors listed in section 167 of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations'' which govern when a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) officer will hold a hearing are nearly identical to those listed in subsection 110(6) of the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Shen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1456 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsn08#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court held in ''Shen v. Canada'' that the nearly identical factors appear to indicate Parliament’s intention that similar analyses should be applied in each case.&lt;ref&gt;''Shen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1456 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsn08#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the court went to to comment, &quot;the similarity of the provisions does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the Court’s jurisprudence under each provision is interchangeable&quot;.

=== Ability to conduct a ''voir dire'' to determine whether evidence will be admitted ===
The general practice of the RAD is to hold an oral hearing only after documentary evidence is already accepted as new evidence. An oral hearing in the nature of a ''voir dire'', where a hearing is held in order to determine whether the documentary evidence ought to be admitted into evidence, is not generally held at the RAD. 

As stated in ''Mohamed v. Canada'', there is no question that the RAD may only convene an oral hearing where evidence meets the criteria of s. 110(4) of the Act: &quot;subsection 110(6) permits the RAD to hold an oral hearing where, in its opinion, 'there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3)' that meets the criteria in paragraphs (''a''), (''b''), and (''c''). The subsection thus only applies in circumstances where it determines there ''is'' evidence referred to in subsection 110(3). Such documentary evidence may only be filed by the person subject to the appeal if they establish it meets the requirements of subsection 110(4). In other words, the RAD must determine whether there is evidence that meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) before conducting the subsection 110(6) assessment of whether that evidence (a) raises a serious issue of credibility, (b) is central to the decision on the refugee protection claim, and (c) would justify allowing or rejecting the claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohamed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1145 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jc40l#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A question arises, however, about whether evidence must in every case meet the ''Canada v. Singh'' criteria,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; including being judged to be credible, prior to an oral hearing being held. Some panels of the RAD&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 121216 (CA IRB), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkwvh#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; and Federal Court&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 438, paragraph 35 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; have concluded that the answer is &quot;no&quot;. This is so for several reasons, including that the text of s. 110(6)(c) of the IRPA implies that the decision about whether to admit the evidence or not need not be made at the time of the oral hearing, as that criterion is to be evaluated &quot;à supposer qu’ils soient admis&quot;, i.e. &quot;supposing they [the new documents] are admitted&quot;, employing the subjunctive mood for the verb être, which implies uncertainty and indeterminacy. Furthermore, it could be argued that the &quot;if accepted&quot; wording in this provision applies to the facts contained in the new documents, not to the documents themselves. 

To this end, the Federal Court has held that in some circumstances, an oral hearing ought to be held to properly consider new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1182 (CanLII), at para 81, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hw9c9#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt; But see the following statements: the Federal Court has stated that the RAD can only hold an oral hearing after it decides to admit new evidence: &quot;the RAD could not have held an oral hearing about whether to admit the new evidence—it had to have admitted the new evidence in order to have the statutory authority to hold an oral hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Homauoni v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1403 (CanLII), at paras 38-39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl9md#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Limones Munoz v. Canada'' the court commented that &quot;there must be a link between the documentary evidence admitted and the three elements listed in [section 110(6)]&quot;, indicating that the documentary evidence must have been admitted in order for a hearing to be convened.&lt;ref&gt;''Limones Munoz v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FC 1051 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jbxx4#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the Federal Court stated categorically in ''Hossain v. Canada'' that &quot;There is no statutory basis for the RAD convening an oral hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Hossain v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1255 (CanLII), at para 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k08wv#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== IRPA Section 111: Decision and Referrals ==
&lt;pre&gt;Decision
111 (1) After considering the appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division shall make one of the following decisions:
(a) confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division;
(b) set aside the determination and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made; or
(c) refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination, giving the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate.
(1.1) [Repealed, 2012, c. 17, s. 37]

Referrals
(2) The Refugee Appeal Division may make the referral described in paragraph (1)(c) only if it is of the opinion that
(a) the decision of the Refugee Protection Division is wrong in law, in fact or in mixed law and fact; and
(b) it cannot make a decision under paragraph 111(1)(a) or (b) without hearing evidence that was presented to the Refugee Protection Division.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== History of this provision ===
s. 111(1.1) was previously titled &quot;Manifestly unfounded&quot; and stated &quot;(1.1) For greater certainty, if the Refugee Appeal Division does not set it aside, the Refugee Protection Division’s determination under section 107.1 is confirmed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,'' SC 2001, c 27, s 111, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vwq#sec111&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This was repealed in 2012. 

=== IRPA s. 111(1)(a): the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division ===
After considering the appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division. Such a determination may be justified where the RAD either determines that the RPD did not err or that any error does not justify overturning the decision. For example, panels of the RAD have relied on jurisprudence requiring an applicant to demonstrate that a breach of procedural fairness was material to the tribunal’s decision before setting aside or overturning the decision, so the mere fact of such a breach may not suffice to justify setting aside an RPD determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Roy v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 768 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing]].

The RAD may, as a matter of jurisdiction, substitute its own determination of the merits of the refugee claim on a basis that was not addressed by the RPD in its decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; One line of jurisprudence holds that it is also not required to determine that the RPD erred before considering an alternate ground on which to uphold a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Okechukwu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1142 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gv8zj#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, another line of jurisprudence holds that when the RAD confirms the decision of the RPD on another basis, it must do so only after it determines the existence of an error in the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Angwah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 654 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsm44#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The first line of jurisprudence appears to be favoured for the following reasons:

* Such an interpretation of the RAD's jurisdiction is most consistent with its mandate to be &quot;decisive, fair and efficient&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* That interpretation is most consistent with the statutory language given that paragraphs 111(1)(a) and 111(1)(b) of the IRPA gave the RAD the power to confirm or substitute the “determination” of the RPD, and as such, it is not bound by the reasoning in the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The restrictions on returning claims to the RPD for redetermination under subsection 111(2) of the IRPA suggests that Parliament’s intent was to have the RAD finalize refugee protection claims where it can do so fairly, including by confirming a determination on alternative grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

=== IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made ===
The RAD has the power to set aside a determination made by the RPD and substitute its determination that, in its opinion, should have been made. This has implications for when the RAD may raise new issues and what limitations exist on the RAD's ability to set aside the determination of the RPD. 

The RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Inherent in this jurisdiction is the power to raise new issues. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal]]. 

When substituting the determination that, in its opinion, should have been made, the RAD must identify what specific error the RPD made that justifies its intervention. One may look to s. 110 of the IRPA which provides that an appeal is to be on a question of law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact. The fact that the RAD is an appellate tribunal is relevant to the nature of the analysis that is expected in its reasons when it reverses a decision of the RPD that that Division had offered reasons for.&lt;ref&gt;''Tretsetsang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 175 (CanLII), [2017] 3 FCR 399, at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs2j6#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-01 (in dissent, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court notes that &quot;the RAD’s role is not to carry out a ''de novo'' examination of the refugee claim that the RPD had to address&quot; and as such &quot;it is insufficient for the RAD to ask whether it would have reached a different conclusion had it been in the RPD’s position, without regard for any aspect of the RPD’s decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Gebrewold,'' 2018 FC 374 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hrs2h#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the Federal Court held that &quot;it was insufficient, in my view, for the RAD to give the respondent the benefit of the doubt without stating how the RPD erred in not doing the same&quot;. As such, while Waldman argues that this provision allows the RAD to substitute its decision for that of the RPD, even if no new evidence has been submitted and no error has been identified in the RPD decision,&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-238.4 (Section 9.554) Rel. 61-2/2017.&lt;/ref&gt; this should not be taken as licencing the RAD to act arbitrarily and intervene to overturn the RPD's finding without, for example, identifying why it is weighing the evidence differently and why the RPD was wrong to do otherwise. 

See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]]
=== IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances ===
When the RAD finds that the RPD erred, as per s. 111 of the Act it must provide a final determination by setting aside the decision and substituting its own determination of the merits of the claim, and “it is only when the RAD is of the opinion that it cannot provide such a final determination without hearing the oral evidence presented to the RPD that the matter can be referred back to the RPD for redetermination”.&lt;ref&gt;''Madu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 758 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl51#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thus, per IRPA s. 111(2), the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a matter to the RPD only if it is of the opinion that (a) the RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law or both, and (b) the RAD cannot make its own determination of the issue on appeal without hearing evidence that was presented to the RPD. This is a conjunctive test:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''Javed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 574 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jggb6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 111(2)(a) The RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law or both ====
The Court has found the RAD has no jurisdiction to refer a matter back to the RPD if the RAD does not identify the RPD’s error.&lt;ref&gt;Berhani, 2021 FC 1007.&lt;/ref&gt; Where, for example, the RAD does not articulate why the RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law, or both, but simply notes that new evidence has been adduced on appeal, and that new evidence does not contradict any existing factual findings, then the RAD may not remit the case to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Denis,'' 2022 FC 552 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnrrk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Canada v. Hayat,'' the claimant stated to the RAD that his claim on the basis of sexual orientation at the RPD had been made up, that he was not gay, but that he wanted to present a different basis to claim related to political opinion. The RAD determined that the appellant should be given the benefit of the doubt and remitted the matter to the RPD for a new hearing. The court held that this had been unreasonable, as the RAD had not identified any error with the RPD's original decision finding that the Appellant's sexual orientation-based claim was not credible.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Hayat,'' 2022 FC 1772 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8q&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, the law did not permit the RAD to remit the matter to the RPD. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]].

==== 111(2)(b) The RAD cannot make its own determination of the issue on appeal without hearing evidence that was presented to the RPD ====
The provision “acknowledges the fact that in some cases where oral testimony is critical or determinative in the opinion of the RAD, the RAD may not be in a position to confirm or substitute its own determination to that of the RPD”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, para. 69.&lt;/ref&gt; As stated in ''Malambu v. Canada'', a combined reading of sections 110 and 111 of the IRPA and of Rule 3 of the RAD Rules indicates that where no new evidence is submitted to the RAD, but the RAD is of the opinion that the RPD’s decision is wrong in law or fact or mixed law and fact, and that it can neither confirm nor set aside the decision appealed without itself holding a hearing to re-examine the evidence adduced, it must refer the matter back to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gmlcg#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

A question can arise about how to interpret the legislative provision that the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a case back to the RPD only if it is of the opinion that it cannot make a decision without hearing evidence that was presented to the Refugee Protection Division. The courts have articulated several approaches to interpreting this requirement:

* &lt;u&gt;Need to hear specific evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In some cases, the court has suggested the RAD can only refer a matter back only when there was oral evidence that was previously presented to the RPD that the RAD would need to hear in order to render a final decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Nuriddinova v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1093, paragraphs 37–38 (CanLII); ''Ye v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1025, paragraphs 40 and 44 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; This approach appears consistent with the plain English-language text of the statutory provision, which indicates that the RAD may only refer a matter back to the RPD where it was not able to make a decision &quot;without hearing ''evidence that was presented'' to the Refugee Protection Division [''emphasis added'']&quot;. 
* &lt;u&gt;Meaningful advantage standard:&lt;/u&gt; Under this line of caselaw, in order to meet the criteria set out in s. 111(2)(b), the RAD must conclude that the RPD had a meaningful advantage regarding findings of credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Onwuamaizu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1481 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlnlb#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Javed v. Canada'', the court stated that in a case where the RAD &quot;concluded that the RPD did not have a meaningful advantage regarding findings of credibility,...it was not open to the RAD by operation of paragraph 111(2)(b), to refer the matter back to the RPD for re‑determination.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Not all decisions that turn on credibility necessitate returning a matter to the RPD in order to reach new findings; the RAD may reach its own assessment of credibility based on the evidentiary record before it.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 204 (CanLII), paragraph 7; ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637, paragraphs 70-71 (CanLII)).&lt;/ref&gt; The converse can also hold: where the RPD did have a meaningful advantage regarding its credibility findings, then, as a general proposition, the RAD may not undertake a &quot;wholesale review and reversal&quot; of the RPD's credibility findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1367.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Purposive approach of remitting to hear additional evidence:&lt;/u&gt; A question can arise about whether this provision allows the RAD to refer a matter to the RPD where no evidence was canvassed at the RPD on a particular determinative issue. In ''Saghiri v. Canada'' the RPD had not canvassed the issue of 1F(b) exclusion at the hearing, the RAD held that this was in error, no new evidence was submitted on appeal, and the appellant submitted that the RAD could not remit the matter to the RPD for further examination pursuant to this provision the issue was not canvassed during the RPD's oral hearing''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;'' The Minister's position is that a purposive interpretation of paragraph 111(2)(b) of ''IRPA'' “allows the RAD to remit a refugee claim for further evidence because otherwise restricting the evidence on the RPD’s redetermination would bring about an absurd consequence”, since the RAD can only confirm, substitute or return a decision under section 111(1) of ''IRPA''. If the RAD needs more evidence, but cannot refer a claim to the RPD, then the RAD would be “hamstrung”.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par52&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The court acknowledges that when looking at its particular wording, paragraph 111(2)(b) is “awkwardly written” in both English and French.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Saghiri v. Canada'' upheld a RAD decision to remit a matter so that the RPD could ask questions on an additional issue as follows: &quot;There was no or insufficient evidence before the RPD on the issue of exclusion which it could have heard that would have allowed it to confirm or substitute its own determination of the issue. Thus the only remedy was to send it back to the RPD for all of the evidence relating to the claim to be heard again in order to make an informed decision on the question of exclusion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; This is arguably consistent with the French-language provision, which speaks to being able to refer a matter to the RPD for re-determination if the RAD cannot make a decision without holding a new hearing in order to ''réexamen'' (which has been translated as re-examine,&lt;ref&gt;''Patent Act,'' RSC 1985, c P-4, s 48.1, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vkn#sec48.1&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; reconsider,&lt;ref&gt;''Reconsideration Notice and Process - Exceptional Disclosure of Non-Conviction Information,'' O Reg 348/18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/53gtv&gt; retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; review,&lt;ref&gt;''Review Panel Regulation,'' YOIC 2020/97, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/54bwk&gt; retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; or reappraise) the evidence that was presented to the RPD: &quot;''qu’elle ne peut confirmer la décision attaquée ou casser la décision et y substituer la décision qui aurait dû être rendue sans tenir une nouvelle audience en vue du réexamen des éléments de preuve qui ont été présentés à la Section de la protection des réfugiés.''&quot; The French text would appear to permit remitting a matter where the written evidence needs to be re-examined through additional oral questions. Similarly, in cases where procedural fairness was breached at the RPD and an issue was not adequately canvased or put to the claimant, the RAD may be obliged to return the matter to the RPD where it cannot remedy the procedural fairness breach on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing]].

As a general proposition, even where an applicant establishes that the necessary conditions exist, the RAD retains a discretion about whether to refer a matter back to the RPD. It is under no obligation to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Onwuamaizu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1481 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlnlb#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; This discretion stems from the use of the word &quot;may&quot; in s. 111(2) (&quot;may make the referral&quot;) as opposed to an imperative wording such as &quot;shall&quot;. Furthermore, considered broadly, section 111 of the IRPA is said to evidence Parliament's intent that the RAD bring finality to the refugee claims determination process where possible.&lt;ref&gt;''Huruglica v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 93, paragraph 58 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; However, as the Federal Court of Appeal held in ''Singh v. Canada'', where the RAD finds that all of the evidence should be heard again in order to make an informed decision, it must refer the case back to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Once a matter is remitted, it is to follow the process set out in the IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a RAD-ordered redetermination]].

=== IRPA 111(1)(c): the Refugee Appeal Division may give the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate when referring a matter for re-determination ===
Section 111(1)(c) of the IRPA provides that after considering an appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a matter to the Refugee Protection Division for redetermination, giving the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate. In appropriate circumstances, a decision-maker may fashion a creative remedy in order to prevent a potential injustice.&lt;ref&gt;''Kolawole v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1384 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0wrg#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; However, directions ought not to unduly tread into responsibilities given to the other Division by Parliament under the IRPA''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Rocha Badillo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1092 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5rd8#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-13.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division'' provides that where the RAD has determined that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing and provides specific directions, the RPD will comply with those directions.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022), at 5.2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

There are any number of such directions that can be provided, including that:  

* &lt;u&gt;Same panel:&lt;/u&gt; The matter is to be heard by the same RPD panel as initially heard the claim, if at all possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 66, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par66&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Accept past findings:&lt;/u&gt; In hearing and deciding the claim, the RPD is to consider only specific evidence that relates to the reasons why the matter is being remitted and the panel is to accept the findings of the first RPD panel unless those findings are disturbed by the new evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Similarly, when remitting matters, the Federal Court has specified in some cases that &quot;Given that the previous PRRA officer accepted the Applicant’s evidence in relation to his involvement in the BNP, this aspect of his profile—namely his previous role as a “root level leader” of the BNP—need not be reconsidered unless there are new reasons to doubt its veracity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 678 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4f3s&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Priority scheduling:&lt;/u&gt; An order may be made that there be priority scheduling for the remitted matter.&lt;ref&gt;''Abeleira v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2017 FC 1008.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may also set a deadline to re-examine the file.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 7156 (CA IRB), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxc71#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has also ordered that a redetermination of a matter be completed and a decision issued within a specified timeframe, for example no later than 60 days from the date of the court's decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Rocha Badillo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1092 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5rd8#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Consider proceeding in writing:&lt;/u&gt; When remitting matters, the Federal Court has specified in some cases that a re-hearing may not be necessary as the parties may be able to address the limited issue on redetermination in writing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Choudhry,'' 2023 FC 1536 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1sg4#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Make a particular finding:&lt;/u&gt; When remitting a matter from judicial review, in ''Singh v. Canada,'' the Federal Court ordered that the Board member dismiss the claim on the exclusion ground for the reasons already provided.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 56, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par56&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Where the Federal Court provides directions, and those directions cannot be complied with, then parties may seek further direction from the court.&lt;ref&gt;''Rogelyn Cuyugan CABIGAS v. MPSEP'' (F.C., no. IMM-1475-22), Gleeson, April 12, 2023, 2023 FC 517.&lt;/ref&gt; This author is unaware of any analogous precedents regarding RAD directions.

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;
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      <text bytes="128271" sha1="3bubnpet52mbcefopo9h3qnujg4ti0p" xml:space="preserve">== IRPA Sections 110-111: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division ==
Sections 110 and 111 of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' read:&lt;pre&gt;Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division

Appeal
110 (1) Subject to subsections (1.1) and (2), a person or the Minister may appeal, in accordance with the rules of the Board, on a question of law, of fact or of mixed law and fact, to the Refugee Appeal Division against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division to allow or reject the person’s claim for refugee protection.

Notice of appeal
110(1.1) The Minister may satisfy any requirement respecting the manner in which an appeal is filed and perfected by submitting a notice of appeal and any supporting documents.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD ===
As per s. 110(1) of the IRPA, the jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD. The RAD is to apply the correctness standard of review to determine whether the RPD erred.&lt;ref&gt;''Huruglica v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 93 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 157, at para 106, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp2gp#par106&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD reviews the RPD’s decisions for correctness” and “no deference is shown to the original decision maker”. Instead, the RAD “conducts its own analysis of the question” and “must determine whether it agrees with the answer given by the decision maker; if not, it will substitute its own view and provide the correct answer”. Therefore, the RAD “is ultimately empowered to come to its own conclusions on the question”. Importantly “this can entail reweighing the evidence that was before the RPD, either in and of itself or in light of new evidence admitted on the appeal. The RAD is not required to defer to the RPD’s findings, including factual ones”.&lt;ref&gt;''Marinaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 548 (CanLII) at para 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, the court recognizes that there there may be cases where the RPD enjoyed a meaningful advantage over the RAD in making findings of fact or mixed fact and law. Although the RAD should sometimes exercise a degree of restraint before substituting its own determination, the issue of whether the circumstances warrant such restraint ought to be addressed on a case-by-case basis.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (CanLII), para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; The record before the RAD should, in most cases, fully disclose the information on which the RPD based its findings and permit the RAD to review them on a correctness basis.&lt;ref&gt;''Rozas del Solar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1145 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; If, however, the RPD makes credibility findings based on information to which the RAD would not have access to on appeal, the RPD may enjoy a meaningful advantage warranting deference from the RAD.

The RAD may then set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute the determination that, in its opinion, should have been made: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

The fact that the RAD may hear appeals on questions of fact and mixed law and fact indicates that the RAD has jurisdiction as a trier of fact, which includes determinations of credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Keqaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 563, paragraph 14 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;

The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; However, decision-makers are not required to refer to every piece of evidence or address every argument:&lt;ref&gt;''Akhagbemhe, Loretha Olere v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2630-23), Gleeson, February 26, 2024; 2024 FC 313.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions may focus on the determinative issue]]. That said, a failure by the RPD to provide adequate reasons may be a ground for the RAD to grant an appeal of a RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Albadrawsawi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1207 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k638z#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

The RAD is to proceed on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, unless admissible new evidence is accepted onto the record. This has implications for the jurisdiction of the RAD to hear and consider new issues. Where a claim could have been presented to the RPD, but was not, and statements in support of that aspect of the claim are not admissible on appeal as new evidence, then the RAD need not assess that aspect of the appellant's allegations. For example, in ''Vasli v. Canada'', the RAD found that a claim based upon wearing the hijab could have been raised before the RPD and so it could not be raised for the first time at the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Vasli v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 77 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv0qx#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so because, while “the RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence, absent new evidence on an issue, it cannot consider a new argument, developed for the ﬁrst time on appeal.”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances]].

The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]]. A corollary of the obligation to identify such errors is that, subject to some exceptions discussed at the link above, an applicant cannot reasonably fault the RAD for not going beyond the grounds of appeal or for not providing extensive reasons regarding matters that the applicant did not challenge.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-6383-20), Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]].

=== The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal submissions ===
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; As part of this, the RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;''Aghedo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 450 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfx80#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD is not bound by the findings of the RPD on appeal, and it remains open to the RAD to render new or different substantive findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 291 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k30f8#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD is to conduct its own independent review of the file, including on issues of credibility, without holding a new oral hearing]]. 

Inherent in this jurisdiction is the power to raise new issues. At the common law, appellate courts ordinarily have a limited discretion to raise new issues. As the Supreme Court of Canada recognized in ''R. v. Mian'', while appellate courts have the discretion to raise new issues, this power should be used sparingly and “only in rare circumstances”. It further explained that a new issue should only be raised “when failing to do so would risk an injustice”, “whether there is a sufficient record on which to raise the issue”, and where it would not result in “procedural prejudice to any party”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ewen,'' 2023 FCA 225 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k165v#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-20.&lt;/ref&gt; These criteria arguably need not constrain the RAD, a specialized tribunal distinct from a court. The Federal Court notes that the strict application of the concepts from ''R. v. Mian'' to the RPD/RAD context is not binding.&lt;ref&gt;''Nmashie v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 437 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwf7t#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt; It may be argued that section 111 of the IRPA signals that the standard from ''R. v. Mian'' is not the one that should apply to the RAD and that the RAD has broad discretion to bring finality to a claim consistent with its obligation to proceed quickly and informally: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously|Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 111: Decision and Referrals]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. The court holds that &quot;upon a plain reading of the legislation&quot;, the RAD is clothed with the jurisdiction to raise and decide an issue such as the availability of an Internal Flight Alternative, even if neither party has raised it, provided that it notifies the parties and gives them an opportunity to present submissions on the new issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Angwah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 654 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsm44#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Federal Court has at times had recourse to the criteria from ''R. v. Mian'' when interpreting the RAD's jurisdiction, for example with Justice Kane of the Federal Court finding that the RAD may only raise a new issue &quot;if failing to raise the new issue would risk injustice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 725 at para 71, 255 ACWS (3d) 805.&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of what constitutes a new issue, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]].

Some earlier Federal Court caselaw held that the RAD lacked jurisdiction to independently decide issues that had not been decided by the RPD, for example a ''sur place'' claim. That caselaw held that if the RAD felt that such an issue ought to have been decided, the RAD should refer that part of the claim back to the RPD for a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Jianzhu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 551 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghfbz#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this decision has been distinguished on the basis that it has been supplanted by the subsequent Federal Court of Appeal case ''Huruglica v Canada''&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; and the cases have been read as standing for the proposition that &quot;the RAD may not raise a new issue not determined by the RPD without providing further notice to the appellant,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ojarikre v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 896 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkfd9#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; not as a wholesale want of RAD jurisdiction requiring a remittal to the RPD. See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground]].

This said, the Federal Court, in ''Sarker v. Canada'', cautions against a “wholesale review and reversal” of the RPD’s credibility findings without an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1367''.'' &lt;/ref&gt; However, it is well established that the RAD may make new credibility assessments without an oral hearing on the basis of the evidence before it.&lt;ref&gt;''Siddiqui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1028, paragraph 10 (CanLII) relying on ''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763, paragraph 38 (CanLII). &lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(a): the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division]].

== IRPA Section 110(2): Restrictions on appeals ==
&lt;pre&gt;Restriction on appeals
(2) No appeal may be made in respect of any of the following:
(a) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting the claim for refugee protection of a designated foreign national;
(b) a determination that a refugee protection claim has been withdrawn or abandoned;
(c) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded;
(d) subject to the regulations, a decision of the Refugee Protection Division in respect of a claim for refugee protection if
(i) the foreign national who makes the claim came directly or indirectly to Canada from a country that is, on the day on which their claim is made, designated by regulations made under subsection 102(1) and that is a party to an agreement referred to in paragraph 102(2)(d), and
(ii) the claim — by virtue of regulations made under paragraph 102(1)(c) — is not ineligible under paragraph 101(1)(e) to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division;
(d.1) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting a claim for refugee protection made by a foreign national who is a national of a country that was, on the day on which the decision was made, a country designated under subsection 109.1(1);
(e) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting an application by the Minister for a determination that refugee protection has ceased;
(f) a decision of the Refugee Protection Division allowing or rejecting an application by the Minister to vacate a decision to allow a claim for refugee protection.

Making of appeal
(2.1) The appeal must be filed and perfected within the time limits set out in the regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== No appeal may be made to the RAD in respect of any of the listed categories of refugee claimants ===
This provision is entitled &quot;restriction on appeals&quot; and provides that no appeal may be made to the RAD in respect of any of the listed categories of refugee claimants. Originally, the restriction on appeals was limited to individuals who withdraw their applications for protection or whose applications for protection are declared abandoned by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, Canada Gazette, Vol. 148, No. 14 — July 2, 2014, SOR/2014-166 June 19, 2014, ''Regulations Amending the Regulations Amending the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (Amendment Consequential to the Economic Action Plan 2013 Act, No. 1),'' P.C. 2014-818 June 18, 2014, &lt;https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2014/2014-07-02/html/sor-dors166-eng.html&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the PCISA legislation then added the other categories above. 

=== 110(2)(c): No appeal may be made against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded ===
Section 110(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that no appeal may be made in respect of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division rejecting a claim for refugee protection that states that the claim has no credible basis or is manifestly unfounded. In a case where there is both an exclusion and a no credible basis finding, the court has held that paragraph 110(2)(c) does not bar appeals to the RAD of the RPD’s exclusion decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 110(2)(d): No appeal may be made regarding claims by claimants who are allowed to make a refugee claim pursuant to an exception to the Safe Third Country Agreement ===
Subject to the regulations, no appeal may be made the RAD of a decision of the Refugee Protection Division in respect of a claim for refugee protection if  the conditions in s. 110(2)(d) are met. In effect, this bars access to an appeal before the RAD for claimants who are allowed to make a refugee claim pursuant to an exception to the Safe Third Country Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The court observes that &quot;the language of paragraph 110(2)(d) of the IRPA is crystal clear and leaves little room for interpretation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has upheld the constitutionality of this provision. In ''Dor v. Canada'', it determined that paragraph 110(2)(d) does not have a “disproportionate” impact such that section 15 of the Charter would be engaged.&lt;ref&gt;''Dor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 892 (CanLII), at para 82, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkktj#par82&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Rodriguez v. Canada'', the court held that the applicant had not established that a refugee claimant’s choices with respect to his or her travel into Canada is a personal characteristic that is immutable or the basis of historical prejudices or stereotypes within the meaning of section 15.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Kreishan v Canada,'' the Federal Court of Appeal determined that paragraph 110(2)(d) of the IRPA does not violate section 7 of the ''Charter''.&lt;ref&gt;''Kreishan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FCA 223 (CanLII), [2020] 2 FCR 299, at para 127, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j225k#par127&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== IRPA Section 110(3): Procedure ==
&lt;pre&gt;Procedure
(3) Subject to subsections (3.1), (4) and (6), the Refugee Appeal Division must proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, and may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal and, in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, written submissions from a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and any other person described in the rules of the Board.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== History of this provision ===
The earlier version of this provision that was enacted with the IRPA, but never came into force, read:&lt;blockquote&gt;(3) The Refugee Appeal Division shall proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, and may accept written submissions from the Minister, the person who is the subject of the appeal, and a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and any other person described in the rules of the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,'' SC 2001, c 27, s 110, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vwq#sec110&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== In the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from UNHCR ===
IRPA section 110(3) provides that in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the Refugee Appeal Division may accept documentary evidence from a representative or agent of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. But see RAD Rule 45, which provides that the UNHCR's written submissions must not raise new issues: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 45: UNHCR providing written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel]].

The weight placed on such submissions should be consistent with Canada's obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation]].

=== The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from posing questions or introducing new evidence ===
The Refugee Appeal Division must proceed without a hearing, on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the Refugee Protection Division, though, subject to subsections (3.1), (4) and (6) of IRPA s. 110, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal, and, in the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, written submissions from the UNHCR and any other person specified in the rules of the Board. 

When this provision was originally enacted in 2001, the provisions provided only for a paper-based appeal to the RAD. In 2012, the legislation was amended to also provide the added possibility of submitting new evidence or having an oral hearing in some limited circumstances. Furthermore, the original legislation from circa 2001 had provided that the Minister could only present written submissions. This provision was then modified in 2012 to allow the Minister to provide documentary evidence to the RAD as well.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

What is omitted from this rule is any mention of the power of the RAD itself to introduce new evidence. Nor is the RAD's ability to act ''suo moto'' considered in subsections (3.1) [time limit for making a decision], (4) [evidence that may be presented by the person who is the subject of the appeal], or (6) [when the RAD may hold a hearing]. The RAD's ability to put new evidence on the record, e.g. disclose an updated National Documentation Package to the parties, is governed by other provisions of the Act, especially s. 165 IRPA [Powers of a commissioner]: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member#Section 165 of the IRPA]]. There is no question that the RAD has such a power to introduce new evidence, indeed, the courts have stated that the RAD has an obligation to do so in some cases, e.g. in ''Zhang v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD should consider the most recent information, given that it is assessing risk on a forward looking basis, including an updated National Documentation Package released by the Board subsequent to a appeal being perfected.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1031 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkxkv#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that the use of &lt;abbr&gt;NDPs&lt;/abbr&gt; does not preclude the disclosure of additional Country of Origin Information not contained in an &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt; by the Division or a party to a proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'', Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Board's ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' state that the RAD may decide to obtain information other than that provided in the RPD record and by the parties in the RAD proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has spoken with approval of a RAD Member's ability to conduct their own research and to rely on that research, provided that they disclose it to the parties and give them an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Byarugaba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 833 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k539g#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The panel conducting research]]. 

Furthermore, the RAD has the jurisdiction to ask an appellant for additional explanations on inconsistent evidence which exists on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Islam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 320 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34kj#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-30.&lt;/ref&gt; It is not obligated to send a matter back to the RPD for redetermination simply because it seeks to explore a potential credibility issue which was not canvased prior but instead has the jurisdiction to seek additional testimonial evidence even where the testimony is not regarding new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Islam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 320 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34kj#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-30.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal]].

== IRPA Section 110(3.1): Time limit for making a decision ==
&lt;pre&gt;Time limits
(3.1) Unless a hearing is held under subsection (6), the Refugee Appeal Division must make a decision within the time limits set out in the regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The time limits for making a decision are set out in the regulations ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]].

== IRPA Section 110(4)-(5): Evidence that may be presented ==
&lt;pre&gt;Evidence that may be presented
(4) On appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal may present only evidence that arose after the rejection of their claim or that was not reasonably available, or that the person could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented, at the time of the rejection.

Exception
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in respect of evidence that is presented in response to evidence presented by the Minister.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== What is &quot;evidence&quot; and how is evidence distinct from other types of documents such as legal authorities? ===
On appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal may present only evidence that meets the criteria stipulated above. This invites the question &quot;what is 'evidence' and how is evidence distinct from other types of documents such as legal authorities?&quot;. For an exploration of this question, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rules 3(3)(e) and 3(3)(f): Legal authorities may be distinguished from evidence that an appellant wants to rely on]]. It is also notable that the phrase &quot;may present only evidence&quot; can be contrasted with s. 110(3) of the IRPA which refers only to &quot;documentary evidence&quot; (see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(3): Procedure]]), indicating that the intent of this clause is to cover both documentary and other types of evidence.

=== Section 110(4) applies to presenting additional evidence, not to whether evidence excluded by the RPD should in fact be included ===
Section 110(4) of the Act applies to the evidence that the person who is the subject of the appeal may present to the RAD. It does not concern evidence that was presented to the RPD but not accepted. Such evidence is distinct and covered by RAD Rule 3(3)(c) which concerns any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 3: Perfecting Appeal]].

=== Criteria for presenting new evidence ===
Subsection 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' limits the admission of new evidence on appeal to the following three circumstances: i) where the evidence arose after the rejection of the claim; ii) where the evidence was not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim; or iii) where the evidence could not have reasonably been expected to be presented at the time of the rejection of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Soto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp4rk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal has held that these statutory conditions “leave no room for discretion on the part of the RAD” and must “be narrowly interpreted”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Singh'', 2016 FCA 96 at paras 38-49.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as “the role of the RAD is not to provide an opportunity to complete a deficient record submitted before the RPD”.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-12.&lt;/ref&gt; The onus is on the applicants to convince the RAD that their new evidence is admissible.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 54 at para 24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Federal Court of Appeal also comments that &quot;It goes without saying that the RAD always has the freedom to apply the conditions of subsection 110(4) with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has observed that &quot;in reading the subsection itself, one cannot say that the RAD is entirely without discretion in assessing the admissibility of new evidence within the confines of those three conditions themselves&quot; and that while &quot;the first two conditions, newness and reasonable availability, appear to be relatively objective and confer little, if any, discretion upon the RAD&quot;, &quot;the third condition, whether the applicant could have reasonably been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence at the time the RPD rejected the refugee claim, is clearly quite broad and entails a certain degree of inherent discretion in its application.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v Canada,'' [2018] FC 1182 at para 63.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to ''Rule'' 3(3)(g)(iii) of the ''RAD Rules'', appellants must submit a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding how any documentary evidence they wish to rely on meets the requirements set out in subsection 110(4) of the ''Act''. A consideration of each of these grounds for admitting new evidence follows:

==== Statutory criteria for the admissibility of new evidence in IRPA s. 110(4) ====

===== i) Did the evidence arise after the rejection of the claim? =====
Considerations include:
* ''Is the appellant attempting to prove an event or circumstance that post-dates the RPD decision?'' The newness of a piece of evidence cannot be tested solely by the date on which the document was created.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''Chirivi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1114 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gngzz#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt; What is important is the date of the event or circumstance sought to be proved by the documentary evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; For example, in ''Zeinaly v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RAD had reasonably refused to admit a counsellor’s letter, which, while dated after the RPD decision, only contained information that had existed at the time of the RPD hearing, thereby not being new.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeinaly v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 21 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k23w6#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, RAD Member L. Gamble concluded that a psychological report, while dated after the RPD hearing, related to long-standing medical issues that pre-dated the RPD hearing, for which she had been receiving treatment since prior to the RPD hearing, and as such the report was not attempting to prove a new circumstance that arose after the rejection of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2018 CanLII 96898 (CA IRB), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hvl2q#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, in ''Aboubakar v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RAD had acted unreasonably in refusing to admit photos of the appellant at an LGBTQ+ event which post-dated the RPD decision, commenting &quot;the evidence of the applicant’s continued involvement with the LGBTQ+ community since the time of the RPD’s decision in this case is a new event&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 451 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03c7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-30.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the applicant argued in that case, new evidence may be filed on appeal to corroborate an allegation that an appellant was seeking to advance at the RPD and it is entirely possible for a refugee protection claimant to file evidence on appeal of the continuity of political involvement or religious practice in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 451 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03c7#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-30.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Does the new evidence simply establish the continuation of a pre-existing state?'' Evidence indicating that &quot;nothing has changed&quot; regarding pre-existing country conditions, for example the continued existence of domestic violence in a country,&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 126457 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtpdr&gt;, para. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; or the continued detention of specific Members of Parliament in a country,&lt;ref&gt;''Zararsiz v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 692 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j89kx&gt;, para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; has generally not been taken to meet the test of being evidence that &quot;arose after the rejection of the claim&quot; since it is not something that, properly speaking, arose (in the sense of something emerging or becoming apparent) at any particular time following the RPD's rejection of the claim.
* ''Is there any date associated with the newly submitted evidence?'' On their own, undated photos provided without evidentiary context do not establish that an event occurred after the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Dosunmu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 188 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gxjt3#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the appellant attempting to correct a deficient RPD record?'' In ''Amin v. Canada'' the Federal Court upheld a RAD decision which concluded that donation receipts post-dating the RPD decision were inadmissible and that it was reasonably open to the RAD to reject them per s. 110(4) of the Act on the basis that the Applicants were improperly attempting to correct a deficient record given that (a) the RPD expressly rejected the Applicants’ claim due to a lack of sufficient evidence, such as evidence of donations or communications related to religious activity or membership; and (b) the donation receipt was dated only days after the RPD’s rejection of their claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Amin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 192 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvfwz#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-14.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the more common approach is to assess this type of consideration under the credibility criterion in ''Singh v. Canada'' discussed below, not as part of the s. 110(4) criteria.

===== ii) Was the evidence not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim? =====
Applicants bear the burden of putting their best foot forward and they may not submit new evidence whenever they are surprised by an outcome.&lt;ref&gt;''Marin v Canada (MCI)'', 2016 FC 847 at paras 26-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors to consider include:
* ''Did the appellant request leave to provide post-hearing submissions to the RPD?'' The courts have noted that nothing prevents a party from requesting an opportunity to provide post-hearing submissions, and where they did not do so at the RPD, this is relevant to this new evidence admissibility analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Gabane v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 735 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp9gx#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Did the appellant indicate to the RPD that the document existed?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'' the RAD found that a document did not meet the s. 110(4) criteria as it concluded that the Appellant could reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have indicated to the RPD prior to the rejection that such evidence existed.&lt;ref&gt;''Nsofor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 274 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvwn4#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Was the appellant unaware that the evidence existed?'' In ''Samaraweera v. Canada'', the court held that it was necessary to consider the submission that the applicant’s family had deliberately concealed from the applicant the ongoing harassment and efforts to search for the applicant until after the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Samaraweera, Chiranjeewa Malaka v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-8499-22 and IMM-9763-22), Southcott, August 15, 2023; 2023 FC 1109.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the RPD reserve its decision, and if so how much time passed prior to it being rendered?'' When looking at the amount of time that elapsed between an RPD hearing and a panel of the RPD rendering a decision, to assess whether that duration was quick and meant that an applicant could not have reasonably submitted documents during that time period, the court in ''Aregbesola v. Canada'' noted that a 34-day timespan could not be considered &quot;quick&quot; in that case where country condition documents from the internet were at issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola,'' 2022 FC 820 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl53#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the appellant provide an explanation about how they were eventually able to obtain the documents?'' In a case where evidence pre-dated the RPD's decision, but the appellants maintain that they could not have reasonably presented the evidence sooner because of an inability to obtain help in securing the documents, the court held that &quot;it was reasonable for the RAD to expect some explanation about how the Applicants were eventually able to obtain the documents.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1166 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jr9w5#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Absent a proper explanation, the court held in ''Ali v. Canada'' that it was reasonable to conclude that the documents could have been obtained and provided to the RPD sooner. 
* ''Was obtaining the evidence not within the appellant's control and, if so, did the appellant make reasonable efforts to try to obtain it?'' In ''Fardusi v. Canada'', the court held that the fact that the information in question was in the hands of another person, the agent of persecution, until subsequently being served on the Appellant during a legal proceeding, was relevant to whether it was reasonably available to her.&lt;ref&gt;''Fardusi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1568 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt3cg#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-05.&lt;/ref&gt; It points to a conclusion that the evidence was not reasonably available to the appellant prior. In ''Ambrose–Esede v. Canada'', the Court found the RAD erred when it did not accept the affidavit of a friend and business partner of the agent of harm on the basis that it was reasonably available prior to the rejection. The affiant had explained that he did not provide the affidavit earlier because he did not want his friend and business associate to regard him as an enemy but when the claim was rejected, he realized the applicants’ lives were in danger and he changed his mind and came forward with the affidavit.&lt;ref&gt;''Ambrose–Esede v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1241, paragraphs 36–38 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Was the appellant's counsel negligent in not providing the document?'' In ''Singh v. Canada'', the court considered it relevant that the failure to produce the document was the fault of the claimant's lawyer.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1022 (CanLII), [2015] 3 FCR 587, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gf3rl&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Did the evidence arise shortly before the RPD decision?'' In ''Ogundipe v Canada'', the Court concluded that the RAD should have accepted as new evidence an article that was published two days before the RPD decision and related to an event that occurred the day before the publication.&lt;ref&gt;''Ogundipe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 771 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsgjk&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  However, in ''Parminder'' ''Singh v. Canada'', the court states that &quot;it does not follow from the reasons in ''Ogundipe'' that evidence pre-dating the RPD’s decision by a short period of time will necessarily meet the section 110(4) criteria in every case&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 336 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jffk7#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; and it upheld a RAD decision that refused to admit an article published four days before the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Parminder Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 336 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jffk7#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in ''Collahua v. Canada'', the Court found ''Ogundipe v Canada'' distinguishable because that case concerned articles dated six weeks before the RPD’s decision; the court accepted that their refusal was reasonable.&lt;ref&gt;''Fernandez Collahua, Eder Christian v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-9185-22), Southcott, July 31, 2023; 2023 FC 1045.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== iii) Was the evidence that which the person could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented at the time of the rejection? =====
Evidence that is available earlier may not become relevant until later in the process in ways that the person may not initially expect. Where evidence could not have reasonably been expected to have been presented (or, according to the French version, “normally have been expected”&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1022 (CanLII), [2015] 3 FCR 587, at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gf3rl#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt;) at the time of the rejection of the claim, it may be admitted on appeal. That said, an appellant cannot offer new evidence “every time he or she is surprised by the RPD’s decision.”&lt;ref&gt;''Marin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 847 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsp12#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-08.&lt;/ref&gt; As a general matter, an appeal to the RAD is not a second chance to submit evidence to address weaknesses identified by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Lemus Oliva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1429 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsr3s#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the court observes that this condition for admitting new evidence &quot;is clearly quite broad and entails a certain degree of inherent discretion in its application.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v Canada,'' [2018] FC 1182, at para 63.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors to consider include:
* ''When did the issue arise?''
** ''Did the issue arise at the hearing or only in the RPD's reasons?'' If the issue arose at the hearing, then the question of the document's admissibility will generally turn on whether the evidence was not reasonably available at the time of the rejection of the claim (above), including whether the appellant could have requested an adjournment, informed the RPD that they were trying to obtain additional information, and requested leave to provide post-hearing submissions under the RPD rules.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Did the issue only arise after the perfection of the appeal, for example in a new issue notification?''
* ''Should the appellant have anticipated that the issue in question would have arisen?'' Even if the issue only arose in the decision, the RAD must consider whether the appellant should reasonably have anticipated that the issue would have come up.&lt;ref&gt;''Shafi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 714 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1kx10#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** In some cases, the answer will point to concluding that the person could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have provided the evidence. For example, in ''Ismailov v. Canada'' the court concluded that it was unreasonable for the RAD to conclude that the applicant should have reasonably been expected to submit articles to the RPD about the ability to leave Uzbekistan when one is being investigated by the prosecutor's office, as the applicant could not have anticipated that the RPD would be suspicious about this fact (the documents established that it was common that such persons could leave the country).&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 53, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par53&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** In other circumstances, the answer will point to concluding that the person could reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have provided the evidence. For example, the issue of IFA is one that claimants should always anticipate even if not identified before the RPD hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola'', 2022 FC 820, paragraphs 9-14 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Hassan v. Canada'', Mr. Hassan argued that he had not anticipated the RPD would reject an initial letter from a Canadian Somali association that he provided to support his claim&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt; and that as a result he should be allowed to submit new letters from Canadian Somali associations affirming his identity as a Somali at the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt; The court upheld the RAD's determination that, notwithstanding the fact that identity was at the centre of the RAD decision (the claim was rejected on that basis), the affidavits that Mr. Hassan submitted to the RAD did not contain any information that arose after the RPD’s decision and so it was reasonable for the RAD to conclude that he had not provided a sufficient explanation for why the evidence could not have been presented before the RPD rendered its decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2019 FC 459 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc2#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Does the appellant's state of mind and awareness support a conclusion that they should reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence to the RPD?''
**''Was the appellant's psychological state such that they could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented the evidence at the time of the rejection?'' RAD Member T. Cheung accepted that an appellant only came to understand the state of his mental health after the RPD decision, when his physician noted the symptoms of a condition and referred him to a specialist.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 125957 (CA IRB), at para 7, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jswhk#par7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, while the condition pre-dated the RPD decision, the evidence about it was not evidence which the person would reasonably have been expected to have presented before the RPD. Where there is evidence that a claimant's state of mind has had an impact on their behaviour, the RAD should consider not only whether this justifies admitting psychological evidence on point, but also whether their state of mind supports a conclusion that they could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented other evidence to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrera Cornejo c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 268 (CanLII), au para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2x69#par10&gt;, consulté le 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the section below on personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status]].
**''Was the appellant self-represented before the RPD and were they aware of their ability to submit evidence post-hearing?'' The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants. The fact that an applicant was self-represented and did not speak the language of the proceedings (English or French) does not itself establish that they could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have presented the documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; However, in ''Clarke v Canada'', the court concluded that the IAD had acted unfairly when it did not advise a self-represented applicant that she could file more material after the close of the hearing, as permitted under the IRB Rules.&lt;ref&gt;''Clarke v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 267, paras. 13 and 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RPD does not bring this to a self-represented claimant's attention, this may support a conclusion that information which came to the claimant's attention following their RPD hearing could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented to the RPD.

==== Personal factors, gender, trauma, language, and self-represented status ====
According to the IRB Gender Guidelines, the assessment of whether new evidence meets the admissibility test under subsection 110(4) of the IRPA and RAD Rule 29(4) should be undertaken using a trauma-informed approach that considers the difficulties faced by persons who have experienced gender-based violence.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​​​​​​​​​Effective date: July 18​​, 2022, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed September 17, 2022), at 11.8.3.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that an applicant was self-represented and did not speak the language of the proceedings (English or French) does not itself establish that they could not reasonably in the circumstances have been expected to have presented the documents.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;''Mauricio Berrios v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 739 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgzz4#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]].

==== Additional Raza/Singh factors ====
In addition to the express statutory requirements in the statutory provision above, the RAD must ensure that the implied conditions of admissibility laid out by the Federal Court of Appeal are fulfilled, specifically credibility, relevance, newness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at paras 34-38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16&lt;/ref&gt; Some Federal Court decisions add the requirement that the evidence be &quot;material&quot; to the decision to this list,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Saeed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz6hl#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; but it is the view of this author that the better view is that the Federal Court of Appeal held that materiality should not be a requirement for admitting evidence at the RAD because materiality is dealt with under the new hearing provisions in the Act, not at the evidence admissibility stage.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; This is discussed more below. 

The Federal Court of Appeal has commented that &quot;It goes without saying that the RAD always has the freedom to apply the conditions of subsection 110(4) with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; and it would appear that this comment applies to the following so-called “implicit” criteria in subsection 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Nteta-Tshamala v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1191 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j2vf2#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; RAD decisions have held that, when interpreting these criteria, there is a &quot;low bar for admissibility&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 143642 (CA IRB), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j9brf#par15&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may admit new evidence that meets the “source and circumstance” credibility threshold and still give it little or no weight when assessing its credibility and probative value within the context of all the evidence in deciding the appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajaguna v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 556 (CanLII); ''Tan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1204, paragraphs 35-36 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Haggar v. Canada'' the RAD admitted a document allegedly issued by Chad’s National Security Agency demanding the appellant's arrest, it held a hearing on &quot;how the Circular had been obtained, its authenticity, the reliability of the information it contains and its probative value in light of the documentary evidence&quot;, and in the end the RAD gave no weight to this new evidence, finding that it was a false document; the Federal Court then upheld this decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Haggar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 388 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hrq02#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The additional requirements from ''Canada v. Singh'' do not need to be weighed against the statutory ones; if the new evidence does not meet the statutory requirements for admission in s. 110(4), there is no need to consider the further constraints at common law.&lt;ref&gt;''Soto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp4rk#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Conservely, the RAD is under no obligation to analyze the explicit criteria of subsection 110(4) of the IRPA before analyzing these implied conditions of ''Raza'' and ''Singh''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, evidence must meet all of the above criteria; for example, if evidence is not credible, relevance and newness are irrelevant and the RAD can reasonably focus its analysis on the issue of credibility if it is determinative.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; 

More information: 

===== &lt;u&gt;Newness&lt;/u&gt; =====
Is the evidence new in the sense that it is capable of: (a) proving the current state of affairs in the country of removal or an event that occurred or a circumstance that arose after the hearing in the RPD, or (b) proving a fact that was unknown to the refugee claimant at the time of the RPD hearing, or (c) contradicting a finding of fact by the RPD (including a credibility finding)? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&lt;ref&gt;''Aboubakar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration)'', 2023 CF 451, para. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; In general, this newness factor under ''Singh'' is considered “redundant” and it is said that it “does not really add” to what is required under s. 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (MCI) v. Singh'', 2016 FCA 96, at para. 46; ''Dugarte de Lopez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2020 FC 707, at para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Documents that essentially repeat the same information that was before the RPD will fail this newness criterion.&lt;ref&gt;''Kabba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 117 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv4nm#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, evidence that refers to an old risk should not be rejected as “not new” where it speaks to the development of the risk and is materially different evidence of that old risk.&lt;ref&gt;''Jessamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 489 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/29msb#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== &lt;u&gt;Credibility&lt;/u&gt; =====
Is the evidence credible, considering its source and the circumstances in which it came into existence? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the credibility analysis at this stage is not limited to specific grounds such as the “source” or the “circumstances in which [the evidence] came into existence.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''Marquez Obando, Luis Fernando v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-1843-20), McHaffie, March 31, 2022, 2022 FC 441.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
* ''Is there reasonably expected corroborating evidence?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the Appellant indicated that he tried to obtain a document earlier, but was unable to do so because the police station had burned down. The RAD rejected the document on the basis that, among other things, there was no corroborating evidence regarding the alleged fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Nsofor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 274 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvwn4#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is there a sufficient explanation of the circumstances in which the document was obtained?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the the RAD rejected a document as not sufficiently credible given that there was no explanation given as to how and why the handwritten paper document was saved from an alleged police station fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; In ''Naggayi v. Canada'', the court upheld a decision that rejected a newly tendered marriage document because its availability contradicted the appellant's prior testimony that she had been unable to obtain it because her husband had it.&lt;ref&gt;''Naggayi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 216 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j54nm#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Onyeawuna v. Canada'', the RAD concluded that a letter ostensibly from the Nigerian police was not credible because it did not explain how or why the police would assist a known fugitive.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeawuna v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1214 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwgrb#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Simone v. Canada,'' the court upheld a decision that rejected a newly tendered identity document on the basis that he had indicated that the document had been previously surrendered the document to his government's authorities before they had issued him a replacement document ten years prior, concluding &quot;it is not credible that after surrendering his old birth certificate to the authorities in 2009, the Appellant was suddenly somehow able to retrieve this document ten years later to disclose for his appeal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Simone v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1345 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl850#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Has the original document been provided or only a copy thereof?'' In ''Nsofor v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD determination that the fact that all that was provided was a WhatsApp screen shot of the document – not the document itself – properly detracted from the document's credibility in the circumstances.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* ''Does the new evidence include reasonably expected security features?'' The RAD may conclude that evidence is not credible where it lacks reasonably expected security features.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 6 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlzcs#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-18&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Kumar v. Canada'', the court upheld a finding that newly tendered evidence was not credible based on a “significant difference” between the affiant’s signature on one of the new affidavits as compared to two affidavits sworn by the same affiant that had been before the RPD. In the former, the last letter of the signature looked like a “z”; in the latter, it looked like an “n”.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 127 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2fnj&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ali Khan v. Canada'', the court upheld a finding that a letter lacked credibility because of a discrepancy between the signature on it and the signature on the author's attached driver's licence.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 797 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4xjj#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the timing by which the document allegedly arose exceedingly fortuitous?'' The RAD can regard the timing of evidence as dubious or convenient in a way which undermines its credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Ariyibi, Olufemi Jonathan v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-7110-21), Favel, April 5, 2023; 2023 FC 478.&lt;/ref&gt; Past RAD panels have concluded that the production of alleged police and court documents which notably escalate efforts to find the appellant, days after the rejection of his claim, is suspicious.&lt;ref&gt;''Meng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 365 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggttf#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Yusuf v. Canada,'' the court held that the RAD reasonably found an affidavit was too fortuitous to be credible because it was extremely unlikely that the affiant, who was meant to be the applicant’s reception upon arrival in Canada but did not appear at the airport and never communicated with the applicant in the subsequent three years, ran into the applicant by chance within weeks of the negative RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf, Abdirashid Cabdi v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-9107-21), Fuhrer, July 28, 2023; 2023 FC 1032.&lt;/ref&gt; Such concerns about documents being obtained in implausible circumstances can serve to rebut the presumption of authenticity of foreign documents.&lt;ref&gt;''Shakil Ali, Unknown v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2344-22), Sebastien Grammond, February 2, 2023; 2023 FC 156 &lt;/ref&gt; However, fortuitous timing alone may not always be a sufficient standalone ground on which to dismiss evidence, since, as the RAD has observed “it is, of course, not impossible that the events would occur during this time and timing alone [may] very well not be a basis to find the Appellant’s story and the new evidence supporting it to be lacking in credibility.”&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Is the document consistent with other evidence on file?'' In ''Tuncdemir v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD reasonably came to the conclusion that an affidavit lacked credibility in light of the fact that the affidavit contradicted certain parts of the Applicant’s BoC narrative.&lt;ref&gt;''Tuncdemir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gt78c#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Internal inconsistency between the evidence and the testimony of an applicant can also give rise to a negative credibility finding.&lt;ref&gt;''Cooper v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 118 at para 4.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sachdeva v. Canada'', the court commented as follows regarding an affidavit that an appellant considered providing to the RAD: &quot;the affiant, a resident of India from the region where the Sachdeva family lived, said at the beginning of his affidavit that he has known Mr. Sachdeva for the &lt;q&gt;last couple of years,&lt;/q&gt; whereas Mr. Sachdeva and his family left India in October 2018, i.e. four years before the affidavit was signed… Needless to say, on its face, this evidence was not credible and had no probative value whatsoever.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Are there other credibility issues with the source of this new evidence?'' The rejection of a witness’s affidavit on grounds of credibility is a reasonable matter to consider as part of assessing the source of subsequent evidence from that witness.&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; At times, several interrelated documents are submitted, and their credibility may be assessed together; for example, in ''Onyeawuna v. Canada'' the RAD found that a letter from a lawyer that discussed a new police letter was “coloured with the same relevance and credibility problems as the new letter from the police”.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeawuna v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1214 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwgrb#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Has the appellant submitted other fraudulent documents?'' When considering the source of the evidence, the tribunal is entitled to consider that the RAD has upheld other serious credibility concerns that involve the applicant’s submission of fraudulent documents.&lt;ref&gt;''Bashirov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 823 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhgbf#par15&gt;; Subramanian v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 1082 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzktf#par19&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD must guard against engaging in circular reasoning by refusing to admit evidence because the content of the new evidence is not credible based on the RPD’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Pilashvili, Mamuka v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4408-20), Go, May 12, 2022; 2022 FC 706.&lt;/ref&gt; A general finding that a refugee claimant lacks credibility does not impugn all evidence that might corroborate their story.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 906 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkd85#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;
* For further context, see also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(h) - May receive and base a decision on evidence considered credible or trustworthy]].

===== &lt;u&gt;Relevance&lt;/u&gt; =====
In determining the relevance of the new evidence, the RAD is required to determine whether the evidence was “capable of proving or disproving a fact that is relevant to the claim for protection”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The RAD is required to assess relevance in the context of the applicants’ submissions and how the items are being relied upon&lt;ref&gt;''Brzezinski v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 936 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz4j9#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-25.&lt;/ref&gt; relative to the determinative issues that are outstanding for the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Marku v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 255 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmzng#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
* ''Does the appellant refer to the evidence in their arguments on appeal?'' RAD Member K. Qureshi concluded in one case that as a result of the appellants’ failure to make submissions, they were unable to discern a psychological report's relevance to the appeal: &quot;While the principal Appellant may very well suffer from psychological impairments, the Appellants have not explained how this impacts the claim; for example, on the ability to testify, or live in an IFA etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 121480 (CA IRB), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhsvx#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-22.&lt;/ref&gt; The report was rejected on this basis.
* ''Does the evidence relate to the determinative issue on appeal or only another issue?'' In ''Kakar v. Canada'' the court upheld the RAD's refusal to admit new evidence on the basis that &quot;if the Mafia is not targeting Mr. Kakar, evidence concerning the situation of persons sought by the Mafia is simply irrelevant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kakar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 153 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv8l9#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Asim v. Canada'' the court upheld a RAD decision which had rejected a doctor’s letter as not relevant because the letter did not provide any specific information on how the applicant’s condition could have affected his testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Asim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 517 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnq4m#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the determinative issue was the claimant's credibility and the RAD properly rejected the letter as not relevant because it did not relate to the credibility findings of the RPD.

===== &lt;u&gt;Materiality&lt;/u&gt; =====
As noted above, some Federal Court decisions note that evidence must also be &quot;material&quot; to be admitted on appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;''Saeed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz6hl#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18; ''Ifogah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1139 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jc3bf#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence is material if it could reasonably be expected to have affected the result of the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 312 at para 15.&lt;/ref&gt; In the view of this author, the better view is that the Federal Court of Appeal held that materiality should not be a requirement for admitting evidence at the RAD because materiality is dealt with under the new hearing provisions in the Act, not at the evidence admissibility stage.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal in ''Singh v. Canada'' answered a certified question on point as follows: &quot;the requirement concerning the materiality of the new evidence must be assessed in the context of subsection 110(6), for the sole purpose of determining whether the RAD may hold a hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 74, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par74&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-18.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the extent to which different Federal Court justices have articulated that there is a materiality requirement for evidence admission at the RAD may call this interpretation of ''Singh v. Canada'' into question - this includes comments by Justice Bell,&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 312 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5n32#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Ahmed,&lt;ref&gt;''Faysal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 324 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfqkt#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Gascon,&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13; ''Mavangou v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 177 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hz70j#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Little,&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt; and Justice Sadrehashemi.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, some panels of the RAD appear to have taken this approach when concluding that it is not necessary for a panel of the RAD to make a determination about whether new evidence is admissible or not if admitting it would not change the outcome of the appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; If the materiality of evidence is a condition precedent for admitting it before the RAD, it is said that the RAD must take a “generous approach” to the notion of materiality.&lt;ref&gt;Khan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2020 FC 438 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment context, the Federal Court of Appeal phrased the materiality question as follows: &quot;Is the evidence material, in the sense that the refugee claim probably would have succeeded if the evidence had been made available to the RPD? If not, the evidence need not be considered.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; This approach is best not followed at the RAD; in the words of the Federal Court, the materiality test that the RAD applies is less rigid since the RAD has a broader mandate and can accept new evidence that, while not determinative, has an impact on the overall assessment of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 438 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j61z9#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors that have been looked at in such analyses include:
*''Should any weight be assigned to the evidence?'' The court has noted that it is impossible to conclude new evidence, once admitted, has no weight because, if the evidence could not have been expected to affect the result, it would not have been admissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;''Yurtsever v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 312 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5n32#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-15; ''Wang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 200 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k34jw#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-28&lt;/ref&gt;
=== The RAD may refuse to accept new evidence that is not credible without holding a hearing ===
In situations where the RAD rejects new evidence on the basis that the evidence is not credible, it need not hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the evidence. The Federal Court holds that the lack of an oral hearing, by itself, does not give rise to a breach of procedural fairness. This is because in such a situation the RAD makes a credibility finding about documents, not about the applicant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; 

See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must exercise its discretion about whether to hold a hearing where the criteria in s. 110(6) are met, regardless of whether a party has requested a hearing]].

=== The RAD may exclude evidence but then provide an alternative analysis of how the evidence would affect the decision if it had been admitted ===
It is open to a panel of the RAD to determine that evidence does not meet the criteria to be admitted, but to state that in the event that it has erred in concluding that the documents should not be admitted into evidence, it will, in the alternative, consider them.&lt;ref&gt;''Bhuiyan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 915 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxzb4#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Hashim v. Canada,'' the Court found even though documents did not constitute new evidence and that it had not accepted them on that basis, the decision's further analysis of those documents “was not intended to lessen this finding, but rather was conducted as a matter of completeness.”&lt;ref&gt;''Hashim, Ali v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11290-22), Furlanetto, September 11, 2023; 2023 FC 1224.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD may decline to consider whether or not new evidence is admissible if the new evidence would not change the outcome of the appeal ===
It is not necessary for a panel of the RAD to make a determination about whether new evidence is admissible or not if admitting it would not change the outcome of the appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 24189 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6264#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-24; ''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 152954 (CA IRB), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt4br#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-20; ''X (Re),'' 2023 CanLII 145561 (CA IRB), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q36#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD may reject evidence, accept evidence, or accept evidence only in part ===
The RAD may accept only part of a particular document on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 124591 (CA IRB), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqgs3#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-28.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Bhuiyan v. Canada'' the RAD acted properly where it accepted an affidavit from the appellant, but not the exhibits attached to the affidavit.&lt;ref&gt;''Bhuiyan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 351 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3g0k#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Inadmissible evidence does not become admissible simply because it is commingled with, or bootstrapped onto, a document which is admissible. As such, for example, where an affidavit includes both admissible and inadmissible paragraphs a panel may admit some and reject others. 

=== The RAD may conclude that new evidence meets the threshold for admissibility, even if it is ultimately held to lack reliability and credibility ===
In ''Ariyibi v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD decision in which the RAD found that the new evidence met the threshold for admissibility, but assigned it little weight on the basis that the letters lacked reliability and credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Ariyibi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 478 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzn1k#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD would err if it admitted evidence, but then assigned it ''no weight'': the court has held that if evidence could not have been expected to affect the result, it will not be admissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; 

== IRPA Section 110(6): Hearings ==
&lt;pre&gt;Hearing
(6) The Refugee Appeal Division may hold a hearing if, in its opinion, there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3)
(a) that raises a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal;
(b) that is central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim; and
(c) that, if accepted, would justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD must exercise its discretion about whether to hold a hearing where the criteria in s. 110(6) are met, regardless of whether a party has requested a hearing ===
The RAD Rules put the onus on applicants to inform the RAD why they are requesting an oral hearing and to provide “full and detailed submissions” supporting this request.&lt;ref&gt;''Sisay Teka v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2018 FC 314 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hr3pj#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD rules allow an appellant to request a hearing, the IRPA does not actually impose a burden either to request, or to satisfy the RAD that the circumstances merit, an oral hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The onus rests with the RAD to consider and apply the statutory criteria reasonably.&lt;ref&gt;''Horvath v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 CF 147 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqbkx#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD's reasons should show how it conducted a meaningful analysis of the criteria in subsection 110(6) and determined whether or not to hold an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Tchangoue v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 334, paras. 17-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRPA provides that the Division is entitled to base its decision on evidence adduced in the proceedings that it considered credible or trustworthy; this is a statutory basis from the Division to determine that there is sufficient evidence in the record to decide an appeal without further testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Baleeyoos v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 666 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5v#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt; See the statutory provision at: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/171 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 171(a.3)]]. 

While this is a discretionary provision,&lt;ref&gt;''Abdulai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 173 (CanLII), at para 56, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdm#par56&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; and oral hearings at the RAD are relatively unusual,&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 121216 (CA IRB), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkwvh#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; a hearing must generally be held where these statutory requirements are met.&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; While the RAD retains discretion to (not) hold a hearing under subsection 110(6), it will need to exercise that discretion reasonably in the circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Mofreh v Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship)'', 2019 FC 97 at paras 26-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has concluded that “an oral hearing will generally be required when the statutory criteria have been satisfied”.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhuo v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 911, para. 9.&lt;/ref&gt; Not exercising that discretion to hold an oral hearing simply because neither party requested a hearing does not meet the threshold of reasonableness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Zhuo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 911 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkgfv#par11&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-15.&lt;/ref&gt; In Waldman's words, &quot;although the language in both the RAD and PRRA context is permissive rather than imperative, the jurisprudence in the PRRA context would appear to indicate that hearings may be a mandatory component of procedural fairness in cases where credibility is central to the decision. This principle was first established by the Supreme Court in ''Singh'' and has been integrated into the jurisprudence on the PRRA regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-228.3 (Section 9.553) Rel. 61-2/2017.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there is no right to an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1472 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3hhc#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, in situations where the RAD rejects new evidence on the basis that the evidence is not credible, it need not hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the evidence. The lack of an oral hearing, by itself, does not give rise to a breach of procedural fairness. This is because in such a situation the RAD makes a credibility finding about documents, not about the applicant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;''Rashid v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1569 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f1t#par27&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Interpretation of the section 110(6) criteria ===
Section 110(6) of the IRPA provides that the Refugee Appeal Division may hold a hearing if, in its opinion, there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3) that meets the following three-part conjunctive test. The presumption, according to this statutory provision, is that there will be no oral hearing unless all three criteria under the tripartite test in subsection 110(6) are met as well as the conditions under subsection 110(4).&lt;ref&gt;''Ketchen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 388 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gphgd#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This differs from the cognate provision for the PRRA context where the Federal Court has held that an applicant does not need to meet all the criteria under that section before an oral hearing is required.&lt;ref&gt;''Hurtado Prieto v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 253 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/28gxm#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, this section of the IRPA is clear that all three subsections of 110(6) must be present for a hearing to be held with the phase &quot;à la fois&quot; that precedes the criteria in the French text (&quot;La section peut tenir une audience si elle estime qu’il existe des éléments de preuve documentaire visés au paragraphe (3) qui, à la fois...&quot;).

The criteria for determining whether to hold an oral hearing set out in subsection 110(6) of the IRPA “are unquestionably related to the materiality of the new documentary evidence”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajayi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1155 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzvjq#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The following subsection 110(6) criteria are said to be &quot;associated with the existence of new documentary evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The section of the regulations on having a hearing in the PRRA context, that this paragraph is modelled on, is said to be &quot;an awkwardly worded section&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Tekie v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 27 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1jlvs#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &lt;u&gt;(A) that raises a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal&lt;/u&gt; ====
When approaching this question, a panel can consider whether the new evidence will alter credibility findings or “justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the applicant”?&lt;ref&gt;''Gedara v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1023 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jjf5q#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the documentary evidence must raise a serious issue with the respect to the credibility of the ''person'' who is the subject of the appeal; a hearing should not be held merely to assess the credibility of the evidence itself if that evidence does not raise a serious issue with respect to the person's credibility. In the words of ''A.B. v. Canada'', the RAD is not required to hold an oral hearing to assess the credibility of new evidence—it is when otherwise credible and admitted evidence raises a serious issue with respect to the general credibility of the applicant that the determination of an oral hearing becomes relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 61 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j50l4#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Norris has observed in the analogous PRRA context, while it can be difficult to draw a bright line, “doubts about the veracity of evidence do not necessarily amount to concerns about an applicant’s credibility”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 1207 at para 32.&lt;/ref&gt; This factor is composed of two elements: (i) the new evidence must raise a serious issue and (ii) this serious issue must be in respect of the credibility of the person. In approaching this question, a panel can consider the following questions:
* ''Does the new evidence raise a new serious credibility issue?'' 
** ''Does the new evidence justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the person and their narrative?'' The Federal Court of Appeal specifies that a hearing is only held where new evidence would justify a reassessment of the overall credibility of the person and his or her narrative.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FCA 96, paragraph 44 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Federal Court states that it is when credible and admitted evidence raises a serious issue with respect to the ''general credibility'' of the person that the determination of an oral hearing becomes relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 61, paragraph 17 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;
** ''Is there already similar evidence in the record?'' Panels have generally considered whether there was already similar evidence in the record. If so, then the new, additional, evidence will generally not raise a serious issue with respect to credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Pestova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1024 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/h4vbf#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05; See also: ''Ajaj v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 674, paragraph 22 (CanLII); ''Ikheloa v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 1161, paragraph 29 (CanLII); ''Nteta–Tshamala v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 1191, paragraph 30 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Is the serious issue raised by the new evidence in respect of the credibility of a person who is the subject of the appeal?'' 
** ''Do credibility questions emerge from the evidence, or only questions regarding the probative value and/or sufficiency of the evidence?'' Section 110(6) requires that, before a hearing can be held, new documentary evidence must raise a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the person who is the subject of the appeal. Doubts about the veracity of evidence do not necessarily amount to concerns about an applicant’s credibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334, paragraph 42 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RAD accepts the credibility of the person’s testimony, there is no issue raised as to his credibility, a precondition to holding an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Nuri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1783, paragraph 16 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; Where the RAD does not have credibility concerns as a result of the evidence, but rather concerns about the evidence's weight, the criteria of s. 110(6) will not met.&lt;ref&gt;''Adera v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 871 (CanLII), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsp11#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, where the RAD does not raise any &quot;new&quot; serious issues with respect to the credibility of the applicant, but instead bases its decision on a lack of sufficient evidence to prove the applicant's claim (e.g. the applicant's identity), then a hearing is not available.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 172 (CanLII), at paras 63-65, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j51j4#par65&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** ''Does the new evidence call into question the credibility of an appellant or of third parties?'' In ''Ariyibi v. Canada'', the court concluded that the RAD was not obligated to conduct an oral hearing to assess the credibility of the new evidence that had been offered, as the new evidence did not raise a serious issue with respect to the credibility of the appellants, but rather called into question the credibility of the third parties who authored the new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;Ariyibi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 478 (CanLII), para. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Kanakarathinam v. Canada'', the Federal Court noted that a credibility finding against a third party (for example, the applicant's mother) does not trigger the right to an oral hearing as this does not go directly to the applicant’s credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Kanakarathinam, Uthayasankar v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-764-21), McDonald, April 21, 2022; 2022 FC 577.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence from third parties recounting new incidents occurring in a home country while an appellant is in Canada will not necessarily impact on the appellant’s credibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt; 

==== &lt;u&gt;(B) that is central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim&lt;/u&gt; ====
When considering this branch of the test, panels have considered the following questions:
* ''Is the evidence central to the RPD's decision, or an aspect thereof?'' The court notes that this criterion requires not that the new evidence be &quot;central to the claim&quot; but instead &quot;central to the decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Onyeme v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1243 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hwk5b#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, evidence which is central to the claim but on a point that was not at issue in the decision or reasons, would not be &quot;central to the decision&quot;.
* ''Is the evidence central with respect to one of the elements that has or needs to be proven to receive refugee protection?'' This can be considered a materiality requirement; evidence is material if it could reasonably be expected to have affected the result of the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Yurtsever v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 312 at para 15.&lt;/ref&gt; An example of a situation that would meet this criterion, but not the next, is where a claim was rejected on the basis of identity and IFA. New evidence related to identity would be central to the decision with respect to the refugee protection claim, even if, if accepted, it would not, in itself, justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim.

==== &lt;u&gt;(C) that, if accepted, would justify allowing or rejecting the refugee protection claim&lt;/u&gt; ====
When considering this branch of the test, panels have considered the following questions:
* ''Does the evidence relate to a determinative issue?'' In assessing this criterion, the RAD should look at the determinative issue(s) and whether the findings would be affected by the new evidence. See, for example, ''Idugboe v. Canada'': &quot;The evidence that was rejected on credibility grounds spoke to new instances of threats and attacks, none of which would have affected the determinative IFA issue. While the evidence arguably speaks to the motivation of Mr. Idugboe’s family to find the Idugboes on their return, the IFA determination was based on a variety of factors, including their means and ability to locate the Idugboes in Port Harcourt, none of which was affected by this newly tendered evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Idugboe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 334 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j5q81#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Do the documents raise a new issue that could justify granting protection?'' Where the new evidence that has been tendered raises a new issue that could justify granting protection, for example a ''sur place'' claim, then this will indicate that this criterion is met.&lt;ref&gt;''Ajaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 674 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsct8#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Should the evidence be accorded sufficient weight such that it could justify allowing or rejecting the claim?'' When making this determination, it is proper to consider the weight of the evidence that has been tendered; where new evidence has been admitted, but has been assigned very little weight such that it is insufficient to overcome previous negative credibility findings, then this may properly indicate that the new evidence which was accepted could not justify allowing the claim and the conditions in this subsection are thereby not met.&lt;ref&gt;''Oluwakemi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 973 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gtzw0#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-05.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may decide that it is able to sufficiently consider the evidence and assess its probative value without holding an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1472 (CanLII), at para 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3hhc#par42&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; It may assign very little weight to the “new” evidence and find the new evidence which was accepted could not justify allowing the claim and the conditions in the subsection have not been met.&lt;ref&gt;''Oluwakemi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 973 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gtzw0#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Simone v. Canada'', the court upheld a RAD decision that in a case where the appellant had not established his identity, and had submitted fraudulent evidence about his identity, newly accepted affidavits from two friends in Toronto did not justify holding an oral hearing because they did not justify allowing or rejecting the claim given that the evidence could not outweigh the other credibility concerns with the appellant's identity on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Simone v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1345 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl850#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Applicability of PRRA jurisprudence ===
The factors listed in section 167 of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations'' which govern when a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) officer will hold a hearing are nearly identical to those listed in subsection 110(6) of the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Shen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1456 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsn08#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court held in ''Shen v. Canada'' that the nearly identical factors appear to indicate Parliament’s intention that similar analyses should be applied in each case.&lt;ref&gt;''Shen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1456 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsn08#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the court went to to comment, &quot;the similarity of the provisions does not automatically lead to the conclusion that the Court’s jurisprudence under each provision is interchangeable&quot;.

=== Ability to conduct a ''voir dire'' to determine whether evidence will be admitted ===
The general practice of the RAD is to hold an oral hearing only after documentary evidence is already accepted as new evidence. An oral hearing in the nature of a ''voir dire'', where a hearing is held in order to determine whether the documentary evidence ought to be admitted into evidence, is not generally held at the RAD. 

As stated in ''Mohamed v. Canada'', there is no question that the RAD may only convene an oral hearing where evidence meets the criteria of s. 110(4) of the Act: &quot;subsection 110(6) permits the RAD to hold an oral hearing where, in its opinion, 'there is documentary evidence referred to in subsection (3)' that meets the criteria in paragraphs (''a''), (''b''), and (''c''). The subsection thus only applies in circumstances where it determines there ''is'' evidence referred to in subsection 110(3). Such documentary evidence may only be filed by the person subject to the appeal if they establish it meets the requirements of subsection 110(4). In other words, the RAD must determine whether there is evidence that meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) before conducting the subsection 110(6) assessment of whether that evidence (a) raises a serious issue of credibility, (b) is central to the decision on the refugee protection claim, and (c) would justify allowing or rejecting the claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohamed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1145 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jc40l#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A question arises, however, about whether evidence must in every case meet the ''Canada v. Singh'' criteria,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; including being judged to be credible, prior to an oral hearing being held. Some panels of the RAD&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 121216 (CA IRB), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkwvh#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; and Federal Court&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 438, paragraph 35 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; have concluded that the answer is &quot;no&quot;. This is so for several reasons, including that the text of s. 110(6)(c) of the IRPA implies that the decision about whether to admit the evidence or not need not be made at the time of the oral hearing, as that criterion is to be evaluated &quot;à supposer qu’ils soient admis&quot;, i.e. &quot;supposing they [the new documents] are admitted&quot;, employing the subjunctive mood for the verb être, which implies uncertainty and indeterminacy. Furthermore, it could be argued that the &quot;if accepted&quot; wording in this provision applies to the facts contained in the new documents, not to the documents themselves. 

To this end, the Federal Court has held that in some circumstances, an oral hearing ought to be held to properly consider new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Denis v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1182 (CanLII), at para 81, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hw9c9#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-21.&lt;/ref&gt; But see the following statements: the Federal Court has stated that the RAD can only hold an oral hearing after it decides to admit new evidence: &quot;the RAD could not have held an oral hearing about whether to admit the new evidence—it had to have admitted the new evidence in order to have the statutory authority to hold an oral hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Homauoni v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1403 (CanLII), at paras 38-39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl9md#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Limones Munoz v. Canada'' the court commented that &quot;there must be a link between the documentary evidence admitted and the three elements listed in [section 110(6)]&quot;, indicating that the documentary evidence must have been admitted in order for a hearing to be convened.&lt;ref&gt;''Limones Munoz v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FC 1051 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jbxx4#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the Federal Court stated categorically in ''Hossain v. Canada'' that &quot;There is no statutory basis for the RAD convening an oral hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Hossain v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1255 (CanLII), at para 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k08wv#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== IRPA Section 111: Decision and Referrals ==
&lt;pre&gt;Decision
111 (1) After considering the appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division shall make one of the following decisions:
(a) confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division;
(b) set aside the determination and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made; or
(c) refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination, giving the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate.
(1.1) [Repealed, 2012, c. 17, s. 37]

Referrals
(2) The Refugee Appeal Division may make the referral described in paragraph (1)(c) only if it is of the opinion that
(a) the decision of the Refugee Protection Division is wrong in law, in fact or in mixed law and fact; and
(b) it cannot make a decision under paragraph 111(1)(a) or (b) without hearing evidence that was presented to the Refugee Protection Division.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== History of this provision ===
s. 111(1.1) was previously titled &quot;Manifestly unfounded&quot; and stated &quot;(1.1) For greater certainty, if the Refugee Appeal Division does not set it aside, the Refugee Protection Division’s determination under section 107.1 is confirmed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,'' SC 2001, c 27, s 111, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vwq#sec111&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This was repealed in 2012. 

=== IRPA s. 111(1)(a): the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division ===
After considering the appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division may confirm the determination of the Refugee Protection Division. Such a determination may be justified where the RAD either determines that the RPD did not err or that any error does not justify overturning the decision. For example, panels of the RAD have relied on jurisprudence requiring an applicant to demonstrate that a breach of procedural fairness was material to the tribunal’s decision before setting aside or overturning the decision, so the mere fact of such a breach may not suffice to justify setting aside an RPD determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Roy v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 768 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing]].

The RAD may, as a matter of jurisdiction, substitute its own determination of the merits of the refugee claim on a basis that was not addressed by the RPD in its decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; One line of jurisprudence holds that it is also not required to determine that the RPD erred before considering an alternate ground on which to uphold a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Okechukwu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1142 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gv8zj#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, another line of jurisprudence holds that when the RAD confirms the decision of the RPD on another basis, it must do so only after it determines the existence of an error in the RPD decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Angwah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 654 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gsm44#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The first line of jurisprudence appears to be favoured for the following reasons:

* Such an interpretation of the RAD's jurisdiction is most consistent with its mandate to be &quot;decisive, fair and efficient&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* That interpretation is most consistent with the statutory language given that paragraphs 111(1)(a) and 111(1)(b) of the IRPA gave the RAD the power to confirm or substitute the “determination” of the RPD, and as such, it is not bound by the reasoning in the RPD’s decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Torres Pantoja,'' 2024 FC 993 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5gk6#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* The restrictions on returning claims to the RPD for redetermination under subsection 111(2) of the IRPA suggests that Parliament’s intent was to have the RAD finalize refugee protection claims where it can do so fairly, including by confirming a determination on alternative grounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;

=== IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made ===
The RAD has the power to set aside a determination made by the RPD and substitute its determination that, in its opinion, should have been made. This has implications for when the RAD may raise new issues and what limitations exist on the RAD's ability to set aside the determination of the RPD. 

The RAD must conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Inherent in this jurisdiction is the power to raise new issues. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal]]. 

When substituting the determination that, in its opinion, should have been made, the RAD must identify what specific error the RPD made that justifies its intervention. One may look to s. 110 of the IRPA which provides that an appeal is to be on a question of law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact. The fact that the RAD is an appellate tribunal is relevant to the nature of the analysis that is expected in its reasons when it reverses a decision of the RPD that that Division had offered reasons for.&lt;ref&gt;''Tretsetsang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 175 (CanLII), [2017] 3 FCR 399, at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs2j6#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-01 (in dissent, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court notes that &quot;the RAD’s role is not to carry out a ''de novo'' examination of the refugee claim that the RPD had to address&quot; and as such &quot;it is insufficient for the RAD to ask whether it would have reached a different conclusion had it been in the RPD’s position, without regard for any aspect of the RPD’s decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Gebrewold,'' 2018 FC 374 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hrs2h#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-02.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the Federal Court held that &quot;it was insufficient, in my view, for the RAD to give the respondent the benefit of the doubt without stating how the RPD erred in not doing the same&quot;. As such, while Waldman argues that this provision allows the RAD to substitute its decision for that of the RPD, even if no new evidence has been submitted and no error has been identified in the RPD decision,&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-238.4 (Section 9.554) Rel. 61-2/2017.&lt;/ref&gt; this should not be taken as licencing the RAD to act arbitrarily and intervene to overturn the RPD's finding without, for example, identifying why it is weighing the evidence differently and why the RPD was wrong to do otherwise. 

See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]]
=== IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances ===
When the RAD finds that the RPD erred, as per s. 111 of the Act it must provide a final determination by setting aside the decision and substituting its own determination of the merits of the claim, and “it is only when the RAD is of the opinion that it cannot provide such a final determination without hearing the oral evidence presented to the RPD that the matter can be referred back to the RPD for redetermination”.&lt;ref&gt;''Madu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 758 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl51#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Thus, per IRPA s. 111(2), the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a matter to the RPD only if it is of the opinion that (a) the RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law or both, and (b) the RAD cannot make its own determination of the issue on appeal without hearing evidence that was presented to the RPD. This is a conjunctive test:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''Javed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 574 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jggb6#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 111(2)(a) The RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law or both ====
The Court has found the RAD has no jurisdiction to refer a matter back to the RPD if the RAD does not identify the RPD’s error.&lt;ref&gt;Berhani, 2021 FC 1007.&lt;/ref&gt; Where, for example, the RAD does not articulate why the RPD decision was incorrect in fact, law, or both, but simply notes that new evidence has been adduced on appeal, and that new evidence does not contradict any existing factual findings, then the RAD may not remit the case to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Denis,'' 2022 FC 552 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnrrk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Canada v. Hayat,'' the claimant stated to the RAD that his claim on the basis of sexual orientation at the RPD had been made up, that he was not gay, but that he wanted to present a different basis to claim related to political opinion. The RAD determined that the appellant should be given the benefit of the doubt and remitted the matter to the RPD for a new hearing. The court held that this had been unreasonable, as the RAD had not identified any error with the RPD's original decision finding that the Appellant's sexual orientation-based claim was not credible.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Hayat,'' 2022 FC 1772 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8q&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, the law did not permit the RAD to remit the matter to the RPD. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]].

==== 111(2)(b) The RAD cannot make its own determination of the issue on appeal without hearing evidence that was presented to the RPD ====
The provision “acknowledges the fact that in some cases where oral testimony is critical or determinative in the opinion of the RAD, the RAD may not be in a position to confirm or substitute its own determination to that of the RPD”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, para. 69.&lt;/ref&gt; As stated in ''Malambu v. Canada'', a combined reading of sections 110 and 111 of the IRPA and of Rule 3 of the RAD Rules indicates that where no new evidence is submitted to the RAD, but the RAD is of the opinion that the RPD’s decision is wrong in law or fact or mixed law and fact, and that it can neither confirm nor set aside the decision appealed without itself holding a hearing to re-examine the evidence adduced, it must refer the matter back to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gmlcg#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

A question can arise about how to interpret the legislative provision that the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a case back to the RPD only if it is of the opinion that it cannot make a decision without hearing evidence that was presented to the Refugee Protection Division. The courts have articulated several approaches to interpreting this requirement:

* &lt;u&gt;Need to hear specific evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In some cases, the court has suggested the RAD can only refer a matter back only when there was oral evidence that was previously presented to the RPD that the RAD would need to hear in order to render a final decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Nuriddinova v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1093, paragraphs 37–38 (CanLII); ''Ye v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1025, paragraphs 40 and 44 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; This approach appears consistent with the plain English-language text of the statutory provision, which indicates that the RAD may only refer a matter back to the RPD where it was not able to make a decision &quot;without hearing ''evidence that was presented'' to the Refugee Protection Division [''emphasis added'']&quot;. 
* &lt;u&gt;Meaningful advantage standard:&lt;/u&gt; Under this line of caselaw, in order to meet the criteria set out in s. 111(2)(b), the RAD must conclude that the RPD had a meaningful advantage regarding findings of credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Onwuamaizu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1481 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlnlb#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Javed v. Canada'', the court stated that in a case where the RAD &quot;concluded that the RPD did not have a meaningful advantage regarding findings of credibility,...it was not open to the RAD by operation of paragraph 111(2)(b), to refer the matter back to the RPD for re‑determination.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Not all decisions that turn on credibility necessitate returning a matter to the RPD in order to reach new findings; the RAD may reach its own assessment of credibility based on the evidentiary record before it.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 204 (CanLII), paragraph 7; ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637, paragraphs 70-71 (CanLII)).&lt;/ref&gt; The converse can also hold: where the RPD did have a meaningful advantage regarding its credibility findings, then, as a general proposition, the RAD may not undertake a &quot;wholesale review and reversal&quot; of the RPD's credibility findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1367.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Purposive approach of remitting to hear additional evidence:&lt;/u&gt; A question can arise about whether this provision allows the RAD to refer a matter to the RPD where no evidence was canvassed at the RPD on a particular determinative issue. In ''Saghiri v. Canada'' the RPD had not canvassed the issue of 1F(b) exclusion at the hearing, the RAD held that this was in error, no new evidence was submitted on appeal, and the appellant submitted that the RAD could not remit the matter to the RPD for further examination pursuant to this provision the issue was not canvassed during the RPD's oral hearing''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;'' The Minister's position is that a purposive interpretation of paragraph 111(2)(b) of ''IRPA'' “allows the RAD to remit a refugee claim for further evidence because otherwise restricting the evidence on the RPD’s redetermination would bring about an absurd consequence”, since the RAD can only confirm, substitute or return a decision under section 111(1) of ''IRPA''. If the RAD needs more evidence, but cannot refer a claim to the RPD, then the RAD would be “hamstrung”.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par52&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The court acknowledges that when looking at its particular wording, paragraph 111(2)(b) is “awkwardly written” in both English and French.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-14.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Saghiri v. Canada'' upheld a RAD decision to remit a matter so that the RPD could ask questions on an additional issue as follows: &quot;There was no or insufficient evidence before the RPD on the issue of exclusion which it could have heard that would have allowed it to confirm or substitute its own determination of the issue. Thus the only remedy was to send it back to the RPD for all of the evidence relating to the claim to be heard again in order to make an informed decision on the question of exclusion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; This is arguably consistent with the French-language provision, which speaks to being able to refer a matter to the RPD for re-determination if the RAD cannot make a decision without holding a new hearing in order to ''réexamen'' (which has been translated as re-examine,&lt;ref&gt;''Patent Act,'' RSC 1985, c P-4, s 48.1, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/7vkn#sec48.1&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; reconsider,&lt;ref&gt;''Reconsideration Notice and Process - Exceptional Disclosure of Non-Conviction Information,'' O Reg 348/18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/53gtv&gt; retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; review,&lt;ref&gt;''Review Panel Regulation,'' YOIC 2020/97, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/54bwk&gt; retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; or reappraise) the evidence that was presented to the RPD: &quot;''qu’elle ne peut confirmer la décision attaquée ou casser la décision et y substituer la décision qui aurait dû être rendue sans tenir une nouvelle audience en vue du réexamen des éléments de preuve qui ont été présentés à la Section de la protection des réfugiés.''&quot; The French text would appear to permit remitting a matter where the written evidence needs to be re-examined through additional oral questions. Similarly, in cases where procedural fairness was breached at the RPD and an issue was not adequately canvased or put to the claimant, the RAD may be obliged to return the matter to the RPD where it cannot remedy the procedural fairness breach on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing]].

As a general proposition, even where an applicant establishes that the necessary conditions exist, the RAD retains a discretion about whether to refer a matter back to the RPD. It is under no obligation to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Onwuamaizu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1481 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlnlb#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; This discretion stems from the use of the word &quot;may&quot; in s. 111(2) (&quot;may make the referral&quot;) as opposed to an imperative wording such as &quot;shall&quot;. Furthermore, considered broadly, section 111 of the IRPA is said to evidence Parliament's intent that the RAD bring finality to the refugee claims determination process where possible.&lt;ref&gt;''Huruglica v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 93, paragraph 58 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; However, as the Federal Court of Appeal held in ''Singh v. Canada'', where the RAD finds that all of the evidence should be heard again in order to make an informed decision, it must refer the case back to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Once a matter is remitted, it is to follow the process set out in the IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a RAD-ordered redetermination]].

=== IRPA 111(1)(c): the Refugee Appeal Division may give the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate when referring a matter for re-determination ===
Section 111(1)(c) of the IRPA provides that after considering an appeal, the Refugee Appeal Division may refer a matter to the Refugee Protection Division for redetermination, giving the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate. In appropriate circumstances, a decision-maker may fashion a creative remedy in order to prevent a potential injustice.&lt;ref&gt;''Kolawole v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1384 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0wrg#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; However, directions ought not to unduly tread into responsibilities given to the other Division by Parliament under the IRPA''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Rocha Badillo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1092 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5rd8#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-13.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division'' provides that where the RAD has determined that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing and provides specific directions, the RPD will comply with those directions.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022), at 5.2.&lt;/ref&gt;  

There are any number of such directions that can be provided, including that:  

* &lt;u&gt;Same panel:&lt;/u&gt; The matter is to be heard by the same RPD panel as initially heard the claim, if at all possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 66, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par66&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Accept past findings:&lt;/u&gt; In hearing and deciding the claim, the RPD is to consider only specific evidence that relates to the reasons why the matter is being remitted and the panel is to accept the findings of the first RPD panel unless those findings are disturbed by the new evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Similarly, when remitting matters, the Federal Court has specified in some cases that &quot;Given that the previous PRRA officer accepted the Applicant’s evidence in relation to his involvement in the BNP, this aspect of his profile—namely his previous role as a “root level leader” of the BNP—need not be reconsidered unless there are new reasons to doubt its veracity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 678 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4f3s&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Priority scheduling:&lt;/u&gt; An order may be made that there be priority scheduling for the remitted matter.&lt;ref&gt;''Abeleira v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2017 FC 1008.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD may also set a deadline to re-examine the file.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2019 CanLII 7156 (CA IRB), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxc71#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has also ordered that a redetermination of a matter be completed and a decision issued within a specified timeframe, for example no later than 60 days from the date of the court's decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Rocha Badillo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1092 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5rd8#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Consider proceeding in writing:&lt;/u&gt; When remitting matters, the Federal Court has specified in some cases that a re-hearing may not be necessary as the parties may be able to address the limited issue on redetermination in writing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Choudhry,'' 2023 FC 1536 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1sg4#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Make a particular finding:&lt;/u&gt; When remitting a matter from judicial review, in ''Singh v. Canada,'' the Federal Court ordered that the Board member dismiss the claim on the exclusion ground for the reasons already provided.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 56, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par56&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Where the Federal Court provides directions, and those directions cannot be complied with, then parties may seek further direction from the court.&lt;ref&gt;''Rogelyn Cuyugan CABIGAS v. MPSEP'' (F.C., no. IMM-1475-22), Gleeson, April 12, 2023, 2023 FC 517.&lt;/ref&gt; This author is unaware of any analogous precedents regarding RAD directions.

== References ==
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    <title>Metroid franchise strategy guide/Creatures in the Metroid series</title>
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:''This page is intended to be a master list and information base for all [[Metroid series]] [[species]]. Except for articles on major characters, like [[Samus Aran]], the [[Chozo]], and [[Ridley]], most individual pages about such creatures should redirect to here. If such pages do not, please help by [[Wikipedia:Merge|merging]] their content onto this page and redirecting them.''

This is a list of [[Metroid series]] [[species]], organized by first appearance.
==Major characters==
===Chozo===
[[Image:M6screen29.png|thumb|right|A young [[Samus Aran|Samus]] and an elderly Chozo from ''[[Metroid: Zero Mission]]''.]]
{{main|Chozo}}

The '''Chozo''' are an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] [[species]] of [[bird]]-like creatures, known to be of very great [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]]. Chozo scientists were the ones who designed [[Samus Aran]]'s [[Items in the Metroid series#Power Suit|Power Suit]].

===Humans===
====Samus Aran====
{{main|Samus Aran}}
The female protagonist, equipped with a Chozo-made Power Suit and known as the best bounty hunter in the galaxy. She was orphaned at a young age by Ridley and adopted by the Chozo.
====Galactic Federation Troopers====
{{main|Galactic Federation}}
These troopers wear power suits similar to [[MJOLNIR battle armor]] and are the infantry of the Galactic Federation. They appear as enemies in ''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]'' when an entire crew is possessed by the [[Ing (video game species)|Ing]].

===Metroid===
[[Image:Metroid_1.jpg|thumb|right|A drawing of a Metroid from the concept art of ''[[Metroid Prime]]''.]]
{{main|Metroid (video game species)}}

'''Metroids''' are a [[fictional species]] of [[Extraterrestrial life|alien]] [[predators]] and the series's namesake, originating from the fictional planet [[SR-388]]. Metroids feed on the &quot;life energy&quot; of their prey in a manner similar to [[leech]]es draining a host organism's blood. However, Metroids normally drain enough energy to kill their victims. According to the ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'' instruction manual, the Metroids were created by the [[Chozo]] to stem the spread of the X Parasites and &quot;Metroid&quot; is the Chozo word for &quot;ultimate warrior&quot;.

===Space Pirates===
{{main|Space Pirate (Metroid)}}
This alien race specializes in raiding [[starship]]s and [[planet]]s in a quest for dominance in the galaxy.

===Kraid===
{{main|Kraid}}
'''Kraid''' is a large, reptilitan creature which can shoot nail projectiles from his fingers and thorns from his stomach. He is one of the Space Pirate leaders along with Ridley and Mother Brain.
====Ridley====
{{main|Ridley}}
Ridley is an [[European dragon]]-like creature that is one of the Space Pirate leaders, along with Kraid and Mother Brain.

==[[Metroid]]==
===Dessgeega===
[[Image:Desseega.gif|right]]
Also [[spelling|misspelled]] ''Desgeega'', the '''Dessgeega''' is a side-hopping creature found in parts of [[Norfair]] in both ''[[Metroid]]'', ''[[Super Metroid]]'', and ''[[Metroid: Zero Mission]]''. An [[X Parasite]] mimicry of the dessgeega (which can now shoot [[thorn]]s from both sides) can be found in the TRO (tropical) sector of the [[Biologic Space Labs]] of ''[[Metroid Fusion]]''. The ''Dessgeega'' is also the creature within an observation chamber you find on the Space Pirate Frigate, ''Orpheon'' in the intro of ''[[Metroid Prime]]''. When passing nearby it's chamber, it will violently damage it's door trying to escape. It can be scanned, but does not give you biological research for it, only that it is a Xenotech creature &amp; some other information on it.
{{sect-stub|date=May 2022}}

===Dragon===
[[Image:Dragonmetroid.gif|right]]
The '''Dragon''' of [[Norfair]] looks more like a [[seahorse]] than a typical [[dragon]]. Seen in ''[[Metroid]]'', ''[[Super Metroid]]'', and ''[[Metroid: Zero Mission]]''; it appears from a pond of [[lava]] and shoots [[fireball]]s. It can only be damaged by super missiles, fully charged shots, and screw attack.

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===Ripper===
Small, floating bugs which move horizontally back and forth and can only be killed with the Screw Attack. Rippers are commonly frozen and used as platforms to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. They are found on Zebes and come in many different forms.
====Rocket Ripper====
Red or purple-colored Rippers which travel much faster and have exhaust flames behind them.

===Shriekbat===
[[Image:Shriekbat.jpg|thumb|right|Shriekbat concept art]]
Shriekbats are [[bat]]-like creatures which hang upside-down from ceilings. They have an extremely high body temperature and are very territorial - if anything wanders into their territory they fly towards the intruder and explode.

===Sidehopper===
'''Sidehoppers''' are bugs found in ''Metroid: Zero Mission'', ''Super Metroid'', ''Metroid Fusion'' and ''Metroid Prime'' (although not as live enemies in Prime). They have two armored legs and jump side-to-side, hence their name. In Prime, the only Sidehopper is a Phazon-infused experiment locked behind an impenetrable door on the Orpheon. Later, its tank becomes infested with the vine-like Aqua Reapers.

===Zeb===
Mysteriously, Brinstar (and many other areas in Zebes) are covered in green pipes which look similar to the pipes in ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', another [[Nintendo]] game. The Zeb flies out of these pipes at the enemy. However, it is very lightly armoured and does not do much damage. They continue to attack in infinite number, so standing in front of a pipe and repeatedly killing them for their health or missile powerups is an easy way to recharge in the absence of an energy station or missile station. There is a unique pipe enemy for each [[Zebes#Areas|region of Zebes]].
===Zebetite===
[[Image:Zebetite.gif|frame|Samus blasting the first of five Zebetites.]]
'''Zebetites''', sometimes called '''Zeebetites''', are [[Mother Brain (Metroid)|Mother Brain]]'s life support units. A rapid barrage of missiles will cause them to shrink and eventually disappear, clearing the path for [[Samus Aran]] to advance. However, if the attack is stopped prematurely, they will grow back. Zebetites are extremely resilient and hard to destroy without Missiles, thus making their secondary purpose defense.

Theoretically, the energy provided by these Zebetites are required to keep Mother Brain alive. However, she does not seem to die spontaneously after the Zebetites are destroyed.

A Zebetite appears to be a tube filled with a red organic substance, connected to metalic pipes.

Zebetites have appeared in every [[metroid series|Metroid]] game featuring the Mother Brain: ''[[Metroid]]'', ''[[Super Metroid]]'' and ''[[Metroid Zero Mission|Metroid: Zero Mission]]''. The ''Metroid'' [[password (video games)|password]] contains a [[bit]] for each Zebetite, indicating whether it has been destroyed.

===Zoomer===
[[Image:Zoomermetroid.jpg|thumb|right|Zoomer concept art]]
Small semi-circular creatures with spikes along their backs. Their intelligence is limited to walking in set patterns along the terrain, meaning that [[Samus Aran]] must accidentally run or jump into them in order to be harmed.
====Geemer====
A version of the [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Zoomer|Zoomer]] which is indestructable if shot by the Power Beam, but stops moving if fired upon and can be destroyed by other beams, such as ones composed of plasma or ice. In the side-scrolling games, Geemers are merely harder to kill.

==[[Metroid: Zero Mission]]==
===Bio Barrier===
The '''Bio Barrier''' is a living blockade. It will not attack you and cannot be defeated by any of Samus' weapons. The only way to destroy it is to use the small parasitic bugs that attach to Samus. When she approaches a Bio Barrier with bugs on her, they will leap off and quickly eat away at the barrier. It should be noted that unless Samus has the Varia suit, the bugs will damage her as well if there are at least four on her.
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==[[Metroid II: Return of Samus]]==
===Arachnus===
[[Image:Arachnus.gif|right]]
'''Arachnus''' is a creature originating from the planet SR-388. The creature is distinguished by its four toothed maw, segmented eyes, elongated neck, the hard shell on its back, and the large claws on its fore-arms. The creature is known to curl into an armored ball when threatened, and only periodically emerges from the ball in order to attack with either its claws, or by spitting fire from its mouth.

Arachnus made its first appearance in ''[[Metroid II: Return of Samus]]'', in the depths of the planet SR-388, near the final area that housed the Queen Metroid. Here the creature disguised itself as one of the classic item balls held by the Chozo statues. Defeating it yields access to the Chozo statue that holds the [[Spring Ball]].

Arachnus' 2nd appearance is as the first [[boss (video game)|boss]] of ''[[Metroid Fusion]]''. Its attack pattern includes curling up into a ball. Because of this, it carries the [[Morph Ball]] upgrade, which is absorbed by Samus when the core is destroyed. This version of Arachnus is only an [[X Parasite]] clone, not the original one from [[SR388]]. Its attacks include a flamethrower and sonic energy waves.

===Autoad===
[[Image:autoad.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Autoad]]
The Autoad is a jumping [[toad]]like creature created by an ancient civilization. It is programmed to stop intruders. they have single red eye in the middle and stand on three legs, two at the front, one at the back.
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===Autom===
[[Image:autom.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Autom]]
An indestructible defense mechanism that flies horizontally. This creature activates a flamethrower when [[Samus Aran|Samus]] comes near.
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===Autrack===
'''Autrack''' is a [[robot]]ic creature from ''[[Metroid II: Return of Samus]]'' which travels along a [[rail track|track]].

The Autrack can be found in numerous Chozo structures on the planet [[SR-388]], where it acts as a point defense turret. The autrack is typically found hidden behind a wall or small structure, where it is protected when not firing. When it detects an intruder, its track arm extends, and the cannon fires, once it has fired, the arm retracts while the weapon reloads for another shot.
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===Blob Thrower===
This plant creature is found on Planet [[SR388]]. It comes out of the ground and spits out little blobs that hover around, and then it retracts back into the ground. Killing the blobs is a good way to refill [[Samus Aran|Samus']] health and ammo.
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===Chute Leech===
The Chute Leech is seen in ''[[Metroid II: Return of Samus]]'', ''[[Super Metroid]]'' and as an [[X Parasite]] [[cloning|clone]] in ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'', being found on both [[SR388]] and [[Zebes]]. It has a flat body, and its attack is to jump up into the air, and then glide down with its [[parachute]] like body. The variant on Zebes has rows of teeth visible on its underside. They are more a nuissance than a serious threat. The [[X Parasite]] variant can release acid.
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===Drivel===
[[Image:drivel.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Drivel]]
Gigantic bats that live in dark places. When [[Samus Aran|Samus]] comes close, the Drivel dives toward her.
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===Gravitt===
[[Image:gravitt.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Gravitt]]
This crustaceous creature hides in the floor, only coming out to attack when [[Samus Aran|Samus]] comes close. Appears in [[Metroid II: Return of Samus]].
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===Gullugg===
'''Gulluggs''' have long, needle-like noses and fly around in circles. They are found on Planet [[SR388]]. They frequently yield missiles when killed.
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===Gunzoo===
[[Image:gunzoo.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Gunzoo]]
This mechanical defence mechanism attacks any intruder with 4 guns on its belly. It is impervious to [[Samus Aran|Samus']] weapons because of its hard plating.
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===Hornoad===
[[Image:Hornoadmetroidfusion.gif|right]]
'''Hornoads''' resemble frogs and hop around as such. Their name is a [[portmanteau]] of [[horn (anatomy)|horn]] and [[toad]]. They frequently yield missiles when killed. They are only found in ''[[Metroid 2]]'', and in ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'' in the form of X-Parasite copies. In ''Metroid Fusion'', a Hornoad infects Samus with the X-Parasite.

===Moheek===
'''Moheeks''' look like fish with tendrils coming out of their heads. They move slowly on the walls of the acid areas on Planet [[SR388]]. Although they are not aggressive, they do a relatively high amount of damage if [[Samus Aran|Samus]] touches them.

===Proboscum===
The '''Proboscum''' is a harmless, invulnerable robotic drone found on [[SR388]]. There is much speculation over its original purpose, as it is typically found malfunctioning and clamped onto a vertical wall, where its swivelling arm can be used as a platform.

===Septogg===
'''Septoggs''' are found on Planet [[SR388]]. They hover in one place and do no damage to [[Samus Aran|Samus]], so she can use them as platforms. However, their tiny wings can't support her weight, so standing on them causes them to descend quickly.

===Wallfire===
This immobile sentry is mounted on walls in the ruins of SR388, and becomes active only when an unrecognized lifeform enters range. The Wallfire is capable of projecting fireballs towards any threats, which can be frozen with the Ice Beam. They are also capable of regenerating damage if no threats are nearby.

==[[Metroid Prime]]==
===Beetle===
[[Image:Beetlemetroid.jpg|thumb|right|A regular Beetle]]
Insects on the planet [[Tallon IV]] that attack in groups of two or more. These creatures burrow no less than ten feet below the surface of [[Tallon IV]], if they feel movement aboveground they reapproach the surface and attack the intruder by ramming it.
====Plated Beetle====
Very much like its smaller cousin, the Beetle, it will attack an intuder by ramming it. Plated Beetles are stronger than normal Beetles, and are made more difficult to injure by a stronger exoskeleton that covers its front and side and is impossible to damage. Plated Beetles are vulnerable, however, in their back: a red tail-end is exposed and susceptible to damage. Plated Beetles are best defeated by sidehopping to avoid their ramming attacks, and using the opening that results to attack the weak spot.
===Crystallite===
Small scavenger insects which use frozen water to form an icy [[animal shell|shell]] on their backs which deflects beam weapons and can only be destroyed by a missile. They build this shell by hanging upside-down during early development, forming a [[stalactite]] on themselves.

===Flaahgra===
[[Image:Flaahgra.jpg|thumb|right|Flaahgra]]
Flaahgra is a giant mutant plant poisoning the waters in the Chozo Ruins in ''Metroid Prime''. It is located in the Sun Chamber and drops the Varia Suit when defeated. Flaahgra's energy comes from sunlight reflected from four dishes set around it. It has four tentacles that retract when no sunlight is pointing at Flaahgra, exposing its base to explosions from morph ball bombs.

It attacks by swiping at Samus with scythe-like arms and shooting a line of poison plants in your way. Flaahgra can also smack an already flipped dish back so it is directing sunlight back at it. Attacks from missiles and charge beam shots can momentarily stun Flaahgra giving Samus' a chance to flip a dish before Flaahgra starts reseting the dish positions.

In the game Samus's logbook counts Flaahgra's tentacles as a different creature. The tentacles are the roots of Flaahgra that are protruding from the base of his structure where its central nervous system is located.

===Hive Mecha===
A large, bulbuous security unit which houses the Ram War Wasps; a design flaw makes it weak around the points where it discharges the attacking wasps.

===Incinerator Drone===
The Incinerator Drone is a garbage disposal robot. It consists of a somewhat bulky vertical, heavily armored column that houses the majority of its parts, and rotating flamethrowers, placed opposite to each other. These flamethrowers are normally horizontal, but can tilt 45 degrees up or down. The incinerator drone's armor is impervious to weaponry, but in order to locate garbage and prey it must raise a red optical sensor which is vulnerable to concussive blasts such as missiles. When this is hit, a column of flame is projected vertically into a nest of barbed war wasps.
===Jelzap===
The '''Jelzap''' is a species of carnivorous underwater animal found in ''Metroid Prime''.  Jelzaps are vaguely triangular in shape, with two electrically bound skeletal sections, the top containing the brain, and the bottom containing the stomach and digestive tract.  The Jelzap is at the top of the aquatic food chain on Tallon IV.  To destroy one, wait until its middle core is revealed, then use the ice beam to freeze it and shatter it, or hit its core with a fully charged beam shot.

===Magmoor===
[[Image:Magmoor.jpg|thumb|right|Magmoor concept art]]
Magmoors are lava serpents that dwell in the lava of the Magmoor Caverns beneath the crust of [[Tallon IV]]. These creatures are unable to see, however they do have a very accurate sonar. When prey is sensed they rear their heads from the lava and attack their prey with fire that they project from their mouth. When their skull has taken a large amount of damage, blood rushes to their head and it explodes.
===Parasite===
These small animals are native to Tallon IV and are dangerous in packs, although harmless by themselves.
====Parasite Queen====
Found in the reactor core of the Orpheon; an extremely large Parasite that can be killed by shooting into its mouth. It was genetically modified by the Space Pirates to dramatically increase its size and give it the ability to shoot powerful energy blasts from its mouth. After defeating it, the Queen's body falls into the core, causing it to overload and eventually destroy the vessel.

===Plazmite===
The '''Plazmite''' is a small glowing insect that lights up and is attarcted to sources of heat. Although not too dangerous it can attack an enemy by ramming it.
===Scarab===
Small, blue bugs which embed themselves in the wall when an enemy comes near and violently explode when touched or shot at.

===Sheegoth===
A '''Sheegoth''' is a creature that appears in ''[[Metroid Prime]]''. Sheegoths are found in the Phendrana Drifts area of [[Tallon IV]]. They are [[bipedal]] [[reptile]]-like creatures with a large mouth filled with [[razor]]-sharp [[teeth]]. Baby Sheegoth have a [[animal shell|shell]] formed from [[ice]] which they use to protect their vulnerable back. Baby Sheegoth are fairly resilient, as they are generally only susceptible to damage on their aforementioned backside. Adult Sheegoths are much larger than baby sheegoths, and their invulnerable, spiked shells can absorb beam weapon energies, which the Sheegoth collects and fires at an enemy when built up. Sheegoths can also blow super-cooled air from their mouth, freezing prey solid, though in beta versions of the game, a Sheegoth was seen breathing fire. Sheegoths have poor [[endurance]] however, and [[Hyperventilation|hyperventilate]] after performing this attack, leaving their mouth vulnerable to weapons fire. Their soft underbellies are also vulnerable to concussive blasts.

In the sequel, ''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]'', a creature called a [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Grenchler|Grenchler]] is similar to the Sheegoth.
===Tallon Crab===
[[Image:Talloncrab.jpg|thumb|right|Tallon Crab concept art]]
Small crabs which travel in very large numbers. They are harmless by themselves, but can be dangerous if encountered in packs. Tallon Crabs are seen throughout the wreckage of the Orpheon, on the Tallon Overworld.
===Triclops===
A small creature which is impervious to damage, and is a hunter-gatherer with tripartite jaws. It is commonly used as a hazard in Morph Ball mazes, and will pick up the Morph Ball and bring it back to the start if touched.
===War Wasp===
[[Image:warwasp.jpg|thumb|right|War Wasp concept art]]
'''War Wasps''' are large wasps that are fiercely territorial. There are three types of war wasps in ''Metroid Prime'':
*War Wasps
*Barbed War Wasps
*Ram War Wasps
Additional types which were added in ''Metroid Prime: Hunters'' include:
*Blue Barbed War Wasps
*Red Barbed War Wasps
====Barbed War Wasp====
The most aggressive of the War Wasp family. This War Wasp has the ability to launch its stinger up to twenty meters and regrow its stinger in seconds. This War Wasp is found with the mini-boss, the Incinerator drone, in which the drone disturbs their hive, causing them to attack the player. In ''Hunters'', the wasps were found on an inactive door, and came out of their hives when electricity passed over them. The hives wouldn't stop producing the wasps, and also had to be destroyed.
=====Red Barbed War Wasp=====
A species of Barbed War Wasp which shoots an extremely hot projectile.
=====Blue Barbed War Wasp=====
A mutated version of the Red Barbed War Wasp capable of surviving in a frozen environment and launching freezing stingers.
====Ram War Wasp====
The fastest and smartest of the War Wasp family. These War Wasps will surround an enemy and attack it by moving in circles around it, then attacking in unison. They are part of the boss fight against the Hive Mecha, which is a defense system that shelters Ram War Wasps and makes use of their coordinated attacks against intruders.

==[[Metroid Prime: Hunters]]==
===Alimbics===
The '''Alimbics''' were a highly advanced civilization which were all but wiped out by [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Gorea|Gorea]] after a meteor it was traveling on impacted one of their homeworlds. Alimbics' [[brain]]s possessed large frontal lobes and they were quick decision makers, as well as proficient in psychic abilities such as [[telepathy]] and essence transference . Their heads hover in the air without use of a neck, like the [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Kriken|Kriken]]. The Alimbics built two large space stations, called the Celestial Archives and the Vesper Defense Outpost.  The Alimbics were the first to discover &quot;essence transference&quot;, by using &quot;essence transference&quot; the Alimbics turn their bodies into concentrated psychic power.  This was used to seal Gorea who was to great to be slain by conventional weaponry.

===Cretaphid===
A piece of Alimbic defense technology shaped like a [[totem pole]] and with a rectangular &quot;[[brain]]&quot; on top. The many rotating turrets on its side can fire plasma or chemical laser beams; when they are blue they can be destroyed, but when they are red they are invulnerable. If all turrets are destroyed, the &quot;brain&quot; rises out of the top of the structure to fire energy bursts and can be shot to damage Cretaphid. The most advanced model of Cretaphid can move around the room, using its outer casing as a weapon.
===Diamont===
'''Diamonts''' are an ancient [[Alternative biochemistry#Silicon biochemistry|silicon-based]] race whose bodies are composed of organic rock. Mondreus was their home planet. The Diamonts are now extinct, however, the reason is unknown. The entire race had simply vanished, leaving no clues behind. This was possibly due to [[genocide]] by an unknown evil foe.
====Spire====
Spire was the only remaining Diamont. Spire's life as a [[bounty hunter]] took him from one end of the galaxy to the other, while he continually searched for some information on the location, or fate, of the rest of his people. When he received a message from the Alimbic Cluster, he raced to the system with the hope that finding the Alimbics' source of ultimate power and solving the mystery of their lost race would help him solve the mystery of his own. His weapon was called the Magmaul and his alternate form is a large, spiked boulder which can scale walls. Spire can also walk (or roll) in lava without taking damage. Spire's Magmaul was copied by Gorea.

Weapon of Choice: Magmaul - A fiery [[grenade launcher]] weapon. When Spire charges it, it can set opponents on fire.&lt;br&gt;
Alt. form: Dialanche - A rock-like sphere that can climb walls and spin rocks around it as an attack.&lt;br&gt;

===Enoema===
[[Image:Kanden.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Kanden]]
Enoema are a fictional race from the [[Metroid]] series. The only Enoema seen is [[Kanden]], and it is unknown what an unaltered one looks like.
====Kanden====
Kanden was an experiment to create a so-called [[supersoldier]]: a soldier that could hunt and kill anything, and was indestructible. However, Kanden's mind and psychology were still no more than a mere mortal's, thus meaning that his brain could not withstand the awesome and complicated neural combat encoding sequences. This completely transformed his mind, leaving him as a ferocious, unbelievably powerful and dangerously unpredictable superhuman. Kanden escaped the research lab, killing the scientists that made the enhancements and surgical modifications. Kanden then took great advantage of his strength, near-invincibility, and near-immortality by trying his hand at becoming a bounty hunter. It would be impossible to trick him into not doing something violent; anything he sees, he kills at his own unpredictable will, and his conscience is rendered useless by the neurological enhancements. Built with programming to hunt, combat, and destroy, he could be the ultimate super-soldier. When Kanden received word of a powerful super-weapon in the [[Alimbic System]], Kanden sees a great advantage that he can grasp in his superhuman hands. Kanden's Volt Driver was copied by Gorea.

Weapon Of Choice: Volt Driver (A power shot that, when charged by Kanden, homes in to the opponent disrupts the opponent's visor. A charged shot can hit more than one hunter.)&lt;br&gt;
Alt Form: StingLarva (When attacking, a piece is broken off from the tail and homes in on a target ready to explode. Can only break off one bomb at a time )&lt;br&gt;

===Gorea===
'''Gorea''' is the name given by the Alimbics to the creature that arrived on a meteor in gaseous form. It proceeded to copy their cellular structure and destroy their civilization in a swift rampage of terror. Gorea's head is very similar to the Alimbics in appearance - it floats above its body and has a similar &quot;crest.&quot; Gorea has three legs and is impervious to conventional weaponry except when it is the same color as the weapon being used against it, and both of its shoulders are destroyed. Gorea is slightly bigger than Samus, and the Seal Sphere is located in the middle of its body, from which it draws power. Once its two shoulders are destroyed, it turns upside-down and brings the seal sphere above it, using the Sphere to attack, but the Sphere is also vulnerable to fire from weapons. The Omega Cannon must be used to destroy its second form. The Alimbics were able to contain Gorea by using the Seal Sphere and trapping it within the Oubliette [[prison]]. The Oubliette was then sealed in another dimension called the Infinity Void, which could only be opened by firing the Alimbic Cannon on Alinos, which tore a rift between dimensions and opened the Infinity Void, granting access to the Oubliette. The keys to activate the Alimbic Cannon, the Octoliths, were scattered throughout the Alimbic Cluster, each guarded by three other keys and a variant of [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Cretaphid|Cretaphid]] or [[Creatures in the Metroid series#Slench|Slench]], and each contained separate coordinates and frequencies which the Alimbic Cannon needed to open the Infinity Void. Gorea appears in ''Metroid Prime: Hunters'' as the final boss. Gorea drains the powers of the six hunters before fighting Samus.

===Guardian===
Intelligent [[sentry]] robots built by the Alimbics to guard their facilities. Guardians can shoot a variety of [[projectile]]s, including [[ice]], [[plasma]], [[electricity]] and [[magma]]. They have black diamond-shaped bodies with two legs and a large yellow dot where their &quot;heads&quot; are, which functions as a turret. Guardians are more skilled at fighting than their less advanced robotic counterparts, and will bunny-hop to avoid fire, fight in packs, and use cover.

===Ithrak===
Continuing the tradition of biped lizard-like creatures started in ''Metroid Prime'', the '''Ithrak''' are found in ''Metroid Prime: Hunters''. It is something of a mix between a Skree and a Sheegoth, in the sense that it waits for the player on the ceiling, and when the player arrives, drop down (like a Skree) and attack in a way similar to that of the Sheegoth. There are two varieties of Ithrak: the Lesser Ithrak, which can be shot on any part of its body, and the Greater Ithrak, which, although it can only be harmed by shooting the backside, can be destroyed with only one missile blast. The Greater Ithrak only appears twice, defending an Alimbic Artifact in the Celestial Archives and another on Arcterra, in Sanctorus. All Ithrak are more vulnerable if shot while hanging from the ceiling.

===Kriken===
[[Image:Trace small.jpg|thumb|right|Trace]]
The Kriken Empire is one of the most hated and feared races in the galaxy. They move like a swarm from planet to planet, conquering it and adding it to the Kriken empire. The Kriken are giant red insectoid creatures with skinny appendages. Their heads only have one red eye and no other features. Another noticeable aspect of the Kriken is that they have no neck; their heads hover in the air above their shoulders with no connection to their body, much like the Alimbics. A glowing orb is located at the center of their bodies. Trace also has a hand scythe,which is similar to the energy scythes used by the Space Pirates.
====Trace====
The Kriken youth Trace was undergoing a [[rite of passage]], searching for worlds that the greedy and evil Kriken race can invade. Using sophisticated Kriken technology, Trace could morph into a three-legged mechanism called the Triskelion that could lunge at its enemies with vicious needlepoint claws and become almost completely invisible when stationary. Trace was seeking the Alimbic treasure to enhance his power. Trace's Imperialist was copied by Gorea.

Weapon of Choice: Imperialist (A [[sniper]] beam that can [[zoom]] onto opponents. While the beam is equipped, Trace can become partially invisible if he remains still)&lt;br&gt;
Alternate Form: [[Triskelion]], uses a lunging attack that can inflict very heavy damage if a direct hit. As with using the Imperialist, Trace may become invisible in this form while not moving.&lt;br&gt;

===Psycho Bit===
Small flying robots which shoot a variety of projectile types. They come in 4 versions - the higher versions tend to be more resilient. Regular Psycho Bits shoot plasma, and the green incarnations are more powerful and powered by a [[nanoscale]] [[nuclear reactor]]. The later versions shoot magma, electricity and ice.
===Quadtroid===
The '''Quadtroid''' is a genetically engineered species created from leech and lizard DNA.  The creature is built similarly to a [[Metroid (video game species)|Metroid]] in that it has a large green membrane and nuclei inside of it.  It also latches onto creatures and saps energy similarly to a Metroid, and, like a Metroid, can only be removed with a Morph Ball bomb.  However, instead of floating like a Metroid, the creature crawls on the ground with it's claws and possesses a tail.  It is not known if the creature was created by the Chozo or someone else, but it seems that since it has so many similarities to the Metroid, one could guess that it was also created by the Chozo.

===Slench===
A giant, biomechanical [[eye]]ball developed by the Alimbics to safeguard the Octoliths. There are four Slench variants, each progressively harder to destroy. Slench is invulnerable while connected to the wall, and uses three [[synapse]]s to channel energy to energy turrets. If all synapses are damaged, Slench separates from the wall and fires at the player, but it is vulnerable if shot in the center of the eye. Later Slench models have the ability to charge at the player, roll around the room and shoot different projectiles, and have synapses shielded against all except one type of weapon.

===Unknown===
====Sylux====
[[Image:wahahasylux.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sylux]]
'''Sylux''' is a character in ''Metroid Prime: Hunters''. Little is known about Sylux other than that the bounty hunter had an intense hatred for the [[Galactic Federation]] and [[Samus Aran]]. Sylux's alternate form was a small hovercraft called the Lockjaw, which layed tripwire mines. Two must be laid to create a [[tripwire]], which can be left as a trap. If Sylux lays a third mine, all three explode onto anyone in the center of them causing massive damage. His weapon of choice is the Shock Coil, a beam that fires bursts of high-density neutrinos, and when used by Sylux allows him to absorb the victim's energy. Also, in low gravity areas, Sylux's lockjaw form can fly by rapidly laying mines. Sylux's Shock Coil was copied by Gorea. 

The game's log entries state that Sylux's suit, gunship known as the Delano 7, and Lockjaw technology are all stolen Galactic Federation Prototypes, and Sylux's Shock Coil is made out of banned [[nanotechnology]] and according to it's scan is also a Galactic Federation Prototype.

Sylux's species is unknown, although the game's starting video reveals that he comes from Cylosis, and he is referred to as a male by the game's developers. The intro video shows the extent of his hatred for the Galactic Federation, showing Sylux dive-bombing an unsuspecting GF trooper, crushing him, then screaming defiantly at two other troopers that accompanied the one he killed. It does not, however, explain the reason that Sylux hates the Federation.

===Vhozon===
[[Image:Noxus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Noxus]]
The Vhozon are an alien race with a fanatical view of morality that exceeds virtually any other race in the galaxy. To enforce their sense of justice, they have sent Noxus to the Alimbic Cluster in ''Metroid Prime Hunters'' to make sure the &quot;Ultimate Power&quot; that the Alimbics left behind does not fall into the wrong hands.

The Vhozons' home planet is Vho, a planet that has an extremely cold climate and is covered in ice. Because of this, Vhozon can fold into a rapidly spinning top to keep warm. Noxus uses this as his alternate form in ''Metroid Prime Hunters'', and can use his appendages to lash out at enemies while spinning.
====Noxus====

A spiritual being who walked a harsh, righteous path, Noxus has became a bounty hunter to administer justice to the galaxy's criminals and evildoers. Although not all of the other characters could be classified as &quot;evil,&quot; Noxus probably fought them because he trusted no one except himself with the &quot;Ultimate Power.&quot;

Noxus's weapon of choice is known as the Judicator. It fires supercooled [[plasma]] nearing temperatures of [[absolute zero]] that ricochet off walls, and fires three bursts when charged. When Noxus uses it, the charge will freeze opponents solid on contact. His alternate form, the Vhoscythe, is a contracted spinning form with a blade that can extend and viciously slash enemies on contact.

NOTE: It should be noted that the in-game explanation for the Judicator is scientifically impossible, as plasma cannot be supercooled without losing the properties that make it plasma.

===Voldrum===
Small, [[drum]]-shaped robots which are equipped with two turrets capable of firing a range of projectile types. Voldrums roll around on the floor and are much easier to kill than Guardians.

===Space Pirate===
====Weavel====
See the [[Space Pirate (Metroid)#Weavel|Space Pirate]] main article to learn about Weavel.

==[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]==
===Amorbis===
[[Image:Mp2amorbis.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Amorbis firing a beam attack]]
Amorbis is a giant, wormlike boss guarding the Dark Agon Temple in Dark Aether, with three separate bodies. The main power source of Amorbis is a giant black sphere surging with dark energy.

Amorbis will break off from its sphere and will leap out of the sand at random spots trying to ram Samus. Once its outer shell is destroyed it will attach to its sphere. Amorbis will then gain armor and a hornlike head. It will use dark energy to destroy the light crystals. It can also charge up to launch a hyper destructive beam attack. Once Samus destroys its head armor, she must transform into the Morph Ball allowing Amorbis to suck the Morph Ball in its mouth, which is vulnerable to Morph Ball Bombs. After Samus repeats the process it will latch two heads on, doubling its attack power. Once she destroys those it will attach three heads to its sphere. Once all heads are destroyed, Amorbis dies and Samus receives the Dark Suit.
===Blogg===
A [[funnel]]-shaped, black aquatic predator whose only vulnerability is its mouth. They ram their prey, then use their three mandibles to eat it.
====Alpha Blogg====
The [[alpha male]] of the Bloggs, this gigantic Blogg is a mini-boss which, when defeated, grants Samus the Gravity Boost.

===Chykka===
[[Image:Chykkadarkadult.jpg|thumb|right|Chykka in its Dark Adult form]]
The Chykka is the insectoid boss guarding the Dark Torvus Temple. When Samus enters the temple, the Chykka is still in its cocoon; a [[larva]] emerges from the cocoon when Samus shoots at it. It swims around in the water, occasionally splashing dark water at Samus, and sometimes surfacing and trying to drag Samus in its mouth.

Once the larva is destroyed, the adult form of the Chykka emerges. This is by far the most dangerous form, because it frequently spits dark water at Samus.  To defeat this form, weak spots on the back of the wings must be destroyed.

The Chykka's final form, the Dark Adult, spews forth dozens of small Chyklings from its eggsac. This is by far the easiest form to defeat, because it can be destroyed with conventional means, and the comparatively weak swarm of Chyklings provide plenty of extra health and ammunition.

The Chykka switches forms from Adult to Dark Adult each time Samus hits its weak spot often enough. After the Chykka is destroyed, Samus is rewarded with the Dark Visor.

===Grenchler===
'''Grenchlers''' are a fictional water based reptilian predator found on planet [[Aether (fictional planet)|Aether]] in ''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]''. They are well armored and deadly at any range, however their back shell is vulnerable to concussive blasts. At close range, they will often attack their prey by attacking viciously with their powerful jaws, although if unable to they have the ability to charge and fire a burst of electrical energy at their foes.  They have two thick, muscular legs,a weak orange shell on the back of their body, and they are similar to a raptor or t-rex.  The also posses powerful jaws and often travel in pairs.  They can also apparently breathe in the water and may even live in it, only emerging for prey.

This species is often considered to be somewhat related to the [[Sheegoth]]s, a species found in [[Tallon IV]]. This hypothesis is based on the fact of the rough design similarities and behavior of Grenchlers with the young form of the Sheegoths. However, the similarity in design may also be attributed to the developers of the game wanting a similar enemy in ''Metroid Prime 2'', however in a different environment in which the Sheegoth would not survive.

===Ing===
{{main|Ing (Metroid)}}
The '''Ing''' are a fictional evil race that is the major foe of [[Samus Aran]] in the video game ''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]''. Their name is the Luminoth word for 'terror'. Ing generally take on a dark, hideous, alien look, unless they have possessed other life forms, in which the host remains mostly the same, except that it takes on a blacker hue, spines, and an Ing-like eye structures.

===Ingsmasher===
These huge robots were created by the Luminoth to guard Sanctuary Fortress. Ingsmashers are large humanoid-shaped robots, with two spheres on the ends of their arms rather than hands. They are armed with rocket launchers, a barrier generator, and the ability to generate shockwaves. These armaments ensured that Ingsmashers lived up to their name. The Ing eventually possessed a few, but the majority simply went rogue. Other than its darker armor, the Ing-infected versions of the robot are virtually the same as their Light Aether counterparts.

===Luminoth===
{{main|Luminoth}}
A race of intelligent, [[moth]]-like creatures, whose name is a portmanteau of &quot;luminous&quot; and &quot;moth.&quot; They are the original inhabitants of Aether and almost lost the war with the Ing - they put all the remaining members of their race in stasis except one, U-Mos, who helps Samus and later gives her the Light Suit.
===Quad===
4-legged robots designed by the Luminoth. They are equipped with turrets and can roll up and spin rapidly to damage the enemy.
====Quadraxis====
Quadraxis is the boss guarding the Dark Sanctuary Temple.

Quadraxis is a high security drone created by the Luminoth, but was taken by the Ing to serve them. Once the energy of the Sanctuary Fortress was taken, the Ing needed to guard their own, so they took this giant destroyer with them to guard the Ing hive's planetary energy. Quadraxis guards the final energy storage module of Dark Aether, which if taken away will lead to the ultimate destruction of Dark Aether.

Quadraxis' attacks include Annihilator beams, dodged by a simple boost in Morph Ball form, missile, and a tornado-like spin attack similar to the one used by the smaller quad robots, except this one draws you in like a magnet, only avoidable by hopefully using the Boost Ball. It can be damaged by attacking its leg joints with light beam charge, and foot weaponry with Boost Ball, or Morph Ball Bombs. Once its main body is crippled, the head will lift off and attack on its own. The head will receive shielding from sonic frequencies coming from the transmitter in the main body, and cannot be damaged. The link must be severed by using the Echo Visor to first damage the transmitter in the main body and then attack the receiving antennae in the head, destroying them. While the link is being re-established, the head will summon Dark Quad MB and CM robots. Once all of the receiver antennas in the head are destroyed, the head can be stunned with shots, then, using the main body's legs as ramps, Samus must boost-ball-jump and attach to the head using the Spider Ball, and bomb its two morph ball slots, one at a time.

After defeating Quadraxis, Samus will acquire the Annihilator Beam.

It must also be noted that in the light version of the temple entrance you can see various parts of the disassembled Quadraxis robot scattered throughout the room.

==[[Super Metroid]]==
===Botwoon===
'''Botwoon''' is an [[orange (colour)|orange]] snake-like [[boss (video game)|mini-boss]] in the [[Maridia]] area of ''[[Super Metroid]]''. 

The botwoon is a burrowing creature, and is encountered snaking between various holes in the wall. When threatened, it will stick its head out of a hole, much like an [[eel]], and then spit a form of corrosive on its attacker. 
{{sect-stub|date=May 2022}}

===Cacatac===
The '''Cacatac''' is a [[plant]] [[lifeform]] on [[planet]] [[Zebes]], that closely resembles a [[barrel cactus]]. It is [[mobile]], which is unusual for a plant, and can shoot [[spike]]s. It has appeared in ''[[Super Metroid]]'', and bears a resemblance to Seedlings in ''[[Metroid Prime]]''

The cacatac is a plant standing roughly 1.3 meters in height, standing on a number of short spiney legs. The cacatac's body is covered by rows of spikes, which it is able to launch as projectiles. Though normally green, cacatacs cand be found in a variety of colors, including red and blue.

===Covern===
'''Covern''' are [[ghost]]s that haunt the [[Wrecked Ship (Super Metroid)|Wrecked Ship]] in ''[[Super Metroid]]''. After the defeat of [[Phantoon]], they will cease to [[haunting|haunt]] the [[ruin]]s. They try to [[materialize]] wherever [[Samus Aran]] is standing, simply move and then shoot them to kill them.
{{sect-stub|date=May 2022}}

===Crocomire===
'''Crocomire''' is a multi-[[eye]]d lizard-like creature that guards part of [[Norfair]] in ''[[Super Metroid]]''. It was originally going to be in ''[[Metroid: Zero Mission]]'', but it was removed for unknown reasons.

Crocomire is a large, 8-eyed, reptillian creature, standing at about twice [[Samus Aran]]'s height. Its red flesh, though nearly indestructable, appears to be in a perpetual state of melting. The creature's long bony arms are connected close to its back, but are long enough to reach well round its immense girth. Despite its short legs and portly build, crocomire's movements are surprisingly quick, and it is easily capable of charging its prey.

He is defeated by shooting missiles, super missiles or regular shots into his mouth which cause him to stagger back. He is defeated when he is pushed back onto the weak spot on the floor, causing him to fall into the acid and die. Then his skeleton will try to attack but collapse instead.  If left alone long enough, he will push Samus back into a wall of spikes.

===Dachora===
[[Image:Etecoons and Dachora.gif|thumb|right|150px|'''Etecoons''' sleeping next to '''dachoras''' from ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'']]
The '''Dachora''' is a [[fictional]] [[alien species]] resembling a [[green]] [[ostrich]] or [[emu]]. It first appeared in ''[[Super Metroid]]'', then in its sequel ''[[Metroid Fusion]]''. In ''Super Metroid'' [[Samus Aran]] encouters the dachora after getting the [[Speed Booster]]; the dachora teaches her how to use the &quot;[[Shinespark]]&quot; technique. Rescuing it at the end of the game results in a slightly different ending. In ''Metroid Fusion'' the encounter is a required part of the [[plot]]; Samus must rescue them for the story to proceed.
===Draygon===
[[Image:Draygonelectrocuted.JPG|thumb|right|Draygon can be easily defeated by electrocuting it with the Grapple Beam]]
'''Draygon''' is a [[boss (video game)|boss]] that inhabits the far east end of [[Maridia]] in ''[[Super Metroid]]''. [[Samus Aran]] must defeat it in order to obtain the [[Space Jump]] and to unlock the path to [[Tourian]].

Draygon is a large, green [[crustacean]]-like creature with markings that resemble [[human]] [[skull]]s. Draygon is often referred to by fans as a [[female]] because of the several harmless Evirs (which resemble Draygon) that surround the area before the fight and drag Draygon's body away when defeated; however, there is no conclusive evidence of [[gender]]. Its attacks include quickly zooming on and off screen, spitting out [[viscosity|viscous]] [[saliva]], and lifting Samus off the ground and lashing her with its [[tail]]. Draygon's shell is extremely tough, with its yellow underbelly being its only weak point.

Draygon can be defeated in two ways: shooting [[Charge Beam|charged]] shots or missiles at its underbelly or (once grabbed) using the [[Grapple Beam]] to electrocute Draygon by hooking it onto damaged [[electricity|electrical]] [[turret]]s on the wall. Utilizing the second method causes negligible damage to the player,  making it easy to defeat Draygon, however, it is not immediately apparent.

===Etecoon===
The '''Etecoon''' is a [[fictional]] [[alien species]] that somewhat resembles a [[koala]]. It has appeared in the [[videogame]]s [[Super Metroid]] and [[Metroid Fusion]].

In [[Super Metroid]], [[Samus Aran]] finds a group of three Etecoons deep in the caverns of Brinstar. They show her how to execute the [[Wall Jump]] technique. If Samus rescues the Etecoons and [[Dachora]] at the end of the game, the ending becomes slightly different.

In [[Metroid Fusion]], Samus' computerized [[commanding officer|CO]], [[Adam Malkovich|Adam]], detects signs of [[life]] in the Biologic Space Labs Habitation Deck. When she goes to investigate, she finds not [[human]] survivors, but a trio of Etecoons, and an [[adult]] and [[baby]] [[Dachora]].

===Evir===
The '''Evir''' is a [[crustacean]]-like creature that stars in [[Super Metroid]]. It resembles a small version of [[Draygon]] but orange. There are also green '''Evirs''' that circle [[Draygon]].  They are also in [[Metroid Fusion]]'s AQA (Sector 4).
===KiHunter===
[[Image:Keyh.jpg|thumb|right|Keyhunter drawing from the ''[[Super Metroid]]'' Instruction Manual.]]
The '''KiHunters''', also called the '''Keyhunters''' have allied themselves with the chief villians of the galaxy, the [[Space Pirate (Metroid)|Space Pirates]].

The KiHunters are insectile creatures closely resembling wasps. They have four limbs and a set of wings. The creatures are most common in their flying form, where they attack with their claws by swooping down upon their victim from above. All members of the species will lose their wings when damaged. They then revert to a ground-based mode of travel that involves hopping, and at this point they will spit highly corrosive acid at anything that threatens them. The KiHunters are apparently, like the Space Pirates of Zebes, a sentient species, as the ''[[Super Metroid]]'' instruction manual refers to them as pirates from another galactic system who helped rebuild the fortress on Zebes after [[Samus Aran]] destroyed it on her first mission there.

KiHunters are found in both ''Super Metroid'' and ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'', although in the latter game, they are only [[X Parasite]]s mimicking the true species. The cocoons which the Zero creatures in the TRO sector form after you defeat the Giant Choot boss later hatch into Kihunters after the station-wide power outage occurs. This apparent metamorphosis of one species into another is a result of the ability of the X Parasites to recombine DNA from multiple hosts.

KiHunters can be found in virtually all environments on Zebes, ranging from the damp caverns of Crateria to the hottest pits of Lower [[Norfair]]. KiHunters come in several different colors, generally indicative of their strength. The fact that their color scheme is always very close to that of their environment, even in artificially constructed areas, suggests that they may employ some degree of camouflage.


===Mochtroid===
'''Mochtroids''' are the unfortunate result of the [[Space Pirate (Metroid)|Space Pirate]]'s failed attempt to clone [[Metroid (video game species)|Metroids]]. They are distinctly different from their progenitors in that they only possess a single neural brain node, instead of three the (original) Metroids naturally possess. As well, they are no larger then half the size of a Metroid, and most Mochtroids possess only 1/10 the strength of a natural Metroid.
===Phantoon===
[[Image:Phantoon.GIF|right]]
A large, dark green floating creature, resembling a cross between a [[jellyfish]] and the disembodied head of a [[cyclops]]. Phantoon is the guardian of the Wrecked Ship in ''Super Metroid''. Its attacks consist of blue flame which it can summon in various patterns. Phantoon can only be damaged when it is visible, after an attack - most of the time it is transparent or invisible to Samus. If hit by a Super Missile, which does double damage to Phantoon, it will move to the center of the room and attack with many waves of blue flame, blocking the entire room but which can be easily dodged using Morph Ball mode. When Phantoon is destroyed, power is restored to the Wrecked Ship and Covern stop appearing.

===Spore Spawn===
The plantlike boss of Brinstar, combining falling spores (hence the name) and a waving motion of its elongated plant-like neck to attack.  The falling spores can be shot for energy and missile powerups, and Spore Spawn's direct attacks can be avoided by using Samus' morph ball mode.  This boss is defeated by shooting into its vulnerable inner core when it opens.

===Torizo===
[[Image:Torizo.jpg|thumb|right|A Torizo from ''Super Metroid'']]
The '''Torizo''' was introduced in ''Super Metroid''. It is commonly perceived as an evil Chozo statue. Chozo statues are usually beneficial to the player, giving new equipment and items. A Torizo statue, however, comes to life and attacks the player.

Two Torizo statues appear as mini-bosses in ''Super Metroid''. The first, which is encountered very early in the game in [[Crateria]], poses as an ordinary Chozo statue holding the [[Morph Ball Bomb]]s, and comes to life to attack when the bombs are taken.  The second Torizo statue, which is gold and considerably more powerful than the first, is found late in the game, in the depths of [[Norfair]]. It holds no item, but defeating it earns the player the [[Screw Attack]].

A third Torizo statue is encountered just before the end of the game in [[Tourian]]. This one, however, is only a dried-up husk that crumbles when touched. It is soon revealed that the creature was sucked dry by a giant [[Metroid]], giving the impression that the player was saved the trouble of battling this final, presumably most powerful, Torizo.

The [http://www.metroidguide.com/html/main.htm Metroid Galaxy Guide] website claims that the Torizo statues were simply a biomechanical security system developed by the Chozo to protect some of their most important artifacts from intruders, with the statue activating upon removal of the item, and attacking the intruder.

One of the early bosses in ''[[Metroid Fusion]]'' is an [[X Parasite]] mimicking a Torizo, representing the most recent representation of this enemy.

The word &quot;torizo&quot; is [[Japanese language|Japanese]] for bird statue. As such, it is really just synonymous with Chozo to describe the statues that give the power ups. However, since only the referenced statues attack Samus, it produced the misconception that the Torizo is a new, evil race of Chozo.
===Tortoise===
A giant [[tortoise]] as large as Samus which lives in Maridia. If disturbed, it retracts into its shell and spins back and forth. If Samus jumps on top of it, it will fly up to near the top of the room, allowing her to obtain powerups. It will damage Samus if she is hit by the shell while it is moving side-to-side. There are also some harmless baby turtles crawling around it.

===Zebesian===
A Zebesian is a weak [[Space Pirate (Metroid)|Space Pirate]] that guard the Craterian region in [[Super Metroid]]. They have a weak plasma attack and can hang from walls. They are the weakest of the Zebesian Space Pirates. Zebesians are also found in the B.S.L in Metroid Fusion and they are also able to cling to walls. They are very common in sector 1 (SRX).

Zebesians are crab-like humanoids with large claws instead of hands. They appear to have glowing compound eyes, and segmented joints. Zebesians are typically seen with green and pink armor, but also appear in shades of grey, gold, red, and blue, but the X imitations are purple or gold.

====Zebesian Commander====
Zebesian commanders are tough Space Pirates that wander the depths of Maridia in [[Super Metroid]]. They have the ability to hang from walls and can only be destroyed by the Plasma Beam.

====Zebesian Elite====
The second most powerful Space Pirate in [[Super Metroid]], they are only encountered during your escape from Tourian. They are seen on foot and hanging on walls. They can only be destroyed by screw attack or Hyper Beam.

====Zebesian General====
These are the most powerful Space Pirate in [[Super Metroid]] that you can encounter. They are found on foot and on walls in Ridley's ruins. They have such powerful armour, they can only be destroyed by screw attack, charged plasma beam and super missiles. They are the generals of the Space Pirates on Zebes.
===Zeela===
Yellow creatures very similar to [[crabs]]. They behave exactly like Geemers.

==[[Metroid Fusion]]==
===Fake Energy Tank and Missile Expansion===
These creatures look like Energy Tanks or expansions until Samus gets close to them; then, they spread bat-like wings, reveal a set of eyes and fly off, hurting Samus. The result of an X-Parasite possessing an Energy Tank or Missile Expansion.
===Nightmare===
[[Image:Nightmaremetroidfusion.gif|right]]
'''Nightmare''' is a biomechanical organism engineered in the Biologic Space Laboratories to be an unstoppable weapon. It appears as a X-clone boss in ''Metroid Fusion'', in the ARC sector. Nightmare has an integrated magnetic field generator, which causes missiles to fall to the ground before reaching their target, and machine guns, as well as heavy shielding. If Nightmare is damaged enough, its field generator is destroyed, and its mask falls off to reveal its face, which is covered in green slime.
===Serris===
An aquatic [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]]-/[[dragon]]-like creature, also known as '''Ishtar''' in the [[videogame]] ''[[Metroid Fusion]]''.  It has the ability to swim at incredible speed.  It is kept in the AQA sector of the [[Biologic Space Labs]]. After the X-Parisites infested the BSL, Serris was killed and copied by a Core-X. Upon its defeat, [[Samus Aran]] receives the [[Speed Boost]].
===X Parasite===
''Main article: [[X Parasite]]''

X Parasites, often referred to as simply X, are parasites who copy their prey. X Parasites infect a host body and eventually kill it. They would seem to take the host's DNA and use it in order to copy its form.

X Parasites are natives of planet SR388, and were seen as a significant enough danger by the Chozo that they created the [[Metroids]] in order to control their numbers. Metroids are the only creatures they cannot infect, being absorbed by them instead. After Samus was infected by an X-Parasite and cured via a Metroid cell infusion, she was able to absorb them as well.

They are the main antagonist in [[Metroid Fusion]], most notably in the form of SA-X, an X Parasite that took Samus' form. Outside of its host body, an X Parasite may take several forms, all conferring a benefit to Samus if she absorbs them, except for the larger blue X Parasites, which harm Samus until she gains the [[Varia Suit]].

==References==
*[http://www.classicgaming.com/mdb/m1/m1manual.txt Metroid US Instruction Manual]
*[http://img26.imageshack.us/img26/6044/hunters0011ag.jpg Nintendo Power Magazine Volume 201]
*[http://www.metroidhunters.com/launch/index.jsp Official Metroid Prime: Hunters Website]
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.metroidguide.com/html/main.htm Metroid Galaxy Guide]

{{metroid series}}

{{Bookcat}}</text>
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    <title>Talk:Minecraft</title>
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      <parentid>4072361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T08:47:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Noobforwin</username>
        <id>3485916</id>
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      <comment>/* Minecraft/Mobs */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="626" sha1="m358vnk8iqzd9f41g9rlkxk83rzl9oz" xml:space="preserve">== Todo list ==

#Finish importing mobs: fix templates {{done}} &lt;sub&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;Roar at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 07:01, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
#Add infobox to [[Template:Minecraft/mob]] {{done}} &lt;sub&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;Roar at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 07:01, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
#Add all mobs
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== Minecraft/Mobs ==

I think that all mobs in all Minecraft universes should just be in one game</text>
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      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Noobforwin|Noobforwin]] ([[User talk:Noobforwin|talk]]): Rv nonsense (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
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      <text bytes="527" sha1="ras8eo8aud0rzv5mcz7wduoi8hw5cev" xml:space="preserve">== Todo list ==

#Finish importing mobs: fix templates {{done}} &lt;sub&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;Roar at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 07:01, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
#Add infobox to [[Template:Minecraft/mob]] {{done}} &lt;sub&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]/[[User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;Roar at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 07:01, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
#Add all mobs
#Reduce redlinks in mob articles
#Add pages for items</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Kimchi</title>
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        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/Sebrana|Sebrana]]) and restored revision 4416504 by KonstantinaG07; this page is an ingredient page not a recipe page, and it is in line to be fleshed out soon</comment>
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      <text bytes="196" sha1="mjl361vwomn4fkpnrqof3hzd4544zpx" xml:space="preserve">{{Ingredient summary}}

{{Ingredient}}

'''Kimchi''' is a variety of Korean fermented or pickled vegetables. Several varieties exist.

== Characteristics ==

== Selection and storage ==

== Use ==</text>
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      <comment>rm redirect</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Dom walden/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>456821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443308</id>
      <parentid>4443095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T15:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
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      <origin>4443308</origin>
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      <text bytes="3446" sha1="kghs2vwml8yebw8wkqpqq26cftjaqgc" xml:space="preserve">* If &lt;math&gt;h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math&gt;a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt;.
* Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function &lt;math&gt;s(y)&lt;/math&gt; which takes the value &lt;math&gt;\sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt; when &lt;math&gt;n \leq y &lt; n + 1&lt;/math&gt; for every &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;.
* We use Stieltjes integrals to show &lt;math&gt;s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; for the function &lt;math&gt;g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x &lt; e^{-1})&lt;/math&gt;.
* We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; with polynomials &lt;math&gt;p(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt; (and similarly for &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt;), so that &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* By the definition of &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; and the Gamma function, &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Finally, this implies &lt;math&gt;a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;n \to \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Approximation with polynomials ===

The function &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt;

We must first approximate &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; a continuous function, after which we can apply the Weierstrass approximation theorem to approximate it with a polynomial. Transitive property of approximation...

&lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; is Riemann integrable, 

If &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; is continuous then we can directly apply the Weierstrass approximation theorem to &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; to get a &lt;math&gt;Q(x)&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;|Q(x) - g(x)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;. Then we set &lt;math&gt;p(x) = Q(x) - \epsilon&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;P(x) = Q(x) + \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;.

With respect to a norm...

If &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; is not continuous, then we can approximate &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; with a continuous function which in turn we can approximate using the Weierstrass approximation theorem. The upper and lower Riemann sums form step functions &lt;math&gt;g_1(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g_2(x)&lt;/math&gt;.

&lt;math&gt;g_1(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;g_2(x)&lt;/math&gt; can be approximated by piecewise-linear continuous functions &lt;math&gt;h_1(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h_2(x)&lt;/math&gt; respectively. Using the Weierstrass approximation theorem similar to above we can get &lt;math&gt;p(x) &lt; h_1(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;h_2(x) &lt; P(x)&lt;/math&gt;, so that &lt;math&gt;p(x) &lt; g_1(x) \leq g(x) \leq g_2(x) &lt; P(x)&lt;/math&gt;.

By the triangle equality for integrals(?),

:&lt;math&gt;\int_0^1 (P(x) - p(x)) (log\frac{1}{x})^{\sigma-1} dx \leq \int_0^1 (P(x) - p(x)) (log\frac{1}{x})^{\sigma-1} dx \cdots&lt;/math&gt;</text>
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      <id>4443312</id>
      <parentid>4443308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T16:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2223" sha1="1zebcawxxtwxgs3ogcqm2mouodxxsd6" xml:space="preserve">* If &lt;math&gt;h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math&gt;a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt;.
* Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function &lt;math&gt;s(y)&lt;/math&gt; which takes the value &lt;math&gt;\sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt; when &lt;math&gt;n \leq y &lt; n + 1&lt;/math&gt; for every &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;.
* We use Stieltjes integrals to show &lt;math&gt;s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; for the function &lt;math&gt;g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x &lt; e^{-1})&lt;/math&gt;.
* We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; with polynomials &lt;math&gt;p(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt; (and similarly for &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt;), so that &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* By the definition of &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; and the Gamma function, &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Finally, this implies &lt;math&gt;a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;n \to \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Approximation with polynomials ===

The function &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; with a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at &lt;math&gt;x = e^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;.

[gx.py]

One thing we can say about it is that it is Riemann integrable. This means...</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-31T19:34:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
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      <text bytes="2294" sha1="oy2drr4yzjcb3b1uqe27lwjoaxfhmmv" xml:space="preserve">* If &lt;math&gt;h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math&gt;a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt;.
* Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function &lt;math&gt;s(y)&lt;/math&gt; which takes the value &lt;math&gt;\sum_0^n h_n&lt;/math&gt; when &lt;math&gt;n \leq y &lt; n + 1&lt;/math&gt; for every &lt;math&gt;n \in \N&lt;/math&gt;.
* We use Stieltjes integrals to show &lt;math&gt;s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; for the function &lt;math&gt;g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x &lt; e^{-1})&lt;/math&gt;.
* We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; with polynomials &lt;math&gt;p(x)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt; (and similarly for &lt;math&gt;P(x)&lt;/math&gt;), so that &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)&lt;/math&gt; is approximated by &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt&lt;/math&gt;.
* By the definition of &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; and the Gamma function, &lt;math&gt;\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}&lt;/math&gt;.
* Finally, this implies &lt;math&gt;a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)&lt;/math&gt; as &lt;math&gt;n \to \infty&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Approximation with polynomials ===

The function &lt;math&gt;g(x)&lt;/math&gt; has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at &lt;math&gt;x = e^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;.

[gx.py]

One thing we can say about it is that it is Riemann integrable. It has a lower and upper Darboux sum which can be used to construct step functions...</text>
      <sha1>oy2drr4yzjcb3b1uqe27lwjoaxfhmmv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Thesaurabhsaha</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <redirect title="User:Aryan" />
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        <id>396820</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Fixing double redirect to [[User:Aryan]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="5r83mbakyld7sjgjx5qfto9folyocnf" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[User:Aryan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bikol/Speech Register</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>463063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443317</id>
      <parentid>4438853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T18:43:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>172.254.169.206</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>corrected typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="3886" sha1="o1huip6rj7mue872dhinzcbq7yozhjr" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Bikol/Vocabulary}}
Bikol has a a speech level or register not found in any Philippine language. Its called “angry register” by Jason Lobel but is a misnomer since one does not have to be angry to use it. One can use it if irritated, or wants to intimidate, antagonize, shock, to elicit laughter, to spice up a conversation, or to put people down or outside their normal place.

Xyller Yañez in his blog called it Palanit, and the other register Palumhok. Palanit register can also use words that imply vulgar, unpolished behavior, or apply words normally descriptive of animals. Both palanit and palumhok describe the speaker’s attitude towards the thing, or emotions at that moment. The following are just a few of the examples in Bikol.

The speech [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of Bikol, also known natively as ''tamanggot'', is sometimes used by mothers when nagging. Some examples of the register include:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Normal Bikol
! Speech register Bikol
! English translation 
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|malutò}}
| {{Lang|bcl|malustod}} 
| rice (cooked)
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|bagas}}
| {{Lang|bcl|las(u)gas}}
| rice (uncooked)
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|tubig}}
| {{Lang|bcl|tamìlig}}, {{Lang|bcl|tùlig}} 
| water
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|bungog}}
| {{Lang|bcl|lusngog}} 
| deaf
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|uran}}
| {{Lang|bcl|bagrat}} 
| rain
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|bagyo}}
| {{Lang|bcl|alimagyo}} 
| typhoon/hurricane 
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|babayi}}
| {{Lang|bcl|babaknit}}, {{Lang|bcl|siknit}} 
| female
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|lalaki}}
| {{Lang|bcl|lalaknit}} 
| male
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|bado}}, {{Lang|bcl|gubing}}
| {{Lang|bcl|la(ma)sdô}}, {{Lang|bcl|gubnit}} 
| clothes 
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|harong}} (Naga), {{Lang|bcl|balay}} (Legazpi)
| {{Lang|bcl|langag}} 
| house
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|sira}}
| {{Lang|bcl|sigtok}}, {{Lang|bcl|buragtok}} 
| fish
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|ikos}}
| {{Lang|bcl|k(ur)asmag}}, {{Lang|bcl|kurakod}}
| cat
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|ayam}}, {{Lang|bcl|idò}}
| {{Lang|bcl|da(ma)yô}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang|bcl|ga(ma)dyâ}} (Legazpi) 
| dog
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|damulag}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang|bcl|karabaw}} (Legazpi)
| {{Lang|bcl|ga(ma)dyâ}} (Naga) 
| carabao
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|humali}}
| {{Lang|bcl|wumara}} 
| leave
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|magkakan/kumakan}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt; {{Lang|bcl|magkaon/kumaon}} (Legazpi) 
| {{Lang|bcl|hablô}}, {{Lang|bcl|humablô}}, {{Lang|bcl|habluon}}, {{Lang|bcl|sibà}}, {{Lang|bcl|sumibà}}, {{Lang|bcl|sumibsib}} 
| eat
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|burat}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang|bcl|buyong}} (Legazpi)
| {{Lang|bcl|lasngag}}, {{Lang|bcl|lusrat}}, {{Lang|bcl|lusyong}}, {{Lang|bcl|bultok}}
| drunk
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|taram}}
| {{Lang|bcl|tabil}} 
| to speak
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|kapot}}, {{Lang|bcl|kapotan}}
| {{Lang|bcl|kamlô}}, {{Lang|bcl|kamlùon}} 
| to hold, holding
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|hiling}}
| {{Lang|bcl|butlâ}} 
| to see
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|bitis}}
| {{Lang|bcl|s(am)ingkil}}, {{Lang|bcl|samail}}, {{Lang|bcl|siki}}
| foot
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|talinga}}
| {{Lang|bcl|talingugngog}} 
| ear
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|ngusò}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang|bcl|ngimot}} (Legazpi)
| {{Lang|bcl|ngurapak}}, {{Lang|bcl|ngaspak}}, {{Lang|bcl|ngislo}}
| mouth
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|kamot}}
| {{Lang|bcl|kamulmog}} 
| hand
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|mata}}
| {{Lang|bcl|ma(ta)lsok}}
| eye
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|payo}}
| {{Lang|bcl|ali(ma)ntak}}
| head
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|hawak}} (Naga),&lt;br/&gt;{{Lang|bcl|lawas}} (Legazpi)
| {{Lang|bcl|kabangkayan}} 
| body
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|tulak}}
| {{Lang|bcl|tindos}}, {{Lang|bcl|la(ma)sdak}}
| belly/stomach 
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|sapatos}}
| {{Lang|bcl|sapagtok}} 
| shoe
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|kalayo}}
| {{Lang|bcl|kalasbot}} 
| fire
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|kawali}}
| {{Lang|bcl|kawalwag}} 
| frying pan
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|sarwal}}
| {{Lang|bcl|sarigwal}} 
| shorts or underwear
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|asin}}
| {{Lang|bcl|tasik}}
| salt
|-
| {{Lang|bcl|manok}}
| {{Lang|bcl|maldos}}, {{Lang|bcl|malpak}}
| chicken
|}
{{Template:Bikol/Vocabulary}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:JustTheFacts33/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>468255</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443306</id>
      <parentid>4443218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T14:58:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Current factories */</comment>
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      <text bytes="396883" sha1="0xlplm1ov9cy1szgfbw27f5fnmhp1id" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''history of [[w:General Motors|General Motors]] factories''' that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, buses, and automobile components.&lt;ref name=GMfacilities&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231130/http://www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/environment/plants/index.jsp GM facilities map]. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The factories are sometimes idled for re-tooling. 

 
==Current factories== 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|R (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-present)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;T (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Arlington Assembly|Arlington Assembly]]||[[w:Arlington, Texas|Arlington, Texas]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:GMT T1XX|T1XX]] SUVs (2021-):&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fifth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Twelfth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Yukon|GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]]
||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2525 E Abram St.&lt;br /&gt;Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Arlington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1996 and Arlington was converted to build full-size SUVs. SUV production began for 1998. Full-size pickups were also built for 1998-2000. Arlington Assembly has produced models for all of GM's primary American brands: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. Arlington Assembly has produced over 12 million vehicles. Expanded in 2018 with new building to the west to make body panels. &lt;br /&gt; Past models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM A platform (RWD)|GM A platform (RWD)]] (intermediate): [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1970-1977), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1981), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1974-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1968-1970)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors G platform (1969)|GM G platform (RWD) 1982-1988]]: [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1982-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1982-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1982-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1985).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)|GM full-size A platform]]: [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM B platform|GM B platform]]: [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1960), [[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster sedan]] (1992-1996), [[w:Buick Estate#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970, 1988-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Seventh generation (Impala SS, 1994–1996)|Chevrolet Impala SS]] (1994-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1955-1964), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1988-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1959-1968), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-65, 1967-68), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1963, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961).&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors C platform (RWD)|GM C platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1954-1964) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM D platform|GM D platform]]: [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1988-1992), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Rear-wheel drive 1993–1996|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1993-1996) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMT400|GMT400]] pickups: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1998-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra]] (1998-2000).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT400|GMT400]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71|Chevrolet Tahoe Limited and Z71]] (2000), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|GMC Yukon]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#GMC Yukon Denali|GMC Yukon Denali]] (1999-2000), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#First generation (1999)|Cadillac Escalade]] (1999-2000)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT800|GMT800]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2001-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon]] (2001-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2002-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2001-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2001-2005).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT900|GMT900]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2007-2014)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT K2XX|K2XX]] SUVs (2015-2020): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|GMC Yukon]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|GMC Yukon XL]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] 

|-

|U||[[Artisan Center]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]] (2025-)||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at the [[w:General Motors Technical Center|GM Global Technical Center]] in Warren, Michigan. The Celestiq will be the first production vehicle sold to the public to be built at the GM Tech Center. The Celestiq will be built by hand on a special, low-volume production line and will be highly customizable. The Celestiq will be built to order and each one will be unique.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bay City Powertrain]]||[[w:Bay City, Michigan|Bay City, Michigan]]||United States||Engine components including connecting rods &amp; camshafts||1916||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1001 Woodside Ave. Originally opened as National Cycle Manufacturing Co. in 1892 to make bicycles. Bought by Chevrolet in 1916 and joined GM along with Chevrolet in 1918. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bedford Casting]]||[[w:Bedford, Indiana|Bedford, Indiana]]||United States||Cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, transmission cases, EV drive unit housings, structural components, Aluminum die casting||1942||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 105 GM Drive. 

|- 

|5||[[w:Bowling Green Assembly Plant|Bowling Green Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green, Kentucky]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette (C8)]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for:&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing '22- and &lt;br /&gt; Cadillac Escalade-V '23-&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|LT6 V8 engine]] ('23- Corvette Z06)

[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine#LT7|LT7 twin-turbo V8 engine]] ('25- Corvette ZR1)

||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 600 Corvette Drive. Originally built by Chrysler's Airtemp division, plant was sold to GM in 1980.&lt;br/&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR]] (2004-2009)&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)|Chevrolet Corvette (C3)]] (1981-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C4)|Chevrolet Corvette (C4)]] (1984-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette (C5)]] (1997-2004)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)|Chevrolet Corvette (C6)]] (2005-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]] (2014-2019)  

Performance Build Center relocated from Wixom, MI to Bowling Green Assembly in 2014.&lt;br/&gt; Past engines: [[w:Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing 4.2L LTA twin-turbo V8]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for: Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (C7) (2015-2016 models with Z07 package or build your own engine option, 2017-2019 all Z06 models) &amp;&lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 (Gen 6) (phased in during 2020, all '21-'24),&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT5|LT5 supercharged 6.2L Gen V Small Block V8]] ('19 Corvette ZR1)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Battery packs for [[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] &amp; [[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;Roof module for [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]]&lt;br /&gt;Assembles prototype battery packs||2009||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr.&lt;br /&gt; Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]], [[w:Holden Volt|Holden Volt]], [[w:Opel Ampera|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]], [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV (2015-2016 only - LG Chem cells)]] 

 
|- 

|6&lt;br /&gt;9&amp;nbsp;(BrightDrop)||[[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]]||[[w:Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2023-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Tom Venetis |date=4 April 2022 |title=GM Canada Electric Vehicle Production in Ontario by the End of 2022 |work=Metroland Media Group |url=http://www.canadianautoworld.ca/industry-news/gm-canada-electric-vehicle-production-in-ontario-by-the-end-of-2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 400|BrightDrop Zevo 400]] (2024)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 400]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 600]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for BrightDrop Zevo &amp; other vehicles made elsewhere||1989||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 300 Ingersoll St. S. Originally, a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] until December 2009 when GM bought Suzuki's share. Chevy Equinox production ended April 29, 2022. After being retooled, CAMI reopened December 5, 2022 building the BrightDrop Zevo 600. In July 2023, GM announced a 400,000 square-foot expansion to assemble battery modules and packs. Plant idled in October 2023 and restarted in April 2024.
Past models:[[w:Chevrolet Equinox|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2005-2022),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Bryan Bicknell |date=3 March 2022 |title=The finish line draws closer for gas powered vehicles at Ontario CAMI plant |work=CTV News |url=https://london.ctvnews.ca/the-finish-line-draws-closer-for-gas-powered-vehicles-at-ontario-cami-plant-1.5804523 |access-date=17 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Pontiac Torrent|Pontiac Torrent]] (2006-2009), [[w:GMC Terrain#First generation (2010)|GMC Terrain]] (2010-2017), [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|Suzuki XL7]] (2007-2009), [[w:Geo Tracker|Geo/Chevrolet Tracker]] (1990-2004), [[w:Suzuki Vitara#First generation (ET/TA; 1988)|Suzuki Sidekick]] (1990-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Canada|Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner (Canada only)]], [[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Vitara]] (1999-2004), [[w:Geo Metro|Geo/Chevrolet Metro]] (1990-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada only), [[w:Geo Metro|Suzuki Swift]] (1991-'01). 

|- 

|B (Suburban HD)||[[w:GM Defense|GM Defense]] Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC)||[[w:Concord, North Carolina|Concord, North Carolina]]||United States|| [[w:M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle|M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle]] (ISV)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#HD SUV|Chevrolet Suburban HD]] (a.k.a. HD SUV) (2024-) ||2021||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 4280 Defender Way. Located next to Hendrick Motorsports, a partner in the ISV program. The ISV program for the US Army is based on the Chevrolet Colorado ZR2. The HD SUV program for the US State Dept. Diplomatic Security Service is based on the T1XX-generation Chevrolet Suburban but with a different chassis and frame to support higher vehicle weight, payload, and GVWR than civilian Suburbans. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Defiance Foundry]]||[[w:Defiance, Ohio|Defiance, Ohio]]||United States||Aluminum engine blocks &amp; heads||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 26427 State Route 281. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Iron pouring ended in 2017.  The plant now pours only aluminum blocks and heads. Defiance made the aluminum blocks and heads for the Buick 215 V8. Defiance has also supplied [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] with 4-cylinder engine blocks and [[w:Nissan|Nissan]] with V6 engine blocks.  

|- 

|U||[[w:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt; &quot;Factory ZERO&quot;||[[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]] &amp; [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQ]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for a variety of vehicles||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2500 East Grand Blvd. Sometimes called the &quot;Poletown&quot; plant after the Detroit neighborhood where the plant is located. Part of the site was previously the &quot;Dodge Main&quot; plant which opened in 1911 before Dodge was part of the Chrysler Corp. and closed on January 4, 1980. GM bought the closed plant in 1981. Additional land including residential neighborhoods was acquired through the use of eminent domain. The plant straddles the line between 2 cities: Detroit &amp; Hamtramck. The body shop is in Hamtramck while the general assembly area is in Detroit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/10/16/gm-detroit-hamtramck-assembly-plant-renamed-factory-zero/3665925001/|title = GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant renamed 'Factory ZERO' amid shift to all-electric|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=October 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current site includes a 16.5-acre wildlife habitat. First vehicle produced was a 1986 Cadillac Eldorado on February 4, 1985. The last gas-powered vehicles made at this plant were the Cadillac CT6 on January 24, 2020 &amp; the Chevrolet Impala on February 27, 2020. Renamed &quot;Factory ZERO&quot; on October 16, 2020 to reflect its conversion into an electric vehicle assembly plant (zero for zero emissions). First vehicle produced following the conversion was a 2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup on December 17, 2021. Over 4 million vehicles have been built so far since opening in 1985. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) (final assembly), [[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]] (2016-2020), [[w:Cadillac Deville|Cadillac Deville]] (1994-2005), [[w:Cadillac DTS|Cadillac DTS]] (2006-2011), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1986-2000), [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]] (2014, 2016), [[w:Cadillac Seville|Cadillac Seville]] (1986-2004), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Third generation (2017)|Buick Lacrosse]] (2017-2019), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Buick Lucerne|Buick Lucerne]] (2006-2011), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1998-2000), [[w:Buick Riviera#Seventh generation (1986–1993)|Buick Riviera]] (1986-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Fourth generation (1986–1992)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1986-1992), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2004-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Tenth generation (2014-2020)|Chevrolet Impala]] (2014-20), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (2011-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Other markets|Holden Volt (RE)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Opel Ampera (Europe)|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located on 3100 Dryden Rd. Was a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]. Originally, was 40% owned by GM &amp; 60% owned by Isuzu. From 2002, 60% owned by GM &amp; 40% owned by Isuzu. GM bought Isuzu's remaining stake in DMAX Ltd. at the end of March 2022 and DMAX Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of GM in May 2022. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]] Components Plant||[[w:Brookville, Ohio|Brookville, Ohio]]||United States||Machined engine components for [[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2021||&amp;nbsp;|| Located at 101 W. Campus Blvd. In June 2023, GM announced a $920 million investment to build a 1.1 million square foot building next to the current 251,000 square foot facility in Brookville to take over Duramax V8 engine production from the original plant in Moraine in 2025. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Egypt|GM Egypt]]||[[w:6th of October City|6th of October City]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet T-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Move|Chevrolet Move]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Third generation (310C; 2023)|Chevrolet Optra]] (2025-)||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Partially owned by GM (46.5%). &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Frontera|Chevrolet Frontera]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Baojun 630|Chevrolet Optra]] (2016-2023), [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet T-Series]], [[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu TF|Isuzu TF-Series]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] 

|- 

|F||[[w:Fairfax II|Fairfax II]]||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu &lt;br&gt; (2016-2025)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]] (2019-)&lt;br /&gt;
||1987||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 3201 Fairfax Trafficway. Replaced original Fairfax Assembly Plant (Fairfax I) for 1988 model year production. Built on the site of the old Fairfax Municipal Airport. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1988-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1995-1997), [[w:Oldsmobile Intrigue|Oldsmobile Intrigue]] (1998-2002), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth generation (2004)|Chevrolet Malibu (2004-2007)/Malibu Classic (2008)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu (2008-2012)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Saturn Aura|Saturn Aura]] (2007-2009),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|Buick Lacrosse/Allure]] (2010-2016)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint Engine South|Flint Engine South]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LFV|GM Small Gasoline Engine]] (LFV 1.5 Turbo I4 - Malibu),&lt;br /&gt; 3.0 [[w:Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the east side of Flint Metal Center. &lt;br /&gt;Past engines: [[w:GM Atlas engine|4.2 Atlas I6]], 3.6 [[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]],&lt;br /&gt; 1.4 [[w:GM Family 0 engine#Generation III|Family 0 I4]] (Cruze, Sonic, Volt/Ampera/ELR generator) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Metal Center]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| Sheetmetal stampings for various GM models||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G-2238 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the west side of Flint Engine South. Metal fabricating plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Tool &amp; Die]] (North American Engineering and Tooling Center)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Tools &amp; Dies for fabrication &amp; assembly of sheetmetal body parts||1967||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 425 Stevenson St. Was Plant 38 of the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the old &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. 

|- 

|F &lt;br/&gt;(1953-present)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 1 (1947-1952)||[[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2001-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2001-)||1947||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G 3100 Van Slyke Road. This plant replaced vehicle production at the older &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex elsewhere in Flint, Michigan and became Chevrolet's new home plant. This is GM's oldest, still active assembly plant in North America. Built all 300 1953 Corvettes on a small makeshift line (1 line for body &amp; 1 for frame/chassis) from June 30 through December 24 in 1953. Built the 50 millionth car built by GM in the US on November 23, 1954. The car was a special gold painted '55 Chevy Bel Air 2-door Sport Coupe with a gold-painted chassis and 716 interior and exterior trim parts plated with 24-carat gold. Last built Chevy full-size cars in 1969. Last built passenger cars in 1970 (the midsize Chevelle &amp; Monte Carlo). The last passenger car built at Flint Assembly was a Monte Carlo on June 24, 1970. Since 1971, has only built full-size pickups, full-size SUV's, full-size vans, and medium duty commercial trucks. A new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop located inside the assembly plant. The new paint shop is further down Van Slyke Road from the assembly plant at 3848 Van Slyke Road, on the site of the former V8 engine plant that closed in 1999 and was subsequently demolished. Flint Truck Assembly has produced over 15 million vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1966, 1970), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970 only),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1991), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|GMC K15 Jimmy]] (1970-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1960-1991), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1967-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1964), &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/Rally Van]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|GMC Vandura/Rally Van G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1995-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1995-98), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT400)]] (1999-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (1998-00), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Third generation (2003–2009)|Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick]] (2003-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Isuzu H-Series|Isuzu H-Series]] (2005-2007), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (2004-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette (1953 only)]]

|- 

|Z||[[w:Fort Wayne Assembly|Fort Wayne Assembly]]||[[w:Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (1988-)||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 12200 Lafayette Center Rd.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1988-1998)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Fuel Cell System Manufacturing LLC]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Fuel Cell Systems for [[w:Honda CR-V#CR-V e:FCEV|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] &amp; various other applications by GM &amp; Honda &amp; to outside companies||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr. Located next to GM's Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant.&lt;br /&gt; A 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Honda|Honda]]. GM &amp; Honda have been co-developing fuel cells since 2013. 
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Operations||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||Valvetrain products &lt;br /&gt; Axles for full-size trucks ||1943||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Burlingame Avenue SW. Originally established as Diesel Equipment Division of GM. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delphi Powertrain Systems Grand Rapids); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 1999. 

|- 

|G||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Gravatai Automotive Industrial Complex]]||[[w:Gravatai|Gravatai]], [[w:Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt; ||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celta|Chevrolet Celta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prisma (disambiguation)|Chevrolet Prisma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/blue-macaw-01.htm|title=General Motors: Gravatai Automotive Complex|access-date=2021-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1533675720090715 UPDATE 2-GM to spend $1 bln in Brazil on new family of cars] Retrieved 14 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Suzuki Fun|Suzuki Fun]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Joinville]]||[[w:Joinville|Joinville]], [[w:Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.0 &amp; 1.0 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2 &amp; 1.2 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] ||2013||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#SPE / 4|1.0L &amp; 1.4L SPE / 4&lt;br /&gt; 4-cylinder engines]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kokomo Operations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://plants.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/component-fac/kokomo.html|title=GM Corporate Newsroom - United States - Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]||United States||Automotive Electronic Components including Engine Control Modules, Transmission Control Modules, Body Control Modules, &amp; Airbag Sensing Diagnostic Modules||1936||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2603 South Goyer Rd. The site was first used in the 1890's to make cars by [[w:Haynes-Apperson|Haynes-Apperson]] and later by [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]] until the company went out of business in 1925. Purchased by GM in 1936 from Crosley Radio Corp., which used the site to make radios for Chevrolet briefly during 1936. Initially run by Delco Remy, the site became a separate GM division called Delco Radio Division in June 1936. Delco Radio made radios for all GM cars as well as other electronic equipment. During WWII, Delco Radio made electronic equipment for the war effort. In 1970, Delco Radio merged with AC Electronics Division of Milwaukee to form [[w:Delco Electronics|Delco Electronics Division]]. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft, which it had acquired on December 20, 1985, with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1997, GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delco Electronics and Safety); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|-

| ||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Boryeong|Boryeong]], [[w:South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||Automatic Transmissions||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|GM 6T40 transmission]] (GF6) 

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0 ('07-'08 Antara)||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Bupyeong-gu|Bupyeong District]], [[w:Incheon|Incheon]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.3L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] 

|1962&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1971 (engine plant)||&amp;nbsp;||Bupyeong has 2 vehicle assembly plants and a powertrain plant. The Bupyeong 2 Assembly Plant ended production on November 26, 2022. Bupyeong 2 was last producing the Chevrolet Malibu and Trax and Buick Encore.&lt;br /&gt;Past models : [[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Evanda|Chevrolet Evanda]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Buick LaCrosse#Korean market: Alpheon|Alpheon]] 
 

[[w:Daewoo LeMans|Daewoo LeMans]], [[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]], [[w:Daewoo Espero|Daewoo Espero]], [[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]], [[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]], [[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]], [[w:Daewoo Tosca|Daewoo Tosca]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Kalos]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)#T250|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Daewoo Winstorm]] 
 

[[w:Holden Barina#Fifth generation (TK; 2005–2011)|Holden Barina (TK)]], [[w:Holden Barina#Sixth generation (TM; 2011–2018)|Holden Barina (TM)]], [[w:Opel Antara|Holden Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Holden Captiva/Captiva 7]], [[w:Holden Epica|Holden Epica (EP)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Holden Malibu (EM)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Holden Trax (TJ)]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Opel Antara|GMC Terrain (Middle East only)]] &lt;br /&gt;  

[[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel/Vauxhall Mokka]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel/Vauxhall Antara]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|Pontiac LeMans]], [[w:Pontiac Wave|Pontiac Wave]], [[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3]] &lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Suzuki Swift+|Suzuki Swift+]] (Canada only), [[w:Suzuki Verona|Suzuki Verona]] 

 
Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]]  

|- 

|C||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Changwon|Changwon]], [[w:Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trax#Second generation (2023)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM small gasoline engine]] LV7, LE2&lt;br/&gt;Manual transmissions 

|1991||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Damas|Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Labo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]], [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]/[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Name revival|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G2#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Pontiac G2]], [[w:Pontiac Matiz#M150 (2000–2005)|Pontiac Matiz]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Spark#Australasia|Holden Barina Spark (MJ)]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Holden Spark|Holden Spark (MP)]]

 
Past engines: [[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine#S-TEC II|Daewoo S-TEC II]] 

|-

|J||[[w:Lansing Delta Township Assembly|Lansing Delta Township Assembly]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2010-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave|Buick Enclave]] (2008-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Acadia#Third generation (2024)|GMC Acadia]] (2024-)||2006||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 8175 Millett Hwy. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Saturn Outlook|Saturn Outlook]] (2007-2010), [[w:GMC Acadia#First generation (2007)|GMC Acadia]] (2007–2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Acadia Limited|GMC Acadia Limited]] (2017), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Traverse Limited]] (2024)

|- 

|0||[[w:Lansing Grand River Assembly|Lansing Grand River Assembly]]/Stamping||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]] (2020-)||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 920 Townsend Street. Stamping plant added in 2016. This newly constructed plant was built on the grounds of the former Oldsmobile home plant complex in Lansing. The former Oldsmobile HQ building (&quot;Building 70&quot;) is still standing and still has &quot;Oldsmobile Administration Center&quot; carved into the marble barrier in front of the flagpole between the 2 stairways. Building 70 was Oldsmobile HQ from 1966-1996, when Oldsmobile HQ moved to Detroit. Building 70 is now vacant but the exterior is often used by GM for large ads that are wrapped around the side of the building on the corner of Townsend St. and William St.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac ATS|Cadillac ATS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]] (2003-2019), [[w:Cadillac SRX#First generation (2004)|Cadillac SRX]] (2004-2009), [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]] (2005-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2016-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lansing Regional Stamping]] (LRS)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||2004|| ||Located within the Lansing Delta Assembly complex.  

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Service Parts Operation|Lansing Redistribution Center]] (SPO)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1960|| ||Located at 4400 West Mount Hope Road. Previously Lansing Plant 4. Now called Lansing Redistribution Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lockport Operations]]||[[w:Lockport, NY|Lockport, NY]]||United States||Thermal products (climate control systems, powertrain cooling systems) and stators for EV motors.||1914||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 200 Upper Mountain Road. Founded in 1910 as the Harrison Radiator Company. Acquired by United Motors in 1916 which was then acquired by GM in 1918. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Harrison Thermal Systems); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Marion Metal Center]]||[[w:Marion, Indiana|Marion, Indiana]]||United States||Sheetmetal stamped parts &amp; blanks for various GM models||1956||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2400 West Second St. Metal fabricating. Originally a Fisher Body division plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Mogi das Cruzes]]||[[w:Mogi das Cruzes|Mogi das Cruzes]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||Stampings for new &amp; replacement parts||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant 

|-

|4||[[w:Orion Assembly|Orion Assembly]]||[[w:Orion Township, Michigan|Orion Township, Michigan]]||United States||Scheduled for Mid-2026:
[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2026-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2026-) 
||1983||idled 2009; reopened 2011; idled 2023||Located at 4555 Giddings Road.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EV|Chevrolet Bolt EV]] (2017-2023), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EUV|Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; Bolt EUV]] (2022-2023), [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevy Malibu]] (2008-2010), [[w:Pontiac G6|Pontiac G6]] (2005–2010), [[w:Buick Verano#First generation (2011)|Buick Verano]] (2012–2017), [[w:Buick Riviera#Eighth generation (1995–1999)|Buick Riviera]] (1995-1999), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000–2005), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1997–2005), [[w:Cadillac de Ville series#Sixth generation (1985–1993)|Cadillac DeVille]] (1985-1993), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Front-wheel drive: 1985–1993|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1985-1992), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special#1987–1993|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1989-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Aurora|Oldsmobile Aurora]] (1995-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1994-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98 (1985-1996)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1994-98, 2000-05), [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (2012-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt#European countries|Opel Ampera-e]] 

|- 

|1 (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2019)/&lt;br /&gt;9 (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2020)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (1967-1983)||[[w:Oshawa Car Assembly|Oshawa Car Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado HD]] (2022-)||1953||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 900 Park Rd South.&lt;br /&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1985, 2000-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Impala Limited (2014–2016)|Chevrolet Impala Limited]] (2014-2016), [[w:Chevrolet Lumina|Chevrolet Lumina]] (1990-2001), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1995-2007), [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick Century]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1988-2004, 2011-2017), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#First generation (2005)|Buick LaCrosse/Allure]] (2005-2009), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]], [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1955-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958–1975), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2010-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2011-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1962-1967), [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|A-body (rwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977)/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983)/[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]]/[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971, 1973-1981)/[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1970)/[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]], [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|A-body (fwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1987)/[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982-1988)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1985-1988),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#1977–1981|Pontiac Catalina]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Eighth generation (2004–2008)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (2004-2008), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Laurentian]] (1954-1981), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1958-1984, US: 1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Pathfinder|Pontiac Pathfinder]] (1954-1958), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Strato Chief]] (1958-1970), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-1971), [[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Beaumont]] (1966-1969),  [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD]] (2019), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD]] (2019). &lt;br /&gt; 

VIN code 1 (1984-2019): Chevrolet Celebrity (1984-1987), Pontiac 6000 (1984-1985), Buick Regal (1988-2004), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990–2001), Buick Century (1997-05), Pontiac Grand Prix (2004-2008), Buick LaCrosse/Allure (2005-2009), Chevrolet Impala (2008-2013), Chevrolet&lt;br /&gt; Impala Limited (2014-2016), Chevrolet Equinox (2011-2017), Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD (2019),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD (2019)

VIN code 9: Chevrolet Impala (1984-1985), Chevrolet Caprice (1984-1985), Pontiac Parisienne (1984), Pontiac 6000 (1985-1988), Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1985-1988), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-1999),  Chevrolet Lumina 2-d (1990-1994), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995-07), Chevrolet Impala (2000-08), Chevrolet Camaro (2010-2015), Buick Regal (2011-17), Cadillac XTS (2013-2019), Chevrolet Impala (2014-2020) 

The current Oshawa complex (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) opened on November 7, 1953. The passenger car assembly plant had 2 assembly lines.  Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. Vehicle production at the South plant ended in 2019; plant will be transformed for stamping and production of subassemblies. Restart of vehicle production announced in Nov. 2020 - Truck production started in late 2021 with Silverado HD followed by Silverado 1500 in 2022. 

Oshawa also produced face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Metal|Oshawa Metal]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Stamped metal parts for new production and for service parts||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Located at 1000 Park Road South. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Parma Metal Center|Parma Metal Center]]||[[w:Parma, Ohio|Parma, Ohio]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 5400 Chevrolet Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Metal fabricating 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Pontiac Metal Center]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1926||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 260 E. Beverly Ave.&lt;br /&gt;Metal fabricating&lt;br /&gt;Originally, a [[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]] plant and then an [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] plant. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the original Pontiac Assembly complex, which was Pontiac's home plant. 

|-

|S||[[w:Ramos Arizpe Assembly|Ramos Arizpe Assembly]]||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (2019-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer EV|Chevrolet Blazer EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Equinox EV|Chevrolet Equinox EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq EV]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Honda Prologue|Honda Prologue EV]] (2024-) ||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant added in 1995 and a paint plant added in 1997.&lt;br /&gt;Past Models: [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989-1994), [[w:Buick Rendezvous|Buick Rendezvous]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (US: 2012-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1991-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (US: 1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy|Chevrolet Chevy]] (Mexico: 1995-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] (2016-2019), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1985-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024), [[w:Chevrolet HHR|Chevrolet HHR]] (2006-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (Mexico: 2012-2017), [[w:Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2010)|Cadillac SRX]] (2010-2016), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico only)]], [[w:Pontiac Aztek|Pontiac Aztek]] (2001-2005), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1988)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1993-1994), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2005), [[w:Saab 9-4X|Saab 9-4X]] (2011), [[w:Saturn Vue#Second generation (2008)|Saturn Vue]] (2008-2010), [[w:Holden Equinox|Holden Equinox (EQ)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Engine||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8 &amp; V6]]||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Transmission||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||VT40 (CVT250) [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] transmission ||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70/6T75 6-speed automatic (GF6)]]&lt;br /&gt;4ET50 EVT (for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]])&lt;br /&gt;4ET55 EVT (for [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]]) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Rochester Products Division|Rochester Operations]]||[[w:Rochester, NY|Rochester, NY]]||United States||Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick Components - Engine management systems, fuel injection systems, and related products. ||1939||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1000 Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1908 as the Rochester Coil Company. Renamed North East Electric Company in 1909. Acquired by GM in 1929. In 1930, merged with Delco-Light Co. to become Delco Appliance. A planned, second Delco Appliance plant on Lexington Ave. in Rochester instead became the Rochester Products Division of GM in 1939. This division made carburetors, fuel injection systems, &amp; other fuel system equipment. During WWII, it made warplane and tank electrical accessories. In 1981, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's Diesel Equipment Division of Grand Rapids, Michigan retaining the Rochester Products Division name. On August 30, 1988, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's AC Spark Plug Division to form the AC Rochester Division. The Grand Rapids-based diesel fuel-injection business of the former Diesel Equipment Division was sold on August 26 to a joint venture of G.M. and the Penske Corporation called Diesel Technology Corporation (80% Penske, 20% Detroit Diesel, itself a joint venture between Penske &amp; GM). Robert Bosch invested in Diesel Technology Corporation in 1992, eventually taking over the whole company by 2002. AC Rochester merged with parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Rochester Powertrain); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Engine]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM High Feature engine#Fourth generation|Gen4 High Feature V6]] 

||1976||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road. Originally part of GM's Detroit Diesel Allison Division where it built diesel engines and components. Switched to gasoline engines in the 1980's.&lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Transmission]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:&quot;Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#General Motors|10L80/90 Transmission]]||1995||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road.&lt;br /&gt;Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|GM 4L60-E transmission]] 

|-

|R||Rosario||[[w:Alvear, Santa Fe|Alvear]], [[w:Rosario Department|Rosario Department]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LE2|1.4L Turbo I4 LE2]] 

||1997||&amp;nbsp;||Engine plant added in 2016.  

Past Models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B|Chevrolet Corsa B/Corsa Classic/Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Agile|Chevrolet Agile]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Suzuki Grand Vitara/Chevrolet Tracker]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Saginaw Metal Casting Operations|Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Metal casting for powertrains (High Feature V6 engine): engine blocks, heads, and crankshafts&lt;br/&gt;Front 4WD axle assembly castings||1919||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1629 N. Washington Avenue. Originally the Grey Iron Foundry, a part of General Motors Saginaw Products Co. and renamed as Chevrolet Saginaw Grey Iron Foundry when transferred to Chevrolet Motor Division in 1927. Moved to Central Foundry Division in 1983. Joins GM Powertrain Division in 1991. Renamed Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in 1994 to reflect that it now pours aluminum. First production aluminum heads produced in 1995. Over the years, it has produced both cast iron and cast aluminum engine blocks for the Chevy Small-Block V8. 

|-

|L||[[w:San Luis Potosí Assembly|San Luis Potosí Assembly]]||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Third generation (2025)|GMC Terrain]] (2025-)||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]] (2009–2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]] (2020-2022)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]] (2013-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3/G3 Wave]] (2009-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/7c659360-416a-4e96-ae38-0b69d916c106|title=GM Vehicle Identification Numbering Standard - 2021 - United States and Canada|date=August 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Second generation (2018)|GMC Terrain]] (2018-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||San Luis Potosí Transmission||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||2009||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission]] 6T40/45 (GF6) 

|-

|B||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São Caetano do Sul Assembly]]||[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Third generation (2022)|Chevrolet Montana]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]&lt;br /&gt; ||1930||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Opel Astra#G|Chevrolet Astra]], [[w:Opel Astra#H |Chevrolet Vectra/Vectra GT]] (both until 2011), [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1985–1996|Chevrolet Bonanza]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1964–1984|Chevrolet C-10/C-14/C-15/Chevy 4/D-10/A-10]], [[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet A-10/C-10/A-20/C-20/D-20]], Chevrolet A40/D40, [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Comodoro|Chevrolet Comodoro]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa B]], [[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Diplomata|Chevrolet Diplomata]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Joy]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1996-1998, [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Second generation (2011–2021)|Chevrolet Montana]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]], [[w:Chevrolet Omega#Omega A|Chevrolet Omega A]], [[w:Chevrolet Opala|Chevrolet Opala]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Chevrolet Vectra A]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Chevrolet Vectra B]], [[w:Chevrolet Veraneio|Chevrolet C-1416/Veraneio]], Chevrolet 3100/Brasil/Amazona/Alvorada/Corisco, Chevrolet 6500, Chevrolet C64/C65/C68/D64/D65/D68/D74/D75/D78, Bus bodies, Frigidaire appliances 

|- 

|C||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São José dos Campos Assembly]]||[[w:São José dos Campos|São José dos Campos]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| 

[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Third generation (2012)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

 
Engines:&lt;br/&gt; 2.8L turbodiesel 4-cylinder engines&lt;br /&gt;

Transmissions 

|1959||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Montana#First generation (2003–2010)|Chevrolet Montana]]&lt;br /&gt;  [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Sedan C]], [[w:Opel Meriva#First generation (2003)|Chevrolet Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Zafira]] (all until 2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Chevy 500|Chevrolet Chevy 500]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1989-1996, [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]],  [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado D20]], Chevrolet 11000/12000/14000/22000, [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC Chevette]], [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC 500]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|GMC 6-100/6-150/3500HD]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC 12-170/14-190/16-220]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|GMC 15-190]] 

Engines including: [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#261|Chevrolet Jobmaster 261 I6]], [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Brazil|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]], [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]], [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]], [[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Detroit Diesel Series 53&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions  

|-

|G||[[Silao Assembly]]||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2006-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2006-)||1995||&amp;nbsp;|| Stamping plant added in 1997. Full-size SUV production moved entirely to Arlington Assembly after the 2009 model year; Past production models: [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2003-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade EXT|Cadillac Escalade EXT]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Avalanche|Chevrolet Avalanche]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1995-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eighth generation (1992)|GMC Suburban]] (1995-1999), [[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban (eighth generation)#Holden Suburban|Holden Suburban (K8)]]

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Engine||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Transmission||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]], [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]], [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|10L80]]||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50]], [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/90]] 

|-

|Z,&lt;br /&gt;S (Traverse &amp; Vue)||[[w:Spring Hill Manufacturing|Spring Hill Manufacturing]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]] (2017-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] (2023-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Acura ZDX#Second generation (2024)|Acura ZDX EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine#1.5|1.5L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.0L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM L3B engine|2.7L L3B turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;5.3 &amp; 6.2 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V &lt;br /&gt;Small-Block V8 Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Components||1990||2009-2012||Located at 100 Saturn Parkway. The original home of the [[w:Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand. Originally, Saturn built everything here - all its vehicles, engines, transmissions, stampings, and components. But, gradually, Saturn production was broadened to other plants and by 2007, Saturn production in Spring Hill had ended. Spring Hill made products for other GM brands and has continued to do so since Saturn was closed down during GM's bankruptcy. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Saturn S-Series|Saturn S-Series]] (1991-2002), [[w:Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion]] (2003-2007), [[w:Saturn Vue#First generation (2002)|Saturn Vue]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#First generation (2009)|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2009-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2013-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Second generation (2017)|GMC Acadia]] (2017-2023), [[w:Holden Acadia|Holden Acadia (AC)]].&lt;br /&gt;  


Past Engines: [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec Gen II 2.4L I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LHU (A20NFT Opel)|Ecotec Gen II LHU 2.0L Turbo I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.5L I4]], [[w:Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Saturn MP transmission|Saturn MP series manual and automatic transmissions]] Transmission production in Spring Hill ended in 2002.  
 

Ion production ended March 28, 2007 and was replaced by the Belgian-built Astra for the 2008 model year. Vue production ended March 30, 2007 and moved to Mexico for the 2008 model year. Assembly was idled for more than a year beginning April 1, 2007 for conversion to Chevy Traverse production. Traverse production began September 2, 2008. Assembly idled in November 2009 when Chevy Traverse production was moved to Lansing Delta Township Assembly. Assembly reopened in September 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/business/general-motors-said-to-offer-bonuses-in-new-deal-with-workers.html | work=The New York Times | author1=Bill Vlasic | author2=Nick Bunkley | title=G.M. Will Offer Bonuses in New Deal With Workers | date=September 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; to produce the [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]].  

 
Spring Hill also includes a plastic injection molding operation that produce various plastic components. Plastic components have also been produced for models not built in Spring Hill such as [[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] and the [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]].

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Propulsion Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tremec|Tremec]] TR-9080 8-speed dual clutch transmission&lt;br /&gt;Engine components||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 570 Glendale Avenue. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6 engine]] (1963-1967)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#225|Buick 225 V6 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]] (300, 340, 401) (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.1)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#LQ1|Chevrolet 3.4L DOHC LQ1 V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.6)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] (265/267/283/305/307/327/350)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T45 6-speed automatic]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||RWD GM-Allison 10-speed (10L1000) (AB1V) / 8-speed ([[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]] &amp; [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]]) / 6-Speed ([[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] &amp; [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/6L90]]) Transmissions / FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||1956|| ||Located at 1455 West Alexis Road. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. Replaced the older Toledo plant on Central Ave. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350 3-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E|THM700R4/4L60 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E/4L70-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T30/35/40/45/50 6-speed automatic]] 

|-

||&amp;nbsp;||Toluca Engine||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]] 

|[[w:Mexico|Mexico]] 

|[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine 1.4L/1.5L I4]] (including 1.5 turbo LSD I4 for Equinox/Terrain)

[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Vortec 3000|Vortec 3000 Marine &amp; Industrial 4-cyl. engine]]&lt;br /&gt;  

5.0 &amp; 5.7 Marine &amp; Industrial V8 engines&lt;br /&gt; 

Small-Block V8 engines for the aftermarket&lt;br /&gt;  

Aluminum Foundry&lt;br /&gt;  

|1965 

| 

|Past engines: 
[[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#292|Chevrolet 292 (4.8L) Inline-6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Tonawanda Engine|Tonawanda Engine]]||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV1|LV1]] 4.3L V6 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L84|L84]] 5.3L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86/L87|L87]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT2|LT2]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L8T|L8T]] 6.6L V8 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LSY|LSY]] 2.0T I4 

 
|1938 

|&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2995 River Rd. Includes 3 plants. Plant #1 opened in 1938. Plant #4 opened in 1941. Plant #5 opened in 2001.  

Past engines:  

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber during WW-2 

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:P-61 Black Widow|P-61 Black Widow]] &amp; [[w:P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighters during WW-2 


[[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300 engine]] 


[[w:General Motors 122 engine|General Motors 122 engine]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen I]] (L850) 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2_2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen II]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec 2.4L Gen II]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LTG|Ecotec Gen III LTG 2.0T I-4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.5|Ecotec 2.5L Gen III]] 


[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#LK5 (Vortec 2800)|Atlas 2.8/2.9 I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#L52 (Vortec 3500)|Atlas 3.5/3.7 I5]] 
 

[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair Flat-6 (all)]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]] 


[[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 3.3L/3.8L/4.3L 90° V6]] 

 
[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]], [[w:GM High Value engine|High Value 3.9L V6]] 

 
[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] 

 
Gen V Small-Block 90° V6/V8: [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|LV3]] 4.3L V6, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L82|L82]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L83|L83]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86|L86]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT4|LT4 6.2L Supercharged V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Lansing]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||Opening 4th qtr. 2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' third plant. Located at 7111 Davis Hwy. It is adjacent to GM's Lansing Delta Township Assembly plant.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Spring Hill]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' second plant. Located at 301 Donald F Ephlin Pkwy.
  
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Warren]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2022|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' first plant. Located at 7400 Tod Ave SW.
 
|- 

|1||[[w:Wentzville Assembly|Wentzville Assembly]]||[[w:Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2015-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Canyon|GMC Canyon]] (2015-)||1983||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1500 E. Rte. A. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)|Buick Electra]] (1985-1990), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#First generation (1991–1996)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1991-1994), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile Delta 88/88 (1986-1991)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88 (1992-1993)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1989), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville (1989-91)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville (1992-93)]] 

|-

|A||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]||[[w:Jinqiao|Jinqiao]], [[w:Pudong|Pudong]] district, [[w:Shanghai|Shanghai]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)#Chinese version|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave#China (2020)|Buick Enclave]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Third generation (2017–present)|Buick GL8 ES/Avenir/PHEV (Mk III)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Fourth generation (2022)|Buick GL8 Century (Mk IV)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse|Buick LaCrosse]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (E2XX)&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Ultium batteries||1998||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. There are 3 vehicle production plants (North, South, &amp; East). North was the original plant. South began production in 2005. The East or &quot;Cadillac&quot; plant began production in 2016.   

Past models: [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick New Century]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#First generation (J200; 2003)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (1999-2004)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Park Avenue#Third generation (2007–2012)|Buick Park Avenue (WM)]] (CKD)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#China|Buick Regal]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (Epsilon II)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 5|Buick Velite 5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 7|Buick Velite 7]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac ATS#ATS-L|Cadillac ATS-L]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CTS#First generation (2003)|Cadillac CTS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac STS#Chinese Cadillac SLS|Cadillac SLS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]]&lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#Production in China by SAIC-GM|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6]] 

|-

|D||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Motors||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envision|Buick Envision]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac GT4|Cadillac GT4]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 2001 as Yantai Bodyshop Corp. which built Daewoo vehicles ([[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]) under license from Daewoo Motor Co. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2002. There are 2 vehicle production plants (North &amp; South). SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#Second generation (2018)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#First generation (2009)|Buick Excelle GT/XT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo (T300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Aveo (Mex.)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Corsa Plus (Chile)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica (V200)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Tosca|Chevrolet Epica]] (V250)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Lova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lova RV|Chevrolet Lova RV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Trax]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Powertrain||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions including: [[w:GM 6T40 transmission|6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50]], [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1999 as Shandong Daewoo Automotive Engine Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor Co. &amp; Chinese partners owned by the Shandong provincial govt. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2005. SAIC-GM Dongyue Powertrain joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#Generation III|Family I, Gen 3 engine]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Norsom Motors||[[w:Shenyang|Shenyang]], [[w:Liaoning|Liaoning]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Seeker|Chevrolet Seeker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Second generation (2010-present)|Buick GL8 Land Business Class (Mk II) (2010-present)]]&lt;br/&gt; Engines||1992||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1992 as Jinbei GM Automotive Co. Ltd., a 30/70 joint venture between GM &amp; Shenyang Jinbei Automotive. Restructured into a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Jinbei in 1998. SAIC-GM took over the joint venture in 2004, buying out Jinbei. The new SAIC-GM Norsom Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Crew Cab (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Encore#Second generation (2020)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (2004-2016)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Second generation (2016)|Buick Verano]] 

|- 

|V||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Wuhan Branch||[[w:Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza (China)|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Menlo|Chevrolet Menlo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Third generation (Pro, 2021)|Buick Verano Pro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 6|Buick Velite 6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E4|Buick Electra E4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E5|Buick Electra E5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq]]&lt;br /&gt; Engines||2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Joseph Szczesny |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ford, GM Implement Expansion Plans in China |work=The Detroit Bureau |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2015/01/ford-gm-implement-expansion-plans-in-china/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Jamie L. LaReau |date=27 February 2020 |title=Restart of GM's plant in China stalls due to coronavirus crisis |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/02/27/gm-delays-start-production-china-plant-due-coronavirus-crisis/4884203002/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#China|Chevrolet Cavalier]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#Second generation (2015)|Buick Excelle GT/GX]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Sam McEachern|date=28 February 2020 |title=GM Delays Production Restart At Wuhan Plant As Coronavirus Crisis Continues |work=GM Authority |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/02/gm-delays-production-restart-at-wuhan-plant-as-coronavirus-crisis-continues/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL6|Buick GL6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] (HQ plant)||[[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. There are 2 vehicle production plants (East &amp; West). SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Chevrolet Lechi (Spark)]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] Base||Liudong New District, [[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2012||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2015.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Baojun Lechi]], [[w:Baojun 610|Baojun 610]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Chongqing Branch||[[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2014||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Qingdao Branch||[[w:Qingdao|Qingdao]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Originally founded in 1997 as [[w:Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing|Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing]]. SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the plant in 2005. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2009.  

|-

|J||[[w:SGMW Motor Indonesia|SGMW Motor Indonesia]]||[[w:Cikarang|Cikarang]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| [[w:Wuling Air EV|Wuling Air EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Binguo|Wuling Binguo EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cloud EV|Wuling Cloud EV ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Almaz|Wuling Almaz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Alvez|Wuling Alvez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Confero|Wuling Confero]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cortez|Wuling Cortez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Formo|Wuling Formo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:MG4 EV|MG4 EV]], [[w:MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS EV]]||2017||&amp;nbsp;||100% owned and operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. In 2024, SGMW Motor Indonesia began producing MG models on behalf of PT SAIC Motor Indonesia. MG is owned by SAIC, a shareholder of SGMW. 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#Second generation (CN202S; 2019)|Chevrolet Captiva]] 

|}

== Current partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Azermash CP LLC]]||[[w:Hajiqabul|Hajiqabul]]||[[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia (T250)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]] ||2017|| ||Built under contract by Azermash CP LLC for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

|- 

|A||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[w:Andijan Region|Andijan Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]],  [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker (2022-)]]||1996|| ||Originally established as Uz-DaewooAuto, a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor &amp; the Uzbek government. Became GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors.  

Previous models: [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Daewoo Matiz (M150)]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Daewoo Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra#Uzbekistan (2013–2015)|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia 3]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tacuma|Chevrolet Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Ravon Matiz]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Ravon R2]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Ravon Nexia R3|Ravon Nexia R3]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Ravon R4]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra|Ravon Gentra R5]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Pitnak|Pitnak]], [[w:Khorezm Region|Khorezm Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Damas|Chevrolet Damas]]&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Labo|Chevrolet Labo]]  ||2014|| ||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. In 2021, a new press shop opened at the Pitnak plant. 

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||Repair of used cars ||2009||2019||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Plant assembled SKD vehicles. SKD production ended in 2019. Plant is now used to repair &amp; overhaul used cars acquired as trade-ins for new cars, which are then resold by UzAuto.   

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker (initial production from SKD)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Powertrain Uzbekistan]]/[[w:GM Uzbekistan|UzAuto Motors Powertrain]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine|1.2L &amp; 1.5L DOHC I4 engines]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L GM E-Turbo I3 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine components (crankshaft, block, heads)&lt;br /&gt;Aluminum Foundry ||2011|| ||GM Powertrain Uzbekistan is a 52/48 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat. In 2019, the company was renamed UzAuto Motors Powertrain after UzAvtosanoat bought out GM's share of the joint venture. It now builds engines &amp; components under license from GM.

|- 

|0,4,7,8,9||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Fujisawa plant||[[w:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 4500 &amp; 5500 diesel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. &lt;br /&gt; Previous models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Buick Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spectrum|Chevrolet Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Spectrum|Geo Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Storm|Geo Storm]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Bedford KB25]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Bedford KB26/41]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Campo#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Opel Campo/Bedford Brava/Vauxhall Brava]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Jackaroo#First generation (1981)|Holden Jackaroo (Gen 1)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monterey#Second generation (1991)|Opel/Vauxhall Monterey/Holden Jackaroo (Gen 2)/Monterey]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo]] (1981-2002) (KB/TF)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Piazza#First generation (JR120/130; 1980)|Holden Piazza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Shuttle|Holden Shuttle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu I-Mark|Isuzu I-Mark]], [[w:Isuzu Impulse|Isuzu Impulse]], [[w:Isuzu Stylus|Isuzu Stylus]]

|- 

|H||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Main Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD and International CV)|Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty&lt;br /&gt;International CV]]||2019|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Jointly developed by GM &amp; Navistar. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|N||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Secondary Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] cutaway,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] cutaway||2017|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[SaryarkaAvtoProm]]/&lt;br&gt;Allur Automobile Plant||[[w:Kostanay|Kostanay]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2017|| ||Built under contract by SaryarkaAvtoProm for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Ravon Nexia R3]] 

|- 

|S||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] - Charlotte plant||[[w:Charlotte, Michigan|Charlotte, Michigan]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/4500/5500 gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD &amp; 7500XD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu FTR/FVR]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] plant. Built under contract for Isuzu and GM. 

|}

== Former factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||AC Electronics||[[w:Oak Creek, Wisconsin|Oak Creek, Wisconsin]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||Automotive Electronics; Avionics, precision guidance systems, &amp; electro-mechanical devices for military use and space exploration (Apollo program) ||1948||1999||Located at 7929 S. Howell Ave. First known as GM's Electronics Division. In 1965, the Milwaukee Operations became known as AC Electronics Division of GM. In 1970, the division merged with Delco Radio and became known as Delco Electronics Division. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems (Delphi Electronics &amp; Safety) in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Is now Drexel Town Square, a retail, commercial, residential and civic development.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City, Iowa]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Throttle#Throttle body|Throttle Body Fuel Injection Systems]]||1981||1993||Located at 1805 Zenith Drive. Formerly a Zenith Radio Factory. Now the headquarters of Bomgaars Supply, Inc.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Wichita Falls, Texas|Wichita Falls, Texas]]||United States||AC Air Filters||1972||1999||Located at 8600 Interstate 44 Service Rd. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Now owned by Panda Biotech.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Division]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||AC Spark Plugs||1929||1975||Located on Industrial Ave at Harriet St. Built in 1909. Champion Ignition Co. moved here from their original location on the 3rd floor of a Buick building on Hamilton Ave. that they used from 1908. This complex was expanded multiple times and was on both sides of Industrial Ave. with 2 overhead walkways connecting the 2 sides. Champion Ignition Co. changed its name to AC Spark Plug in 1922. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Demolished in 1975-76. Site later used by Buick for parking as it was next to the Buick City complex.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Allison,&lt;br&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]], Allison Gas Turbine||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], Indiana||United States||Allison Transmissions,&lt;br&gt; Engines for airplanes &amp; helicopters,&lt;br&gt; Bearings and Gears||1929||2007||Located at 4700 W. 10th St. Founded in 1915 as Speedway Team Co. In 1920, it was renamed Allison Engineering Co. Acquired by GM in 1929, it became the Allison Division of GM. GM began designing the CD-850 transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section. In 1946, GM divided the division into 2 sections: Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations. In 1970, Allison Division merged with the Detroit Diesel Engine Division to become the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division. In 1983, the aviation turbine engine operations were separated out to form a separate division called the Allison Gas Turbine Division. In 1987, the transmission operations are separated out to form the Allison Transmission Division. Allison Gas Turbine was sold in a management buyout in 1993 becoming the Allison Engine Company. [[w:Allison Engine Company|Allison Engine Company]] was then sold in 1995 to [[w:Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce PLC]]. GM sold Allison Transmission in 2007 to private equity groups Carlyle Group &amp; Onex Corp., becoming Allison Transmission Inc. Allison went public as Allison Transmission Holdings Inc. in 2012, trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Amsterdam Street plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s||1903||1920||Cadillac's first volume production plant. Located at 450 Amsterdam Street, at the intersection with Cass Avenue. Rebuilt in 1904 after a fire destroyed the original plant. This plant predated Cadillac being part of GM. Replaced by the Clark Street plant in 1921. 

|- 

|5 (Plant 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 6 (Plant 1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 (Pre-1976)||Antwerp||[[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]]||[[w:Belgium|Belgium]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra GTC &amp; OPC/VXR (H)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#TwinTop|Opel/Vauxhall Astra TwinTop]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Saturn Astra|Saturn Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fifth generation (AH; 2004)|Holden Astra (AH)]] ||1925||2010||Originally known as GM Continental SA, then as Opel Antwerp from 1994-2004, &amp; finally as GM Belgium from 2004 on. The original plant was an ex-abbey on Fortuinstraat. In 1926, production moved to an old velodrome on the corner of St. Laureystraat &amp; Haantjeslei. In 1929, production moved to a site in the port of Antwerp near the Albert dock. The site at the port was destroyed by bombing raids in World War II. Production temporarily moved back to the velodrome from 1946-1953. In 1953, a new plant opened on the Noorderlaan which would later come to be known as Plant 1. In 1967, a second plant opened about 6.2 miles (10&amp;nbsp;km) north of the Noorderlaan plant near the Churchill dock. This was called Plant 2. In August 1988, production was consolidated in Plant 2 and Plant 1 was used as a parts warehouse until 1992 and the property was then sold. Plant 2 ended production in December 2010. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet. Assembled Opel &amp; Vauxhall cars, Bedford trucks and American GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, &amp; Cadillac) from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]]. The plant finally closed its doors on December 17, 2010, about two days after last Opel car rolled off the assembly line.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (first generation from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Argentina|General Motors de Argentina]]||[[w:San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]] and [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] in [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] &amp; [[w:San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martin]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||Chevrolet (cars and trucks) including [[w:Chevrolet 400|Chevrolet 400]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy Malibu|Chevrolet Chevy]], &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-50/C-60/C-70]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-60 bus chassis]]&lt;br /&gt; Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel K 180|Opel K 180]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Argentina|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford diesel engines||1925 (San Telmo)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Barracas)&lt;br /&gt;1940 (San Martin plant)||1978 (San Martin plant)||Other GM brands manufactured included GMC, Opel, and Bedford trucks along with Pontiac, Oakland, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, Opel, and Vauxhall passenger cars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Argentina|title=GM Argentina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also Frigidaire refrigerators.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Aymesa|Aymesa]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| ||1973||1999 (Last GM production)|| First automotive assembler in Ecuador. GM bought 36.95% of AYMESA in 1982 &amp; increased its stake to 45.9% in 1984. GM sold off its stake in 1999 and switched to using OBB as its Ecuadorian partner. Aymesa now assembles vehicles for Kia and Hyundai.

Past models: [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Suzuki Forsa II/Chevrolet Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors T platform (1973)|Chevrolet San Remo]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Gacela&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Condor&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Aymesa Andino]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Amigo 

|- 

|3 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;A (before 1993)||Azambuja||[[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]]||[[w:Portugal|Portugal]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo A/Bedford &amp; Vauxhall Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo B (1993-2001)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C||1963||2006||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa Van|Opel Corsavan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Amigo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;Various Opel, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford models. 

|- 

|B &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;and 1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt; and 1965-2005)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 (1935-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Baltimore Assembly|Baltimore Assembly]]||[[w:Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Astro|Chevrolet Astro]] (1985-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Astro|GMC Safari]] (1985-2005) ||1935||2005||Located at 2122 Broening Highway. Production began in March 1935 (March 11 for trucks and March 26 for cars). Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Baltimore Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Baltimore Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. During WWII, the Chevrolet side of the plant operated as a military parts depot where parts were received, processed, and packaged for shipment around the world. It also built 2,650 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]]. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division and assembled the rear fuselage, tail assembly, &amp; all control surfaces for Grumman carrier-based aircraft. Car production ended on March 31, 1984. Converted to a Truck and Bus Group assembly plant for 1985. Production restarted in August 1984. Closed on May 13, 2005. Baltimore Assembly produced over 12 million vehicles. Demolished. Now the Chesapeake Commerce Center and an Amazon distribution center.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Gran Sport|Buick GS]] (1965-1968), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-68), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1970, 1978-1981), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1970) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Baltimore Transmission|Baltimore Transmission]]||[[w:White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||Allison 1000 Series transmissions: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado HD]], [[w:GMC Sierra|Sierra HD]]&lt;br /&gt;Hybrid 2-mode transmissions ([[w:Global Hybrid Cooperation|2ML70]]): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Hybrid]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Hybrid|Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;Electric motor (MME) &amp; final-drive unit (1ET35) for [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevy Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters for 6-speed rwd automatic transmissions||2000||2019||Located at 10301 Philadelphia Road. Originally part of Allison Transmission.  Became a GM Powertrain facility in 2004. Name changed to Baltimore Operations in 2012 with the addition of the Electric Motor Plant built next to the existing Transmission Plant. Closed in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/04/gm-baltimore-employees-irate-over-plant-closure/|title = GM Baltimore Employees Irate over Plant Closure|author=Anthony Alaniz|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 19 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Now called White Marsh Interchange Park, a complex of 9 new one-story buildings of office and warehouse space that replaces the previous GM plant which has been demolished.

|- 

|T||[[w:Bedford Dunstable plant|Bedford Dunstable plant]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA/TD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK/KM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TL|Bedford TL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TM|Bedford TM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAL|Bedford VAL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAM|Bedford VAM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAS|Bedford VAS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Y series|Bedford Y series]]||1942 (for wartime production)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1955 (for civilian production)||1987||Was located on Boscombe Road. GM sold the Bedford heavy truck business to AWD Trucks in 1987. AWD Trucks went bankrupt in 1992. Parts of the site were demolished in 1993. More was demolished in 1997. The remainder was demolished in 2005. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Bombay||[[w:Bombay|Bombay]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, &amp; buses||1928||1954||The first automobile assembly plant in India. The original GM India Ltd. was closed in 1954.  

|- 

|12 (Buffalo Assembly from 1929)||[[w:Buffalo Assembly|Buffalo Assembly]]/&lt;br /&gt;Buffalo Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt; Axles, drivetrain components||1923||1994||Located at 1001 E. Delavan Ave. Built cars until World War II &amp; was then converted to make axles. Operation was renamed Saginaw Gear and Axle in 1984. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. All operations ended in 2007 &amp; the factory closed. Called the Historic American Axle Building. Purchased by Viridi in 2018. 

|- 

|H (1965-1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 1 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Buick City|Buick City]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1987, 1989-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1996-1999)||1904||1999||This was Buick's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. This is the part of the Buick factory complex south of Leith St. stretching south to E. Hamilton Ave. The complete complex, including both North and South portions totals 412,947 acres. The original factory was at one time the largest in the world and was completely vertically integrated, making nearly every component within the complex. During WWII, Buick built [[w:M18 Hellcat|M18 Hellcat]] tanks &amp; [[w:M39 armored utility vehicle|M39 armored utility vehicles]] here. The plant was converted to build unibody, fwd cars for 1986 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd cars. The modernized plant was renamed Buick City. The factory closed in June 1999. Last car built was a 1999 Buick LeSabre. Demolished by 2002. The site of Buick's administration building, 902 E. Hamilton Ave. is now a seating plant owned by Lear Corp., which opened in 2018. It supplies seats to GM's nearby Flint Truck Assembly Plant as well as GM's Fort Wayne Assembly Plant in Indiana. A large piece of the property is now being redeveloped as Flint Commerce Center.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971–1973),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-42, 1954-58, 1973-81), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-84), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1940-64, 1970-76), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1936-42, 1958), [[w:Buick Park Avenue|Buick Park Avenue]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1985), [[w:Buick Riviera|Buick Riviera]] (1963-78), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1936-58), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1953-54, 1961-72), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958, 1961-1969), [[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1964-1971), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] (1930), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Sixth generation (1977–1985)|Chevrolet Impala]] (1984-1985),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Stamping||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Stamped body parts for Cadillac||1956||1987||Located at 9501 Conner St. Originally built by Clayton &amp; Lambert Manufacturing Company for their Knodell Division. Sold to Hudson Motor Car Company in 1925. Made bodies for Hudson. Bought by GM in 1956. Demolished in 2021. Site used by [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] to make seats to supply GM's Factory Zero plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Cartercar automobiles||1909||1915||Located on Franklin Rd. where Franklin turns into Linfere St. which then intersects with Brush St. This factory previously belonged to Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works. Cartercar moved into this factory in 1908. Cartercar was purchased by GM on October 26, 1909. Cartercar was known for its [[w:Friction drive|friction drive transmission]]. GM closed Cartercar in 1915. There was then talk that GM would build a 6-cylinder Oakland model at this factory but it doesn't seem to have ever happened. GM sold the factory to Olympian Motors Company in 1917, which built Olympian cars there from 1917-1919. In 1920, the factory was sold to Friend Motors Corporation. Initially, Friend Motors Corporation continued production of Olympian cars and then switched to production of new Friend cars in 1921 but production ended with less than 50 cars built and Friend Motors went out of business. In 1922, Friend Motors owner Otis Friend filed for bankruptcy and factory ownership was transferred to Gotham National Bank in a foreclosure sale. The next occupant of the plant was the Wolverine Manufacturing Company which built furniture. Later, it was used as an agricultural supply warehouse. Most of the complex is gone but one building remains at 20 Franklin Rd. It was last occupied by House of Bedrooms, a furniture store. One side of the building still says &quot;The Wolverine&quot; at the top. The other side that faces Brush St. still says &quot;Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works&quot; right under what were the highest row of windows.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chevrolet Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Axles, gears, other components||1919||1994||Located at 1840 Holbrook Ave. Absorbed the former Northway engine plant on Holbrook Ave. in 1926 when Northway was liquidated by GM. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2012, demolished in 2013. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Chicago Metal Fabrication||[[w:Willow Springs, Illinois|Willow Springs, Illinois]]||United States||Stampings (such as floorpans) for GM vehicles||1953||1989||Located at 79th Street and Willow Springs Road. Buick produced J65-B-3 jet engines here for the [[w:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|Republic F-84F Thunderstreak]]/RF84-F Thunderflash for use in the Korean War. Plant was associated with Buick-Oldsmobile-Cadillac Group but made body parts for all 5 of GM's passenger car divisions. Sold to [[w:United Parcel Service|UPS]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Chile|General Motors de Chile]]||[[w:Arica|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Chevrolet LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#South America 2|Chevrolet Grand LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet D-Max]]||1968&lt;br&gt;1974||1971&lt;br&gt;2008||Originally belonged to Alberto Avayú y Cía. S.A.I.C. (part of Empresas Indumotora) which built vehicles under license for GM beginning in 1960. Avayú built the [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C-1434]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Furgón (van)]]. GM bought the plant in 1968. Built [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]] &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C10]]. GM left Chile at the end of 1971 but returned in 1974. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C-10 and C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] medium duty truck, [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette]], and Japanese [[w:Isuzu Aska#South America (Chile, Ecuador)|Chevrolet Aska]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Cleveland Division||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Bodies for GM vehicles||1921||1983||Located at Coit Road and E. 140th Street. Founded as Fisher Body Ohio Co. GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and the remaining 40% in 1926. Began by building bodies for Chandler, Cleveland (a subsidiary of Chandler), Chrysler, and the Oakland &amp; Chevrolet divisions of GM. After 1926, it only made bodies for GM. In 1936, the plant switched from making whole bodies to doing metal trim and fabrication due to a decrease in demand for cars due to the Depression. Production of auto bodies resumed after World War II. Built bodies for low-volume models like the 55-57 Chevy Nomad and convertible models. In the 1970's, it built large stamping dies and upholstery &amp; trim sets. Closed in August 1983 as a metal fabrication plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Heavy-duty diesel engines for locomotives, marine use (ships and submarines), and stationary use||1930||1962||Founded by Alexander Winton, company began operation in Nov. 1912 as the Winton Gas Engine &amp; Mfg. Co. at 2116 W. 106th St. Renamed the Winton Engine Works in 1916 and later as the Winton Engine Company. GM bought Winton Engine Co. on June 20, 1930 and renamed it Winton Engine Corp. on June 30, 1930. In 1938, it was renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In January 1941, locomotive engine development and production was transferred to GM's Electro-Motive Division. Marine and stationary diesel engines were still handled by Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In the 1950s, Cleveland Diesel Engine expanded with the acquisition of plants at 2160 W. 106th St. and 8200 Clinton Rd. The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950's reduced the US Navy's need for the large diesel engines produced by Cleveland Diesel and in 1962, GM closed down the division and transferred any remaining engine production to Electro-Motive Division's La Grange plant in McCook, Illinois. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Colmotores|GM Colmotores]]||[[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]]||[[w:Colombia|Colombia]]||Products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Onix#First generation (2013)|Chevrolet Joy]] 

&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series truck]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series truck]], Chevrolet LV-series Bus 

||1979||2024||Founded in 1956 as Colmotores, production began in 1962 with the [[w:Austin Motor Company|Austin]] brand, then switched to the [[w:Dodge|Dodge]] brand in 1965 when Chrysler took a 60% stake in what was now Colmotores-Chrysler. GM took over Colmotores in 1979 (Chrysler was dropped from the company name at this point). Chevrolet truck production began in 1980. Chevrolet car production began in 1982. Colmotores became GM Colmotores in 1991. Closed in April 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past products from [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]: [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]], [[w:GMC Brigadier|Chevrolet Brigadier/Super Brigadier]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Faster|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]]: [[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Chevrolet Sprint]] (note: this is the same name as the one that was sold in the U.S. and Canada in the 80's), [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Swift]], [[w:Suzuki Alto#Fifth generation (1998)|Chevrolet Alto]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Third generation (1998)|Chevrolet Jimny]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Second generation (1981)|Chevrolet Samurai]], [[w:Suzuki Solio#Predecessor: Wagon R-Wide (MA61S/MB61S; 1997)|Chevrolet Wagon R+]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Opel|Opel]]: [[w:Opel Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM Korea|Daewoo/GM Korea]]: [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark GT]], [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]: [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Constantine Transmission||[[w:Constantine, Michigan|Constantine, Michigan]]||United States||Automatic Transmissions||Between 1977 and 1980||Between 1987 and 1994|| Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Danville Foundry||[[w:Danville, Illinois|Danville, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]]||1943||1995|| Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Leased by [[w:Defense Plant Corporation|Defense Plant Corporation]] to pour castings for military equipment during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. Also supplied castings to Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Delco Chassis||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Bumpers||1953||1998||Site bought by GM in 1953. Located at 12950 and 13000 Eckles Road. Buildings demolished in 2001. Redeveloped into multi-tenant commercial use. One of the tenants is Amazon. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton North (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Needmore Rd.)||United States||Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1965||1999||Located at 3100 Needmore Road. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton South (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Wisconsin Blvd.)||United States||Engine Bearings/Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1936||1999||Located at 1420 Wisconsin Boulevard. Delphi Chassis Systems. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Demolished in 2003.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky, Ohio]]||United States||Wheel Bearings &amp; Wheel Bearing Assemblies||1946||1999||Located at 2509 Hayes Ave. Transferred to Delphi in 1995 which was then spun off in 1999, later sold to Hephaestus Holdings Inc. (HHI, Inc.), through its subsidiary Kyklos Bearing International (KBI) in 2008. HHI's parent, KPS Capital Partners, sold HHI to American Securities LLC in 2012. American Securities combined HHI with Metaldyne, which it also acquired in 2012, to form Metaldyne Performance Group (MPG) in 2014. Metaldyne closed the plant in 2017 when it exited the wheel bearing business.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Products]]||[[w:Kettering, Ohio|Kettering, Ohio]]||United States||Shock Absorbers, Struts, Impact Absorbers, Electric Motors, Windshield Wiper Assemblies||1957||1999||Located at 2555 Woodman Dr. (Administrative offices were at 2000 Forrer Blvd.) Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. A large portion of the site has been used by [[w:Tenneco|Tenneco Inc.]] since 2008. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anaheim, California|Anaheim, California]]||United States||Batteries||1954||1999||Known as Plant 13. Located at 1201 N. Magnolia St. Supplied batteries to GM's California assembly plants like Fremont, Southgate and Van Nuys and to the West Coast aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Is now Northgate Gonzalez Market. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Starters, Generators, HEI Ignition, DIS Ignition, Switches, Magnets||1906||1994/1999|| The Heavy Duty Systems unit and a portion of the Automotive Systems unit (passenger car cranking motors) were spun off as [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994, which was renamed [[w:Remy International|Remy International]] in 2004. Delco Remy International closed all manufacturing in Anderson in 2003. These parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) - Ignition (Plant 20) and Generator (Plant 11) products along with the Engineering Center (Plant 18) and Tooling (Plant 16) - merged with AC Rochester in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi has since closed all 4 facilities in Anderson. Plant 11 closed in 2005 &amp; was demolished in 2006. Plant 16 (2316 Jefferson St.) was sold in 2011 ERTL Enterprises &amp; is now used by multiple businesses. Plant 18 (2900 South Scatterfield Road) closed in 2003 &amp; was turned over to the city Of Anderson in 2006. Plant 20 (2812 E 38th St.) closed in 2007 &amp; is now a distribution center for Sutong Tire Resources, a Chinese tire importer. Plant 45, at 6435 South Scatterfield Road, was the Magnequench plant that produced rare earth neodymium magnets. That business is now owned by NEO Material Technologies of Toronto, Ontario, Canada but the plant itself is now owned by Home Design Products, which makes plastic chairs and other products.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1936||1945||Located on 55 La France Ave. During WWII, became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division from 1942 making wiring harnesses, hydraulic tubing and assemblies, and ammunition boxes for the Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters made by Eastern Aircraft. After WWII, it was replaced by the New Brunswick Battery Plant as it wasn't considered economically practical to convert back to battery production. Bloomfield produced 8 million batteries for Delco Remy. In 1950, the plant was sold to General Plastics for doing fluoropolymer coating.  General Plastics and the building still exist today.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Fitzgerald, Georgia|Fitzgerald, Georgia]]||United States||Batteries||1973||1999||Known as Plant 22. Located at 342 Perry House Road. Supplied batteries to GM's Georgia assembly plants like Lakewood and Doraville and to the regional aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold its battery business to Johnson Controls in in July 2005 but the Fitzgerald plant continued supplying batteries to Johnson Controls through 2007. Closed by Delphi in 2007. Demolished. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian, Mississippi]]||United States||Starting motors, permanent magnet gear reduction cranking motors, powdered metal forge||1976||1994||Plant was originally built for National Homes Corp. Known as Plant 25. Spun off with [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994. Closed by Delco Remy International in 1998. Production consolidated in Anderson, Indiana.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Sheridan automobiles &lt;br&gt;Batteries||1919&lt;br&gt;1928||1921&lt;br&gt;1978||Located on West Willard Street. Originally built in 1908 by [[w:Inter-State Automobile Company|Inter-State Automobile Company]] which went bankrupt in 1913 and was renamed Inter-State Motor Company, resuming production in 1914. Built tractors for the military in WWI but did not resume civilian production in 1918 and the factory was idled. GM owned the plant from 1919-1921 to build the [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] brand. Sold to [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] in 1921. Bought by Delco Remy division of GM in 1928. Known as Plant 9. Replaced by more modern Plant 26 in 1978. Plant 9 was demolished in 1978-79. 

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Batteries||1977||1994|| Located at 4500 S.  Delaware Dr. Known as Plant 26. Replaced Plant 9 in 1978. Plant 26 closed and was demolished in 1998.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1946||1999||Known as Plant 12. Located at 167 Jersey Ave. Replaced the pre-war Bloomfield plant. Supplied batteries to GM's East Coast assembly plants like Tarrytown, Wilmington, and Baltimore and to the East Coast aftermarket. Started making Freedom batteries in 1973 for Chevy Vega. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold to Johnson Controls in August 2006. Closed by Johnson Controls in 2007. Partly demolished in 2014 (the south half of the building along with the guard shack in front of the plant). The remaining facility at the north end of the property is now the Cal-Chlor Corp. East Packaging and Distribution Facility. The former south end of the plant is now used for storage by Cal-Chlor.

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Olathe, Kansas|Olathe, Kansas]]||United States||Batteries||1956||1999||Known as Plant 14. Located at 400 W. Dennis Ave. Supplied batteries to GM's Midwest assembly plants like Fairfax, Oklahoma City and Wentzville. Olathe was the first plant to produce the maintenance-free battery in 1970-1971 employing what was described as wire wound grid technology. The product was sold exclusively to JC Penny. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Last product produced was a heavy duty battery for Caterpillar. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Site being redeveloped as Olathe Commerce Park. Some of the site is now a Jett Trucking terminal.

|-

|9 (1979-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Q&amp;nbsp;(1971-1978)||[[w:Detroit Assembly|Detroit Assembly]] (Cadillac Clark Street plant)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s including [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1987-1988), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1965-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1949-1984), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1953–1978), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1957–1958 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 70)]] (1957–1958), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959–1960) (chassis &amp; final finishing), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham|Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] (1977-1986), [[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Seville]] (1976–1979), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1938-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (1934-1940)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1985-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88#Eighth generation (1977–1985)|Oldsmobile Delta 88]] (1984-1985) &lt;br /&gt;Cadillac engines ||1921||1987||Located at 2860 Clark St. This was Cadillac's home plant and built all Cadillacs until 1971. During WWII, it built M5 &amp; M5A1 Stuart tanks and M24 Chaffee tanks. Cadillac also built the V8 engines that powered these tanks &amp; it also supplied engines to power these tank models made by other GM divisions and other companies as well as to power other types of armored vehicles. Cadillac also made components for aircraft engines made by GM's Allison Division. Cadillac also made M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages &amp; M19 Twin 40mm anti-aircraft carriages. Factory closed December 1987. Chrome plating operation closed in March 1993. Engineering building (including tool room) closed in March 1994. Demolished entirely. Redeveloped into Clark Street Technology Park in 1997. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fleetwood Metal Body#Purchase by Fisher|Fleetwood - Detroit Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body No. 18)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Bodies for [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] &amp; [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]||1917||1987||Originally built to build aircraft for World War I. Taken over by Fisher Body in 1919 &amp; given to Fleetwood Metal Body after Fisher Body took over Fleetwood in 1925. Fleetwood Metal Body plant. Also known as Fisher Body Plant #18. Supplied bodies to Cadillac's Clark St. plant in Detroit. Located at 261 West End Ave in the [[w:Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood of Detroit. Redeveloped into Container Port Group's Detroit facility. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]]||[[w:Redford, Michigan|Redford, Michigan]]||United States||Diesel engines for commercial vehicles||1938||1994||Located at 13400 W. Outer Drive. Was the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division from 1970 through 1987 when it again became the the Detroit Diesel Division. Spun off in 1988 as the Detroit Diesel Corp., a joint venture with Penske Corp., which had a majority stake of 60%. Penske increased its stake to 80% later in 1988 and then to 100% in 1994. Penske sold Detroit Diesel to DaimlerChrysler in 2000. DaimlerChrysler became Daimler AG in 2007. In 2019, Daimler AG spun off its truck and bus operations including Detroit Diesel into a separate company called Daimler Truck Holding AG.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Forge||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1919||1994||Located at 8435 St Aubin St.  Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck|Hamtramck]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished around 2014.  

|- 

|3||Chevrolet-Detroit Truck &amp; Bus Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|Chevrolet Step-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|GMC Value-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet &amp; GMC P-Series motorhome &amp; commercial chassis&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#1992–1996|Chevrolet Van G30 HD/ GMC Vandura G3500 HD cutaway]] (Based on P-series P30 chassis with extended front end &amp;  forward-tilting hood) 1993-1996||1974||1999||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. in Detroit (Formerly Fisher Body No. 23). P-Series motorhome &amp; stepvan chassis business (Commercial and Motorhome Chassis Division) was sold to investors (not including the Detroit plant) and became Workhorse Custom Chassis in 1999. Workhorse was later acquired by Navistar International in 2005, which later closed the Workhorse business in 2012 and sold the assets to AMP Electric Vehicles in 2013.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Detroit||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1939||1949||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.) in what had been Fisher Body Plant #10. Original assembly site for the world's first production, fully automatic transmission and the headquarters of the new GM division created to produce it - the Detroit Transmission Division. First production Hydramatic shipped to Oldsmobile in October 1939. Debuted on the 1940 Oldsmobile. A heavier-duty version then launched on the 1941 Cadillac. Hydramatics continued to be produced during World War II for use in M5/M5A1 Stuart and M24 Chafee tanks (mated to Cadillac V8s), T17E1 Staghound and  T18E2 Boarhound armored cars (mated to GMC inline-6's), M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages (mated to Cadillac V8s), LVT-3 Bushmaster amphibious landing vehicles (mated to Cadillac V8s), &amp; Mark 1 Armored Snowmobiles made by Bombardier of Canada (mated to a Cadillac V8). Hydramatic became optional on Pontiacs in 1948. Hydramatic also became optional on Lincolns in 1949. The 1 millionth Hydramatic was built in January 1949. Needing more production capacity than the original factory in Detroit could handle, the Detroit Transmission Division relocated to a newer and much bigger plant in Livonia, Michigan in September 1949. Was later used by Cadillac as a parts warehouse supplying its Clark St. plant in Detroit. Closed by GM in the early 1980's and sold. Was subsequently used by Total Foods. Last occupied by Palmer Promotional Products. Heavily damaged by a fire in February 2014. The remains of the building were then demolished by summer 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Livonia||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1949||1953||The Detroit Transmission Division moved from Detroit to a newer and larger factory in Livonia in 1949. In addition to Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Cadillac, Livonia also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Kaiser, and Fraser. However, the factory burned down in August 1953 causing 6 deaths and more than $80 million in damage. GM quickly arranged to lease Kaiser’s Willow Run factory to replace the destroyed Livonia plant and GM then bought the plant outright in November 1953 for $26 million. Salvaged equipment from Livonia was taken to [[w:Willow Run#General Motors operations|Willow Run]]; see [[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]. 

|- 

|5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (1962-1978)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]]||[[w:London, Ontario|London, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|EMD Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1961-1978)&lt;br /&gt;Terex earthmovers (1965-1980)&lt;br /&gt;Military vehicles including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:AVGP|Grizzly/Cougar/Husky LAV I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV II|LAV II (LAV-25/Bison/Coyote)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV III|LAV III]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Stryker|Stryker]]||1950 (GM Electro-Motive Division)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1961 (Transit bus)||1979 (Transit bus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2003 (GM Defense)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2005 (GM Electro-Motive Division)||Transit bus production began in London, Ontario in late 1961. Transit bus production moved to Saint-Eustache factory in 1979. The part of the property making military vehicles (armored fighting vehicles like the [[w:Stryker|Stryker]]) as GM Defense was sold in 2003 to [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems]], becoming [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems#General Dynamics Land Systems Canada|General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C)]]. Located at 1991 Oxford St E. Interestingly, General Dynamics Land Systems was originally formed in 1982 when General Dynamics bought Chrysler Defense, Chrysler's tank division in the US, which was then renamed General Dynamics Land Systems. The locomotive operations were sold in 2005 and renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], Inc. Electro-Motive was then sold to [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar's]] [[w:Progress Rail|Progress Rail]] subsidiary in 2010. The London, ON plant was then shuttered in 2012 &amp; operations moved to a new plant in Muncie, Indiana. This part of the plant is now used by HCL Logistics, which provides logistics services to next door General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada. Located at 2021 Oxford St. E.  

|- 

|3 (1981-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1979-1980)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint-Eustache Bus Plant||[[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1979-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Classic (transit bus)|GM Classic bus]] (1983-1987)||1979||1987||Located at 1000 Industriel Blvd. Manufactures [[w:transit bus|transit bus]]es. GM consolidated Canadian transit bus production here from the London, Ontario and St. Laurent, Quebec plants in 1979. New Look transit bus production ended in 1986. Sold to [[w:Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], along with the designs for the [[w:Classic (transit bus)|Classic]] bus models this factory still produced in 1987. Later sold to [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]] in 1993. Production of the Classic model bus ended in 1997. Still owned by [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]], which is owned by [[w:Volvo AB|Volvo AB]] through [[w:Prevost (bus manufacturer)|Prevost Car]]. Prevost bought 51% of Nova Bus in 1998 and bought the remaining 49% from Henlys Group in 2004. 

|- 

|M|| [[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint Laurent Bus Plant || [[w:Saint Laurent, Quebec|Saint Laurent, Quebec]] || Canada || [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1975-1979)

|| 1974 || 1979 || Bus operations moved to [[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]. 

|- 

|D &lt;br /&gt;(1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and 1965-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; C (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]]||[[w:Doraville, Georgia|Doraville, Georgia]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Uplander|Chevrolet Uplander]] (2005-2008 &amp; '09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Montana#Second generation (2005)|Pontiac Montana SV6]] (2005-2006 &amp; '07-'09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Terraza|Buick Terraza]] (2005-2007)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Relay|Saturn Relay]] (2005-2007)||1947||2008||Located at 3900 Motors Industrial Way. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Doraville began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1995. Doraville was converted to build minivans for 1997. Production ended in September 2008. Demolished. Site is being redeveloped. Parts of the site are now occupied by Nalley Automotive Group, Third Rail Studios, and Serta Simmons Bedding.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Venture|Chevrolet Venture]] (1997-2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#Second generation (1997–2004)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1997-2004), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (1997-1999)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1997-1998), [[w:Pontiac Montana|Pontiac Montana]] (1999-2005), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (Chevrolet)|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (Europe: '97-'04), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1987), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick Lesabre]] (1959-1970), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1951-1952, 1954-1958), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955, 1957-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963, 1965-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle#Third generation (1973–1977)|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1974-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1975-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 4) ( 1973-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 5) (1978-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1988-1995), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1966),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958, 1960-1966), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1964), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1960-1966, 1971-1974), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1973-1974), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1964), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1961),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981),&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC Sprint |GMC Sprint]] (1974-77), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-81),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Opel Sintra|Opel Sintra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Sintra|Vauxhall Sintra]] (1997-1999). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors East Africa||[[w:Nairobi|Nairobi]]||[[w:Kenya|Kenya]]||[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;Isuzu buses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;||1977||2017||Originally established in 1975 as GM Kenya, a joint venture with the Kenyan govt. Renamed GM East Africa in 2003. Other shareholders are Kenya’s Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC): 20%, Centum Investment Co. Ltd.: 17.8%, &amp; Itochu Corporation: 4.5%. 

Isuzu moved pickup production to South Africa in 2012 so it could focus on trucks &amp; buses at the Nairobi plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

GM sold its 57.7% stake in the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the Kenyan market. Now known as Isuzu East Africa. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu D-Max]], [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]], [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||ELAZ-GM||[[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], [[w:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]||1996||2001||GM owned about 25% &amp; ELAZ owned the other 75%. Joint venture dissolved in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Electro Motive Division|Electro Motive Division]] - [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel#EMD La Grange (McCook)|La Grange Operations]]||[[w:McCook, Illinois|McCook, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Components||1936|| ||Located at 9301 W. 55th St.&lt;br /&gt; Electro-Motive headquarters and R&amp;D operations. Locomotive production ended in 1991 and was moved to London, ON, Canada. Sold in 2005, renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], bought by Caterpillar's Progress Rail subsidiary in 2010.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]]||[[w:Clyde, Ohio|Clyde]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Elmore automobiles||1909||1912|| Factory was located on Amanda St. Bought by GM in November 1909. Elmore was known for its two-stroke engines. GM closed it down in the fall of 1912. GM sold the factory to a truckmaker named Krebs Commercial Car Company in 1912. In 1917, Krebs Commercial Car Company merged with Clyde Cars Company and Lincoln Motor Truck Company to form what became Clydesdale Motor Truck Company in 1919. Clydesdale Motor Truck Company closed in 1939 and the factory was then used by Clyde Porcelain Steel Company until the factory burned down November 11, 1945. The factory would be rebuilt and used for making washing machines by various companies, most recently, Whirlpool Corp.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ewing||[[w:Geneva, Ohio|Geneva]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Ewing automobiles||1909||1911||Bought by GM in October 1909. Made taxis. GM closed it down in 1911.

|-

|X (1965–1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;K (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fairfax Assembly|Fairfax Assembly]] (Fairfax I)||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1970-1979), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1985), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1951, 1953, 1956-1958), [[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special (B-body)]] (1947-1950, 1952-1958), [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special (Y-body)]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1982-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1982-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1974-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-70, 1975-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1981), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Fifth generation: 1977–1986|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1984-1986), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1987), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1959, 1964, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) ||1946||1987||Located at 100 Kindelberger Road. Originally, the location of the [[w:North American Aviation|North American Aviation]] Bomber Production Plant (built in 1940) where the [[w:B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] was manufactured during World War II. After the war, GM leased it in 1945 and converted the plant to auto production. Automotive production began in June 1946. GM later bought the plant in 1960. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Fairfax only began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1982. Also built [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets alongside cars beginning in 1952 and ending in May 1955 when the contract ended. Plant closed May 1987. Production moved to new building on adjacent site (Fairfax II) for 1988 model year production. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:History of General Motors#Corporate restructuring and operating losses|Fiat-GM Powertrain Polska]]||[[w:Bielsko-Biala|Bielsko-Biala]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi|GM Small Diesel Engine]] ||2003||2010|| Engine began production here in 2003 as part of Fiat-GM Powertrain, a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Fiat involving joint development and production of engines and transmissions. The joint venture was disbanded in 2005. As part of the dissolution, GM took a 50% stake in the Bielsko-Biala engine plant and the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there. In 2010, GM sold its half of the Bielsko-Biala engine plant back to Fiat. However, GM kept its half of the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there and continued to source the 1.3 liter diesel engine from the Bielsko-Biala engine plant. Chevrolet stopped using this engine around 2015. Opel was still using this engine when it was sold by GM to PSA in 2017. Opel last used this engine in 2019. This plant became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] in 2014 when Fiat and Chrysler Group merged. This plant became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021 when FCA merged with PSA Group. Stellantis has announced that the Bielsko-Biala engine plant will close by the end of 2024.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 10||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Auto bodies ||1917-&lt;br /&gt;1919||1939||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.).GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and bought the remainder in 1926. From 1926, Fisher Body only supplied bodies to GM brands. In 1939, became headquarters and manufacturing site of GM's new Detroit Transmission Division, which manufactured Hydramatic fully automatic transmissions that first appeared on the 1940 Oldsmobile.
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 12]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States|| ||1916||1942||Located at 1961 E. Milwaukee Ave. Previously used by Metzger Motor Car Company from 1910-1913 and [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]] from 1913-1916. Owned by Fisher from 1916-1942 then sold to J. Lee Hackett Co. which owned it until 1973. Used for warehousing from 1973-1981 and then demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 21]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick &amp; Cadillac&lt;br /&gt;Engineering and Tool &amp; Die operations&lt;br /&gt;Bodies for Cadillac limousines||1919||1984||Located at 700 Piquette Ave. In 1999, was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. Produced parts for B-25 bombers in World War II.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 23/23B]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Stamping plant through 1972.||1921||1972||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. #23 was the six story portion while #23B was the one story portion. Became Chevrolet's Detroit Truck &amp; Bus plant in 1974. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 37]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Large bodyside stampings||1919||1985||Located at 950 E Milwaukee Ave. Produced aircraft and tank assemblies, 90 mm AA guns, 5” naval gun housings and Lockheed missile parts during World War II. In 1989, bought by Lakeside Stamping which was renamed New Center Stamping in 1994. In 2019, New Center Stamping Inc. was taken over by Soave Enterprises and still stamps parts for automakers including GM, Ford, and Stellantis. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 40||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Tooling ||1928||1983-1984||Was located at 1500 E. Ferry St. Plant 41 was next door and was used for storage. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Plant #1|Flint Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body Flint Plant #1)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick and later also Chevrolet &amp; Oldsmobile&lt;br /&gt;||1923||1987||Located at 4000-4500 S. Saginaw St. Originally a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant. Bought by GM in 1925. Became Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint. Suplied bodies to the Buick plant in Flint (later known as Buick City). After Buick City switched to unibody, fwd cars for 1986, Flint Body began supplying bodies for G-cars built at the Pontiac Assembly plant in Pontiac, MI. Closed in Dec. 1987 when G-body production at Pontiac Assembly ended. Last body built was a Buick Regal Grand National to be completed at Pontiac Assembly. Most of the site was demolished and the remainder was converted into the Great Lakes Technology Center. GM leased space there for R&amp;D and offices (including AC Rochester world headquarters) until 2009. Various medical-related companies now occupy much of the property. The original administration building at 4300 S. Saginaw St. still stands as of 2022 and still has a Fisher Body logo at the top of the front of the building in the center.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint V8 Engine Plant/Flint Engine South|Chevrolet-Flint (V8) Engine Plant]] (Van Slyke Road)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet small-block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G140 &amp; G161Z SOHC gas&lt;br&gt; 4-cylinder engine for Chevy Chevette &amp; Pontiac 1000/Acadian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = 1975, Chevrolet Turns to Opel for the New Fuel-Saving Chevette| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081057/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1975%2C_Chevrolet_Turns_to_Opel_for_the_New_Fuel-Saving_Chevette| archive-date = 2018-01-16| publisher = General Motors| access-date = 2014-06-05| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1954||1999||Located at 3848 Van Slyke Road, down the block from the Flint Truck Assembly Plant. Only V8 engines were made until 1961, when 4 &amp; 6 cylinder engines began to be made for the 1962 Chevy II. Around 45 million Chevy small-block V8 engines were built at this plant. Plant closed in 1999 and was demolished. Land is now used by a new paint shop for the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]. The new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop inside the assembly plant. 

|- 

|1 (1929-1947)||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Manufacturing Div./Delphi Flint West/Flint Tool and Die|Chevrolet-Flint Manufacturing Complex]] (&quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot;) /&lt;br /&gt; Flint West||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] vehicles including [[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (Gen 1 &amp; 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] engines including [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#171|Chevrolet Inline-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]]&lt;br /&gt;||1913||2004||Located at 300 N. Chevrolet Ave. (formerly known as Wilcox Street). This was Chevrolet's home plant. It predated Chevrolet becoming part of GM in 1918. The complex originally included metal stamping, body assembly, vehicle assembly, engine assembly, and various component manufacturing plants. On January 11, 1940, the 25 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Sedan, was built here. Plant 2 (vehicle assembly) &amp; 2A (Fisher Body) were replaced by new plants on Van Slyke Road elsewhere in Flint in 1947 (now the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]). Plant 4 was the engine plant. It closed in 1984 but was ultimately reopened later. In 1987, the complex was taken over by the AC Spark Plug division and became AC Spark Plug Flint West. In 1988, it became AC Rochester Flint West, and in 1994 AC Delco Systems Flint West following further consolidations. In early 1995, it was renamed Delphi Flint West. Around this time, plants in the complex began to be demolished until Plant 4 closed in 2004 and was subsequently demolished. Plant 4 last made generators and fuel filters. Building 35 still exists as part of [[w:Kettering University|Kettering University]]. It is now the C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building after the addition of another floor and a new façade. Plant 38 still exists as GM's Flint Tool &amp; Die plant. All the other buildings are gone. Much of the property is being redeveloped into a park called [[w:Chevy Commons|Chevy Commons]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint North|Flint North]] Powertrain||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine|Buick V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine Components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Dynaflow|Dynaflow]] transmissions&lt;br /&gt;transmission components&lt;br /&gt; torque converters&lt;br /&gt;coil springs||1905||2010||Complex was made up of several factories. Flint North is the part of the Buick City factory complex north of Leith St. stretching north to E. Pierson Rd. [[w:Liberty L-12|Liberty aircraft engines]] were made here during WWI. Factory 36 was the engine plant. Factory 36 opened in 1952 and closed in 2008. The remainder of the complex closed by December 2010. Demolished by 2012. Part of the site (1225 E. Marengo Ave.) is now occupied by American SpiralWeld Pipe Co.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint East|Flint East]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||components (spark plugs, dashboard components such as instrument clusters, fuel system components, air/oil/fuel filters, and fuel pumps)||1929||1999||Located at 1300 North Dort Highway. (Now referred to as 2926 Davison Road, which is the north side instead of the west side of the property.) Purchased by AC Spark Plug in 1925. Plant previously belonged to [[w:Dort Motor Car Company|Dort Motor Car Company]], which went out of business in 1924. Initially produced all products other than spark plugs that were made by AC Spark Plug Co. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved from the old Industrial Ave. complex to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Became known as Flint East in 1987, when AC took over the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex from Chevrolet on Flint's west side, which became known as Flint West. Became AC Rochester in 1988 when AC Spark Plug Division merged with Rochester Products Division. AC Rochester initially had its world headquarters here, just as AC Spark Plug had before the merger. Subsequently, AC Rochester headquarters moved to the Great Lakes Technology Center in the old Flint Fisher Body plant. In 1994, AC Rochester merged with Delco Remy and became AC Delco Systems. Grouped under GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] in 1999. GM supplied the UAW workers from 2007 under agreement with Delphi and the UAW. Closed by Delphi in 2013.  

|- 

||7||[[w:Arlington Assembly#History|Fort Worth Assembly]]||[[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, Texas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]||1917||1924 

|Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Located at 2601 W. 7th St. (then known as Arlington Heights Blvd.). Is across the street from what is now Montgomery Plaza. A 3rd story was added to the building in 1920. Closed due to flood damage from the April 1922 flooding of the Trinity River and the subsequent imposition of flood-control taxes.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=mTvuAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=1920+fort+worth+chevrolet+factory&amp;pg=PA52 Lost Fort Worth, page 52&lt;/ref&gt; Montgomery Ward leased the empty Chevy plant between 1924 and 1928 to house a temporary store while its main Fort Worth facility was built across what is now West Seventh Street. That building is now Montgomery Plaza. The Chevy plant was later used by various different companies including GM's Frigidaire division as a sales and warehouse facility and later by Tandy Corp., first for its Radio Shack division and later for its corporate HQ. Demolished in 1986. Site  is now Olympus 7th Street Station, a luxury apartment building.

|- 

|G &lt;br /&gt;(Pre-1965 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1989)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; B (Pre-1961 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; F (Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac)]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (Pre-1961 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Framingham Assembly|Framingham Assembly]]||[[w:Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham, Massachusetts]]||United States||[[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|GM rwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1965-1969), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1967-1972, 1974-1976), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1966-1969, 1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1967-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1968-1977), [[w:Buick Skylark#Second generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981) 

[[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|GM fwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1988), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1983-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989) 

||1948||1989|| Located at 63 Western Ave. First vehicle produced was a 1948 Buick on February 26, 1948. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Framingham is the only BOP Assembly Division plant to switch to the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Framingham switched to Chevrolet Assembly Division in August 1959 [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/gm-framingham-ma-canada-pontiac-buick-olds-plant]. Framingham began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1960. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were then gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division. Framingham Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled October 1, 1982 but reopened March 14, 1983. Closed August 1, 1989. Sold to ADESA to use as a vehicle auction site. &lt;br/&gt;Past models: &lt;br/&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#First generation (1962–1965)|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (B-body), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1949-1950, 1955, 1958), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1952-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1954, 1956), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955, 1957, 1959) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors France S.A.||[[w:Gennevilliers|Gennevilliers]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1939||1940||Operations interrupted by German invasion of France and seizure of the plant in 1940 during WWII. 

|- 

|Z (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;F (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fremont Assembly|Fremont Assembly]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1969)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1969, 1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1969, 1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1973-81)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|GMC Jimmy]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1965-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1969)||1963||1982||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt;

Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]] though it also built Chevrolet passenger cars from the beginning. Fremont built GM's midsize A-bodies. Was the first BOP Assembly Division plant to also build Chevrolet and GMC trucks. Regular truck production began June 10, 1963. First production car built September 3, 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Plant was idled March 1982.&lt;br /&gt;

From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;

Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|P||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]]||1994||2000||Built by an [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] - GM joint venture operating out of a converted old FSO warehouse.  

|- 

|W||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2007||2011||Built by [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] for GM as part of a joint venture between [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|UkrAvto]] (parent of FSO) &amp; GM. [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|Ukravto]] owned 60% &amp; [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo]] owned 40%. The production license ended in 2011 &amp; was not renewed. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Berlin|Berlin]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1927||1932||Replaced Hamburg plant. Located in Borsigwalde area of Berlin. Also predates the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]] by GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Hamburg|Hamburg]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1926||1927||GM's first German plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]]. Located in a leased warehouse.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] ||1924||1930||GM's first British plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Operated out of a leased plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]                       ||1938||1946||Operations interrupted by German bombing of the UK during WWII. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]]||[[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1953||1970's||Originally a GM owned plant (General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation). Sold to [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1963. Nationalized in 1972, it then became National Motors Ltd. Privatized to the [[w:Bibojee Group|Bibojee Group]] in 1992 who reverted back to the previous name, Ghandhara Industries. Ghandara Industries assembles Isuzu vehicles today. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[GM-Auto]]||[[w:Saint-Petersburg|Saint-Petersburg]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]] 

||2007||2015||Includes operations at the temporary &quot;Arsenal plant&quot; &amp; the permanent plant in [[w:Shushary, Saint Petersburg|Shushary]]. GM ceased most operations in Russia back in 2015 and the GM-Auto plant closed. Sold to Hyundai Motor in 2020.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-AvtoVAZ|GM-AvtoVAZ]]||[[w:Tolyatti|Togliatti]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Viva|Chevrolet Viva]]||2002||2019||Was originally owned 41.5% by GM, 41.5% by AvtoVAZ, &amp; 17% by [[w:EBRD|EBRD]]. In 2012, [[w:EBRD|EBRD]] was bought out &amp; GM-AvtoVAZ became 50/50 owned by GM &amp; AvtoVAZ. The GM-AvtoVAZ joint venture was dissolved in 2019 when AvtoVAZ bought out GM. The Chevrolet Niva was renamed Lada Niva Travel during 2020. AvtoVAZ was a part of [[w:Renault Group|Renault Group]] from 2016 until 2022. 

|- 

|4||GM España S.A.||[[w:Figueruelas|Figueruelas]], [[w: Zaragoza (province)| Zaragoza (province)]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Corsa|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] A, B, C, D, E (5 door, van)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Meriva|Opel/Vauxhall Meriva]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra A (1994–2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Nova|Vauxhall Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Third generation (SB; 1994–2000)|Holden Barina (SB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Fourth generation (XC; 2001–2005)|Holden Barina (XC)]]||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Indonesia||Pondok Ungu, [[w:Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||After reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before temporary closure in 2005:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blazer|Opel Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Optima]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]]||1995||2015||PT Garmak Motor assembled models under license from GM beginning in 1976, before the establishment of their joint venture with GM in 1993. These license built models include: [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks, [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Morina]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord E 3-d panel van]], [[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk 1)]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk II)]], &amp; [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper/Stallion]].  

Originally established as PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which was owned 60% by GM and 40% by PT Garmak Motor. GM bought out Garmak in 1997 taking 100% of the shares. The assembly plant was closed from 2005-2011 and reopened in 2012 to make the Chevy Spin. Closed again in June 2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Java||[[w:Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] ([[w:Opel 1.2 Liter|1.2 Liter]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[w:Vauxhall 10-4|10-4]])||1927||1953||First Car Factory in what is now Indonesia (at the time, it was the Dutch East Indies). GM pulled out of Indonesia in 1954 and liquidated the company by 1956. Sold to P.N. Gaja Motors, which assembled the Opel Rekord and Kadett in the 1960's. Eventually became part of Astra International and its joint ventures with Toyota/Daihatsu.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Tampoi, Johor|Tampoi]], [[w:Johor|Johor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Gemini|Opel Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Bedford Harimau]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1968||1982||Originally Capital Motor Assembly Corp., which assembled Opel models under license from GM beginning in 1968. These license built models include: [[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]] A, [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett B]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord C]], &amp; components. Capital Motor also assembled cars for Honda and Datsun (Nissan). GM bought Capital Motor Assembly in 1971 and renamed it GM Malaysia. Malaysian government policies that said Malaysians had to own a majority of local auto assembly plants forced GM to sell GM Malaysia to Oriental Holdings in 1980 which then renamed the unit Oriental Assemblers. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1982. Oriental Assemblers continued making Honda cars at this plant until around 2004.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Philippines, Inc.||[[w:Paco, Manila|Paco district]], [[w:Manila|Manila]]||[[w:Philippines|Philippines]]||[[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini|Isuzu Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Philippines|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo/Tiger/Harabas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] ||1953||1985||Originally Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. Yutivo assembled various models under license from GM beginning in 1953. GM bought a 49% stake in Yutivo in 1972 and renamed it GM Philippines. Isuzu invested in the company in 1979 and it was renamed GM Pilipinas, Inc. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1985 and GM sold the plant to Isuzu in 1994. Isuzu closed this plant and company in 1995 and replaced it with a new plant in Biñan, Laguna owned by a new subsidiary (Isuzu Philippines Corporation).  

|- 

|G||[[w:GM Manufacturing Poland|GM Manufacturing Poland Sp. z o.o.]]||[[w:Gliwice|Gliwice]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#Astra K (B16; 2015)|Opel Astra]] K (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra J (P10; 2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (3-door, 4-door sedan, 5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra Classic III]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Sixth generation (PJ; 2015)|Holden Astra (PJ)]] (GTC, VXR)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra H]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra G (T98; 1998)|Opel Astra Classic II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra Classic (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra F (T92; 1992)|Opel Astra Classic I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Agila#First generation (H00; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Solio#First generation (MA63S/MA64S/MA32S; 1999)|Suzuki Wagon R+ (2005-2007)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Cascada|Opel/Vauxhall Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cascada|Holden Cascada (CJ)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira B]]||1998||2019|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Continued to supply the [[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.   

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Powertrain Fredericksburg||[[w:Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg, Virginia]]||United States||Torque converter clutches for automatic transmissions||1979||2010|| Located at 11032 Tidewater Trail. Originally part of Delco Moraine Division, which bought the plant in 1978 from American Poclain. Moved to GM Powertrain division in 1993. Sold to idX Corp. in 2017.  

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Powertrain Poland|GM Powertrain Poland]]||[[w:Tychy|Tychy]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||Diesel engines including the Isuzu [[w:Circle L engine|Circle L engine]]||1999||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Originally founded as Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL) in 1996. GM bought 60% in 2002 &amp; the remaining 40% in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] along with Opel in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Grand Blanc Metal Center|Grand Blanc Metal Center]]||[[w:Grand Blanc, Michigan|Grand Blanc, Michigan]]||United States||Metal stampings and metal fabrication of body components, Tooling jigs-and-fixtures||1942||2013||Located at 10800 S. Saginaw St. Originally opened to build tanks. Also known as the Fisher Body Tank Plant. Built [[w:M4 Sherman|M4 Sherman]] and [[w:M26 Pershing|M26 Pershing]] tanks during WWII and [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks beginning in 1952. Buick used it as a warehouse from 1947 until Fisher Body bought it in 1951. Converted in 1955 into an automotive body metal fabricating plant. Became part of GM's Metal Fabricating Division in 1994 and became Grand Blanc Weld Tool Center in 2002.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Metal Center||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1936||2009||Located at 300 36th Street SW. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Guide Lamp Division||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Headlamp, Taillamp assemblies||1929||1998||GM bought Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing Company in 1928, becoming part of the Delco Remy division initially before becoming the separate Guide Lamp Division in 1929. Guide Lamp Division was renamed Guide Division in 1975. Guide Division merged with Fisher Body in 1984 to create Fisher Guide. Fisher Guide then merged with the Inland Division in 1990 to form Inland Fisher Guide. In 1998, Guide operations were sold to [[w:Palladium Equity Partners|Palladium Equity Partners]] which turned the operation into Guide Corp. In 2007, Guide Corp. closed down.  

|- 

|H||[[w:General Motors India|Halol]]||[[w:Halol|Halol]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail]] (sedan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||1995||2017||Past models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet SRV|Chevrolet SRV]] (sports hatch), [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Enjoy|Chevrolet Enjoy]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]](sedan), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Sail]] (hatchback), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Swing]](station wagon), [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]. &lt;br /&gt; 

The new [[w:General Motors India|GM India]] began as a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1994.The Halol plant was bought from [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1995. GM bought out [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1999.  

Sold to SAIC to produce [[w:MG Motor India|MG Motor India]] vehicles in 2017.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Hamilton-Fairfield Stamping Plant||[[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]]||United States||Stampings &amp; Bodies for GM vehicles||1947||1988||Located at 4400 Dixie Highway. Now the Fisher Industrial Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Harrison Radiator Division - Moraine||[[w:Moraine|Moraine]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Machining and assembly of automotive A/C compressors, valves, and accumulator dehydrators||1941||1999||Located at 3600 Dryden Road. Originally built for [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]]. In 1975, automotive and appliance operations were split with the automotive operations becoming Delco Air Conditioning Division. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliance division was sold in 1979. Delco Air Conditioning Division merged into Harrison Radiator Division in 1981. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems. Closed by Delphi in 2003. Demolished by 2005.  

|- 

|H1, H2,&lt;br&gt; H3, H4 [https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_identification]||Holden Acacia Ridge Plant||[[w:Acacia Ridge, Queensland|Acacia Ridge, Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]||1966||1984||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Replaced Fortitude Valley plant.

|- 

|A||Holden Birkenhead Plant||[[w:Birkenhead, South Australia|Birkenhead, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1981||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1938. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Birkenhead combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Birkenhead assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and complete cars were assembled in Birkenhead. Vehicle production ended in 1965 when the Elizabeth plant started making complete vehicles. Birkenhead was then used as an export boxing area, a parts warehouse, and also assembled earthmoving equipment for Terex (then owned by GM) from 1969 until the mid 1970's. 

|- 

|M,&lt;br&gt; J1, J2, J3, &lt;br&gt; and J4-J9||Holden Dandenong Plant||[[w:Dandenong|Dandenong]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LH, LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Sunbird|Holden Sunbird]] LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Nova|Holden Nova]] LE, LF &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Toyota Corolla (E90)#Australia|Toyota Corolla (E90)]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford by Isuzu &amp; [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters &amp; other components||1956|||1996||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also assembled Chevrolet trucks, Bedford vans &amp; trucks and Frigidaire appliances. Vehicle production by Holden ceased in 1989, vehicle production by Toyota for itself and for Holden lasted from 1989-1994 under a plant lease agreement. Minor assembly until 1996. Then became known as Holden Service Parts Operations (HSPO) which manages the distribution and marketing of Holden service parts and accessories for the Holden dealer network and international customers.  

|- 

|L,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; L1, L2, &lt;br&gt; L3-L5||Holden Elizabeth Plant||[[w:Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Berlina|Holden Berlina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Calais|Holden Calais]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Caprice|Holden Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Ute|Holden Ute]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Statesman|Holden Statesman]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Vauxhall VXR8|Vauxhall VXR8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] (2014-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice PPV|Chevrolet Caprice PPV]] (2011-2017)

|1959||2017||[[w:Holden|Holden]] manufacturing plant. Holden Vehicle Manufacturing Operations. Located at 180 Philip Highway. First opened as a body hardware plant making components, then expanded to making complete vehicle bodies in 1962, then expanded to making complete vehicles in 1965.  

Cars produced before its final year before closure included the [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fifth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (2004-2006), [[w:Vauxhall Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]], [[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]], [[w:Pontiac G8|Pontiac G8]] (2008-2009), [[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Holden Cruze (JH)]], [[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JS)]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand WB]], [[w:Holden WB|Holden WB]] Ute &amp; One-Tonner, [[w:Holden Adventra|Holden Adventra]], [[w:Holden Crewman|Holden Crewman]], [[w:Chevrolet Lumina#Holden-based models|Chevrolet Lumina]], [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fifth generation (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Caprice]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]] 5-door, [[w:Chevrolet Omega|Chevrolet Omega]] B &amp; C, [[w:Buick Royaum|Buick Royaum]], [[w:Daewoo Statesman|Daewoo Statesman]], and [[w:Daewoo Veritas|Daewoo Veritas]]. Also, [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries#Toyota Lexcen|Toyota Lexcen]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Fishermans Bend Plant (Port Melbourne)||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:GM High Feature engine|Holden Alloytec V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#3800 V6|Buick V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II I4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Holden Starfire I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor|Holden straight-six motor]]&lt;br /&gt;Manual transmissions&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Salisbury differential|Holden Banjo/Salisbury differentials]]&lt;br /&gt;Axles&lt;br /&gt;Stampings&lt;br /&gt;Components&lt;br /&gt;Foundry ||1936||2016||Headquarters of GM Holden Ltd. &lt;br /&gt; Holden's Engine Company/Holden Engine Operations.&lt;br /&gt;  

Used to build vehicles as well including the [[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]] &amp; [[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]. Vehicle assembly ended in 1956 and was moved to Dandenong. &lt;br /&gt; Versions of the Alloytec/High Feature V6 were also supplied to [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab]] &amp; [[w:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] from this plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

Sold to the Victorian state Government in 2016.  

|- 

|B||Holden Fortitude Valley Plant||[[w:Fortitude Valley|Fortitude Valley]], [[w:Queensland|Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;||1927||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Fortitude Valley combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Replaced by Acacia Ridge plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Marrickville Plant||[[w:Marrickville, New South Wales|Marrickville, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]||1926||1940||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Marrickville combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Pagewood plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Melbourne Plant (City Road)||[[w:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1926||1936||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Acquired by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Melbourne combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Fishermans Bend plant.  

|- 

|P,&lt;br&gt; L6||Holden Mosman Park Plant||[[w:Mosman Park, Western Australia|Mosman Park (formerly Cottesloe Beach)]], [[w:Western Australia|Western Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1972||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1932 until 1935. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Mosman Park combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Mosman Park assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and final assembly was done in Mosman Park. Plant was closed down in 1972. Demolished in the early 1990s. 

|- 

|S,&lt;br&gt; H5, H6, H7,&lt;br&gt; H8, H9||Holden Pagewood Plant||[[w:Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;Body making||1940||1980||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also produced military equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Pagewood combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Pagewood assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Also made Frigidaire appliances. Vehicle production ended in 1980 while plant closedown operations extended into 1981.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Holden Woodville Plant|Holden Woodville Plant]]||[[w:Woodville, South Australia|Woodville, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]:&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Paint shop&lt;br /&gt;Body Hardware&lt;br /&gt;Trim&lt;br /&gt;Tool &amp; Die&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tri-Matic|Tri-Matic]] automatic transmission||1923||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built before Holden was taken over by GM. Built car bodies for many brands of cars including GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, GMC, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford) and non-GM brands (Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, Plymouth, Willys, Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Austin, Morris, Rover, Standard, Fiat, &amp; others). (Holden Motor Body Works.) Also produced military equipment during WWII. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components were made in Woodville. Also produced replacement parts for discontinued models. Most operations transferred to Elizabeth between 1959 &amp; 1965. Built the Tri-Matic automatic transmission from 1969-1987. Plant sold in 1984. Tri-Matic production area was leased back until production ended. Other companies continued production of spare parts.  

|- 

|V||[[w:IBC Vehicles|IBC Vehicles Ltd.]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:GMM Luton|GMM Luton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Company Profile |publisher=Vauxhall |url=http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090629105853/http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford CF#CF2|Bedford CF2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Fargo#Bedford Midi / Vauxhall Midi|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME/Isuzu Midi/&lt;br&gt;Bedford Seta/Vauxhall Albany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Bedford Rascal|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME Rascal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Export models|Suzuki Super Carry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#Second generation (UER25FW, UES25FW, UES73FW; 1998–2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Frontera#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Holden Frontera (UT)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] A (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic (X83)]] (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar (X83)]] (low roof versions only)||1950 (as AA Block of Luton plant)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1984 (as Bedford Luton Van Plant)||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. Began as the Bedford van plant when Bedford vans were moved out of the Luton passenger car plant and into a separate, nearby plant (AA Block [body assembly and paint] &amp;&lt;br&gt; K Block [trim and final assembly] of the Luton complex) connected by a bridge so that components for the CF van made in the car plant could be easily transferred to the van plant. Was part of the Bedford Commercial Vehicles Division of the GM Overseas Commercial Vehicles Corp. CF2 production ended in July 1987. Built the Isuzu-designed Midi from December 20, 1984 through May 23, 1996 though the Midi was still available through the 1997 model year. An upscale, 7-psgr. variant of the Midi called the Vauxhall Albany was built for 1991 only. Built the Suzuki-designed Rascal from February 1986 through July 3, 1993. Also built the Rascal's Suzuki counterpart, the Super Carry, for the UK &amp; other European markets. Became a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] called IBC Vehicles Ltd., which was incorporated on January 20, 1987. Production under IBC Vehicles began in October 1987 after the plant was reorganized and staff was retrained. GM owned 60% &amp; Isuzu held 40%. The Bedford brand was discontinued and replaced by the Vauxhall brand on light commercial vehicles as of June 1, 1990. GM bought Isuzu's stake in IBC Vehicles back in 1998 &amp; the operation was again a subsidiary of GM. It was then renamed GMM (GM Manufacturing) Luton. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:IDA-Opel|IDA-Opel]]||[[w:Kikinda|Kikinda]], [[w:Socialist Republic of Serbia|Socialist Republic of Serbia]]||[[w:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa A (S83; 1982)|Opel Corsa]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] D &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kikinda#Senator A (1978–1986)|Opel Kikinda]] (Senator A)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994)|Opel Omega]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord]] E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1977||1992|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel affiliate]]. A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry. IDA = Industrija Delova Automobila or Industry of Automobile Parts. The operation exported iron castings, brake, and axle components to GM/Opel, thus allowing partially built Opels to be imported into Yugoslavia and not be counted as imports. Ended by the wars of the breakup of Yugoslavia and imposition of ssanctions on Yugoslavia in 1992. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers including Opel.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Indianapolis Metal Center||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]||United States||Metal stampings for trucks||1930||2011||Located at 340 S. White River Parkway W. Drive. Stamping plant. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1930. Became a Chevrolet plant making truck bodies. Became part of GM Truck &amp; Bus Group in 1982 and in early 1992, became part of NATP (North American Truck Platforms) and later transferred to CLCD (Cadillac/Luxury Car Division) before joining the Metal Fabrication Division in 1994. Closed in June 2011. Demolished in 2014-2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Columbus, Ohio)||[[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies &amp; Small Components||1946||1999||Located at 200 Georgesville Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2007. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Dayton Plant||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Engine Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Transmission Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Strut Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Steering Wheels&lt;br /&gt;Liteflex Springs&lt;br /&gt;Brake Linings&lt;br /&gt;Brake Hose&lt;br /&gt;Brake Pads&lt;br /&gt;Ball Joints&lt;br /&gt;Ice Cube Trays ||1921||1999||Located at 2701 Home Avenue (originally Home Road). The first factory building was built in 1910 by the Wright Company and made airplanes and components. The 2nd factory building was built in 1911 &amp; made airplane engines. Aircraft production ceased in 1916. 13 different types of planes had been produced. In Feb. 1917, the plants were sold to the Darling Motor Co. but they went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The Dayton-Wright Company bought the site from Darling Motor on March 22, 1917 and made aircraft parts at the site for its Moraine assembly plant from 1918 to 1919. Dayton-Wright Company was bought by GM in 1919 &amp; it was initially run as a GM subsidiary. In 1923, the aircraft part of the business was sold to Consolidated Aircraft Co. &amp; this site switched from aviation production to automotive production. Inland Manufacturing Division (originally Inland Mfg. Company) of GM was formed on January 6, 1923 at this site, initially to make steering wheels. Merged with Fisher Guide to became Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Delphi closed it in 2008. The 2 original Wright Brothers' buildings were left standing and became part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009 but the rest was demolished around 2014. The Wright Brothers factory buildings were damaged by fire in March 2023.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Detroit - Fort St.)||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||Door hinges and interior parts||1920||1989||Located at 6307 W. Fort St. &amp; Livernois St. Was Ternstedt's headquarters until 1962. Originally opened by Ternstedt Manufacturing Co., which was taken over by Fisher Body Co. in 1920. Became part of GM when GM took over Fisher Body in 1926. Ternstedt became a separate division of GM in 1948 before merging back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Was a plant for the Ternstedt Division (Plant# 16) of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Is now Evans Distribution Systems.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Elyria, Ohio)||[[w:Elyria, Ohio|Elyria, Ohio]]||United States||Car seats||1947||1990||Located at 1400 Lowell St. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Euclid, Ohio)||[[w:Euclid, Ohio|Euclid, Ohio]]||United States||Vehicle Bodies until 1970&lt;br /&gt;Then, trim fabrication, seat covers &amp; backs, upholstery, door panels, sunvisors, &amp; other interior parts.&lt;br /&gt;Also made seats &amp; cushions for Sea Ray Boats||1947||1993||Located at 20001 Euclid Ave. Originally built in 1943. Bought by GM in 1947 from Cleveland Pneumatic Aerol Co., which made rocket shells and aircraft landing gear there during WWII. Was a Fisher Body plant making bodies for Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick until 1970. Then became a Fisher Trim Fabrication plant. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed in 1993. Site currently in use by an industrial supply store (HGR) and indoor sports facilities (The Sports Plant).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Automotive industry in Flint, Michigan#Coldwater Road Plant|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Flint - Coldwater Road)]]||[[w:Genesee Township, Michigan|Genesee Township, Michigan]]||United States||Window regulators, door hinges, door modules and seat adjusters||1953||1996||Located at 1245 East Coldwater Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making window regulators and door hinges and modules. Closed by Peregrine in 1998. A GM subsidiary called REALM bought the property in 1999 and GM used the administration building until 2000. Demolished by 2001. Site now used by Deployment Strategies Group LLC for container storage. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Grand Rapids, Michigan)||[[w:Walker, Michigan|Walker, Michigan]]||United States||Interior trim||1942||1998||Located at 2150 Alpine Avenue NW. Built by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation to make wooden gliders for use in WWII. Bought by GM in the early 1950's. Built fuselages for &lt;br /&gt;[[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Became part of Delphi in 1995. Sold by GM to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1998. Closed by Lear in 2005. Now called Avastar Park, a multi-tenant industrial site.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Livonia, Michigan)||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Cushions, Seat Pads, Seat Backs, Door Panel Trim||1954||1995||Built on the site of the former Detroit Transmission Division plant that burned down in 1953. Located at 28400 Plymouth Road. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1995. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making interior trim parts. Peregrine then closed the plant in 1998. Now the Plymouth Road Technical Center, a multi-tenant site for industrial, warehousing, and logistics purposes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Syracuse)||[[w:Salina, New York|Salina, New York]]||United States||Metal auto parts (die casting, stamping, machining, painting, plating), Plastic trim parts - exterior and interior (injection molding)||1952||1993||Located at One General Motors Drive (address sometimes listed as 1000 Town Line Road). Plastic operations were added in the early 1960's. Metal operations were subsequently reduced and ultimately replaced by the plastic operations by the early 1970's. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed December 1993. Property is now Salina Industrial Powerpark, a multi-tenant industrial park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Tecumseh, Michigan)||[[w:Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Pads &amp; Backs||1966||1988||Located at 5550 Occidental Highway. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984. Now occupied by Uniloy Inc., a plastics company. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Trenton)]]||[[w:West Trenton, New Jersey|West Trenton]], [[w:Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]], [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]]||United States||Door handles&lt;br /&gt;Hinges&lt;br /&gt;Door locks&lt;br /&gt;Seat adjusters&lt;br /&gt;Exterior body moldings and painted components||1938||1998||Located at 1445 Parkway Ave. Built 7,546 [[w:TBM Avenger|TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers during WWII under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. In 1961, the facility became the first commercial user in the United States to use a programmable industrial robot to replace human workers. Brief article about the plant's closing and displaced workers. 1993 Plant closing date was later delayed until Summer of 1998 : [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB1E3EF937A35751C1A964958260] Originally part of the [[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Ternstedt Division|Ternstedt Division]] of Fisher Body, then the Ternstedt Division of GM in 1948 before Ternstedt merged back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1998. Plant was subsequently demolished. Site redeveloped into Ewing Town Center, a mixed retail and residential complex. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Vandalia, Ohio)||[[w:Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies&lt;br /&gt;Seat Pads&lt;br /&gt;Instrument Panels||1941||1999||Located at 250 Northwoods Boulevard. Originally a GM Aeroproducts division facility making aircraft propellers, Aeroproducts division became part of GM's Allison division in 1952, site was absorbed by GM's Inland division in 1961 after propeller production moved to Allison's Indianapolis operation in 1960, merged into Inland Fisher Guide division in 1991, became part of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary in 1995 and transferred to Delphi Chassis Division. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Transferred to Delphi Thermal Division in 2007. Sold in 2015 to [[w:Mahle GmbH|Mahle GmbH]]. Mahle transferred operations to its Behr plant in Dayton and closed the Vandalia plant by 2016. Mahle sold the property in 2017.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors International A/S||[[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]||[[w:Denmark|Denmark]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1924||1974||GM's 1st European assembly plant &amp; 1st assembly plant outside North America. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet utility truck on January 7, 1924. Pontiac assembly began July 24, 1926. Oakland, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick assembly began in 1929. In the 1960's, the Chevy Chevelle &amp; Buick Skylark were assembled along with most Opel &amp; Vauxhall models. Station wagon-based vans were assembled as was the Opel 1500, based on the 1200. Production ended in Oct. 1974. Over 550,000 units had been produced.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Ipiranga]]||[[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1925||1930||GM's 1st Brazilian assembly plant. Replaced by Sao Caetano do Sul plant.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pars Khodro|General Motors Iran]]||[[w:Tehran|Tehran]]||[[w:Imperial State of Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]||[[w:Opel Commodore#Foreign assembly|Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Chevrolet Iran (Nova)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Buick Skylarks in Iran|Buick Iran (Skylark)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Iran (Seville)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C/K pickup]] ||1974||1987||When the Shah ruled Iran, GM established a joint venture in Iran called GM Iran. GM held 45% while Pars Khodro held the other 55%. Production began on January 15, 1974 of the Opel Commodore-based Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale. By 1977, this was replaced by the American Chevrolet Nova, Buick Skylark, &amp; Cadillac Seville. Chevy pickups followed. Once the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Revolution and Iran was taken over by fanatics, GM abandoned the factory &amp; Iran. The company became Pars Khodro and the local management changed. Production of GM models continued sporadically until 1987 when it finally ended. 

|- 

|J (1953-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Janesville Assembly Plant|Janesville Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville, Wisconsin]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1992-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1995-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1947-1966, 1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tiltmaster|Chevrolet Tiltmaster/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Forward|GMC Forward/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|GMC Yukon]] (1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1992-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)||1919||2009||Located at 1000 General Motors Dr. Was the oldest active GM assembly plant at time of its closure in 2009; largest under one roof in the U.S. 

Originally built [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson tractors]] from 1919-1922. Also made [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1922. Started producing Chevrolets on Feb. 14, 1923. Plant closed from September 1932 - late 1933. During World War II, both the Chevy &amp; Fisher Body sides of the plant were controlled by Oldsmobile and made artillery shells. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Janesville Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. On April 21, 1967, the 100 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a blue, two-door Chevrolet Caprice, was produced at the Janesville plant. Full-size cars ended production in 1982 and were replaced by the compact J-cars like the Cavalier. Last passenger car built was the 1991 Chevy Cavalier. Only SUVs and trucks were subsequently built. SUV production ended Dec. 23, 2008. Last vehicle produced was a black 2009 Chevy Tahoe. Medium-duty truck production ended on April 23, 2009, marking the end of vehicle production at Janesville. Officially, the plant was placed on &quot;standby&quot; status but production never restarted and the 2015 GM-UAW contract allowed Janesville to be closed permanently. Demolished from 2018-2019.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]], [[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]], [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]], [[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1988-1989), [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982-1988), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|Chevrolet Kodiak (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|Chevrolet B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|GMC Sierra C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC TopKick (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|GMC B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1997-2002)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kalamazoo Metal Center||[[w:Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo, Michigan]]||United States||Stamped Body panels ||1965||1999|| Located at 5200 East Cork Street. Metal stamping plant. Started out as a Fisher Body plant. Now Midlink Business Park. 

|- 

|K||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Gunsan|Kunsan]], [[w:Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cruze#Australia|Holden Cruze (JG sedan/JH wagon)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra Sedan (BL)]] (4-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family Z engine|Family Z diesel engine]]||1997||2018||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]], [[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]], [[w:Daewoo Tacuma|Daewoo Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]], [[w:Holden Viva|Holden Viva (JF)]], [[w:Suzuki Forenza|Suzuki Forenza]], [[w:Suzuki Reno|Suzuki Reno]] 

This factory also produced Chevrolet vehicles for [[w:General Motors Europe|General Motors Europe]] and [[w:Chevrolet Europe|Chevrolet Europe]]. The factory permanently closed on May 31, 2018, due to low productivity caused by GM's withdrawal from Europe in 2017 and due to GM's restructuring of its GM Korea operations. Sold to Myoung Shin Co., Ltd. in 2018. Diesel engines were produced at an adjacent facility beginning in 2006.  

|- 

|A&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1990&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Lakewood Assembly|Lakewood Assembly]]||[[w:Lakewood Heights, Atlanta|Lakewood Heights, Georgia]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; (1966, 1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari wagon]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Estate wagon]] (1990)||1928||1990||Located at McDonough Boulevard and Sawtell Avenue. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lakewood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled from September 1982 to early 1984. Production ended with Chevrolet Caprice Classic &amp; Buick Estate Wagon. Last vehicle produced was a gray Chevy Caprice on August 6, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957).  Also built the &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987) &amp; [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only).&lt;br&gt;  GM G-body: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970-1972). GM A-body: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#Second generation (1964–1967)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1965), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1973-1979), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1969, 1971-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971-1977).&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-80), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Body]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||Automotive bodies||1920||2005||Located at 401 N. Verlinden St. Opened as a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant in 1920. Durant Motors went out of business in 1931 and the plant was vacant until GM bought it in 1935. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 6. The plant reopened as a Fisher Body plant. It supplied bodies to the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1 or Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis). Together with the chassis plant, they made up Lansing Car Assembly. Demolished in 2008-2009.  

|- 

|M||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (North)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1985–1991)|Buick Somerset/Skylark]] (1985–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier coupe]] (1995-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2001–2003), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Classic]] (2004–2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais|Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais]] (1988-1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Achieva|Oldsmobile Achieva]] (1992–1998), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1992-2005) ||1902||2005|| &quot;M&quot; - North assembly line. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. This was Oldsmobile's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. It was converted to build unibody, fwd, compact cars for 1985 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd midsize &amp; full-size cars. Demolished in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Oldsmobile Series 60|Oldsmobile Series 60]] (1939-1948), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 70|Oldsmobile Series 70]] (1939-1950), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#1953|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]] convertible (1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#First generation (1971–1976)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1971–1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1961-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961–1966), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1966-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1964-1977), [[w:Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1929-1931)&lt;br /&gt;Oldsmobile engines:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile straight-6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile Rockette V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V8]]

|- 

|C (1985-2004)||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (South)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Sixth generation (1992–1998)|Buick Skylark]] (1992–1998), [[w:Chevrolet Alero|Chevrolet Alero]] (Export only: 1999-2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1986), [[w:Oldsmobile Alero|Oldsmobile Alero]] (1999-2004), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1985-2004)||1902||2004||&quot;C&quot; - South assembly line. Only started using separate plant code from the North plant beginning with the 1985 N-body cars. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. Demolished in 2007.  

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;(0 for EV1)||[[w:Lansing Craft Centre|Lansing Craft Centre]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet SSR|Chevrolet SSR]] (2003–2006)||1987||2006||Located at 2801 West Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Metal Center. Originally built by Ryan-Bohn Foundry and opened in 1920. Owned by Driggs Aircraft Company from 1927-1930. Owned by R.E. Olds from 1930-1940 but not used. Bought by GM's Oldsmobile Division in 1940. Became GM's Lansing Plant 2. Also known as Olds Forge. Built artillery shells during WWII. Oldsmobile used this plant as a forge (through 1983) and for making axles and differentials (through 1984). First opened as a vehicle assembly plant known as the Reatta Craft Centre in 1988 though pilot production began in December 1986. After Buick Reatta production ended in 1991, plant was renamed Lansing Craft Centre. Used by the Genasys joint venture with [[w:American Specialty Cars|ASC]] to complete production of the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire convertibles. Final SSR built March 17, 2006. Closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-2010. 

Past models: [[w:Buick Reatta|Buick Reatta]] (1988–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier convertible]] (1995–2000), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] convertible (1995–2000), [[w:General Motors EV1|General Motors EV1]] (1997, 1999), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Twelfth generation (1992–2002)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (2000-2002)

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Engine Plant|Lansing Engine]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Quad 4 engine|Quad 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] (2002 only)||1981||2002||Located at 2901 S. Canal Road. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 5. Also known as Delta Engine. Built to produce experimental diesel engine; part of Ryder Logistics since 2005.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Metal Center|Lansing Metal Center]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1952||2006|| Located at 2800 W. Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Craft Centre. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 3. Also known as the Olds Jet plant. Originally built to manufacture turbine blades for Buick-built J65 axial flow jet engines. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished in 2008-2010.  

|- 

|K &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Leeds Assembly|Leeds Assembly]]||[[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1984-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Firenza|Oldsmobile Firenza]] (1982-1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1982-1988)||1929||1988||Located at 6817 Stadium Drive. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Leeds Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Leeds Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Retooled to build fwd J-cars for 1982. Closed April 15, 1988. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1974), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1968, 1970), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]], [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1970, 1975-76), [[w:Buick Special#1964–1967|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1961), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1974, 1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1974, 1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963, 1974-1977), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1974), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1980), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1965)

|- 

|K ('94-'05)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E ('65-'91)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 3 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Linden Assembly|Linden Assembly]]||[[w:Linden, New Jersey|Linden, New Jersey]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1994-2004)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|GMC Sonoma]] (1994-2004)||1937||2005||Located at 1016 W. Edgar Road. Linden Assembly was the 2nd GM multi-brand assembly plant (the 1st was Southgate, CA), assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. It was operated by GM's Linden Division through January 1942. During WWII, GM built 5,837 [[w:FM-1 Wildcat|FM-1 Wildcat]] and [[w:FM-2 Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcat]] fighter planes at Linden under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. After the war ended, in 1945, Linden &amp; Southgate were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. In 1971, Linden Assembly became the first plant outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille &amp; Calais. In 1979, Linden became the sole source for all three of GM's E-body personal luxury coupes, the Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera, and Cadillac Eldorado. The closely related K-body Cadillac Seville was added in 1980. In the mid-1980s, the factory was retooled to produce the new L-body Chevy Beretta &amp; Corsica, which began production in 1987. This was the first time Linden built a Chevrolet model. Linden was idled in September 1991 for conversion to truck and SUV production. It reopened in 1993 to produce the 1994 S-10 and Sonoma pickups, adding the Blazer and Jimmy SUVs for 1995. Closed April 2005. Last vehicle built was a white 2005 four-door Chevy Blazer on April 20, 2005. Demolished in 2008. Now Legacy Square, a complex of retail stores, and Legacy Commerce Center, an industrial space at the back of the property along Linden Ave.&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1991), [[w:Buick Riviera#Sixth generation (1979–1985)|Buick Riviera]] (1979-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Third generation (1979–1985)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Tenth generation (1979–1985)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Seville#Second generation (1980–1985)|Cadillac Seville]] (1980-85), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]], [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1953-1957), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1952-1957), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1971-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1962, 1965-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-61) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Livonia Engine|Livonia Engine]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM Premium V engine|Premium V engine]] (4.6L Northstar V8, 4.0L Aurora V8, 3.5L Shortstar V6)||1971||2010|| Located at 12200 Middlebelt Road. Originally built as a parts supplier to Cadillac. Converted into an engine plant for the Northstar V8. Now a multi-tenant commercial space including [[w:Penske Corporation|Penske Logistics]] and [[w:KUKA|KUKA]]. The [[w:KUKA|KUKA]] facility appears to be the one building the initial batch of [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] electric vans for GM prior to production moving to GM's [[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]] plant.  

|- 

||7 (1979-2019)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U&amp;nbsp;(1966-1978)||[[w:Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown Assembly]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze (2016-2019)]]||1966||2019 

|GM bought the property in 1955 and announced plans for the new Chevrolet plant in 1956 but construction didn't begin until 1964. Production began on April 28, 1966. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lordstown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze (2011-2015)/ Cruze Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt|Chevrolet Cobalt]] (2005-2010)/[[w:Pontiac G5|Pontiac G5]] (2007-2009, Canada: 2007-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-2005)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000/2000/2000 Sunbird/Sunbird]] (1982-1994)/ [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1971–1977)/[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1978-1980)/ [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/ Rally Van]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1966-1970), [[w:Pontiac Firebird#First generation (1967–1969)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1967-1969), [[w:Pontiac Pursuit|Pontiac Pursuit/G5 Pursuit]] (Canada: 2005-2006), [[w:Toyota Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] (1996-2000).  

Located at 2300 Hallock-Young Road. Main assembly plant is the East part of the complex on Hallock-Young Road. Stamping plant added in 1970. Paint shop added in 2004. Stamping plant and paint shop are part of the West part of the complex on Ellsworth-Bailey Road. &lt;br /&gt; Closed on March 6, 2019. Sold to [[w:Lordstown Motors|Lordstown Motors]] in 2019. Lordstown Motors sold the plant to [[w:Foxconn|Foxconn]] in 2022 and Foxconn will do contract assembly for Lordstown Motors and others.  

|- 

|1 (Lotus Omega &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Lotus Carlton)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Lotus Omega|Opel Lotus Omega]] A / [[w:Vauxhall Lotus Carlton|Vauxhall Lotus Carlton]] 1990-1992, 950 units 

 
[[w:Lotus Esprit|Lotus Esprit]], [[w:Lotus Excel|Lotus Excel]], [[w:Lotus Elan#Elan (M100)|Lotus Elan]]

||1986||1993||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Mansfield Metal Center||[[w:Ontario, Ohio|Ontario, Ohio]]||United States||Metal stamping||1955||2010||Located at 2525 W. 4th St. Mostly demolished. Redeveloped into Ontario Commerce Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Massena Castings Plant|Massena Castings Plant]]||[[w:Rooseveltown, New York|Rooseveltown, New York]]||United States|| Aluminum engine blocks &amp; cylinder heads for [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair engine]], Aluminum engine blocks for [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Vega engine]], &amp; aluminum cylinder heads &amp; blocks for other engines.&lt;br /&gt; Also clutch housings, transmission cases, pistons, aluminum intake manifolds||1959||2009||Located at 56 Chevrolet Rd, Rooseveltown, NY 13662 &lt;br /&gt; Originally a Chevrolet facility. In 1978, became part of GM's Central Foundry Division. In 1991, Central Foundry became part of GM Powertrain. &lt;br /&gt;Production ended April 23, 2009. Demolished in 2011.

|- 

|M||Mexico City Assembly||[[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks &amp; vans||1937||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including: Caprice, Chevelle, Corvair, Impala, Malibu, Nova&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]], [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord/MX-1/Olimpico/Fiera]] &lt;br /&gt; Switched from assembly to manufacturing in 1965.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Moraine Assembly|Moraine Assembly]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15#First generation (1982)|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma#First generation (1982)|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy/Jimmy]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#Second generation (1995–2005)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Rainier|Buick Rainier]] (2004-2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Envoy#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender]] (2003-2008)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1991-1994, 1996-2004) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-7X|Saab 9-7X]] (2005-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Grumman LLV|Grumman LLV]] chassis (1987-1994)||1951&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1981 (Vehicle production)||2008|| Located at 2601 West Stroop Road. Began in 1951 as part of the [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] Division of General Motors Corporation producing household appliances. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] production ended in 1979 when GM sold [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] to [[w:White Consolidated Industries|White Consolidated Industries]] but kept the Moraine plant and converted it to build vehicles. Vehicle production began in 1981. Was part of GM's Truck &amp; Bus Group. Closed on December 23, 2008. Sold to [[w:Fuyao Group#Fuyao Glass America Inc.|Fuyao Group]] in 2014; began production of automotive glass for GM and other automakers in 2016.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Moraine Engine||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8 engine]] 6.2L/6.5L||1981||2000||Located at 4100 Springboro Pike. Also began as a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] plant. Replaced by the nearby DMAX Ltd. engine plant (originally a joint venture with Isuzu) which builds the replacement engine ([[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]). Demolished by 2003. Production of the 6.5-liter diesel V8 moved to a new AM General plant in Franklin, OH known as General Engine Products. AM General makes the engine for its own use and for GM service parts, &amp; 3rd party customers. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Muncie Transmission||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Transmissions including: [[w:Getrag 282 transmission|Getrag 282/NVG T550]], Getrag 284, Muncie M17, Muncie M20/M21/M22, Muncie M62/M64, [[w:Muncie SM420 transmission|Muncie SM420 transmission]], [[w:Muncie SM465 transmission|Muncie SM465 transmission]], [[w:New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500/NV3550]], [[w:New Venture Gear 4500 transmission|NV4500]]&lt;br /&gt;Valves, Steering gears&lt;br /&gt;Forge||1919||2006||Located at 1200 W. Eighth St. Originally founded as Warner Gear Company in 1902. Bought by GM in 1919. Became Muncie Products Division. Closed in 1932. Reopened by Chevrolet in 1935 (Chevrolet Muncie). Moved to Detroit Diesel Allison Division in 1984 &amp; then to Hydramatic Division in 1986. Became part of [[w:New Venture Gear|New Venture Gear]] joint venture with Chrysler in 1990. GM owned 36% while [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] owned 64%. GM sold its stake to [[w:DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]] in 2002 but took back the Muncie plant. Became Manual Transmissions of Muncie. The plant closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-09.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Near East||[[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1936||1958||Began CKD assembly of trucks in 1936 followed by cars in 1938. In 1951, GM Near East became the Alexandria Branch of GM Middle East. Plant was liquidated in 1958.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Petone|Petone]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]], [[w:Chevrolet Thriftmaster|Chevrolet Thriftmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] including [[w:Pontiac Laurentian|Pontiac Laurentian]], [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#New Zealand|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] (E, PA, PC), [[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]], [[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]], [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] including [[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]], [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]], [[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]], [[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]], [[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]], [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]||1926||1984||Also made [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] refrigerators, freezers, washers, and dryers (Frigidaire was owned by GM from 1919 to 1979). &lt;br /&gt;  

Axle tube assemblies, oil filters, and spark plugs.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]], [[w:Vauxhall Cresta#Cresta PC|Vauxhall Cresta]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]], [[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Holden Statesman HJ]], [[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HX|Holden Statesman HX]], [[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HZ|Holden Statesman HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#WB|Holden Statesman WB]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VN)|Holden Commodore (VN)]], [[w:Holden Royale|Holden Commodore Royale (VH/VK/VL)]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Rodeo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Isuzu Gemini/Holden Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daihatsu Charade#First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983)|Daihatsu Charade (under contract for Daihatsu)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Datsun Truck#Nissan D21|Nissan Navara pickup (under contract for Nissan)]]||1967||1990|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Nordiska AB||Södra Hammarbyhamnen, [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks||1928||1957|| Converted into a warehouse in 1957. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1905||Burned down 1987||Located at 4584 Maybury Grand Ave. (Jeffries Expressway Service Drive) and W. Hancock St. Around 4646 Lawton St. (rear side) is the remnants of a water tower and railroad spur. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Intercompany Parts Group. In 1920, Northway moved to a new plant on Holbrook Ave. in Detroit. This address was subsequently been used by [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] in the 1920's and 1930's and then by Refrigeration Service Inc. in the 1950's. At some point, the building was sold to Motor City Wiping Cloth Co. but they abandoned the property in 1983, leaving behind massive bales of rags and cloths. The building burned down in a horrific fire in 1987 after homeless people in the building were burning fires there to keep warm. The fire killed three firefighters and injured ten others. The fire even spread to the nearby Continental Paper warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant/General Motors Truck Co. Plant No. 7/Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1920||1994||Located at 1806 Holbrook Ave. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Central Products Division. In 1920, Northway moved here from their original plant on Maybury Grand Ave. and primarily supplied engines to GMC. In 1925, became part of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company as part of the merger of Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company and General Motors Truck Corp., the manufacturer of GMC trucks. In 1926, Northway Motor Division was liquidated and its Detroit plant was sold to Chevrolet on March 31 to become the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.  Part of the engine tooling machinery was transferred to the Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works at East Moline IL. Some Northway engines were still used by some GMC trucks (K-series) through 1930. Was part of the Detroit complex sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. Now part of American Axle's Advanced Technology Development Center.  

|- 

|N&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1987&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Norwood Assembly|Norwood Assembly]]||[[w:Norwood, Ohio|Norwood, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt; (1958-1961, 1965-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br&gt; (1962-1966, 1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973)||1923||1987||Located at 5025 Carthage Ave. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Norwood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971.  Closed August 1987. Demolished. Now Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a mixed use retail and office space. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] 

|- 

|Z||[[w:NUMMI|NUMMI]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Chevrolet Nova]] (1985-88)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Prizm|Geo Prizm]] (1989-1997)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prizm|Chevrolet Prizm]] (1998-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Vibe|Pontiac Vibe]] (2003-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E80)|Toyota Corolla FX]] (1987-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla|Toyota Corolla]] (1989-2010) (E90/E100/E110/E130/E140)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Hilux#Fifth generation (N80, N90, N100, N110; 1988)|Toyota Pickup]] (1991-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Tacoma|Toyota Tacoma]] (1995-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Voltz|Toyota Voltz]] (Japan)||1984||2009||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory.&lt;br /&gt;From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|O &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1963 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C ([[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])||[[w:Oakland Assembly|Oakland Assembly]] (Chevrolet)||[[w:Oakland, California|Oakland, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|GMC C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]]||1917||1963||Located at 73rd Ave. &amp; Foothill Blvd. Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Began building GMC trucks in December 1937 for the 1938 model year. Replaced by Fremont Assembly plant. Demolished. Site became Eastmont Mall which is now [[w:Eastmont Town Center|Eastmont Town Center]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car Co.]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Oakland automobiles &lt;br /&gt; Pontiac 1926-1927||1909||1931||Located at 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Also bordered by Baldwin Ave. and W. Howard St. GM bought Oakland Motor Car Co. in 1909. Oakland introduced sister brand Pontiac in 1926. Pontiac replaced Oakland for 1932. Early Pontiacs were built here before production moved to the new factory stretching from Baldwin Ave. east to Joslyn Ave. a little farther north. This was Pontiac's first headquarters. Some of the buildings are still standing.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:es:General Motors OBB|GM-OBB]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]||[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet D-Max 2011]]||1980 (1st GM product)||2024||OBB (Ómnibus BB Transportes) was founded in 1975. GM bought 22% of OBB in 1981 &amp; became majority shareholder in 1988. GM announced in April 2024 that GM-OBB will shut down at the end of August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Evolution]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#Second generation (1985)|Chevrolet Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#TF|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet LUV D-Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Chevrolet Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 2)]], [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 3)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Vitara]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Chevrolet Grand Vitara]], [[w:Suzuki Vitara#Third generation (JT; 2005)|Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ]] 

|- 

|6||[[w:Oklahoma City Assembly|Oklahoma City Assembly]]||[[w:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#EXT|Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy XL#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy XL]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy#Envoy XUV|GMC Envoy XUV]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender extended length]] (2003-2006)||1979||2006||Located at 7447 SE 74th Street. &lt;br /&gt; Initially produced front wheel drive [[w:GM X platform (FWD)|X platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1983) &amp; [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix]] (1980-1982)) followed by front wheel drive [[w:General Motors A platform (FWD)|A platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1989), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1988–1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1989-1996), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1996)) as well as [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997–2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1997–1999). Converted to build body-on-frame SUVs for 2002 model year. Damaged by a tornado on May 8, 2003, but the company repaired the damage and returned the plant to operation just 53 days later. Idled February 20, 2006. Last vehicle produced was a white 2006 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. Plant was taken over by Oklahoma City in 2008 and leased to neighbor Tinker Air Force Base. Now known as Building 9001 Tinker Aerospace Complex. Used for maintaining jet engines and for software engineering.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Opel|Opel]] Werk Bochum||[[w:Bochum|Bochum]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Olympia#Name revival: Opel Olympia (1967–1970)|Opel Olympia]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] A, B, C, D, &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F, G, &amp; H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]] H Classic (5-door, Caravan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (1968–1973)|Opel GT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–2019)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005–2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] B/Zafira Family&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Axles||1962||2014|| Plant I was the vehicle assembly plant. First car off the line was a Kadett A. Plant II was the engine, transmission, &amp; axle plant. Engine production ended in 2004. Axle production ended in 2011. Transmission production ended Oct. 7, 2013. Vehicle production ended December 5, 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel|Opel]] [[w:Opelwerk Brandenburg|Werk Brandenburg]]||[[w:Brandenburg an der Havel|Brandenburg an der Havel]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;||1935||1944|| Bombed and heavily damaged by the Allies on Aug. 6, 1944. Factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union after the war ended as reparations. 

|- 

|6||[[w:Opel Eisenach|Opel Eisenach GmbH]]||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]], [[w:Thuringia|Thuringia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa E (X15; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] E (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] D (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] C (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] B &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Adam|Opel/Vauxhall Adam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra F]] (1992-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]] (1998-2003)||1992||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Began production with Astra F in 1992. Began Corsa production in 1993 with Corsa B. Added production of the Adam in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Kaiserslautern||[[w:Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[w:Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||Components&lt;br /&gt;Engines:&lt;br /&gt; Four-cylinder turbo diesel engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Fiat JTD engine#2.0 Multijet II|2.0 CDTI Family B turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.9|1.9 CDTI turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec Diesel (1997)|2.0/2.2 Ecotec direct injection turbodiesel]]

Four-cylinder gasoline engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.2&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.0|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.0 supercharged (LSJ) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]] 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 &lt;br /&gt; 


|1966||2017||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;R (Catera)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (Pre-1976)||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Rüsselsheim||[[w:Rüsselsheim|Rüsselsheim]], [[w:Hesse|Hesse]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] (sedan, hatchback, Sports Tourer, Country Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (2011MY from March 1, 2010-March 25, 2011)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Insignia#First generation (G09; 2008)|Holden Insignia VXR (GA)]] (2015-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore ZB|Holden Commodore (ZB)]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Holden Vectra (ZC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Signum|Opel/Vauxhall Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega|Opel/Vauxhall Omega]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Catera|Cadillac Catera]] (1997-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Senator|Opel/Vauxhall Senator &amp; Vauxhall Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Calibra (YE)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monza|Opel Monza/Vauxhall Royale Coupe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore/Vauxhall Viceroy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kapitan|Opel Kapitan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Admiral|Opel Admiral]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Diplomat|Opel Diplomat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;axles&lt;br /&gt;components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Frigidaire refrigerators (1937-c.1940 &amp; 1946-1959)||1899 (1st production car built)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1929 (part of GM)||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2020 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. GM bought 80% of Opel in March 1929 and bought the rest in 1931, making Opel a full GM subsidiary. Russelsheim previously make engines. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Rüsselsheim continued to supply the Buick Regal &amp; the Holden Commodore ZB to GM through 2020. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|S||[[w:Opel Szentgotthárd|Opel Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Szentgotthárd|Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F 1992-1997, 80,835 units&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B1 and B2 1998-1999, 4,404 units&lt;br /&gt;Opel Engines including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Family 1 engine| Family 1 engine]] DOHC versions 1.4, 1.6, 1.8&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Gasoline Engine|GM Medium Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:VTi transmission|&quot;VTi&quot; CVT transmission]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison]] 3000, 4000, &amp; Torqmatic Series automatic transmissions||1992||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2019 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Originally a joint venture between GM &amp; Hungarian truck and engine maker Raba. GM bought out Raba &amp; became 100% owner in 1995. Production of Allison Transmissions began in 2000. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Szentgotthárd continued to supply the [[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|1.6L LH7 turbodiesel I4]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel Wien|Opel Wien GmbH]]||[[w:Aspern|Aspern]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Family 0 engine|Family 0]] engines (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4 Turbo)&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions (Easytronic automated manual, F15/F17 five-speed manual and M20/M32 six-speed manual)||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Closed by Stellantis in 2024. &lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] SOHC versions.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Osaka Assembly (Built on land leased from [[w:Sojitz|Nihon Menka]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY4l3qWIIh4C&amp;q=general+motors+assembly+plant+location+osaka+japan&amp;pg=PA70|title=American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980|author=Mark Mason|date=14 October 1992|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=9780674026308|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Osaka|Osaka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick from CKD kits||1927||1941||Factory was seized by [[w:Imperial Japanese|Imperial Japanese]] Government, see also [[w:General Motors Japan|General Motors Japan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/ANA03/809150388/gm-had-early-start-in-japan-but-was-hobbled-by-nationalism|title=GM early history in Japan|author=Hans Greimel|publisher=Autonews.com|date=September 14, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/File:1926-6-1.jpg|title=Image of Osaka facility}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Battery Plant]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] ||Batteries||19?||1990's?||Was part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Referred to by Delco Remy as Plant 41. This operation was closed.

|- 

|9 (1917-Mid 1923 Chevrolet)||Oshawa North||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||&lt;br /&gt;||1907||1996||The original Oshawa (North) plant opened in 1907 as a McLaughlin Motor Car Co. plant. It produced McLaughlin-Buick cars by fitting Buick engines and chassis to McLaughlin bodies. It also built Chevrolets for Chevrolet Motor Co. beginning in 1915 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada. McLaughlin Motor Car Co. and the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada were bought out by GM in 1918 becoming GM of Canada. GM of Canada continued to make Chevrolets and McLaughlin-Buicks (which became simply Buick after WWII) and also assembled [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] 1921-1930, [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1920-1942, 1946-1969, [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] 1929-1930, [[w:Buick|Buick]] 1908-1942, 1951-1971, [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1930, 1932-1935, [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1923-1936. [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] production in Oshawa began shortly after US production in 1926. From the 1950's into the 1980's, Canadian market full-size Pontiacs were built on Chevrolet chassis and were powered by Chevrolet engines and had model names different from US-market Pontiacs (Pathfinder, Strato Chief, Laurentian, and Parisienne). Car production shifted to the current Oshawa complex Car Assembly plant (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) which opened in 1953. [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks were made beginning in 1919 and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks were made beginning in 1923 before truck production shifted to the Oshawa Truck plant located next to the South car plant in 1965. Oshawa also produced 65 [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1921. Oshawa also produced military vehicles and equipment during both WWI and WWII. Also, Maple Leaf trucks.  

Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. The North plant, by then known as the GM North Fabrication plant making metal and plastic parts, was sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996. It was then sold to ACSYS Technologies Inc. in 2001. Both companies continued to operate as an auto parts manufacturer supplying GM. ACSYS closed the plant in 2004. The North plant ended all operations in 2005 and the last of it was demolished by 2006. Much of the site of the North plant at 155 Division Street (Ritson Road North is on the other side) is now a Costco.  

|- 

|1||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] (1988-2009)||1965||2009||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Truck plant was at 1100 Park Road South at the southern end of the Autoplex. Production ended May 14, 2009. Over 10 million vehicles were produced. Now the GM Canadian Technical Centre's (CTC) McLaughlin Advanced Technology Track. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (-1986, 1988-1998), [[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (-1986)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]&lt;br /&gt; Plant# 41||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1947||1998||Acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1554 Thomas Rd SE. Sold in 2004 to Wetzel, Inc. Sold to Berk Enterprise, Inc. in 2009.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Peninsular SA||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1932||1936|| Production ended due to Spanish Civil War. Liquidated around 1939.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM del Peru||[[w:Lima|Lima]]||[[w:Peru|Peru]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1945||1970|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pittsburgh Metal|Pittsburgh Metal]]||[[W:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania|West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]||United States||Metal stamping||1949||2008||Located at 1451 Lebanon School Road. Originally part of [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] division. Demolished in 2011.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Polsce Sp. Zo.o.||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks||1928||1930's||Was at 103 Wolska St. Closed during the Depression. 

|-

|P||[[w:Pontiac Assembly|Pontiac Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||In ex-Fisher Body plant:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]] (1984-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Main plant after reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM G platform (RWD)|RWD G-bodies]]:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Regal#Second generation (1978)|Buick Regal]] (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt; (1987-1988),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]]&lt;br /&gt; (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme Classic]] (1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also:&lt;br /&gt; Pontiac engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Iron Duke engine|Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV I4 engine]]||1927||1988||This was Pontiac's home plant. Property runs from Walton Blvd. on the north to E. Montcalm St. on the south with Joslyn Ave. or for certain stretches, Highwood Blvd., on the east side and Price St. or further south, Baldwin Ave. and then N. Saginaw St., on the west side. Also known as Pontiac North to distinguish from GMC's multiple plants in Pontiac, MI. Final Assembly was Plant 8 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. On March 14, 1962, Pontiac Assembly built the 75 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a white 1962 Bonneville convertible. Idled in 1982 but reopened in January 1985 with bodies supplied by Flint Body Assembly. Closed in December 1987. Last vehicle built was a Buick Regal Grand National. Demolished in 1997. GM still has the Pontiac Redistribution Center on the northeast portion of this property at 1251 Joslyn Road at the intersection with E. Columbia Ave. The Pontiac Metal Center is another still active part of this property. GM still uses the eastern part of the property bordered by Joslyn Ave. on the east, E. Beverly Ave. on the north, E. Montcalm St. on the south, and N. Glenwood Ave. on the west. This area includes GM Performance and Racing Center at 900 N. Glenwood Ave. and the Propulsion Systems Pontiac Engineering Center at 800 N. Glenwood Ave. Pontiac's divisional HQ at One Pontiac Plaza was about where the Propulsion Systems Engineering Center is now. [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] operated a plant on the site (Plant 17) from 1935-1982. This plant was connected to the final assembly plant by an enclosed bridge that ran over N. Saginaw St., that was used to transport the bodies from the Fisher Body plant, where bodies up to the firewall were built, to the Pontiac final assembly plant where the body was mated to the chassis and the front end, powertrain, &amp; interior were installed and the car was completed. This plant, located at 888 Baldwin Ave., was converted to build the [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]], which it built from 1983-1988. Last Fiero built August 16, 1988. GM used it as a warehouse until 2009. Most of the Fiero plant was demolished in 2013. Pontiac engines were made in Plant 9 and Plant 18. Both have been demolished (plant 9 demolished in 1997). Some parts of the complex have been sold to U-Pull And Save Auto Parts, GFL Environmental, &amp; Bedrock Express. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Six|Pontiac Six]] (1927-1932, 1935-1940), Pontiac Series 302 V8 (1932), Pontiac Economy Eight (1933-1934), Pontiac Improved Eight (1935), Pontiac Deluxe Eight (1936-1940), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)]] (1958-1980), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)]] (1982), [[w:Pontiac Can Am|Pontiac Can Am]] (1977), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (59-80), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1958), [[w:Pontiac Custom S|Pontiac Custom S]] (1969), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1973–1975|Pontiac Grand Am (1973-1975)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1978–1980|Pontiac Grand Am (1978-1980)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (B-body)]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (G-, A-, &amp; G-body)]] (1969-1982), [[w:Pontiac Grand Safari|Pontiac Grand Safari]] (1971-1978), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1981), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1966), [[w:Pontiac Streamliner|Pontiac Streamliner]] (1941-1951), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1961-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#1970|Pontiac T-37]] (1970-1971), [[w:Pontiac Torpedo|Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940-1948), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961)

|- 

|V (1972-1990)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||Pontiac Central Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States|||[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|GMC C-Series/E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|GMC C/K]] (1960-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1967-1985)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1937-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1978)&lt;br /&gt; Buses ([[w:GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus|Yellow Coach/GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus]] (1940-1969), [[w:GM PD-4103|GM PD-4103]], [[w:PD-4501 Scenicruiser|PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1960-1977), [[w:GM Buffalo bus|GM Buffalo bus]] (1966-1980), [[w:Rapid Transit Series|Rapid Transit Series (RTS)]] (1978-1987))&lt;br /&gt;Medium Duty Trucks &amp; Heavy Duty Trucks including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#GMC (1966–1970)|GMC E-Series medium-duty trucks]] (E4500/E5500/E6500) (1967-1968) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109015322/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_MAR09.pdf] (page 30)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1969-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|GMC B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier#Background|Chevrolet/GMC H/J series]] (1966-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bruin|Chevrolet Bruin]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier|GMC Brigadier]] (1978-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:WhiteGMC Brigadier|WhiteGMC Brigadier]] (1988-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General#Background|Chevrolet/GMC C/M series]] (1966-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bison|Chevrolet Bison]] (1977-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General|GMC General]] (1977-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro#Background|GMC F/D series &quot;Crackerbox&quot;]] (1959-1968)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Titan|Chevrolet Titan]] (1970-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro|GMC Astro]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;Engines ([[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1947-1962,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC V6 engine|GMC V6 (1960-1973)/V12 (1960-1965) engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC V8 engine#GMC engines|GMC 60° V8]] (1966-1972))||1928||1990||Located at 660 South Boulevard East. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 2 when built. Production of trucks began in January 1928. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. On September 30, 1943, GM acquired the remainder of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and on October 1, 1943 the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division of General Motors Corp. was formed and Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. was dissolved. When limited production of civilian buses resumed in March 1944, they were badged as GM Coach and the Yellow name was retired. Headquarters of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and later the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division. Headquarters building in front of Plant 2 was completed in March 1928. Administration and engineering buildings were part of the complex. Built 409,012 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|CCKW 6x6 trucks]], AFKWX 6x6 cab-over trucks, [[w:DUKW|DUKW &quot;Ducks&quot;]], &amp; other types of trucks during WWII. Also produced 2,249 buses &amp; 30 T18E2 Boarhound armored cars during WWII. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved from Plant 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The GMC MotorHome was discontinued after 1978. [https://www.gmccolonial.com/gmc-motorhome-history] Transit bus production ended in spring 1987 when GM sold the product line to Greyhound Corporation, which continued RTS production at its [[w:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation|TMC]] plant in Roswell, New Mexico. Converted in 1994 into a Truck Product Engineering Center (Pontiac Centerpoint Campus) by GM using only the steel frame of the large main building while everything else was demolished. The Truck Product Engineering Center closed in 2009 and the site is now the Centerpoint Business Campus, which is occupied by many businesses including Fanuc Robotics and i.M. Branded.  

|- 

|E (1988-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1985)||[[w:Pontiac East Assembly|Pontiac East Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Medium Duty Trucks:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1973-85), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1981-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1981-85)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) ||1972||2009||Located at 2100 South Opdyke Road. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 6 when built, also known as Pontiac Assembly Center. Pontiac East is directly to the east of Pontiac Central. Pontiac East began by building medium-duty trucks, which were moved from Pontiac Central. In 1985, medium-duty trucks were moved back to Pontiac Central, combining with production of heavy-duty trucks and buses. GMT400 full-size pickup production began in December 1986 for the 1988 model year. Closed in September 2009. Demolished in 2011-2012. Portions of the site are now occupied by Challenge Manufacturing Co. and Williams International. 

|- 

|0 (1978-1994)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1977)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||[[w:Pontiac West Assembly|Pontiac West Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Trucks, Buses,&lt;br /&gt;Engines: ([[w:Buick straight-6 engine|Buick 257/331 straight-6 engine]] (1931-1932), [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1933-1948), &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#First generation (1964–1966)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1964-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Second generation (1967–1970)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br /&gt; (1982-1984, 1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy|GMC S-15 Jimmy]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Typhoon|GMC Typhoon]] (1992-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada#First generation (1991–1994)|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1994) ||1906||1994||Complex includes GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plants 1, 3, 4, and 5. Plant 1 was originally the plant of Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, one of the 2 main ancestors of the modern GMC Division (the other being Reliance Motor Car Company). Plant 1 was located at 25 Rapid Street and opened in 1906, before Rapid was taken over by GM in 1908-1909. Plant 1 started making Buick 257 &amp; 331 inline-6's in 1931 after Buick stopped making inline-6s after 1930 and switched its entire lineup to straight-8s. The tooling was moved to Plant 1 from the Buick complex in Flint. Buick had been supplying inline-6s to GMC since 1925. In 1933, GMC started making inline-6s of its own design in Plant 1. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. Plant 1 was demolished around 1981. Plant 3 opened in 1940 and was located at South Boulevard West and Franklin Road. Plant 3 was used for sheet metal work and material storage at first. Plant 3 later built the [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome]]. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central for its final model year of 1978. Plant 3 was demolished around 2005. Plant 4 was located on South Saginaw Street (now Woodward Ave.) Engine production began in Plant 4 in October 1938. The [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] was built there through 1947/1948. Small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6 engines were made in Plant 4 from October 1938. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. Plant 4 was also used for material storage. Plant 4 also built the [[w:Chevrolet van|1964-1970 Chevrolet &amp; GMC full-size vans]]. Plant 4 was demolished around 2008. Plant 5 was located on Franklin Road, to the north of Plant 3. Plant 5 was demolished around 2005. After Pontiac Central opened in 1928, Pontiac West focused on machining and component manufacturing rather than vehicle assembly.[https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-gmc-motor-homecoming-50-years-on/] (Paragraph 4) There would be sporadic vehicle production at Pontiac West in the 1960's and 1970's (vans, motorhomes). In the 1980's, vehicle production increased as Pontiac West became one of GM's plants building compact pickups and SUVs. Production ended in 1994. Entire property sold to M1 Concourse in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Pontiac Foundry||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts. ||1927||1987||Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Was Plant 6 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. Demolished in 1995. A U.S. Postal Service distribution center now occupies the approximate area where the foundry used to be. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Regina Plant|Regina Plant]]||[[w:Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Saskatchewan]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] 

|[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars &amp; trucks, Maple Leaf trucks, [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]] 

|1928||1941||Factory office building is located at 1102 8th Avenue while the factory building is behind the office building stretching down Winnipeg Street down to 6th Ave. Production began on Dec. 11, 1928. Production halted in August 1930, restarted in March 1931, then halted again a few months later in 1931. Production restarted in December 1937. In 1941, taken over by the [[w:Government of Canada|Government of Canada]] to produce munitions for World War II as Regina Industries Limited. Auto production never resumed and the property was used by the Canadian Department of National Defense until the mid-1960s. Sold to the Saskatchewan provincial govt. in 1967 and then the Regina city govt. in 1987. Was used by both public- and private-sector tenants. Damaged by a fire on May 3, 2017. In 2020, the City of Regina decommissioned the building and all the tenants were required to move out. Buildings are still standing and have been used by a variety of businesses and organizations. You can still see &quot;GMC&quot; carved in stone above the front entrance to the office building. Office building is designated a Heritage Inventory Property by city of Regina. A related building is down the block at 1260 8th Avenue at the corner of Toronto Street. After the factory closed in 1941, GM still used this building for its regional administrative and parts distribution operations until it moved in 1967.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Reliance Motor Truck Co.]]||[[w:Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Reliance trucks (1909-1912)&lt;br&gt; GMC trucks (heavy duty models) (1912-1913)||1909||1913||Plant was located on Michigan Ave. In late 1908, GM bought Reliance Motor Car Co. and reorganized it as Reliance Motor Truck Co. Reliance truck production moved here from Detroit in 1909. In February 1912, the GMC brand replaced the Reliance brand as well as the Rapid brand. In 1913, production was consolidated at the Rapid Street plant of the former Rapid Motor Vehicle Co. in Pontiac, Michigan and the Owosso plant was sold. Plant was later used by American Malleables and later by Mid-West Abrasive Co., a maker of sandpaper. Plant was later extended to S. Washington St.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] Transmission||[[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab two-stroke|Saab two-stroke]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;Saab 99/900 manual transmission&lt;br /&gt;[[w:F35 transmission|F35 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]] ||1989||2009||Saab plant. Opened in 1953. Engine production ended in 1968. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Transmission production ended when the 1st gen. 9-5 ended production. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]] Engine||[[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab B engine|Saab B engine]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab H engine|Saab H engine]] ||1989||2007||Saab plant.  Opened in 1972.   

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Engine plant sold to [[w:Scania AB|Scania AB]] in 2007. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|1,2,3,4,8||Saab [[w:Trollhättan Assembly|Trollhättan Assembly]]||[[w:Trollhättan|Trollhättan]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 92|Saab 92]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 93|Saab 93]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 95|Saab 95]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 96|Saab 96]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 99|Saab 99]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9000|Saab 9000]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-3|Saab 9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-5|Saab 9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]]||1989||2010||Saab plant. Opened in 1947. Also did engine (Saab two-stroke) &amp; transmission production until 1953 when it was relocated to the Gothenburg plant. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Saab also built the 9-3 based BLS for Cadillac. The BLS was not sold in the US or Canada. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Malleable Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1919||2007|| Located at 77 W. Center St. Iron castings. HQ of Central Foundry Division. In 1919, Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry merged with the Jacox division into GM's Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Malleable Iron division of GM. Closed in 2007, demolished in 2010. Converted into a park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Nodular Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering knuckles, crankshafts, disc brake caliper housings, exhaust manifolds, flywheels, differential carriers, clutch pressure plates||1967||1988|| Located at 2100 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Straddles the City of Saginaw-Buena Vista Township border. Iron castings. Closed in 1988. Later demolished. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Parts||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1909||1983|| Located on corner of 6th &amp; Washington Avenues. Opened in 1907 to build the 1908 Rainier. Bought by GM in 1909 as part of its purchase of [[w:Rainier Motor Car Company|Rainier Motor Car Company]]. Reorganized into the [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Company|Marquette Motor Co.]] which still made Rainier brand cars through 1911 as well as parts for Welch and Welch-Detroit cars. In 1912, the Rainier brand was replaced by the Marquette brand, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. In February 1912, the company was renamed Peninsular Motor Co. Some late production cars seem to have been badged as Peninsular. All of those activities ended at the end of 1912. In 1917, during World War I, the plant was reopened and used to manufacture mortar shells for the US Ordnance Corps. In 1919, became part of the Saginaw Products Company with this plant becoming the Saginaw Products Company Motor Plant. From 1919-1922, the plant made [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#224|OHV I4]] engines for [[w:Chevrolet Series FB|Chevrolet Series FB]] and [[w:Oldsmobile Model 43|Oldsmobile Model 43A]]. It was then used as a warehouse. From 1935, it made all different types of auto parts and service parts as Chevrolet Saginaw Service Parts Plant or from 1969, Chevrolet Saginaw Parts Plant. Closed in 1983, demolished in 1984.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 1||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering components||1910||1984||Located on 628 North Hamilton St. Originally founded as the Jackson, Church and Wilcox Company (Jacox) in 1906. Bought by GM in 1910. Became the Jackson-Church-Wilcox or Jacox division of GM. In 1919, the Jacox division merged with Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry into GM's Saginaw Products Company. Became the Saginaw Steering Gear Division in 1928. Closed in 1984. Sold in 1987 to Thomson Industries. Still operates today as Thomson Aerospace &amp; Defense, a brand of Linear Motion LLC, which is owned by the Umbra Group of Italy. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 2||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering Gears, pump hoses||1941||2001||Located at 1400 Holmes Street. Affectionately known as &quot;The Gun Plant&quot;, it was built in 1941 when the division was contracted to build M1919 machine guns, and M1-Carbines for World War II. After the war, normal steering gear production continued until its closure in 2001. It was demolished in 2002. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear complex||[[w:Buena Vista Township, Michigan|Buena Vista Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Complete Hydraulic and Electric Power Steering Systems, Halfshafts, Intermediate Drive Shafts||1953||2010||Located at 3900 E. Holland Road. Former Saginaw Steering Gear Division of GM. Saginaw Steering Gear Division renamed Saginaw Division in 1985. Grouped under Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. Plant 3 opened in 1953, Plant 4 opened in 1956. The sprawling Five-Plant complex (Plants 3-7), division Headquarters and large engineering center, were spun off with Delphi in 1999. GM repurchased the Delphi Steering division from bankrupt Delphi in 2009, renaming it Nexteer Automotive, and then sold the division to [[w:Pacific Century Motors|Pacific Century Motors]] in 2010. The former GM Division now operates as &quot;[[w:Nexteer Automotive|Nexteer Automotive]]&quot;, an independent company headquartered at the Saginaw site. Nexteer moved its headquarters to Auburn Hills in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Transmission||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Manual Transmissions, Brakes||1921||1999||Located at 2328 E. Genesee Ave. Built 1919–20 for the Michigan Crankshaft Company (originally founded as National Engineering Company), acquired by GM in 1921 and placed under Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Crankshaft Division of GM. Transferred to Chevrolet upon the dissolution of the Crankshaft Division in 1931 when crankshaft manufacturing was turned over to the car divisions. Made the &quot;Saginaw&quot; 3 and 4-Speed manual transmissions.  It was spun off as part of Delphi in 1999. The plant was sold to [[w:TRW Automotive|TRW Automotive]] in 2007. TRW used the plant to produces brake and suspension components (known as TRW Braking and Suspension). TRW closed this plant in 2014.  

|- 

|4||[[w:Scarborough Van Assembly|Scarborough Van Plant]]||[[w:Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Vandura]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sportvan#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Sportvan]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Rally Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;||1952&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1974 (Vehicle production)||1993||Located at 1901 Eglinton Avenue East. Originally a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] home appliance plant through 1970. In 1960, production of automotive components was added. Production included radios, instrument clusters, horns, shock absorbers, and propshafts. After Frigidaire production ended in 1970, only auto parts were made and the plant name was changed from Frigidaire Products of Canada to Delco Canada. Auto parts production ended in 1973 and the plant was expanded and converted to build full-size vans and renamed Scarborough Van Plant. First van produced on May 23, 1974 (a 1974 Chevy Van 10). After van production began, plant was expanded 5 times over the years. Cutaway production was added for 1975, halted in 1978, and resumed in 1980. One millionth van produced in January 1986 (a GMC model). Closed on May 6, 1993 and operations moved to [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]. Scarborough produced 1,626,313 vans from 1974-1993. Plant demolished and now site of Eglinton Town Centre and Comstock Bus Garage at the southern end of the property.  

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]]||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Scripps-Booth automobiles||1918||1922||Taken over by Chevrolet by the end of 1917 before Chevrolet was part of GM. When Chevrolet became part of GM, Scripps-Booth became part of GM as well. Scripps-Booth then adopted an Oakland chassis and a Northway six-cylinder engine, using parts from other GM divisions. However, a place could not be found for Scripps-Booth in GM's lineup, so GM closed it down in 1922.

|-

|8||[[w:Shreveport Operations|Shreveport Operations]]||[[w:Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport, Louisiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|GMC Canyon]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]] (2006–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3#H3T|Hummer H3T]] (2009–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#Isuzu i-series|Isuzu i-series]] (2006–2008)||1981||2012||Located at 7600 General Motors Blvd. General Motors Blvd. was renamed Antoine Blvd. in 2013. A portion of the complex is now used by Glovis America, a Hyundai Automotive Group subsidiary, for a vehicle logistics and processing center for Hyundai and Kia vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 |Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-2003), [[w:Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevrolet S-10 EV]] (1997-1998),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990), [[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-03), [[w:GMC Syclone|GMC Syclone]] (1991),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Hombre|Isuzu Hombre]] (1996-2000). 

|- 

|A||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Darling Street &amp; Kempston Road plants||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Beaumont]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa and Willow Run 1966-69)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Export models|Chevrolet Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Chevrolet Caprice Classic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Constantia|Chevrolet Constantia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevair|Chevrolet Chevair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nomad#South Africa production (GMSA)|Chevrolet Nomad]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet De Ville]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet El Camino&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet El Toro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet Kommando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro#Export program|Holden Monaro (HT)/Chevrolet SS (HG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#South Africa|Chevrolet Firenza/1300/1900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series D#ZA|Chevrolet 2500, 3800, 4100]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E#Chevrolet Rekord|Chevrolet Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett A|Opel Kadett A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett B|Opel Kadett B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E/Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Kadett F]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel Corsa B/Corsa Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Other markets|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu KB (D-Max based)]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Kempston Road)||1929 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;2017||Also assembled in the pre-WWII era: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliances. 

Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#South Africa|Ranger]]. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Isuzu consolidated its commercial truck production in the Struandale plant which already built Isuzu pickups and the Kempston Road plant ended production on Nov. 30, 2018. 

|- 

|4||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Struandale plant||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Africa|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel Corsa C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Montana#South Africa|Opel Corsa Utility/Chevrolet Utility]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;||1996||2017||Struandale was originally a Ford plant opened in 1973 which GM South Africa bought during the time it was known as Delta Motor Corp. in 1994. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Struandale absorbed Isuzu pickup production beginning with the 2nd generation D-Max around 2013 &amp; Isuzu commercial truck ([[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] &amp; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]) production in Jan. 2019. Isuzu KB was renamed D-Max in South Africa in 2018, aligning with the rest of the world. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Engine plant - Aloes||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift inline-6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]] inline-4||1966||1999?||  

|- 

|C (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;S (1960–1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:South Gate Assembly|South Gate Assembly]]||[[w:South Gate, California|South Gate, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982)||1936||1982|| Located at 2700 Tweedy Blvd. South Gate Assembly was the 1st GM multi-brand assembly plant, assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. The first finished cars were produced in May 1936. It was operated by GM's Southern California Division through 1943. Automobile production ended in Feb. 1942. During WWII, it produced the M5 and M5A1 Stuart tanks from July 1942-August 1943 in cooperation with Cadillac Division which held the contract to build the tank. It also provided a proof range for Army Ordnance to test various types of machine gun and cannon shells. Space was also provided for Army Ordnance to modify M4 medium tanks. Also built were gun shields and deck houses for the Navy. When M5A1 production ceased in August 1943, the plant was leased to Douglas Aircraft Co. until the end of the war for aircraft parts production. After the war ended, in 1945, Southgate &amp; Linden were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. South Gate began making Chevrolet full-size cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. South Gate was converted to build H-body small cars like the Vega for 1975 but the plant was switched back to full-size cars for 1977, building Chevy, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick B-bodies. In 1979, South Gate Assembly became the second plant (the 1st was Linden, NJ in 1971) outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille instead of Oldsmobile &amp; Buick B-bodies. The plant was then idled in March 1980. It was again switched to build small cars for 1982, this time the J-body. Slow sales and efforts to reduce air quality issues resulted in plant closure, with production ending on March 23, 1982. Plant demolished and site used for 3 new schools for L.A. School District and the South Gate Industrial and Business Park at the southern end of the property.&lt;br /&gt; Unibody B-O-P &quot;Y&quot;-body [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85#First generation (1961)|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963) added to B-&amp; C-body mix 1961-63; replaced by [[w:General Motors B platform|Chevrolet B-body]] for 1964; [[w:GM H platform (RWD)|GM H platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1975), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1976), [[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (H-body) (1976), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1976); [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973); [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-1942, 1954-1958); [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963); [[w:Buick Estate#1970|Buick Estate]] (1970-1973); [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962); [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1974, 1977-1978); [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1947-1949, 1953-1958); [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958); [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958); [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970); [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1974); [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970, 1977-1978); [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963); [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965); [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966); [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967); [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973); [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1973); [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1953, 1955-1958); [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968); [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968); [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960, 1962, 1966); [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961); [[w:Cadillac Deville#Fifth generation (1977–1984)|Cadillac Deville]] (1979-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Components Plant|St. Catharines Components Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components&lt;br /&gt;Starter motors&lt;br /&gt;Alternators&lt;br /&gt; Final drive assemblies&lt;br /&gt; Axles&lt;br /&gt;Steering wheels&lt;br /&gt;Steering gear&lt;br /&gt;Shock absorbers&lt;br /&gt;Brakes&lt;br /&gt;Bearings&lt;br /&gt;Horns&lt;br /&gt;Vehicle Radios&lt;br /&gt;Fractional horsepower motors for appliances||1929||2010||Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Originally McKinnon Dash and Metal Work Ltd., which opened this site in 1900. In 1917, the company was renamed McKinnon Industries, Ltd. Taken over by GM on March 29, 1929. In 1963, fractional horsepower motors for appliances were moved to the GM Diesel plant in London, Ontario. In 1964, vehicle radios, horns, and shocks were moved to the Scarborough plant followed by propshafts in 1966. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. In 1990, the Axle Plant is officially renamed Components Plant. Permanently closed in 2010 as part of GM's restructuring plans. All operations were transferred to [[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Engine Plant]]. Some of the Components Plant was demolished in 2016 and the site will be re-developed for mixed-use residential and commercial development. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||St. Catharines Foundry||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Casting|Iron casting]] of engine parts||1952||1995|| Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became &quot;General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines&quot;. Aligned with GM's Central Foundry Division in 1989.  

|- 

|S &lt;br /&gt;(1952 [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] and 1953-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:St. Louis Truck Assembly|St. Louis Truck Assembly]]||[[w:St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis, Missouri]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987 only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987 only)||1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319998/built-across-the-nation|author=James B. Treece|title=Built across the nation|publisher=Autonews.com|date=October 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1987||Located at 3809 N. Union Blvd. Chevrolet had previously licensed [[w:Gardner (automobile)|Gardner Buggy Co.]] to assemble its cars in St. Louis in 1915. That was replaced by Chevrolet's own St. Louis plant on Union Blvd. Built 149,135 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]] &amp; 6,748 [[w:DUKW|DUKW]] amphibious vehicles during WWII. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. St. Louis Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Operated 3 assembly lines: car line, truck line, and the Corvette line. 695,214 Corvettes were built from 1954-1981 in the old Fisher Body Mill Building that had been used to assemble wooden bodies in earlier years and was converted to Corvette production. First 1954 Corvette was built in St. Louis on December 28, 1953. Last Corvette built in St. Louis was built July 31, 1981. Chevy Caprice &amp; Impala production ended on August 1,  1980 and the main car line closed down. Was a Truck and Bus Group plant from 1982, only making full-size pickups. Closed August 1987. The old Fisher Body Mill Building where Corvettes were built was demolished in 1992. Property is now the Union Seventy Center, an industrial warehouse and distribution campus used by several different tenants. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1965), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1954-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|GMC Jimmy]] (1970-1972), [[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]], [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1947-1955, 1967-1972)

|- 

|2||[[w:Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Ste. Thérèse Assembly]]||[[w:Boisbriand, Quebec|Boisbriand, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1993-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird#Fourth generation (1993–2002)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1993-2002)||1966||2002||Located at 2500 Boulevard De la Grande-Allée. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1988-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme]] (1978-87)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] (1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1978-1981, 1983-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#1986|Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2]] (1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1970-1972)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971).  

Plant demolished and site re-developed as a commercial and residential site known as Faubourg Boisbriand and the Centre for Sports Excellence. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Strasbourg Transmission||[[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] 6-speed RWD automatic transmissions||1968||2013||Past products: [[w:GM 5L40-E transmission|5L40]], [[w:GM 4L30-E transmission|4L30]], [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic 180|TH180/3L30]] RWD automatic transmissions 

Also supplied 4-, 5-, &amp; 6-speed RWD auto. transmissions to [[w:BMW|BMW]].&lt;br /&gt; Also supplied 3-speed RWD auto. transmissions to Fiat, Peugeot ([[w:Peugeot 604|604]]), &amp; Rover ([[w:Rover SD1|SD1]]). 

Sold to Punch Metals International in 2013, which renamed the unit as Punch Powerglide Strasbourg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2012/12/general-motors-sells-strasbourg-plant-to-punch-metals-international/|title = General Motors Sells Strasbourg Plant to Punch Metals International|author=Alex Luft|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 22 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg began producing [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|8HP 8-speed automatic transmissions]] for [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] in addition to the GM 6L50 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2023, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg was renamed Dumarey Powerglide Strasbourg.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Suisse AG||[[w:Biel|Biel]]||[[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] 1936-1941, 1946-1968&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With This Picture? And What's Very Right With the Other Ones? They Do Things a Bit Differently In Switzerland|date=15 August 2020 |at=see 20th comment down from 8-15-20 5:59 pm|url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/qotd/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-and-whats-very-right-with-the-other-ones-they-do-things-a-bit-differently-in-switzerland/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] 1937-1939, 1946-1959 (None produced in 1955-1956)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1936-1940, 1947-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]] 1936-1940, 1946-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1936 &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1938-1940&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] 1936-1941, 1950-1975&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] 1936-1940, 1946-1971&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] 1970-1975  ||1936||1975|| First car off the line was a [[w:Buick Series 40|Buick Model 41]] on February 5, 1936. Other prewar cars built include the [[w:Buick Series 90|Buick Series 90]] &amp; [[w:Opel P4|Opel P4]]. GM rented the factory from the city council until they bought it on Feb. 20, 1947. Closed August 14, 1975. Last car was an [[w:Opel Rekord D|Opel Rekord D]]. A total of 329,864 cars were assembled. Regular as well as customized vehicles in small series were made like drawing vehicles for the [[w:Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss Armed Forces]]: An open 6-seater [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] Platform combined with an Opel 2.5L I-6 cylinder; after World War II those &quot;Swiss&quot; cars were also offered to the public as limousines. As well, GM produced luxury upgraded vehicles for the European market like the [[w:Opel Kapitän|Opel Kapitän]], [[w:Opel Rekord P1#Swiss assembly|Rekord]] &quot;Ascona Edition&quot;, and the Kadett-based [[w:Opel Kadett B#Opel Ascona (modified Kadett B assembled in Biel, Switzerland)|Opel Ascona 1700]] up to the early 1970s. The [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] was invented by using [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] structures on an [[w:Opel Rekord C|Opel Rekord C]] body. Also built the first generation [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], &amp; the [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] and the special Victor Riviera as well as the [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] and [[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]. Afterwards the plant was used as GM's European central spare parts warehouse until 1992. Most buildings still exist, they now house a [[w:Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] mall. &amp;nbsp;  

|- 

|T||[[w:General Motors India|Talegaon]]||[[w:Talegaon|Talegaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Beat|Chevrolet Beat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]||2008||2020||Part of [[w:General Motors India|GM India]]. Production began in September 2008. Closed December 24, 2020. Sold to [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]] in January 2024.  

|- 

|T (1953-1996)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:North Tarrytown Assembly|North Tarrytown Assembly]]||[[w:Sleepy Hollow, New York|North Tarrytown, New York]]||United States||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Gen.1)]] (1960-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-72)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1975-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977|Pontiac Ventura]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1978-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1976-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (80-83)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina APV|Chevrolet Lumina APV]] (1990-93)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina Minivan|Chevrolet Lumina Minivan]] ('94-'96)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#First generation (1990-1996)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1990-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#First generation (1990–1996)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1990-1996) ||1918 (as part of GM)||1996|| Located at 199 Beekman Avenue. Originally built by [[w:Mobile Company of America|Mobile Company of America]]. In 1904, plant was sold to Maxwell-Briscoe, which later became [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]. Chevrolet bought the complex in 1914, before Chevrolet was part of GM. The first Chevrolet produced in Tarrytown was the [[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division during World War II and assembled the wings, center section, trailing edges, motor mount, cabin, windshield, &amp; upholstery for Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Tarrytown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Plant joined Truck and Bus Group for 1990 when it was converted to build GM's new trio of fwd minivans. Plant closed in June 1996. Minivan production moved to [[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]] for 1997. North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in December 1996. Plant was demolished. Site being redeveloped as Edge-on-Hudson, a mixed use residential/retail/office/park space.  

|-

|H||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Thailand]] Ltd.||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet/Holden Colorado]] (RC/RG) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#RG|Chevrolet/Holden Trailblazer &amp; Holden Colorado 7]] (RG)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Chevrolet/Holden Captiva]]||2000||2020||Past Models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Opel/Vauxhall/Chevrolet Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Holden Zafira (TT)]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Subaru Traviq|Subaru Traviq]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Isuzu D-Max]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo 156|Alfa Romeo 156]] [https://www.just-auto.com/news/thailand-gm-to-make-alfa-156-in-thailand/]&lt;br /&gt; Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Powertrain (Thailand) Ltd.]]||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||2.5L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 425 DOHC|R 425 DOHC]]) &amp; 2.8L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 428 DOHC|R 428 DOHC]] &amp; [[w:List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|A 428 DOHC]]) turbodiesel I4 engines||2011||2020|| Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||Three Rivers||[[w:Three Rivers, Michigan|Three Rivers]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Rwd Automatic transmissions, propshafts||1979||1994||Located at 1 Manufacturing Way (formerly 1 Hydramatic Drive) off W. Hoffman St. GM bought the closed plant from Continental Can Co. Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions, Gears||1916||1957||Located at 900 W. Central Ave. Acquired from Warner Gear Co. by Chevrolet in 1916 before Chevrolet was part of GM. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. During WWII, produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four- and six-wheel-drive military trucks. Replaced by the current Toledo Transmission plant on Alexis Road in 1956.&lt;br /&gt;  

|- 

|M||Toluca Assembly||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||2008||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (2001–2002), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Forge||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1950||1994||Located at 2390-2392 Kenmore Ave. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Foundry||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts, brake drums. ||1954||1984||Was located on River Road. Was a Chevrolet Foundry. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. &amp;nbsp; 

|- 

|Z||General Motors Turkiye Ltd.||[[w:Torbali|Torbali]], [[w:Izmir Province|Izmir Province]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] A &amp; B||1990||2000||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Converted into a spare parts warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Uruguaya SA||[[w:Sayago|Sayago]], [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]]||[[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1962||1986||  

|- 

|L (1953-1992)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20 (1947-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys Assembly]]||[[w:Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1971, 1978-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1968-1971,&lt;br&gt; 1978-1992) ||1947||1992||Located at 8000 Van Nuys Blvd. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Van Nuys Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Demolished in 1993. Redeveloped into &quot;The Plant&quot;, a retail and industrial complex that also includes LAPD and LAFD stations.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973-1975), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1963, 1965-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1972-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1972-1976)

|- 

|8 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;E (before 1993)||[[w:Vauxhall Ellesmere Port|Vauxhall Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:Ellesmere Port|Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Opel Astra#K|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] K (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] J (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] F&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett E|Opel Kadett E]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1991)|Vauxhall Astra Mk II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Belmont|Vauxhall Belmont]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo/Bedford Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#First generation (1980–1984)|Vauxhall Astra Mk I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Chevanne|Bedford Chevanne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Firenza|Vauxhall Firenza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Magnum|Vauxhall Magnum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Third generation (TR; 1995)|Holden Astra (TR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (wagon)&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall Viva OHV Inline-4&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 54° V6 engine|General Motors 54° V6 engine]]||1962||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. &lt;br /&gt;Also made engines, transmissions, axles, &amp; other components. Engine production ended in 2004. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|7 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;V (before 1993)||Vauxhall Luton (car plant)||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Vauxhall Carlton|Vauxhall Carlton]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cavalier|Vauxhall Cavalier]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Ventora|Vauxhall Ventora]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX Series|Vauxhall VX Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Envoy (automobile)#Vauxhall Victor based models|Envoy F/FB/FC/FD]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet Bedford AC/LQ&lt;br /&gt;Bedford WHG/WLG/WS/VYC/AS/WT/BYC/K/[[w:Bedford M series|MS/ML]]/OS/OL/[[w:Bedford OB|OB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HC|Bedford HC/JC/PC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CA|Bedford CA/Envoy EA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF/CF1/Opel Bedford Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA|Bedford HA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall OHV Inline-6||1905 (operations began)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1925 (part of GM)||2002|| Vauxhall moved from London to Luton in 1905. GM bought Vauxhall in 1925. Production ended in 2002 with the [[w:Vauxhall Vectra|Vauxhall Vectra]]. The Luton passenger car plant was next to the still active van plant previously used by the IBC Vehicles joint venture. The plant has now been demolished and the site is now being redeveloped for housing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/politics/redevelopment-of-former-vauxhall-site-given-the-go-ahead-1-5795094|work=Luton Today|title=Redevelopment of former Vauxhall site given the go-ahead|date=8 Jan 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM de Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;Caracas||[[w:Antimano|Antimano]], [[w:Caracas|Caracas]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Thriftmaster/Loadmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] ||1948||1983||Plant closed in 1983 &amp; GM moved to the newer Valencia plant that it bought from Chrysler in 1979.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Mariara||[[w:Mariara|Mariara]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet C3500]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Giga|Chevrolet E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;||2008||2015||Plant closed in 2015 &amp; N-Series moved to Valencia plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Valencia||[[w:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Astra|Chevrolet Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] ||1979||2017||Originally built by Chrysler de Venezuela SA. GM bought the plant from Chrysler in 1979 and moved their entire operations there from the Caracas plant by 1983. &lt;br /&gt; 

There had already been production pauses because of part shortages between 2014 and 2016. On May 2, 2017 GM announced the total closure of the plant and deconsolidation of the Venezuelan unit from its accounts due to the illegal seizure of its factory by the Venezuelan government. The plant halted all of its operations of manufacturing vehicles and now only retains the GM brands representation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/internacional/articulo/general-motors-cierra-operaciones-en-venezuela/244829|title=General Motors concreta el cierre de sus operaciones en Venezuela|website=Semana.com|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/04/20/actualidad/1492679446_631610.html|title=General Motors suspende operaciones en Venezuela tras el embargo de una planta|newspaper=El País|date=April 20, 2017|via=elpais.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/generalmotors-cierre-operaciones-venezuela-negocios.html|title=General Motors inicia cierre de operaciones en Venezuela|website=El Comercio|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Vietnam|GM Vietnam]]||[[w:Hanoi, Vietnam|Hanoi]]||[[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]]||1995||2018||Originally established as VIDAMCO (a joint venture with a state owned co.) in 1993 by Daewoo Motor Co. Daewoo bought out its Vietnamese partner in April 2000, making VIDAMCO 100% owned by Daewoo Motor Co. Bought by GM in 2002 as part of the creation of [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo Auto &amp; Technology Co.]] In July 2011, the name of the company was changed from VIDAMCO to GM Vietnam. Sold to [[w:VinFast|VinFast]] in 2018. [[w:VinFast Fadil|VinFast Fadil]] produced under license from GM; is a rebadged [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Fourth generation (M400; 2015)|Chevrolet Spark (M400)]]/[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Warren Transmission|Warren Transmission]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70, 6T75, 6T80]] ||1958||2020||Located at 23500 Mound Road. Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E]], [[w:List of GM transmissions#Hybrid and PHEV|5ET50 EVT]] 

Plant originally built in 1941 as a US Navy Ordnance facility operated by the Hudson Motor Car Co. building 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. In 1943, the Navy moved the contract from Hudson to Westinghouse, which now operated the Warren plant for the Navy. Ford bought the plant in 1946 and used it to produce axles and ball joints. GM bought the plant in 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2022/01/old-gm-warren-transmission-plant-set-to-be-demolished/|title = Old GM Warren Transmission Plant Set To Be Demolished|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=January 25, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plant became a Chevrolet facility making auto parts. It also made artillery shells in the 1960's and 1970's. The factory was transferred to the Hydramatic Division in 1980, later becoming part of GM Powertrain. [https://nadc1.com/?portfolio=gm-paint-shop-strip-out] Ended production on August 1, 2019. Reopened for production of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/06/08/gm-warren-transmission-plant-coronavirus/3135789001/|title = GM revived Warren plant for face mask production. What happens when demand slows?|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=June 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. First face mask produced March 27, 2020. Sold to a developer in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch automobiles||1909||1911||Welch Motor Car Company became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took it over in 1910. Welch ended production in 1911. Welch was noted for having engines with a single overhead cam and hemispherical combustion chambers, unusual technology for its time.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch-Detroit]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch-Detroit automobiles||1910||1911||The Welch Company of Detroit was a separate company from the Welch Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan and was set up in June 1909 to build a smaller, cheaper car than the Welch made in Pontiac, Michigan. Both Welch companies became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took over both companies in 1910. Both Welch and Welch-Detroit ended production in 1911. Equipment from the factory was moved to the also GM-owned, former Rainier Motor Car Company factory in Saginaw to make the 1912 Marquette, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands.

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|W||[[w:Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run Assembly]]||[[w:Ypsilanti Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti Twp, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fourth generation (1991–1996)|Chevrolet Caprice]] sedan &amp; wagon (1991-1993) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Third generation (1991–1992)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] wagon (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1991-1993)||1956||1993||Located at 2625 Tyler Road, to the south of the former Willow Run Transmission plant. Initially opened in 1956 to exclusively build Chevrolet trucks in a 500,000 sq. ft. building that had been used as a warehouse by GM and was previously used by Kaiser-Frazer's engineering dept. [https://aadl.org/aa_news_19561208-chevrolet_willow_run_truck_plant_gains_momentum] In 1958-59, plant was expanded into a 2-part Chevrolet &amp; Fisher Body passenger car assembly plant to make the Chevrolet Corvair. First completed 1960 Corvair rolls off the line on July 7, 1959 [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=792700342891740&amp;set=a.453129043515540]. Added the Chevy II (Nova) for 1962. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Willow Run Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Converted in 1978-79 to build the fwd X-body compacts for 1980. In 1984, joined the new BOC group in preparation for its conversion to build the new fwd H-body full-size cars for 1986. Final H-car built in May 1989 and in September, moved to the CPC group. Converted to build the body-on-frame, rwd B-body for 1991. Chevy Caprice sedan  production began in January 1990 followed by station wagons in July. Closed July 1993. Assembly plant was 2.5 million sq.ft. when it closed. The Willow Run Assembly Plant is now the Willow Run Business Center, a multi-tenant warehouse and distribution facility, part of which is leased by GM to distribute automotive service parts, which is known as Ypsilanti #87 Processing Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  The nearby Willow Run Company Vehicle Operations site at 2901 Tyler Road was sold to International Turbine Industries in April 2013.&lt;ref name=WR-Assembly-sold&gt;{{cite news|author=Katrease Stafford|title=GM Willow Run plant redevelopment: Aircraft maintenance firm buys 1 building|url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ypsilanti/gm-willow-run-plant-redevelopment-aircraft-maintenance-firm-purchases-facility-25-new-jobs-expected/|access-date=24 April 2013|newspaper=AnnArbor.com|date=April 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]], [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1978), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1981, 1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1979), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Fourth generation (1955)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1958), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1957-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1986-1989), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1984), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1987-1989), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1979).

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]||[[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L85-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T60-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T80-E transmission|4T80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L90 transmission|6L90-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;||1953||2010||Whatever equipment could be salvaged came from the destroyed Detroit Transmission Division plant in Livonia in 1953; began as the Ford [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber plant in World War II which opened in 1941, grew from 3.5 million square feet to nearly 5 million square feet under GM. Ford built the factory and sold it to the US government, which leased it back to Ford for the duration of WWII. Ford Motor had first option on the plant after war production ended, an option it ultimately chose not to exercise. The factory was instead leased and then sold to [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] and was their main production site from 1946-1953, when they moved production to Toledo, OH following Kaiser-Frazer's acquisition of Toledo-based [[w:Willys-Overland|Willys-Overland]]. In addition to automobiles, [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] also built [[w:C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119 Flying Boxcar]] cargo planes at Willow Run under license from [[w:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Aircraft]], producing an estimated 88 C-119s between 1951 and 1953. In 1953, GM first leased then bought the plant to replace the Detroit Transmission Division factory in Livonia, Michigan that had burned down earlier in 1953. Also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Rambler, Kaiser, and Willys. It was also initially supplied to Rolls-Royce before Rolls-Royce set up their own Hydramatic production line in the UK building Hydramatics under license from GM. Rolls-Royce also supplied Armstrong-Siddeley and [[w: British Motor Corporation|BMC]], which in turn supplied other British automakers like Jensen that used BMC’s biggest engines. The Detroit Transmission Division became the Hydramatic Division in October 1963. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Over the years, GM expanded the plant to almost 5 million sq. ft. In addition to automatic transmissions, GM also produced the M16A1 rifle and the M39A1 20mm autocannon for the US military during the Vietnam War at Willow Run Transmission. GM Powertrain also had an on-site engineering center. The plant closed in December 2010. A small portion of the plant was saved by the [[w:Yankee Air Museum|Yankee Air Museum]] to be turned into the National Museum of Aviation and Technology at Historic Willow Run but more than 95% of the plant was demolished from 2013-2014. The rest of the site has been redeveloped into the [[w:American Center for Mobility|American Center for Mobility]], an autonomous- and connected-driving testing center which opened in December 2017.  

|-

|Y (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-2010) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; W &lt;br /&gt; (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 5 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) || [[w:Wilmington Assembly|Wilmington Assembly]] || [[w:Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, Delaware]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Solstice|Pontiac Solstice]] (2006-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky]] (2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (roadster) (2007–2010)|Opel GT]] (Europe: 2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo G2X#Daewoo G2X|Daewoo G2X]] (S. Korea: 2007-2009) ||1947||2009||Located at 801 Boxwood Road. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Wilmington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Converted to make the Chevette small car for 1976. Switched back to making B-body full-size cars for 1985. Converted to make the fwd Chevy Corsica &amp; Beretta for 1987. Converted to build Saturn's 2nd model range, the Opel Vectra-based, plastic body paneled Saturn L-Series for 2000. Converted to build the rwd, Kappa platform small sports cars for 2006 beginning with the Pontiac Solstice. Final car produced was a Solstice roadster on July 28, 2009. The plant was sold to [[w:Fisker Automotive|Fisker Automotive]] in 2010, which had planned to build its [[w:Fisker Atlantic|2nd model line]] there. However, Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in Nov. 2013 before ever building any cars in Wilmington. Fisker Automotive's assets, including the Wilmington plant, were purchased out of bankruptcy by Wanxiang Group in February 2014. Wanxiang did not use the plant and sold it in 2017. Plant was demolished in 2019. A large part of the site is now an Amazon fulfillment center.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1996), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#1987–1991|Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)]] (1988-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-1999), [[w:Saturn L-Series|Saturn L-Series]] (2000-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1976-1984), [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1984), [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only), [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate#1971-1976|Buick Estate]] (1972-1973, 1975), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1975), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1950, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950, 1953-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970)), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1968), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1975, 1985-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1975, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1963, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1963), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1963), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1960, 1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1951, 1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Windsor Transmission|Windsor Transmission]]||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM 4T40 transmission|4T40E/4T45E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components||1920||2010||Plant was originally in [[w:Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] until Walkerville was annexed by Windsor in 1935. Was located at 1550 Kildare Road. Walker Road is at the back of the property. Previous: 1920 - 1928 axles and parts, 1928 - 1963 engines (including the [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt OHV inline-6 engine]] and Buick engines from 1935-1942). The Windsor plant was taken over by McKinnon Industries Ltd., a GM subsidiary in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada in 1963. As a result, engine production in Windsor was moved to St. Catharines and transmission production in St. Catharines was moved to Windsor. At this point, the Windsor plant was renamed the Windsor Transmission Plant. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. Closed on July 28, 2010. The 4-spd. automatics made in Windsor were discontinued and replaced by 6-spd. automatics made in St. Catharines. Sold in 2014 and completely demolished by 2017. Site now occupied by MotiPark Ltd. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Windsor Trim||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Seat assemblies and door trim panels||1965||1996|| Located at 1600 Lauzon Rd. Sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996 and then sold to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1999. Closed by Lear in 2005. Demolished in 2009. Part of the property is now the [[w:WFCU Centre|WFCU Centre]] and part will be residential homes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Wixom Performance Build Center|Wixom Performance Build Center]]||[[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L LS3 V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)#Grand Sport|(C6 Corvette Grand Sport coupe w/manual transmission only)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|7.0L LS7 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L supercharged LS9 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Northstar engine series#LC3|4.4L supercharged LC3 V8]] ||2004||2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/106/gm-closing-wixom-performance-engine-facility-build-your-own-engine-program-ends|title=GM Closing Wixom Performance Engine Facility, Build-Your-Own-Engine Program Ends|author=Patrick Rall|date=September 20, 2013|publisher=Torquenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Located at 30240 Oak Creek Dr.&lt;br&gt; Performance Build Center relocated to &lt;br&gt; Bowling Green Assembly in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Assembly (LaSalle Wyoming Ave. plant)]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1933||1926||1934||Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company]]||[[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow Cab taxis&lt;br&gt;Yellow Coach buses&lt;br&gt;Yellocab trucks (T-1, T-2, and T-3)||1925||1928||Located on West Dickens Ave. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. Yellocab trucks were discontinued during 1927 and were replaced with new light-duty GMC trucks (T-10 &amp; T-20). During 1928, bus and taxi production was consolidated at the GMC Pontiac Central plant in Pontiac, Michigan. The Chicago plant was closed and sold.
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works||[[w:East Moline|East Moline]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow-Knight engines||1925||1929||Production began in 1923. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. During 1929 and 1930, Yellow Sleeve Valve Engine production equipment was transferred from East Moline, Illinois to Pontiac West Plant 1 in Pontiac, Michigan. The East Moline plant was closed at the end of 1929 and was sold.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Yulon GM|Yulon GM]]||[[w:Miaoli|Miaoli]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Buick Excelle#Taiwan|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse#China|Buick LaCrosse]]  ||2006||2012||A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by [[w:Yulon|Yulon Motor Co]]. Yulon bought GM's stake in the venture in Dec. 2008. Production continued after the sale through licensing but cooperation between GM &amp; Yulon ended in 2012.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Zaire||[[w:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]||[[w:Zaire|Zaire]] (now [[w:Democratic Republic of the Congo|D.R. Congo]])||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]]||1975||1987||GM sold the plant in 1987 to local businessmen. Plant was looted bare in 1991.  

|}

== Former partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|H||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Commercial plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]] (2003-2009)||2002||2009||Located at 12900 McKinley Highway. Built under contract for GM by AM General. Plant later built the [[w:Mercedes-Benz R-Class|Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] under contract for Mercedes for export to China from 2015-2017 as well as the [[w:VPG MV-1|VPG MV-1]] under contract for VPG (later Mobility Ventures MV-1; Mobility Ventures being an AM General subsidiary that took over VPG's assets after VPG went bankrupt). MV-1 was made from 2011-2016.

|- 

|E||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Military plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H1|Hummer H1]] (2000-2006)||1992||2006 (civilian production)||Located at 13200 McKinley Highway. This plant built the military [[w:Humvee|Humvee]] from fall 1984 and civilian Hummers from 1992. In Dec. 1999, GM bought the rights to the Hummer brand from AM General. AM General still handled manufacturing but GM handled marketing and distribution. At this point, the AM General Hummer was renamed Hummer H1. H1 built under contract for GM by AM General. Humvee production for military use continued after 2006.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Ltd.||[[w:Jurong|Jurong]] (Jurong Industrial Estate)||[[w:Singapore|Singapore]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet 350]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|VX4/90]]||1968||1975||Jointly owned by Wearne Brothers Limited &amp; Motor Investments Bhd. Associated Motor Industries Ltd. assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers (Austin, Morris, &amp; Renault).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Batu Tiga|Batu Tiga]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1968||1971 (?)||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia assembled Holden vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers.  

|- 

|C||[[w:Automobilwerk Eisenach|Automobilwerk Eisenach]] (AWE)||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1990||1991||  The old [[w:Wartburg (marque)|Wartburg]] plant built vehicles for Opel for a short time before closing permanently.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]]||[[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Rezzo|Chevrolet Rezzo]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000) |Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT800)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT900)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]], [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2001)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT800)]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT900)]], [[w:Cadillac SRX|Cadillac SRX]], [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]], [[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]], [[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Insignia|Opel Insignia]], [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2004||2015||Built under contract by [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Azia Avto||[[w:Ust-Kamenogorsk|Ust-Kamenogorsk]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2007||2018||Built under contract by Azia Avto for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Bangchan General Assembly|Bangchan General Assembly]] Co., Ltd.||[[w:Khan Na Yao district|Khan Na Yao district]], [[w:Bangkok|Bangkok]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Monaro LS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet De Ville]]||1970||1987 (?)||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] invested in Bangchan in 1979 but then sold its stake to [[w:Honda|Honda]] in 1987. Phra Nakorn Automobile Group became sole owner of Bangchan in 2005.  

|- 

|B||[[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1993)|Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel/Vauxhall Astra F convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel/Vauxhall Astra G coupe &amp; convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra convertible (TS)]] ||1987||2006||Built under contract by [[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Centroamericana de Ensamblaje y Fabricación||(?)||[[w:Honduras|Honduras]]||[[w:El Compadre (car)|Compadre]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Compadre was assembled in Honduras.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Champion Motors||[[w:Shah Alam|Shah Alam]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]||1968||1982 (?)||Champion Motors assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968. Champion Motors was renamed Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) in 1975. The last products still being built for GM were Bedford trucks. A joint venture of Toyota &amp; [[w:UMW Holdings|UMW Holdings Bhd.]] called Sejati Motor took over ASSB in 1982 which was then renamed UMW Toyota Motor in 1987. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chinese Automobile Co., Ltd.||[[w:Xinzhuang District|Xinzhuang District]], [[w:New Taipei City|New Taipei City]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F &amp; G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B ||1993||2000||GM ended the assembly contract in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GAZ|GAZ]]||[[w:Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny Novgorod]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2013||2015||Built under contract by [[w:GAZ|GAZ]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Genoto (General Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)||[[w:Kozyatağı|Kozyatağı]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]] (KG EJR &amp; KBC 10 &amp; 570)||1965||1986||Built Bedford trucks under license from GM, sometimes rebadged as Genoto. 

|- 

|E||[[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]]||[[w:Cerizay|Cerizay]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Holden Tigra (XC)]]||2004||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]||[[w:Uttarpara|Uttarpara]], [[w:West Bengal|West Bengal]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] models under Hindustan name including [[w:Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] (based on [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] models including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Terex|Terex]]||1957 (?)||2004||Built under license by [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||INDEVESA, S.A.||(?)||[[w:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Pinolero]]||1970s||(?)||The Nicaraguan state-owned company produced a version of GM's BTV called the Pinolero.

|-

|3||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Kawasaki plant||[[w:Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]] (1987-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1995-98 FRR, 1989-96 FSR, 1992-96 FTR/FVR)||1938||2005||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. Closed 2005.

|- 

|H&lt;br /&gt;(WMI: MPA)||[[w:Isuzu Motors (Thailand)|Isuzu Motors Co., (Thailand) Ltd.]] (IMCT)||Samrong Tai, [[w:Phra Pradaeng district|Phra Pradaeng district]], [[w:Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo (RA)]]||2003||2008||Rebadged Isuzu D-Max produced by Isuzu Thailand for GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Replaced by the updated and renamed Holden Colorado, which was made by GM Thailand rather than Isuzu Thailand. The model name was changed because after GM sold the last of its shares in Isuzu in 2006, GM Holden lost the right to use the Rodeo name, which was owned by Isuzu, during 2008.

|-

|9||[[w:KUKA|KUKA]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2022)||2021||2022||Produced under contract for GM in a limited run of less than 500 units. A temporary measure until GM's CAMI plant is ready to start building BrightDrop electric vans. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein|Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein (LRL)]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, and buses&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]||1937||1939||Was located at Bema Street. Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein was a GM distributor who also assembled vehicles from CKD kits under license from GM until the German invasion that began World War II interrupted production. The Germans took over the factory during the war and the company was nationalized by the Communist Polish govt. after the war.

|-

|N (Opel Speedster &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall VX220)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Speedster|Opel Speedster]]/[[w:Vauxhall VX220|Vauxhall VX220]] (2001-2006) 7,207 units 
 

[[w:Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Lotus Exige|Lotus Exige]]

||2000||2005||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were built under contract for GM by Lotus after GM had sold Lotus. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were based on the Lotus Elise.

|- 

|6||[[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]]||[[w:Graz|Graz]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#Second generation (2003–2014)|Saab 9-3 Convertible]] (2004-2010)||2003||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] for GM-owned Saab Automobile AB. 9-3 Convertible production was moved to Saab's own plant in Trollhattan, Sweden in January 2010.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Mercury Marine|Mercury Marine]]||[[w:Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|5.7L LT5 DOHC V8 engine]] (For 1990-1995 C4 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)||1989||1993||Engine was built for GM by Mercury Marine at their existing MerCruiser marine engine plant in Stillwater. 21,000 square feet of the 650,000 square foot plant was partitioned from the rest of the plant for assembly of this engine. LT5 engine production actually ended in 1993. Extra engines were built to be sufficient for Corvette  ZR-1 production through 1995. The extra engines were sealed and crated for long-term storage and were shipped to the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored there until they were needed for installation in a '94 or '95 Corvette ZR-1. &lt;br&gt; Plant was located at 3003 N Perkins Rd. Closed in December 2011. Sold in 2012 to Belgium-based aerospace supplier Asco Industries.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Neal and Massy Industries Ltd.||[[w:Morvant|Morvant]]&lt;br /&gt; later moved to &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Arima|Arima]]||[[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]||[[w:Holden Commodore#First generation (1978–1988)|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Kingswood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet Caprice (rebadged Statesman DeVille)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1966||1994 (Production for GM may have ended earlier)||Built under license by Neal and Massy for GM. Neal and Massy also assembled vehicles for Datsun (Nissan) and Mazda. Assembly operation closed in 1994. Neal and Massy (now called Massy Motors) still operates as an importer/distributor for several non-GM automotive brands.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive (Pvt.) Ltd.]]||[[w:Port Qasim|Port Qasim]], [[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh province]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Asia|Chevrolet Joy]]||2005||2006||Nexus Automotive was a GM licensed assembler and distributor. Built under contract for [[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive]] by [[w:Ghandhara Nissan|Ghandhara Nissan]] at a plant with spare capacity.  

|- 

|K||[[w:Nissan USA#Manufacturing|Nissan Mexicana]]||[[w:Cuernavaca|Cuernavaca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet City Express|Chevrolet City Express]] (2015-2018)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV200|Nissan NV200]] (2013-2021)||2014||2018||Nissan plant. 

Chevrolet City Express is a rebadged Nissan NV200 made for GM by Nissan. Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; City Express discontinued after 2018. NV200 discontinued in North America after 2021.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] Clayton plant||[[w:Clayton South, Victoria|Clayton South]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Astra#First generation (LB, LC; 1984–1987)|Holden Astra (LB/LC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|Nissan Pulsar (N12)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Second generation (LD; 1987–1989)|Holden Astra (LD)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N13 (1986)|Nissan Pulsar (N13)]]||1984 (GM prod.)||1989 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Nissan's Australian plant was done as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. The relationship ended in 1989 and GM Holden established a joint venture with Toyota called [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]] to replace the Nissan relationship. The Nissan Pulsar-based Holden Astra was replaced by the Toyota Corolla-based Holden Nova. Nissan closed its Australian vehicle assembly plant in 1992. The Clayton plant was later taken over by HSV and the Walkinshaw Group. 

|- 

|Y||[[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]]||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Vivaro A|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar]] (high roof versions only)||2001||2015||This is a Nissan plant that built high roof versions of Renault-designed midsize vans for Opel/Vauxhall as part of a supply deal between GM Europe &amp; Renault as well as for Renault and Nissan. The low roof versions were made by Vauxhall at the IBC Vehicles/GMM Luton plant however that UK plant could not fit the high roof versions so they were built by Nissan in Spain. Van production in Barcelona ended in 2015 and high roof Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro production was moved to Renault's plant in Sandouville, France, which also handled all Renault Trafic and Nissan NV300 (Primastar replacement) production. Nissan closed this plant in Dec. 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Pantja Motor||[[w:Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||2001||2005||Isuzu's Indonesian assembler, now known as [[w:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]. Built the Isuzu Panther-based Tavera for GM Indonesia.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) painted bodies||1959||1960||Bodies were built by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] and mated with chassis shipped to Italy by Cadillac and then shipped back to the US. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:San Giorgio Canavese|San Giorgio Canavese]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) painted bodies||1986||1993||Bodies were designed and manufactured under contract by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] for Cadillac. Plant was built specially for the Allanté. Bodies were then flown from Turin, Italy to Detroit on specially equipped Boeing 747s and then trucked to GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant for final assembly. The assembly process was known as the &quot;Allanté Air Bridge&quot;. It was also referred to as &quot;the world's longest assembly line.&quot;

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pragoti|Pragoti Industries Ltd.]]||[[w:Sitakunda|Sitakunda]], [[w:Chittagong Division|Chittagong Division]]||[[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]||[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]]&lt;br /&gt;||1966||1970's||Began as part of [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1966 when Bangladesh was still [[w:East Pakistan|East Pakistan]] and assembled GM vehicles like the Ghandhara plant in Karachi did. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the operation was nationalized by the new government and became Pragoti Industries Ltd.  

|- 

|B (GM)||[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|Renault Batilly]]||[[w:Batilly, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Batilly]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Opel/Vauxhall Arena]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Second generation (1997)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Third generation (2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master|Renault Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Renault Mascott|Renault Trucks Mascott]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Interstar|Nissan Interstar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV400|Nissan NV400]]||1997||2017||Renault-[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|SOVAB]] plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. Movano switched to being PSA/Fiat-based instead of Renault-based in 2021.

|- 

|S (GM)||[[w:Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]||[[w:Sandouville|Sandouville]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (high roof versions only) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV300|Nissan NV300]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Nissan Primastar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Fiat Talento]]||2014||2017||Renault plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Vivaro switched to being PSA-based instead of Renault-based in 2018. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Santa Isabel]]||[[w:Santa Isabel, Córdoba|Santa Isabel]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20 &amp; D-20]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#South America|Chevrolet Trafic/SpaceVan]] ||1991||2002||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Argentina]]-CIADEA plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Sevel Argentina|Sevel Argentina]]||[[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Estación Ferreyra, Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20/D-20]]||1985||1991||Fiat - PSA jointly owned plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|For Saab&lt;br&gt; 9-2X:&lt;br&gt; G (w/man. trans.),&lt;br&gt; H (w/auto. trans.)||[[w:Subaru#Manufacturing facilities|Subaru Main Plant]]||[[w:Ōta, Gunma|Ōta, Gunma]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Saab 9-2X|Saab 9-2X]] (2005-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Subaru Forester#Second generation (SG; 2002)|Chevrolet Forester (India)]] (2003-2007)||2003 (GM prod.)||2007 (GM prod.)||[[w:Subaru|Subaru]] plant 

|- 

|4||[[w:Subaru-Isuzu Automotive|Subaru-Isuzu Automotive]] (S.I.A.)||[[w:Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Holden Frontera#Second generation (1998)|Holden Frontera]] (UE/MX)||1999 (GM prod.)||2003 (GM prod.)||Subaru &amp; Isuzu joint venture plant. Isuzu built a rebadged, rhd version of the 2nd generation US market Isuzu Rodeo &amp; Amigo SUVs for export to GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand.

|-

|W (GM),&lt;br /&gt;4 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Iwata Assembly||[[w:Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#First generation|Geo Tracker]] (US: 1989-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick]] (US: 1989-1995, 1997-98)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick Sport]] (US: 1996-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Grand Vitara]] (1999-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki XL-7#First generation (XL-7; 1998)|Suzuki XL-7]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Drover#Second generation (1981)|Holden Drover (QB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Scurry#Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985)|Holden Scurry (NB)]]||1985 (GM prod.)||1990 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|K (GM),&lt;br /&gt;5 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Kosai Assembly||[[w:Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (US: 1985-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Metro|Geo Metro]] (US: 1989-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina (MB/ML)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Second generation (MF, MH; 1989–1994|Holden Barina (MF/MH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus|Suzuki Swift]] (US: 1989-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet/Holden Cruze (YGM1)]] (YG) ||1984 (GM prod.)||2008 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|M (GM),&lt;br /&gt;0 (Suzuki/Fiat/Subaru)||[[w:Magyar Suzuki Corporation|Magyar Suzuki Corporation]]||[[w:Esztergom|Esztergom]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Agila#Second generation (H08; 2007)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Splash|Suzuki Splash]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Subaru Justy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Sedici|Fiat Sedici]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Suzuki Ignis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Subaru G3X Justy]]||1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2007 (GM prod.)||2014 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Suzuki Sagara Assembly &amp; Engine||[[w:Makinohara|Makinohara]], [[w:Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka Prefecture]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet MW|Chevrolet MW]] (sold in Japan)&lt;br /&gt;||2000||2010||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant.&lt;br /&gt; Also built the 3.6-liter GM High Feature V6 engine ([[w:GM High Feature engine#LY7|Suzuki N36A]]) to power the [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|2nd generation Suzuki XL7]] under license from GM. (Note: Dates reflect beginning &amp; end dates of production for GM.)  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecna SA||[[w:Arica, Chile|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont]] (1966-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa and Willow Run)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1962||1971||  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecno S.A.||[[w:Uruca|La Uruca]], [[w:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||[[w:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Amigo was assembled in Costa Rica.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecnomotor S.A.||(?)||[[w:Paraguay|Paraguay]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Mitai]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Mitai was assembled in Paraguay.

|-

|9 (GM),&lt;br /&gt;6 (Fiat &amp; Ram)||[[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]||[[w:Bursa|Bursa]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Combo D (2012-2018)|Opel/Vauxhall Combo D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Doblo|Fiat Doblo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]]||2011||2017||[[w:Fiat|Fiat]] plant (joint venture with Koç Holding of Turkey). Opel/Vauxhall was sold to PSA Group in 2017. Combo switched to being PSA-based instead of Fiat-based in 2019. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of Stellantis in 2021. Fiat and Tofaş also became part of Stellantis in 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] [[w:Toyota Australia Altona Plant|Altona plant]]||[[w:Altona North|Altona North]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Nova#Second generation (LG; 1994–1996)|Holden Nova (LG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E100)|Toyota Corolla (E100)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM/JP)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1994||1996 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995. The joint venture dissolved in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyotas were replaced with rebadged Opel models (Astra and Vectra) from GM Europe. Corolla production in Australia ended in 1999. Toyota closed the Altona plant in 2017.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] Port Melbourne plant||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JK/JL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry#V20 (1986–1992)|Toyota Camry (V20)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1989 (GM prod.)||1994 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995 and production ended at the older Port Melbourne plant in late 1994. The joint venture would later dissolve in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyota Camry was replaced with a rebadged Opel Vectra from GM Europe.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Udatin (Usaha Dagang Teknik Indonesia)||[[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[w:East Java|East Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]] HQ&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LJ, LH, LX&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]] JB&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Aska#South-East Asia and New Zealand|Holden Aska]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Calais (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Lincah/Raider]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC trucks]]||1959||1988||Built vehicles under contract for GM. During the 1960's, production was off and on due to Indonesian government policies and the economic situation. Production ended in 1988. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Unison||[[w:Minsk|Minsk]]||[[w:Belarus|Belarus]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] K2XX, [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]] K2XX, [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]]||2015||2018||Built under contract by Unison for GM. Production ended in 2018.  

|- 

|6,7 (Saab)&lt;br /&gt;9 (Opel/Vauxhall)||[[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]]||[[w:Uusikaupunki|Uusikaupunki]]||[[w:Finland|Finland]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#First generation (1998–2003)|Saab 9-3 Convertible &amp; 9-3 Viggen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]] (including 900 Convertible)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]||1969||2003||Built under contract by [[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]] for Saab &amp; for Opel/Vauxhall. Saab-Valmet was established in 1968 as a joint venture between Valmet and Saab-Scania. In 1992, Valmet became the sole owner, and the company was renamed Valmet Automotive in 1995.  

|- 

|X||[[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]]||[[w:Zaporizhia|Zaporizhia]] &amp; [[w:Illichivsk|Illichivsk]]||[[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra Classic]], [[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Combo|Opel Combo]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2003||2012||Built under contract by [[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]] for GM.  

|- 

|}</text>
      <sha1>0xlplm1ov9cy1szgfbw27f5fnmhp1id</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443323</id>
      <parentid>4443306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-31T22:58:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Former factories */</comment>
      <origin>4443323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="397737" sha1="7tbl3gm4dvfgws4nallevmq4i8nf8ft" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''history of [[w:General Motors|General Motors]] factories''' that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, buses, and automobile components.&lt;ref name=GMfacilities&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231130/http://www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/environment/plants/index.jsp GM facilities map]. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The factories are sometimes idled for re-tooling. 

 
==Current factories== 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|R (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-present)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;T (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Arlington Assembly|Arlington Assembly]]||[[w:Arlington, Texas|Arlington, Texas]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:GMT T1XX|T1XX]] SUVs (2021-):&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fifth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Twelfth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Yukon|GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]]
||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2525 E Abram St.&lt;br /&gt;Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Arlington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1996 and Arlington was converted to build full-size SUVs. SUV production began for 1998. Full-size pickups were also built for 1998-2000. Arlington Assembly has produced models for all of GM's primary American brands: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. Arlington Assembly has produced over 12 million vehicles. Expanded in 2018 with new building to the west to make body panels. &lt;br /&gt; Past models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM A platform (RWD)|GM A platform (RWD)]] (intermediate): [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1970-1977), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1981), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1974-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1968-1970)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors G platform (1969)|GM G platform (RWD) 1982-1988]]: [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1982-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1982-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1982-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1985).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)|GM full-size A platform]]: [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM B platform|GM B platform]]: [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1960), [[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster sedan]] (1992-1996), [[w:Buick Estate#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970, 1988-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Seventh generation (Impala SS, 1994–1996)|Chevrolet Impala SS]] (1994-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1955-1964), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1988-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1959-1968), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-65, 1967-68), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1963, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961).&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors C platform (RWD)|GM C platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1954-1964) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM D platform|GM D platform]]: [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1988-1992), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Rear-wheel drive 1993–1996|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1993-1996) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMT400|GMT400]] pickups: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1998-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra]] (1998-2000).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT400|GMT400]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71|Chevrolet Tahoe Limited and Z71]] (2000), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|GMC Yukon]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#GMC Yukon Denali|GMC Yukon Denali]] (1999-2000), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#First generation (1999)|Cadillac Escalade]] (1999-2000)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT800|GMT800]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2001-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon]] (2001-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2002-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2001-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2001-2005).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT900|GMT900]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2007-2014)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT K2XX|K2XX]] SUVs (2015-2020): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|GMC Yukon]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|GMC Yukon XL]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] 

|-

|U||[[Artisan Center]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]] (2025-)||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at the [[w:General Motors Technical Center|GM Global Technical Center]] in Warren, Michigan. The Celestiq will be the first production vehicle sold to the public to be built at the GM Tech Center. The Celestiq will be built by hand on a special, low-volume production line and will be highly customizable. The Celestiq will be built to order and each one will be unique.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bay City Powertrain]]||[[w:Bay City, Michigan|Bay City, Michigan]]||United States||Engine components including connecting rods &amp; camshafts||1916||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1001 Woodside Ave. Originally opened as National Cycle Manufacturing Co. in 1892 to make bicycles. Bought by Chevrolet in 1916 and joined GM along with Chevrolet in 1918. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bedford Casting]]||[[w:Bedford, Indiana|Bedford, Indiana]]||United States||Cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, transmission cases, EV drive unit housings, structural components, Aluminum die casting||1942||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 105 GM Drive. 

|- 

|5||[[w:Bowling Green Assembly Plant|Bowling Green Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green, Kentucky]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette (C8)]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for:&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing '22- and &lt;br /&gt; Cadillac Escalade-V '23-&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|LT6 V8 engine]] ('23- Corvette Z06)

[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine#LT7|LT7 twin-turbo V8 engine]] ('25- Corvette ZR1)

||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 600 Corvette Drive. Originally built by Chrysler's Airtemp division, plant was sold to GM in 1980.&lt;br/&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR]] (2004-2009)&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)|Chevrolet Corvette (C3)]] (1981-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C4)|Chevrolet Corvette (C4)]] (1984-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette (C5)]] (1997-2004)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)|Chevrolet Corvette (C6)]] (2005-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]] (2014-2019)  

Performance Build Center relocated from Wixom, MI to Bowling Green Assembly in 2014.&lt;br/&gt; Past engines: [[w:Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing 4.2L LTA twin-turbo V8]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for: Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (C7) (2015-2016 models with Z07 package or build your own engine option, 2017-2019 all Z06 models) &amp;&lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 (Gen 6) (phased in during 2020, all '21-'24),&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT5|LT5 supercharged 6.2L Gen V Small Block V8]] ('19 Corvette ZR1)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Battery packs for [[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] &amp; [[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;Roof module for [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]]&lt;br /&gt;Assembles prototype battery packs||2009||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr.&lt;br /&gt; Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]], [[w:Holden Volt|Holden Volt]], [[w:Opel Ampera|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]], [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV (2015-2016 only - LG Chem cells)]] 

 
|- 

|6&lt;br /&gt;9&amp;nbsp;(BrightDrop)||[[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]]||[[w:Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2023-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Tom Venetis |date=4 April 2022 |title=GM Canada Electric Vehicle Production in Ontario by the End of 2022 |work=Metroland Media Group |url=http://www.canadianautoworld.ca/industry-news/gm-canada-electric-vehicle-production-in-ontario-by-the-end-of-2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 400|BrightDrop Zevo 400]] (2024)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 400]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 600]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for BrightDrop Zevo &amp; other vehicles made elsewhere||1989||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 300 Ingersoll St. S. Originally, a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] until December 2009 when GM bought Suzuki's share. Chevy Equinox production ended April 29, 2022. After being retooled, CAMI reopened December 5, 2022 building the BrightDrop Zevo 600. In July 2023, GM announced a 400,000 square-foot expansion to assemble battery modules and packs. Plant idled in October 2023 and restarted in April 2024.
Past models:[[w:Chevrolet Equinox|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2005-2022),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Bryan Bicknell |date=3 March 2022 |title=The finish line draws closer for gas powered vehicles at Ontario CAMI plant |work=CTV News |url=https://london.ctvnews.ca/the-finish-line-draws-closer-for-gas-powered-vehicles-at-ontario-cami-plant-1.5804523 |access-date=17 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Pontiac Torrent|Pontiac Torrent]] (2006-2009), [[w:GMC Terrain#First generation (2010)|GMC Terrain]] (2010-2017), [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|Suzuki XL7]] (2007-2009), [[w:Geo Tracker|Geo/Chevrolet Tracker]] (1990-2004), [[w:Suzuki Vitara#First generation (ET/TA; 1988)|Suzuki Sidekick]] (1990-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Canada|Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner (Canada only)]], [[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Vitara]] (1999-2004), [[w:Geo Metro|Geo/Chevrolet Metro]] (1990-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada only), [[w:Geo Metro|Suzuki Swift]] (1991-'01). 

|- 

|B (Suburban HD)||[[w:GM Defense|GM Defense]] Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC)||[[w:Concord, North Carolina|Concord, North Carolina]]||United States|| [[w:M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle|M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle]] (ISV)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#HD SUV|Chevrolet Suburban HD]] (a.k.a. HD SUV) (2024-) ||2021||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 4280 Defender Way. Located next to Hendrick Motorsports, a partner in the ISV program. The ISV program for the US Army is based on the Chevrolet Colorado ZR2. The HD SUV program for the US State Dept. Diplomatic Security Service is based on the T1XX-generation Chevrolet Suburban but with a different chassis and frame to support higher vehicle weight, payload, and GVWR than civilian Suburbans. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Defiance Foundry]]||[[w:Defiance, Ohio|Defiance, Ohio]]||United States||Aluminum engine blocks &amp; heads||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 26427 State Route 281. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Iron pouring ended in 2017.  The plant now pours only aluminum blocks and heads. Defiance made the aluminum blocks and heads for the Buick 215 V8. Defiance has also supplied [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] with 4-cylinder engine blocks and [[w:Nissan|Nissan]] with V6 engine blocks.  

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|U||[[w:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt; &quot;Factory ZERO&quot;||[[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]] &amp; [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQ]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for a variety of vehicles||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2500 East Grand Blvd. Sometimes called the &quot;Poletown&quot; plant after the Detroit neighborhood where the plant is located. Part of the site was previously the &quot;Dodge Main&quot; plant which opened in 1911 before Dodge was part of the Chrysler Corp. and closed on January 4, 1980. GM bought the closed plant in 1981. Additional land including residential neighborhoods was acquired through the use of eminent domain. The plant straddles the line between 2 cities: Detroit &amp; Hamtramck. The body shop is in Hamtramck while the general assembly area is in Detroit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/10/16/gm-detroit-hamtramck-assembly-plant-renamed-factory-zero/3665925001/|title = GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant renamed 'Factory ZERO' amid shift to all-electric|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=October 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current site includes a 16.5-acre wildlife habitat. First vehicle produced was a 1986 Cadillac Eldorado on February 4, 1985. The last gas-powered vehicles made at this plant were the Cadillac CT6 on January 24, 2020 &amp; the Chevrolet Impala on February 27, 2020. Renamed &quot;Factory ZERO&quot; on October 16, 2020 to reflect its conversion into an electric vehicle assembly plant (zero for zero emissions). First vehicle produced following the conversion was a 2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup on December 17, 2021. Over 4 million vehicles have been built so far since opening in 1985. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) (final assembly), [[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]] (2016-2020), [[w:Cadillac Deville|Cadillac Deville]] (1994-2005), [[w:Cadillac DTS|Cadillac DTS]] (2006-2011), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1986-2000), [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]] (2014, 2016), [[w:Cadillac Seville|Cadillac Seville]] (1986-2004), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Third generation (2017)|Buick Lacrosse]] (2017-2019), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Buick Lucerne|Buick Lucerne]] (2006-2011), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1998-2000), [[w:Buick Riviera#Seventh generation (1986–1993)|Buick Riviera]] (1986-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Fourth generation (1986–1992)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1986-1992), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2004-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Tenth generation (2014-2020)|Chevrolet Impala]] (2014-20), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (2011-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Other markets|Holden Volt (RE)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Opel Ampera (Europe)|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located on 3100 Dryden Rd. Was a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]. Originally, was 40% owned by GM &amp; 60% owned by Isuzu. From 2002, 60% owned by GM &amp; 40% owned by Isuzu. GM bought Isuzu's remaining stake in DMAX Ltd. at the end of March 2022 and DMAX Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of GM in May 2022. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]] Components Plant||[[w:Brookville, Ohio|Brookville, Ohio]]||United States||Machined engine components for [[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2021||&amp;nbsp;|| Located at 101 W. Campus Blvd. In June 2023, GM announced a $920 million investment to build a 1.1 million square foot building next to the current 251,000 square foot facility in Brookville to take over Duramax V8 engine production from the original plant in Moraine in 2025. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Egypt|GM Egypt]]||[[w:6th of October City|6th of October City]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet T-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Move|Chevrolet Move]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Third generation (310C; 2023)|Chevrolet Optra]] (2025-)||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Partially owned by GM (46.5%). &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Frontera|Chevrolet Frontera]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Baojun 630|Chevrolet Optra]] (2016-2023), [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet T-Series]], [[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu TF|Isuzu TF-Series]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] 

|- 

|F||[[w:Fairfax II|Fairfax II]]||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu &lt;br&gt; (2016-2025)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]] (2019-)&lt;br /&gt;
||1987||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 3201 Fairfax Trafficway. Replaced original Fairfax Assembly Plant (Fairfax I) for 1988 model year production. Built on the site of the old Fairfax Municipal Airport. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1988-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1995-1997), [[w:Oldsmobile Intrigue|Oldsmobile Intrigue]] (1998-2002), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth generation (2004)|Chevrolet Malibu (2004-2007)/Malibu Classic (2008)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu (2008-2012)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Saturn Aura|Saturn Aura]] (2007-2009),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|Buick Lacrosse/Allure]] (2010-2016)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint Engine South|Flint Engine South]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LFV|GM Small Gasoline Engine]] (LFV 1.5 Turbo I4 - Malibu),&lt;br /&gt; 3.0 [[w:Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the east side of Flint Metal Center. &lt;br /&gt;Past engines: [[w:GM Atlas engine|4.2 Atlas I6]], 3.6 [[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]],&lt;br /&gt; 1.4 [[w:GM Family 0 engine#Generation III|Family 0 I4]] (Cruze, Sonic, Volt/Ampera/ELR generator) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Metal Center]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| Sheetmetal stampings for various GM models||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G-2238 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the west side of Flint Engine South. Metal fabricating plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Tool &amp; Die]] (North American Engineering and Tooling Center)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Tools &amp; Dies for fabrication &amp; assembly of sheetmetal body parts||1967||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 425 Stevenson St. Was Plant 38 of the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the old &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. 

|- 

|F &lt;br/&gt;(1953-present)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 1 (1947-1952)||[[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2001-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2001-)||1947||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G 3100 Van Slyke Road. This plant replaced vehicle production at the older &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex elsewhere in Flint, Michigan and became Chevrolet's new home plant. This is GM's oldest, still active assembly plant in North America. Built all 300 1953 Corvettes on a small makeshift line (1 line for body &amp; 1 for frame/chassis) from June 30 through December 24 in 1953. Built the 50 millionth car built by GM in the US on November 23, 1954. The car was a special gold painted '55 Chevy Bel Air 2-door Sport Coupe with a gold-painted chassis and 716 interior and exterior trim parts plated with 24-carat gold. Last built Chevy full-size cars in 1969. Last built passenger cars in 1970 (the midsize Chevelle &amp; Monte Carlo). The last passenger car built at Flint Assembly was a Monte Carlo on June 24, 1970. Since 1971, has only built full-size pickups, full-size SUV's, full-size vans, and medium duty commercial trucks. A new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop located inside the assembly plant. The new paint shop is further down Van Slyke Road from the assembly plant at 3848 Van Slyke Road, on the site of the former V8 engine plant that closed in 1999 and was subsequently demolished. Flint Truck Assembly has produced over 15 million vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1966, 1970), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970 only),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1991), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|GMC K15 Jimmy]] (1970-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1960-1991), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1967-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1964), &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/Rally Van]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|GMC Vandura/Rally Van G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1995-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1995-98), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT400)]] (1999-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (1998-00), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Third generation (2003–2009)|Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick]] (2003-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Isuzu H-Series|Isuzu H-Series]] (2005-2007), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (2004-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette (1953 only)]]

|- 

|Z||[[w:Fort Wayne Assembly|Fort Wayne Assembly]]||[[w:Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (1988-)||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 12200 Lafayette Center Rd.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1988-1998)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Fuel Cell System Manufacturing LLC]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Fuel Cell Systems for [[w:Honda CR-V#CR-V e:FCEV|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] &amp; various other applications by GM &amp; Honda &amp; to outside companies||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr. Located next to GM's Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant.&lt;br /&gt; A 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Honda|Honda]]. GM &amp; Honda have been co-developing fuel cells since 2013. 
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Operations||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||Valvetrain products &lt;br /&gt; Axles for full-size trucks ||1943||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Burlingame Avenue SW. Originally established as Diesel Equipment Division of GM. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delphi Powertrain Systems Grand Rapids); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 1999. 

|- 

|G||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Gravatai Automotive Industrial Complex]]||[[w:Gravatai|Gravatai]], [[w:Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt; ||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celta|Chevrolet Celta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prisma (disambiguation)|Chevrolet Prisma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/blue-macaw-01.htm|title=General Motors: Gravatai Automotive Complex|access-date=2021-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1533675720090715 UPDATE 2-GM to spend $1 bln in Brazil on new family of cars] Retrieved 14 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Suzuki Fun|Suzuki Fun]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Joinville]]||[[w:Joinville|Joinville]], [[w:Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.0 &amp; 1.0 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2 &amp; 1.2 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] ||2013||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#SPE / 4|1.0L &amp; 1.4L SPE / 4&lt;br /&gt; 4-cylinder engines]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kokomo Operations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://plants.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/component-fac/kokomo.html|title=GM Corporate Newsroom - United States - Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]||United States||Automotive Electronic Components including Engine Control Modules, Transmission Control Modules, Body Control Modules, &amp; Airbag Sensing Diagnostic Modules||1936||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2603 South Goyer Rd. The site was first used in the 1890's to make cars by [[w:Haynes-Apperson|Haynes-Apperson]] and later by [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]] until the company went out of business in 1925. Purchased by GM in 1936 from Crosley Radio Corp., which used the site to make radios for Chevrolet briefly during 1936. Initially run by Delco Remy, the site became a separate GM division called Delco Radio Division in June 1936. Delco Radio made radios for all GM cars as well as other electronic equipment. During WWII, Delco Radio made electronic equipment for the war effort. In 1970, Delco Radio merged with AC Electronics Division of Milwaukee to form [[w:Delco Electronics|Delco Electronics Division]]. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft, which it had acquired on December 20, 1985, with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1997, GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delco Electronics and Safety); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|-

| ||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Boryeong|Boryeong]], [[w:South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||Automatic Transmissions||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|GM 6T40 transmission]] (GF6) 

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0 ('07-'08 Antara)||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Bupyeong-gu|Bupyeong District]], [[w:Incheon|Incheon]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.3L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] 

|1962&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1971 (engine plant)||&amp;nbsp;||Bupyeong has 2 vehicle assembly plants and a powertrain plant. The Bupyeong 2 Assembly Plant ended production on November 26, 2022. Bupyeong 2 was last producing the Chevrolet Malibu and Trax and Buick Encore.&lt;br /&gt;Past models : [[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Evanda|Chevrolet Evanda]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Buick LaCrosse#Korean market: Alpheon|Alpheon]] 
 

[[w:Daewoo LeMans|Daewoo LeMans]], [[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]], [[w:Daewoo Espero|Daewoo Espero]], [[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]], [[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]], [[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]], [[w:Daewoo Tosca|Daewoo Tosca]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Kalos]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)#T250|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Daewoo Winstorm]] 
 

[[w:Holden Barina#Fifth generation (TK; 2005–2011)|Holden Barina (TK)]], [[w:Holden Barina#Sixth generation (TM; 2011–2018)|Holden Barina (TM)]], [[w:Opel Antara|Holden Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Holden Captiva/Captiva 7]], [[w:Holden Epica|Holden Epica (EP)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Holden Malibu (EM)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Holden Trax (TJ)]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Opel Antara|GMC Terrain (Middle East only)]] &lt;br /&gt;  

[[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel/Vauxhall Mokka]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel/Vauxhall Antara]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|Pontiac LeMans]], [[w:Pontiac Wave|Pontiac Wave]], [[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3]] &lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Suzuki Swift+|Suzuki Swift+]] (Canada only), [[w:Suzuki Verona|Suzuki Verona]] 

 
Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]]  

|- 

|C||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Changwon|Changwon]], [[w:Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trax#Second generation (2023)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM small gasoline engine]] LV7, LE2&lt;br/&gt;Manual transmissions 

|1991||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Damas|Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Labo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]], [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]/[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Name revival|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G2#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Pontiac G2]], [[w:Pontiac Matiz#M150 (2000–2005)|Pontiac Matiz]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Spark#Australasia|Holden Barina Spark (MJ)]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Holden Spark|Holden Spark (MP)]]

 
Past engines: [[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine#S-TEC II|Daewoo S-TEC II]] 

|-

|J||[[w:Lansing Delta Township Assembly|Lansing Delta Township Assembly]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2010-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave|Buick Enclave]] (2008-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Acadia#Third generation (2024)|GMC Acadia]] (2024-)||2006||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 8175 Millett Hwy. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Saturn Outlook|Saturn Outlook]] (2007-2010), [[w:GMC Acadia#First generation (2007)|GMC Acadia]] (2007–2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Acadia Limited|GMC Acadia Limited]] (2017), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Traverse Limited]] (2024)

|- 

|0||[[w:Lansing Grand River Assembly|Lansing Grand River Assembly]]/Stamping||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]] (2020-)||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 920 Townsend Street. Stamping plant added in 2016. This newly constructed plant was built on the grounds of the former Oldsmobile home plant complex in Lansing. The former Oldsmobile HQ building (&quot;Building 70&quot;) is still standing and still has &quot;Oldsmobile Administration Center&quot; carved into the marble barrier in front of the flagpole between the 2 stairways. Building 70 was Oldsmobile HQ from 1966-1996, when Oldsmobile HQ moved to Detroit. Building 70 is now vacant but the exterior is often used by GM for large ads that are wrapped around the side of the building on the corner of Townsend St. and William St.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac ATS|Cadillac ATS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]] (2003-2019), [[w:Cadillac SRX#First generation (2004)|Cadillac SRX]] (2004-2009), [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]] (2005-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2016-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lansing Regional Stamping]] (LRS)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||2004|| ||Located within the Lansing Delta Assembly complex.  

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Service Parts Operation|Lansing Redistribution Center]] (SPO)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1960|| ||Located at 4400 West Mount Hope Road. Previously Lansing Plant 4. Now called Lansing Redistribution Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lockport Operations]]||[[w:Lockport, NY|Lockport, NY]]||United States||Thermal products (climate control systems, powertrain cooling systems) and stators for EV motors.||1914||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 200 Upper Mountain Road. Founded in 1910 as the Harrison Radiator Company. Acquired by United Motors in 1916 which was then acquired by GM in 1918. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Harrison Thermal Systems); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Marion Metal Center]]||[[w:Marion, Indiana|Marion, Indiana]]||United States||Sheetmetal stamped parts &amp; blanks for various GM models||1956||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2400 West Second St. Metal fabricating. Originally a Fisher Body division plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Mogi das Cruzes]]||[[w:Mogi das Cruzes|Mogi das Cruzes]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||Stampings for new &amp; replacement parts||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant 

|-

|4||[[w:Orion Assembly|Orion Assembly]]||[[w:Orion Township, Michigan|Orion Township, Michigan]]||United States||Scheduled for Mid-2026:
[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2026-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2026-) 
||1983||idled 2009; reopened 2011; idled 2023||Located at 4555 Giddings Road.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EV|Chevrolet Bolt EV]] (2017-2023), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EUV|Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; Bolt EUV]] (2022-2023), [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevy Malibu]] (2008-2010), [[w:Pontiac G6|Pontiac G6]] (2005–2010), [[w:Buick Verano#First generation (2011)|Buick Verano]] (2012–2017), [[w:Buick Riviera#Eighth generation (1995–1999)|Buick Riviera]] (1995-1999), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000–2005), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1997–2005), [[w:Cadillac de Ville series#Sixth generation (1985–1993)|Cadillac DeVille]] (1985-1993), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Front-wheel drive: 1985–1993|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1985-1992), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special#1987–1993|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1989-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Aurora|Oldsmobile Aurora]] (1995-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1994-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98 (1985-1996)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1994-98, 2000-05), [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (2012-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt#European countries|Opel Ampera-e]] 

|- 

|1 (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2019)/&lt;br /&gt;9 (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2020)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (1967-1983)||[[w:Oshawa Car Assembly|Oshawa Car Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado HD]] (2022-)||1953||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 900 Park Rd South.&lt;br /&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1985, 2000-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Impala Limited (2014–2016)|Chevrolet Impala Limited]] (2014-2016), [[w:Chevrolet Lumina|Chevrolet Lumina]] (1990-2001), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1995-2007), [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick Century]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1988-2004, 2011-2017), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#First generation (2005)|Buick LaCrosse/Allure]] (2005-2009), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]], [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1955-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958–1975), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2010-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2011-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1962-1967), [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|A-body (rwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977)/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983)/[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]]/[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971, 1973-1981)/[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1970)/[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]], [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|A-body (fwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1987)/[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982-1988)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1985-1988),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#1977–1981|Pontiac Catalina]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Eighth generation (2004–2008)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (2004-2008), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Laurentian]] (1954-1981), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1958-1984, US: 1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Pathfinder|Pontiac Pathfinder]] (1954-1958), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Strato Chief]] (1958-1970), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-1971), [[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Beaumont]] (1966-1969),  [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD]] (2019), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD]] (2019). &lt;br /&gt; 

VIN code 1 (1984-2019): Chevrolet Celebrity (1984-1987), Pontiac 6000 (1984-1985), Buick Regal (1988-2004), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990–2001), Buick Century (1997-05), Pontiac Grand Prix (2004-2008), Buick LaCrosse/Allure (2005-2009), Chevrolet Impala (2008-2013), Chevrolet&lt;br /&gt; Impala Limited (2014-2016), Chevrolet Equinox (2011-2017), Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD (2019),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD (2019)

VIN code 9: Chevrolet Impala (1984-1985), Chevrolet Caprice (1984-1985), Pontiac Parisienne (1984), Pontiac 6000 (1985-1988), Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1985-1988), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-1999),  Chevrolet Lumina 2-d (1990-1994), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995-07), Chevrolet Impala (2000-08), Chevrolet Camaro (2010-2015), Buick Regal (2011-17), Cadillac XTS (2013-2019), Chevrolet Impala (2014-2020) 

The current Oshawa complex (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) opened on November 7, 1953. The passenger car assembly plant had 2 assembly lines.  Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. Vehicle production at the South plant ended in 2019; plant will be transformed for stamping and production of subassemblies. Restart of vehicle production announced in Nov. 2020 - Truck production started in late 2021 with Silverado HD followed by Silverado 1500 in 2022. 

Oshawa also produced face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Metal|Oshawa Metal]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Stamped metal parts for new production and for service parts||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Located at 1000 Park Road South. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Parma Metal Center|Parma Metal Center]]||[[w:Parma, Ohio|Parma, Ohio]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 5400 Chevrolet Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Metal fabricating 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Pontiac Metal Center]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1926||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 260 E. Beverly Ave.&lt;br /&gt;Metal fabricating&lt;br /&gt;Originally, a [[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]] plant and then an [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] plant. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the original Pontiac Assembly complex, which was Pontiac's home plant. 

|-

|S||[[w:Ramos Arizpe Assembly|Ramos Arizpe Assembly]]||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (2019-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer EV|Chevrolet Blazer EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Equinox EV|Chevrolet Equinox EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq EV]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Honda Prologue|Honda Prologue EV]] (2024-) ||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant added in 1995 and a paint plant added in 1997.&lt;br /&gt;Past Models: [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989-1994), [[w:Buick Rendezvous|Buick Rendezvous]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (US: 2012-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1991-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (US: 1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy|Chevrolet Chevy]] (Mexico: 1995-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] (2016-2019), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1985-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024), [[w:Chevrolet HHR|Chevrolet HHR]] (2006-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (Mexico: 2012-2017), [[w:Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2010)|Cadillac SRX]] (2010-2016), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico only)]], [[w:Pontiac Aztek|Pontiac Aztek]] (2001-2005), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1988)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1993-1994), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2005), [[w:Saab 9-4X|Saab 9-4X]] (2011), [[w:Saturn Vue#Second generation (2008)|Saturn Vue]] (2008-2010), [[w:Holden Equinox|Holden Equinox (EQ)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Engine||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8 &amp; V6]]||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Transmission||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||VT40 (CVT250) [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] transmission ||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70/6T75 6-speed automatic (GF6)]]&lt;br /&gt;4ET50 EVT (for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]])&lt;br /&gt;4ET55 EVT (for [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]]) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Rochester Products Division|Rochester Operations]]||[[w:Rochester, NY|Rochester, NY]]||United States||Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick Components - Engine management systems, fuel injection systems, and related products. ||1939||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1000 Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1908 as the Rochester Coil Company. Renamed North East Electric Company in 1909. Acquired by GM in 1929. In 1930, merged with Delco-Light Co. to become Delco Appliance. A planned, second Delco Appliance plant on Lexington Ave. in Rochester instead became the Rochester Products Division of GM in 1939. This division made carburetors, fuel injection systems, &amp; other fuel system equipment. During WWII, it made warplane and tank electrical accessories. In 1981, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's Diesel Equipment Division of Grand Rapids, Michigan retaining the Rochester Products Division name. On August 30, 1988, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's AC Spark Plug Division to form the AC Rochester Division. The Grand Rapids-based diesel fuel-injection business of the former Diesel Equipment Division was sold on August 26 to a joint venture of G.M. and the Penske Corporation called Diesel Technology Corporation (80% Penske, 20% Detroit Diesel, itself a joint venture between Penske &amp; GM). Robert Bosch invested in Diesel Technology Corporation in 1992, eventually taking over the whole company by 2002. AC Rochester merged with parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Rochester Powertrain); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Engine]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM High Feature engine#Fourth generation|Gen4 High Feature V6]] 

||1976||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road. Originally part of GM's Detroit Diesel Allison Division where it built diesel engines and components. Switched to gasoline engines in the 1980's.&lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Transmission]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:&quot;Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#General Motors|10L80/90 Transmission]]||1995||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road.&lt;br /&gt;Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|GM 4L60-E transmission]] 

|-

|R||Rosario||[[w:Alvear, Santa Fe|Alvear]], [[w:Rosario Department|Rosario Department]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LE2|1.4L Turbo I4 LE2]] 

||1997||&amp;nbsp;||Engine plant added in 2016.  

Past Models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B|Chevrolet Corsa B/Corsa Classic/Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Agile|Chevrolet Agile]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Suzuki Grand Vitara/Chevrolet Tracker]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Saginaw Metal Casting Operations|Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Metal casting for powertrains (High Feature V6 engine): engine blocks, heads, and crankshafts&lt;br/&gt;Front 4WD axle assembly castings||1919||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1629 N. Washington Avenue. Originally the Grey Iron Foundry, a part of General Motors Saginaw Products Co. and renamed as Chevrolet Saginaw Grey Iron Foundry when transferred to Chevrolet Motor Division in 1927. Moved to Central Foundry Division in 1983. Joins GM Powertrain Division in 1991. Renamed Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in 1994 to reflect that it now pours aluminum. First production aluminum heads produced in 1995. Over the years, it has produced both cast iron and cast aluminum engine blocks for the Chevy Small-Block V8. 

|-

|L||[[w:San Luis Potosí Assembly|San Luis Potosí Assembly]]||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Third generation (2025)|GMC Terrain]] (2025-)||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]] (2009–2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]] (2020-2022)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]] (2013-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3/G3 Wave]] (2009-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/7c659360-416a-4e96-ae38-0b69d916c106|title=GM Vehicle Identification Numbering Standard - 2021 - United States and Canada|date=August 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Second generation (2018)|GMC Terrain]] (2018-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||San Luis Potosí Transmission||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||2009||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission]] 6T40/45 (GF6) 

|-

|B||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São Caetano do Sul Assembly]]||[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Third generation (2022)|Chevrolet Montana]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]&lt;br /&gt; ||1930||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Opel Astra#G|Chevrolet Astra]], [[w:Opel Astra#H |Chevrolet Vectra/Vectra GT]] (both until 2011), [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1985–1996|Chevrolet Bonanza]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1964–1984|Chevrolet C-10/C-14/C-15/Chevy 4/D-10/A-10]], [[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet A-10/C-10/A-20/C-20/D-20]], Chevrolet A40/D40, [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Comodoro|Chevrolet Comodoro]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa B]], [[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Diplomata|Chevrolet Diplomata]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Joy]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1996-1998, [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Second generation (2011–2021)|Chevrolet Montana]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]], [[w:Chevrolet Omega#Omega A|Chevrolet Omega A]], [[w:Chevrolet Opala|Chevrolet Opala]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Chevrolet Vectra A]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Chevrolet Vectra B]], [[w:Chevrolet Veraneio|Chevrolet C-1416/Veraneio]], Chevrolet 3100/Brasil/Amazona/Alvorada/Corisco, Chevrolet 6500, Chevrolet C64/C65/C68/D64/D65/D68/D74/D75/D78, Bus bodies, Frigidaire appliances 

|- 

|C||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São José dos Campos Assembly]]||[[w:São José dos Campos|São José dos Campos]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| 

[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Third generation (2012)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

 
Engines:&lt;br/&gt; 2.8L turbodiesel 4-cylinder engines&lt;br /&gt;

Transmissions 

|1959||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Montana#First generation (2003–2010)|Chevrolet Montana]]&lt;br /&gt;  [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Sedan C]], [[w:Opel Meriva#First generation (2003)|Chevrolet Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Zafira]] (all until 2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Chevy 500|Chevrolet Chevy 500]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1989-1996, [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]],  [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado D20]], Chevrolet 11000/12000/14000/22000, [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC Chevette]], [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC 500]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|GMC 6-100/6-150/3500HD]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC 12-170/14-190/16-220]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|GMC 15-190]] 

Engines including: [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#261|Chevrolet Jobmaster 261 I6]], [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Brazil|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]], [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]], [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]], [[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Detroit Diesel Series 53&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions  

|-

|G||[[Silao Assembly]]||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2006-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2006-)||1995||&amp;nbsp;|| Stamping plant added in 1997. Full-size SUV production moved entirely to Arlington Assembly after the 2009 model year; Past production models: [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2003-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade EXT|Cadillac Escalade EXT]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Avalanche|Chevrolet Avalanche]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1995-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eighth generation (1992)|GMC Suburban]] (1995-1999), [[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban (eighth generation)#Holden Suburban|Holden Suburban (K8)]]

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Engine||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Transmission||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]], [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]], [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|10L80]]||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50]], [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/90]] 

|-

|Z,&lt;br /&gt;S (Traverse &amp; Vue)||[[w:Spring Hill Manufacturing|Spring Hill Manufacturing]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]] (2017-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] (2023-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Acura ZDX#Second generation (2024)|Acura ZDX EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine#1.5|1.5L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.0L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM L3B engine|2.7L L3B turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;5.3 &amp; 6.2 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V &lt;br /&gt;Small-Block V8 Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Components||1990||2009-2012||Located at 100 Saturn Parkway. The original home of the [[w:Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand. Originally, Saturn built everything here - all its vehicles, engines, transmissions, stampings, and components. But, gradually, Saturn production was broadened to other plants and by 2007, Saturn production in Spring Hill had ended. Spring Hill made products for other GM brands and has continued to do so since Saturn was closed down during GM's bankruptcy. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Saturn S-Series|Saturn S-Series]] (1991-2002), [[w:Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion]] (2003-2007), [[w:Saturn Vue#First generation (2002)|Saturn Vue]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#First generation (2009)|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2009-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2013-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Second generation (2017)|GMC Acadia]] (2017-2023), [[w:Holden Acadia|Holden Acadia (AC)]].&lt;br /&gt;  


Past Engines: [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec Gen II 2.4L I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LHU (A20NFT Opel)|Ecotec Gen II LHU 2.0L Turbo I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.5L I4]], [[w:Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Saturn MP transmission|Saturn MP series manual and automatic transmissions]] Transmission production in Spring Hill ended in 2002.  
 

Ion production ended March 28, 2007 and was replaced by the Belgian-built Astra for the 2008 model year. Vue production ended March 30, 2007 and moved to Mexico for the 2008 model year. Assembly was idled for more than a year beginning April 1, 2007 for conversion to Chevy Traverse production. Traverse production began September 2, 2008. Assembly idled in November 2009 when Chevy Traverse production was moved to Lansing Delta Township Assembly. Assembly reopened in September 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/business/general-motors-said-to-offer-bonuses-in-new-deal-with-workers.html | work=The New York Times | author1=Bill Vlasic | author2=Nick Bunkley | title=G.M. Will Offer Bonuses in New Deal With Workers | date=September 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; to produce the [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]].  

 
Spring Hill also includes a plastic injection molding operation that produce various plastic components. Plastic components have also been produced for models not built in Spring Hill such as [[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] and the [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]].

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Propulsion Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tremec|Tremec]] TR-9080 8-speed dual clutch transmission&lt;br /&gt;Engine components||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 570 Glendale Avenue. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6 engine]] (1963-1967)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#225|Buick 225 V6 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]] (300, 340, 401) (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.1)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#LQ1|Chevrolet 3.4L DOHC LQ1 V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.6)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] (265/267/283/305/307/327/350)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T45 6-speed automatic]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||RWD GM-Allison 10-speed (10L1000) (AB1V) / 8-speed ([[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]] &amp; [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]]) / 6-Speed ([[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] &amp; [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/6L90]]) Transmissions / FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||1956|| ||Located at 1455 West Alexis Road. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. Replaced the older Toledo plant on Central Ave. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350 3-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E|THM700R4/4L60 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E/4L70-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T30/35/40/45/50 6-speed automatic]] 

|-

||&amp;nbsp;||Toluca Engine||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]] 

|[[w:Mexico|Mexico]] 

|[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine 1.4L/1.5L I4]] (including 1.5 turbo LSD I4 for Equinox/Terrain)

[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Vortec 3000|Vortec 3000 Marine &amp; Industrial 4-cyl. engine]]&lt;br /&gt;  

5.0 &amp; 5.7 Marine &amp; Industrial V8 engines&lt;br /&gt; 

Small-Block V8 engines for the aftermarket&lt;br /&gt;  

Aluminum Foundry&lt;br /&gt;  

|1965 

| 

|Past engines: 
[[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#292|Chevrolet 292 (4.8L) Inline-6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Tonawanda Engine|Tonawanda Engine]]||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV1|LV1]] 4.3L V6 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L84|L84]] 5.3L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86/L87|L87]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT2|LT2]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L8T|L8T]] 6.6L V8 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LSY|LSY]] 2.0T I4 

 
|1938 

|&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2995 River Rd. Includes 3 plants. Plant #1 opened in 1938. Plant #4 opened in 1941. Plant #5 opened in 2001.  

Past engines:  

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber during WW-2 

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:P-61 Black Widow|P-61 Black Widow]] &amp; [[w:P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighters during WW-2 


[[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300 engine]] 


[[w:General Motors 122 engine|General Motors 122 engine]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen I]] (L850) 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2_2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen II]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec 2.4L Gen II]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LTG|Ecotec Gen III LTG 2.0T I-4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.5|Ecotec 2.5L Gen III]] 


[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#LK5 (Vortec 2800)|Atlas 2.8/2.9 I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#L52 (Vortec 3500)|Atlas 3.5/3.7 I5]] 
 

[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair Flat-6 (all)]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]] 


[[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 3.3L/3.8L/4.3L 90° V6]] 

 
[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]], [[w:GM High Value engine|High Value 3.9L V6]] 

 
[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] 

 
Gen V Small-Block 90° V6/V8: [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|LV3]] 4.3L V6, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L82|L82]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L83|L83]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86|L86]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT4|LT4 6.2L Supercharged V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Lansing]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||Opening 4th qtr. 2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' third plant. Located at 7111 Davis Hwy. It is adjacent to GM's Lansing Delta Township Assembly plant.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Spring Hill]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' second plant. Located at 301 Donald F Ephlin Pkwy.
  
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Warren]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2022|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' first plant. Located at 7400 Tod Ave SW.
 
|- 

|1||[[w:Wentzville Assembly|Wentzville Assembly]]||[[w:Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2015-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Canyon|GMC Canyon]] (2015-)||1983||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1500 E. Rte. A. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)|Buick Electra]] (1985-1990), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#First generation (1991–1996)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1991-1994), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile Delta 88/88 (1986-1991)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88 (1992-1993)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1989), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville (1989-91)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville (1992-93)]] 

|-

|A||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]||[[w:Jinqiao|Jinqiao]], [[w:Pudong|Pudong]] district, [[w:Shanghai|Shanghai]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)#Chinese version|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave#China (2020)|Buick Enclave]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Third generation (2017–present)|Buick GL8 ES/Avenir/PHEV (Mk III)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Fourth generation (2022)|Buick GL8 Century (Mk IV)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse|Buick LaCrosse]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (E2XX)&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Ultium batteries||1998||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. There are 3 vehicle production plants (North, South, &amp; East). North was the original plant. South began production in 2005. The East or &quot;Cadillac&quot; plant began production in 2016.   

Past models: [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick New Century]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#First generation (J200; 2003)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (1999-2004)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Park Avenue#Third generation (2007–2012)|Buick Park Avenue (WM)]] (CKD)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#China|Buick Regal]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (Epsilon II)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 5|Buick Velite 5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 7|Buick Velite 7]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac ATS#ATS-L|Cadillac ATS-L]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CTS#First generation (2003)|Cadillac CTS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac STS#Chinese Cadillac SLS|Cadillac SLS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]]&lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#Production in China by SAIC-GM|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6]] 

|-

|D||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Motors||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envision|Buick Envision]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac GT4|Cadillac GT4]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 2001 as Yantai Bodyshop Corp. which built Daewoo vehicles ([[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]) under license from Daewoo Motor Co. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2002. There are 2 vehicle production plants (North &amp; South). SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#Second generation (2018)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#First generation (2009)|Buick Excelle GT/XT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo (T300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Aveo (Mex.)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Corsa Plus (Chile)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica (V200)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Tosca|Chevrolet Epica]] (V250)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Lova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lova RV|Chevrolet Lova RV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Trax]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Powertrain||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions including: [[w:GM 6T40 transmission|6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50]], [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1999 as Shandong Daewoo Automotive Engine Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor Co. &amp; Chinese partners owned by the Shandong provincial govt. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2005. SAIC-GM Dongyue Powertrain joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#Generation III|Family I, Gen 3 engine]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Norsom Motors||[[w:Shenyang|Shenyang]], [[w:Liaoning|Liaoning]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Seeker|Chevrolet Seeker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Second generation (2010-present)|Buick GL8 Land Business Class (Mk II) (2010-present)]]&lt;br/&gt; Engines||1992||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1992 as Jinbei GM Automotive Co. Ltd., a 30/70 joint venture between GM &amp; Shenyang Jinbei Automotive. Restructured into a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Jinbei in 1998. SAIC-GM took over the joint venture in 2004, buying out Jinbei. The new SAIC-GM Norsom Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Crew Cab (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Encore#Second generation (2020)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (2004-2016)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Second generation (2016)|Buick Verano]] 

|- 

|V||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Wuhan Branch||[[w:Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza (China)|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Menlo|Chevrolet Menlo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Third generation (Pro, 2021)|Buick Verano Pro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 6|Buick Velite 6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E4|Buick Electra E4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E5|Buick Electra E5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq]]&lt;br /&gt; Engines||2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Joseph Szczesny |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ford, GM Implement Expansion Plans in China |work=The Detroit Bureau |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2015/01/ford-gm-implement-expansion-plans-in-china/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Jamie L. LaReau |date=27 February 2020 |title=Restart of GM's plant in China stalls due to coronavirus crisis |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/02/27/gm-delays-start-production-china-plant-due-coronavirus-crisis/4884203002/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#China|Chevrolet Cavalier]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#Second generation (2015)|Buick Excelle GT/GX]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Sam McEachern|date=28 February 2020 |title=GM Delays Production Restart At Wuhan Plant As Coronavirus Crisis Continues |work=GM Authority |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/02/gm-delays-production-restart-at-wuhan-plant-as-coronavirus-crisis-continues/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL6|Buick GL6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] (HQ plant)||[[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. There are 2 vehicle production plants (East &amp; West). SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Chevrolet Lechi (Spark)]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] Base||Liudong New District, [[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2012||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2015.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Baojun Lechi]], [[w:Baojun 610|Baojun 610]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Chongqing Branch||[[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2014||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Qingdao Branch||[[w:Qingdao|Qingdao]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Originally founded in 1997 as [[w:Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing|Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing]]. SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the plant in 2005. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2009.  

|-

|J||[[w:SGMW Motor Indonesia|SGMW Motor Indonesia]]||[[w:Cikarang|Cikarang]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| [[w:Wuling Air EV|Wuling Air EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Binguo|Wuling Binguo EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cloud EV|Wuling Cloud EV ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Almaz|Wuling Almaz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Alvez|Wuling Alvez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Confero|Wuling Confero]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cortez|Wuling Cortez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Formo|Wuling Formo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:MG4 EV|MG4 EV]], [[w:MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS EV]]||2017||&amp;nbsp;||100% owned and operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. In 2024, SGMW Motor Indonesia began producing MG models on behalf of PT SAIC Motor Indonesia. MG is owned by SAIC, a shareholder of SGMW. 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#Second generation (CN202S; 2019)|Chevrolet Captiva]] 

|}

== Current partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Azermash CP LLC]]||[[w:Hajiqabul|Hajiqabul]]||[[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia (T250)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]] ||2017|| ||Built under contract by Azermash CP LLC for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

|- 

|A||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[w:Andijan Region|Andijan Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]],  [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker (2022-)]]||1996|| ||Originally established as Uz-DaewooAuto, a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor &amp; the Uzbek government. Became GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors.  

Previous models: [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Daewoo Matiz (M150)]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Daewoo Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra#Uzbekistan (2013–2015)|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia 3]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tacuma|Chevrolet Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Ravon Matiz]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Ravon R2]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Ravon Nexia R3|Ravon Nexia R3]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Ravon R4]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra|Ravon Gentra R5]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Pitnak|Pitnak]], [[w:Khorezm Region|Khorezm Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Damas|Chevrolet Damas]]&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Labo|Chevrolet Labo]]  ||2014|| ||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. In 2021, a new press shop opened at the Pitnak plant. 

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||Repair of used cars ||2009||2019||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Plant assembled SKD vehicles. SKD production ended in 2019. Plant is now used to repair &amp; overhaul used cars acquired as trade-ins for new cars, which are then resold by UzAuto.   

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker (initial production from SKD)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Powertrain Uzbekistan]]/[[w:GM Uzbekistan|UzAuto Motors Powertrain]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine|1.2L &amp; 1.5L DOHC I4 engines]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L GM E-Turbo I3 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine components (crankshaft, block, heads)&lt;br /&gt;Aluminum Foundry ||2011|| ||GM Powertrain Uzbekistan is a 52/48 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat. In 2019, the company was renamed UzAuto Motors Powertrain after UzAvtosanoat bought out GM's share of the joint venture. It now builds engines &amp; components under license from GM.

|- 

|0,4,7,8,9||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Fujisawa plant||[[w:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 4500 &amp; 5500 diesel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. &lt;br /&gt; Previous models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Buick Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spectrum|Chevrolet Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Spectrum|Geo Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Storm|Geo Storm]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Bedford KB25]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Bedford KB26/41]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Campo#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Opel Campo/Bedford Brava/Vauxhall Brava]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Jackaroo#First generation (1981)|Holden Jackaroo (Gen 1)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monterey#Second generation (1991)|Opel/Vauxhall Monterey/Holden Jackaroo (Gen 2)/Monterey]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo]] (1981-2002) (KB/TF)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Piazza#First generation (JR120/130; 1980)|Holden Piazza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Shuttle|Holden Shuttle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu I-Mark|Isuzu I-Mark]], [[w:Isuzu Impulse|Isuzu Impulse]], [[w:Isuzu Stylus|Isuzu Stylus]]

|- 

|H||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Main Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD and International CV)|Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty&lt;br /&gt;International CV]]||2019|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Jointly developed by GM &amp; Navistar. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|N||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Secondary Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] cutaway,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] cutaway||2017|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[SaryarkaAvtoProm]]/&lt;br&gt;Allur Automobile Plant||[[w:Kostanay|Kostanay]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2017|| ||Built under contract by SaryarkaAvtoProm for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Ravon Nexia R3]] 

|- 

|S||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] - Charlotte plant||[[w:Charlotte, Michigan|Charlotte, Michigan]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/4500/5500 gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD &amp; 7500XD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu FTR/FVR]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] plant. Built under contract for Isuzu and GM. 

|}

== Former factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||AC Electronics||[[w:Oak Creek, Wisconsin|Oak Creek, Wisconsin]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||Automotive Electronics; Avionics, precision guidance systems, &amp; electro-mechanical devices for military use and space exploration (Apollo program) ||1948||1999||Located at 7929 S. Howell Ave. First known as GM's Electronics Division. In 1965, the Milwaukee Operations became known as AC Electronics Division of GM. In 1970, the division merged with Delco Radio and became known as Delco Electronics Division. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems (Delphi Electronics &amp; Safety) in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Is now Drexel Town Square, a retail, commercial, residential and civic development.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City, Iowa]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Throttle#Throttle body|Throttle Body Fuel Injection Systems]]||1981||1993||Located at 1805 Zenith Drive. Formerly a Zenith Radio Factory. Now the headquarters of Bomgaars Supply, Inc.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Wichita Falls, Texas|Wichita Falls, Texas]]||United States||AC Air Filters||1972||1999||Located at 8600 Interstate 44 Service Rd. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Now owned by Panda Biotech.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Division]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||AC Spark Plugs||1929||1975||Located on Industrial Ave at Harriet St. Built in 1909. Champion Ignition Co. moved here from their original location on the 3rd floor of a Buick building on Hamilton Ave. that they used from 1908. This complex was expanded multiple times and was on both sides of Industrial Ave. with 2 overhead walkways connecting the 2 sides. Champion Ignition Co. changed its name to AC Spark Plug in 1922. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Demolished in 1975-76. Site later used by Buick for parking as it was next to the Buick City complex.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Allison,&lt;br&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]], Allison Gas Turbine||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], Indiana||United States||Allison Transmissions,&lt;br&gt; Engines for airplanes &amp; helicopters,&lt;br&gt; Bearings and Gears||1929||2007||Located at 4700 W. 10th St. Founded in 1915 as Speedway Team Co. In 1920, it was renamed Allison Engineering Co. Acquired by GM in 1929, it became the Allison Division of GM. GM began designing the CD-850 transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section. In 1946, GM divided the division into 2 sections: Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations. In 1970, Allison Division merged with the Detroit Diesel Engine Division to become the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division. In 1983, the aviation turbine engine operations were separated out to form a separate division called the Allison Gas Turbine Division. In 1987, the transmission operations are separated out to form the Allison Transmission Division. Allison Gas Turbine was sold in a management buyout in 1993 becoming the Allison Engine Company. [[w:Allison Engine Company|Allison Engine Company]] was then sold in 1995 to [[w:Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce PLC]]. GM sold Allison Transmission in 2007 to private equity groups Carlyle Group &amp; Onex Corp., becoming Allison Transmission Inc. Allison went public as Allison Transmission Holdings Inc. in 2012, trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Amsterdam Street plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s||1903||1920||Cadillac's first volume production plant. Located at 450 Amsterdam Street, at the intersection with Cass Avenue. Rebuilt in 1904 after a fire destroyed the original plant. This plant predated Cadillac being part of GM. Replaced by the Clark Street plant in 1921. 

|- 

|5 (Plant 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 6 (Plant 1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 (Pre-1976)||Antwerp||[[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]]||[[w:Belgium|Belgium]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra GTC &amp; OPC/VXR (H)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#TwinTop|Opel/Vauxhall Astra TwinTop]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Saturn Astra|Saturn Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fifth generation (AH; 2004)|Holden Astra (AH)]] ||1925||2010||Originally known as GM Continental SA, then as Opel Antwerp from 1994-2004, &amp; finally as GM Belgium from 2004 on. The original plant was an ex-abbey on Fortuinstraat. In 1926, production moved to an old velodrome on the corner of St. Laureystraat &amp; Haantjeslei. In 1929, production moved to a site in the port of Antwerp near the Albert dock. The site at the port was destroyed by bombing raids in World War II. Production temporarily moved back to the velodrome from 1946-1953. In 1953, a new plant opened on the Noorderlaan which would later come to be known as Plant 1. In 1967, a second plant opened about 6.2 miles (10&amp;nbsp;km) north of the Noorderlaan plant near the Churchill dock. This was called Plant 2. In August 1988, production was consolidated in Plant 2 and Plant 1 was used as a parts warehouse until 1992 and the property was then sold. Plant 2 ended production in December 2010. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet. Assembled Opel &amp; Vauxhall cars, Bedford trucks and American GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, &amp; Cadillac) from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]]. The plant finally closed its doors on December 17, 2010, about two days after last Opel car rolled off the assembly line.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (first generation from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Argentina|General Motors de Argentina]]||[[w:San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]] and [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] in [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] &amp; [[w:San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martin]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||Chevrolet (cars and trucks) including [[w:Chevrolet 400|Chevrolet 400]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy Malibu|Chevrolet Chevy]], &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-50/C-60/C-70]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-60 bus chassis]]&lt;br /&gt; Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel K 180|Opel K 180]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Argentina|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford diesel engines||1925 (San Telmo)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Barracas)&lt;br /&gt;1940 (San Martin plant)||1978 (San Martin plant)||Other GM brands manufactured included GMC, Opel, and Bedford trucks along with Pontiac, Oakland, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, Opel, and Vauxhall passenger cars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Argentina|title=GM Argentina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also Frigidaire refrigerators.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Aymesa|Aymesa]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| ||1973||1999 (Last GM production)|| First automotive assembler in Ecuador. GM bought 36.95% of AYMESA in 1982 &amp; increased its stake to 45.9% in 1984. GM sold off its stake in 1999 and switched to using OBB as its Ecuadorian partner. Aymesa now assembles vehicles for Kia and Hyundai.

Past models: [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Suzuki Forsa II/Chevrolet Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors T platform (1973)|Chevrolet San Remo]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Gacela&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Condor&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Aymesa Andino]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Amigo 

|- 

|3 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;A (before 1993)||Azambuja||[[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]]||[[w:Portugal|Portugal]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo A/Bedford &amp; Vauxhall Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo B (1993-2001)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C||1963||2006||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa Van|Opel Corsavan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Amigo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;Various Opel, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford models. 

|- 

|B &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;and 1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt; and 1965-2005)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 (1935-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Baltimore Assembly|Baltimore Assembly]]||[[w:Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Astro|Chevrolet Astro]] (1985-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Astro|GMC Safari]] (1985-2005) ||1935||2005||Located at 2122 Broening Highway. Production began in March 1935 (March 11 for trucks and March 26 for cars). Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Baltimore Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Baltimore Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. During WWII, the Chevrolet side of the plant operated as a military parts depot where parts were received, processed, and packaged for shipment around the world. It also built 2,650 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]]. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division and assembled the rear fuselage, tail assembly, &amp; all control surfaces for Grumman carrier-based aircraft. Car production ended on March 31, 1984. Converted to a Truck and Bus Group assembly plant for 1985. Production restarted in August 1984. Closed on May 13, 2005. Baltimore Assembly produced over 12 million vehicles. Demolished. Now the Chesapeake Commerce Center and an Amazon distribution center.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Gran Sport|Buick GS]] (1965-1968), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-68), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1970, 1978-1981), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1970) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Baltimore Transmission|Baltimore Transmission]]||[[w:White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||Allison 1000 Series transmissions: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado HD]], [[w:GMC Sierra|Sierra HD]]&lt;br /&gt;Hybrid 2-mode transmissions ([[w:Global Hybrid Cooperation|2ML70]]): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Hybrid]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Hybrid|Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;Electric motor (MME) &amp; final-drive unit (1ET35) for [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevy Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters for 6-speed rwd automatic transmissions||2000||2019||Located at 10301 Philadelphia Road. Originally part of Allison Transmission.  Became a GM Powertrain facility in 2004. Name changed to Baltimore Operations in 2012 with the addition of the Electric Motor Plant built next to the existing Transmission Plant. Closed in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/04/gm-baltimore-employees-irate-over-plant-closure/|title = GM Baltimore Employees Irate over Plant Closure|author=Anthony Alaniz|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 19 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Now called White Marsh Interchange Park, a complex of 9 new one-story buildings of office and warehouse space that replaces the previous GM plant which has been demolished.

|- 

|T||[[w:Bedford Dunstable plant|Bedford Dunstable plant]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA/TD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK/KM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TL|Bedford TL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TM|Bedford TM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAL|Bedford VAL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAM|Bedford VAM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAS|Bedford VAS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Y series|Bedford Y series]]||1942 (for wartime production)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1955 (for civilian production)||1987||Was located on Boscombe Road. GM sold the Bedford heavy truck business to AWD Trucks in 1987. AWD Trucks went bankrupt in 1992. Parts of the site were demolished in 1993. More was demolished in 1997. The remainder was demolished in 2005. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Bombay||[[w:Bombay|Bombay]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, &amp; buses||1928||1954||The first automobile assembly plant in India. The original GM India Ltd. was closed in 1954.  

|- 

|12 (Buffalo Assembly from 1929)||[[w:Buffalo Assembly|Buffalo Assembly]]/&lt;br /&gt;Buffalo Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt; Axles, drivetrain components||1923||1994||Located at 1001 E. Delavan Ave. Built cars until World War II &amp; was then converted to make axles. Operation was renamed Saginaw Gear and Axle in 1984. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. All operations ended in 2007 &amp; the factory closed. Called the Historic American Axle Building. Purchased by Viridi in 2018. 

|- 

|H (1965-1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 1 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Buick City|Buick City]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1987, 1989-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1996-1999)||1904||1999||This was Buick's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. This is the part of the Buick factory complex south of Leith St. stretching south to E. Hamilton Ave. The complete complex, including both North and South portions totals 412,947 acres. The original factory was at one time the largest in the world and was completely vertically integrated, making nearly every component within the complex. During WWII, Buick built [[w:M18 Hellcat|M18 Hellcat]] tanks &amp; [[w:M39 armored utility vehicle|M39 armored utility vehicles]] here. The plant was converted to build unibody, fwd cars for 1986 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd cars. The modernized plant was renamed Buick City. The factory closed in June 1999. Last car built was a 1999 Buick LeSabre. Demolished by 2002. The site of Buick's administration building, 902 E. Hamilton Ave. is now a seating plant owned by Lear Corp., which opened in 2018. It supplies seats to GM's nearby Flint Truck Assembly Plant as well as GM's Fort Wayne Assembly Plant in Indiana. A large piece of the property is now being redeveloped as Flint Commerce Center.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971–1973),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-42, 1954-58, 1973-81), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-84), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1940-64, 1970-76), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1936-42, 1958), [[w:Buick Park Avenue|Buick Park Avenue]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1985), [[w:Buick Riviera|Buick Riviera]] (1963-78), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1936-58), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1953-54, 1961-72), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958, 1961-1969), [[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1964-1971), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] (1930), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Sixth generation (1977–1985)|Chevrolet Impala]] (1984-1985),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Stamping||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Stamped body parts for Cadillac||1956||1987||Located at 9501 Conner St. Originally built by Clayton &amp; Lambert Manufacturing Company for their Knodell Division. Sold to Hudson Motor Car Company in 1925. Made bodies for Hudson. Bought by GM in 1956. Demolished in 2021. Site used by [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] to make seats to supply GM's Factory Zero plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Cartercar automobiles||1909||1915||Located on Franklin Rd. where Franklin turns into Linfere St. which then intersects with Brush St. This factory previously belonged to Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works. Cartercar moved into this factory in 1908. Cartercar was purchased by GM on October 26, 1909. Cartercar was known for its [[w:Friction drive|friction drive transmission]]. GM closed Cartercar in 1915. There was then talk that GM would build a 6-cylinder Oakland model at this factory but it doesn't seem to have ever happened. GM sold the factory to Olympian Motors Company in 1917, which built Olympian cars there from 1917-1919. In 1920, the factory was sold to Friend Motors Corporation. Initially, Friend Motors Corporation continued production of Olympian cars and then switched to production of new Friend cars in 1921 but production ended with less than 50 cars built and Friend Motors went out of business. In 1922, Friend Motors owner Otis Friend filed for bankruptcy and factory ownership was transferred to Gotham National Bank in a foreclosure sale. The next occupant of the plant was the Wolverine Manufacturing Company which built furniture. Later, it was used as an agricultural supply warehouse. Most of the complex is gone but one building remains at 20 Franklin Rd. It was last occupied by House of Bedrooms, a furniture store. One side of the building still says &quot;The Wolverine&quot; at the top. The other side that faces Brush St. still says &quot;Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works&quot; right under what were the highest row of windows.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chevrolet Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Axles, gears, other components||1919||1994||Located at 1840 Holbrook Ave. Absorbed the former Northway engine plant on Holbrook Ave. in 1926 when Northway was liquidated by GM. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2012, demolished in 2013. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Chicago Metal Fabrication||[[w:Willow Springs, Illinois|Willow Springs, Illinois]]||United States||Stampings (such as floorpans) for GM vehicles||1953||1989||Located at 79th Street and Willow Springs Road. Buick produced J65-B-3 jet engines here for the [[w:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|Republic F-84F Thunderstreak]]/RF84-F Thunderflash for use in the Korean War. Plant was associated with Buick-Oldsmobile-Cadillac Group but made body parts for all 5 of GM's passenger car divisions. Sold to [[w:United Parcel Service|UPS]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Chile|General Motors de Chile]]||[[w:Arica|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Chevrolet LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#South America 2|Chevrolet Grand LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet D-Max]]||1968&lt;br&gt;1974||1971&lt;br&gt;2008||Originally belonged to Alberto Avayú y Cía. S.A.I.C. (part of Empresas Indumotora) which built vehicles under license for GM beginning in 1960. Avayú built the [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C-1434]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Furgón (van)]]. GM bought the plant in 1968. Built [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]] &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C10]]. GM left Chile at the end of 1971 but returned in 1974. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C-10 and C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] medium duty truck, [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette]], and Japanese [[w:Isuzu Aska#South America (Chile, Ecuador)|Chevrolet Aska]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Cleveland Division||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Bodies for GM vehicles||1921||1983||Located at Coit Road and E. 140th Street. Founded as Fisher Body Ohio Co. GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and the remaining 40% in 1926. Began by building bodies for Chandler, Cleveland (a subsidiary of Chandler), Chrysler, and the Oakland &amp; Chevrolet divisions of GM. After 1926, it only made bodies for GM. In 1936, the plant switched from making whole bodies to doing metal trim and fabrication due to a decrease in demand for cars due to the Depression. Production of auto bodies resumed after World War II. Built bodies for low-volume models like the 55-57 Chevy Nomad and convertible models. In the 1970's, it built large stamping dies and upholstery &amp; trim sets. Closed in August 1983 as a metal fabrication plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Heavy-duty diesel engines for locomotives, marine use (ships and submarines), and stationary use||1930||1962||Founded by Alexander Winton, company began operation in Nov. 1912 as the Winton Gas Engine &amp; Mfg. Co. at 2116 W. 106th St. Renamed the Winton Engine Works in 1916 and later as the Winton Engine Company. GM bought Winton Engine Co. on June 20, 1930 and renamed it Winton Engine Corp. on June 30, 1930. In 1938, it was renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In January 1941, locomotive engine development and production was transferred to GM's Electro-Motive Division. Marine and stationary diesel engines were still handled by Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In the 1950s, Cleveland Diesel Engine expanded with the acquisition of plants at 2160 W. 106th St. and 8200 Clinton Rd. The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950's reduced the US Navy's need for the large diesel engines produced by Cleveland Diesel and in 1962, GM closed down the division and transferred any remaining engine production to Electro-Motive Division's La Grange plant in McCook, Illinois. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Colmotores|GM Colmotores]]||[[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]]||[[w:Colombia|Colombia]]||Products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Onix#First generation (2013)|Chevrolet Joy]] 

&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series truck]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series truck]], Chevrolet LV-series Bus 

||1979||2024||Founded in 1956 as Colmotores, production began in 1962 with the [[w:Austin Motor Company|Austin]] brand, then switched to the [[w:Dodge|Dodge]] brand in 1965 when Chrysler took a 60% stake in what was now Colmotores-Chrysler. GM took over Colmotores in 1979 (Chrysler was dropped from the company name at this point). Chevrolet truck production began in 1980. Chevrolet car production began in 1982. Colmotores became GM Colmotores in 1991. Closed in April 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past products from [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]: [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]], [[w:GMC Brigadier|Chevrolet Brigadier/Super Brigadier]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Faster|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]]: [[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Chevrolet Sprint]] (note: this is the same name as the one that was sold in the U.S. and Canada in the 80's), [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Swift]], [[w:Suzuki Alto#Fifth generation (1998)|Chevrolet Alto]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Third generation (1998)|Chevrolet Jimny]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Second generation (1981)|Chevrolet Samurai]], [[w:Suzuki Solio#Predecessor: Wagon R-Wide (MA61S/MB61S; 1997)|Chevrolet Wagon R+]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Opel|Opel]]: [[w:Opel Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM Korea|Daewoo/GM Korea]]: [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark GT]], [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]: [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Constantine Transmission||[[w:Constantine, Michigan|Constantine, Michigan]]||United States||Automatic Transmissions||Between 1977 and 1980||Between 1987 and 1994|| Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Danville Foundry||[[w:Danville, Illinois|Danville, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]]||1943||1995|| Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Leased by [[w:Defense Plant Corporation|Defense Plant Corporation]] to pour castings for military equipment during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. Also supplied castings to Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Delco Chassis||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Bumpers||1953||1998||Site bought by GM in 1953. Located at 12950 and 13000 Eckles Road. Buildings demolished in 2001. Redeveloped into multi-tenant commercial use. One of the tenants is Amazon. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton North (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Needmore Rd.)||United States||Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1965||1999||Located at 3100 Needmore Road. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton South (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Wisconsin Blvd.)||United States||Engine Bearings/Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1936||1999||Located at 1420 Wisconsin Boulevard. Delphi Chassis Systems. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Demolished in 2003.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky, Ohio]]||United States||Wheel Bearings &amp; Wheel Bearing Assemblies||1946||1999||Located at 2509 Hayes Ave. Transferred to Delphi in 1995 which was then spun off in 1999, later sold to Hephaestus Holdings Inc. (HHI, Inc.), through its subsidiary Kyklos Bearing International (KBI) in 2008. HHI's parent, KPS Capital Partners, sold HHI to American Securities LLC in 2012. American Securities combined HHI with Metaldyne, which it also acquired in 2012, to form Metaldyne Performance Group (MPG) in 2014. Metaldyne closed the plant in 2017 when it exited the wheel bearing business.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Products]]||[[w:Kettering, Ohio|Kettering, Ohio]]||United States||Shock Absorbers, Struts, Impact Absorbers, Electric Motors, Windshield Wiper Assemblies||1957||1999||Located at 2555 Woodman Dr. (Administrative offices were at 2000 Forrer Blvd.) Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. A large portion of the site has been used by [[w:Tenneco|Tenneco Inc.]] since 2008. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anaheim, California|Anaheim, California]]||United States||Batteries||1954||1999||Known as Plant 13. Located at 1201 N. Magnolia St. Supplied batteries to GM's California assembly plants like Fremont, Southgate and Van Nuys and to the West Coast aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Is now Northgate Gonzalez Market. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Starters, Generators, HEI Ignition, DIS Ignition, Switches, Magnets||1906||1994/1999|| The Heavy Duty Systems unit and a portion of the Automotive Systems unit (passenger car cranking motors) were spun off as [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994, which was renamed [[w:Remy International|Remy International]] in 2004. Delco Remy International closed all manufacturing in Anderson in 2003. These parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) - Ignition (Plant 20) and Generator (Plant 11) products along with the Engineering Center (Plant 18) and Tooling (Plant 16) - merged with AC Rochester in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi has since closed all 4 facilities in Anderson. Plant 11 closed in 2005 &amp; was demolished in 2006. Plant 16 (2316 Jefferson St.) was sold in 2011 ERTL Enterprises &amp; is now used by multiple businesses. Plant 18 (2900 South Scatterfield Road) closed in 2003 &amp; was turned over to the city Of Anderson in 2006. Plant 20 (2812 E 38th St.) closed in 2007 &amp; is now a distribution center for Sutong Tire Resources, a Chinese tire importer. Plant 45, at 6435 South Scatterfield Road, was the Magnequench plant that produced rare earth neodymium magnets. That business is now owned by NEO Material Technologies of Toronto, Ontario, Canada but the plant itself is now owned by Home Design Products, which makes plastic chairs and other products.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1936||1945||Located on 55 La France Ave. During WWII, became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division from 1942 making wiring harnesses, hydraulic tubing and assemblies, and ammunition boxes for the Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters made by Eastern Aircraft. After WWII, it was replaced by the New Brunswick Battery Plant as it wasn't considered economically practical to convert back to battery production. Bloomfield produced 8 million batteries for Delco Remy. In 1950, the plant was sold to General Plastics for doing fluoropolymer coating.  General Plastics and the building still exist today.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Fitzgerald, Georgia|Fitzgerald, Georgia]]||United States||Batteries||1973||1999||Known as Plant 22. Located at 342 Perry House Road. Supplied batteries to GM's Georgia assembly plants like Lakewood and Doraville and to the regional aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold its battery business to Johnson Controls in in July 2005 but the Fitzgerald plant continued supplying batteries to Johnson Controls through 2007. Closed by Delphi in 2007. Demolished. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian, Mississippi]]||United States||Starting motors, permanent magnet gear reduction cranking motors, powdered metal forge||1976||1994||Plant was originally built for National Homes Corp. Known as Plant 25. Spun off with [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994. Closed by Delco Remy International in 1998. Production consolidated in Anderson, Indiana.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Sheridan automobiles &lt;br&gt;Batteries||1919&lt;br&gt;1928||1921&lt;br&gt;1978||Located on West Willard Street. Originally built in 1908 by [[w:Inter-State Automobile Company|Inter-State Automobile Company]] which went bankrupt in 1913 and was renamed Inter-State Motor Company, resuming production in 1914. Built tractors for the military in WWI but did not resume civilian production in 1918 and the factory was idled. GM owned the plant from 1919-1921 to build the [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] brand. Sold to [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] in 1921. Bought by Delco Remy division of GM in 1928. Known as Plant 9. Replaced by more modern Plant 26 in 1978. Plant 9 was demolished in 1978-79. 

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Batteries||1977||1994|| Located at 4500 S.  Delaware Dr. Known as Plant 26. Replaced Plant 9 in 1978. Plant 26 closed and was demolished in 1998.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1946||1999||Known as Plant 12. Located at 167 Jersey Ave. Replaced the pre-war Bloomfield plant. Supplied batteries to GM's East Coast assembly plants like Tarrytown, Wilmington, and Baltimore and to the East Coast aftermarket. Started making Freedom batteries in 1973 for Chevy Vega. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold to Johnson Controls in August 2006. Closed by Johnson Controls in 2007. Partly demolished in 2014 (the south half of the building along with the guard shack in front of the plant). The remaining facility at the north end of the property is now the Cal-Chlor Corp. East Packaging and Distribution Facility. The former south end of the plant is now used for storage by Cal-Chlor.

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Olathe, Kansas|Olathe, Kansas]]||United States||Batteries||1956||1999||Known as Plant 14. Located at 400 W. Dennis Ave. Supplied batteries to GM's Midwest assembly plants like Fairfax, Oklahoma City and Wentzville. Olathe was the first plant to produce the maintenance-free battery in 1970-1971 employing what was described as wire wound grid technology. The product was sold exclusively to JC Penny. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Last product produced was a heavy duty battery for Caterpillar. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Site being redeveloped as Olathe Commerce Park. Some of the site is now a Jett Trucking terminal.

|-

|9 (1979-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Q&amp;nbsp;(1971-1978)||[[w:Detroit Assembly|Detroit Assembly]] (Cadillac Clark Street plant)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s including [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1987-1988), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1965-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1949-1984), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1953–1978), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1957–1958 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 70)]] (1957–1958), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959–1960) (chassis &amp; final finishing), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham|Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] (1977-1986), [[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Seville]] (1976–1979), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1938-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (1934-1940)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1985-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88#Eighth generation (1977–1985)|Oldsmobile Delta 88]] (1984-1985) &lt;br /&gt;Cadillac engines ||1921||1987||Located at 2860 Clark St. This was Cadillac's home plant and built all Cadillacs until 1971. During WWII, it built M5 &amp; M5A1 Stuart tanks and M24 Chaffee tanks. Cadillac also built the V8 engines that powered these tanks &amp; it also supplied engines to power these tank models made by other GM divisions and other companies as well as to power other types of armored vehicles. Cadillac also made components for aircraft engines made by GM's Allison Division. Cadillac also made M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages &amp; M19 Twin 40mm anti-aircraft carriages. Factory closed December 1987. Chrome plating operation closed in March 1993. Engineering building (including tool room) closed in March 1994. Demolished entirely. Redeveloped into Clark Street Technology Park in 1997. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fleetwood Metal Body#Purchase by Fisher|Fleetwood - Detroit Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body No. 18)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Bodies for [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] &amp; [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]||1917||1987||Originally built to build aircraft for World War I. Taken over by Fisher Body in 1919 &amp; given to Fleetwood Metal Body after Fisher Body took over Fleetwood in 1925. Fleetwood Metal Body plant. Also known as Fisher Body Plant #18. Supplied bodies to Cadillac's Clark St. plant in Detroit. Located at 261 West End Ave in the [[w:Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood of Detroit. Redeveloped into Container Port Group's Detroit facility. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]]||[[w:Redford, Michigan|Redford, Michigan]]||United States||Diesel engines for commercial vehicles||1938||1994||Located at 13400 W. Outer Drive. Was the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division from 1970 through 1987 when it again became the the Detroit Diesel Division. Spun off in 1988 as the Detroit Diesel Corp., a joint venture with Penske Corp., which had a majority stake of 60%. Penske increased its stake to 80% later in 1988 and then to 100% in 1994. Penske sold Detroit Diesel to DaimlerChrysler in 2000. DaimlerChrysler became Daimler AG in 2007. In 2019, Daimler AG spun off its truck and bus operations including Detroit Diesel into a separate company called Daimler Truck Holding AG.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Forge||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1919||1994||Located at 8435 St Aubin St.  Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck|Hamtramck]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished around 2014.  

|- 

|3||Chevrolet-Detroit Truck &amp; Bus Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|Chevrolet Step-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|GMC Value-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet &amp; GMC P-Series motorhome &amp; commercial chassis&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#1992–1996|Chevrolet Van G30 HD/ GMC Vandura G3500 HD cutaway]] (Based on P-series P30 chassis with extended front end &amp;  forward-tilting hood) 1993-1996||1974||1999||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. in Detroit (Formerly Fisher Body No. 23). P-Series motorhome &amp; stepvan chassis business (Commercial and Motorhome Chassis Division) was sold to investors (not including the Detroit plant) and became Workhorse Custom Chassis in 1999. Workhorse was later acquired by Navistar International in 2005, which later closed the Workhorse business in 2012 and sold the assets to AMP Electric Vehicles in 2013.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Detroit||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1939||1949||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.) in what had been Fisher Body Plant #10. Original assembly site for the world's first production, fully automatic transmission and the headquarters of the new GM division created to produce it - the Detroit Transmission Division. First production Hydramatic shipped to Oldsmobile in October 1939. Debuted on the 1940 Oldsmobile. A heavier-duty version then launched on the 1941 Cadillac. Hydramatics continued to be produced during World War II for use in M5/M5A1 Stuart and M24 Chafee tanks (mated to Cadillac V8s), T17E1 Staghound and  T18E2 Boarhound armored cars (mated to GMC inline-6's), M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages (mated to Cadillac V8s), LVT-3 Bushmaster amphibious landing vehicles (mated to Cadillac V8s), &amp; Mark 1 Armored Snowmobiles made by Bombardier of Canada (mated to a Cadillac V8). Hydramatic became optional on Pontiacs in 1948. Hydramatic also became optional on Lincolns in 1949. The 1 millionth Hydramatic was built in January 1949. Needing more production capacity than the original factory in Detroit could handle, the Detroit Transmission Division relocated to a newer and much bigger plant in Livonia, Michigan in September 1949. Was later used by Cadillac as a parts warehouse supplying its Clark St. plant in Detroit. Closed by GM in the early 1980's and sold. Was subsequently used by Total Foods. Last occupied by Palmer Promotional Products. Heavily damaged by a fire in February 2014. The remains of the building were then demolished by summer 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Livonia||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1949||1953||The Detroit Transmission Division moved from Detroit to a newer and larger factory in Livonia in 1949. In addition to Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Cadillac, Livonia also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Kaiser, and Fraser. However, the factory burned down in August 1953 causing 6 deaths and more than $80 million in damage. GM quickly arranged to lease Kaiser’s Willow Run factory to replace the destroyed Livonia plant and GM then bought the plant outright in November 1953 for $26 million. Salvaged equipment from Livonia was taken to [[w:Willow Run#General Motors operations|Willow Run]]; see [[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]. 

|- 

|5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (1962-1978)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]]||[[w:London, Ontario|London, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|EMD Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1961-1978)&lt;br /&gt;Terex earthmovers (1965-1980)&lt;br /&gt;Military vehicles including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:AVGP|Grizzly/Cougar/Husky LAV I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV II|LAV II (LAV-25/Bison/Coyote)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV III|LAV III]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Stryker|Stryker]]||1950 (GM Electro-Motive Division)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1961 (Transit bus)||1979 (Transit bus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2003 (GM Defense)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2005 (GM Electro-Motive Division)||Transit bus production began in London, Ontario in late 1961. Transit bus production moved to Saint-Eustache factory in 1979. The part of the property making military vehicles (armored fighting vehicles like the [[w:Stryker|Stryker]]) as GM Defense was sold in 2003 to [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems]], becoming [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems#General Dynamics Land Systems Canada|General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C)]]. Located at 1991 Oxford St E. Interestingly, General Dynamics Land Systems was originally formed in 1982 when General Dynamics bought Chrysler Defense, Chrysler's tank division in the US, which was then renamed General Dynamics Land Systems. The locomotive operations were sold in 2005 and renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], Inc. Electro-Motive was then sold to [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar's]] [[w:Progress Rail|Progress Rail]] subsidiary in 2010. The London, ON plant was then shuttered in 2012 &amp; operations moved to a new plant in Muncie, Indiana. This part of the plant is now used by HCL Logistics, which provides logistics services to next door General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada. Located at 2021 Oxford St. E.  

|- 

|3 (1981-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1979-1980)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint-Eustache Bus Plant||[[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1979-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Classic (transit bus)|GM Classic bus]] (1983-1987)||1979||1987||Located at 1000 Industriel Blvd. Manufactures [[w:transit bus|transit bus]]es. GM consolidated Canadian transit bus production here from the London, Ontario and St. Laurent, Quebec plants in 1979. New Look transit bus production ended in 1986. Sold to [[w:Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], along with the designs for the [[w:Classic (transit bus)|Classic]] bus models this factory still produced in 1987. Later sold to [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]] in 1993. Production of the Classic model bus ended in 1997. Still owned by [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]], which is owned by [[w:Volvo AB|Volvo AB]] through [[w:Prevost (bus manufacturer)|Prevost Car]]. Prevost bought 51% of Nova Bus in 1998 and bought the remaining 49% from Henlys Group in 2004. 

|- 

|M|| [[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint Laurent Bus Plant || [[w:Saint Laurent, Quebec|Saint Laurent, Quebec]] || Canada || [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1975-1979)

|| 1974 || 1979 || Bus operations moved to [[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]. 

|- 

|D &lt;br /&gt;(1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and 1965-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; C (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]]||[[w:Doraville, Georgia|Doraville, Georgia]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Uplander|Chevrolet Uplander]] (2005-2008 &amp; '09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Montana#Second generation (2005)|Pontiac Montana SV6]] (2005-2006 &amp; '07-'09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Terraza|Buick Terraza]] (2005-2007)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Relay|Saturn Relay]] (2005-2007)||1947||2008||Located at 3900 Motors Industrial Way. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Doraville began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1995. Doraville was converted to build minivans for 1997. Production ended in September 2008. Demolished. Site is being redeveloped. Parts of the site are now occupied by Nalley Automotive Group, Third Rail Studios, and Serta Simmons Bedding.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Venture|Chevrolet Venture]] (1997-2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#Second generation (1997–2004)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1997-2004), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (1997-1999)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1997-1998), [[w:Pontiac Montana|Pontiac Montana]] (1999-2005), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (Chevrolet)|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (Europe: '97-'04), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1987), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick Lesabre]] (1959-1970), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1951-1952, 1954-1958), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955, 1957-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963, 1965-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle#Third generation (1973–1977)|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1974-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1975-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 4) ( 1973-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 5) (1978-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1988-1995), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1966),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958, 1960-1966), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1964), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1960-1966, 1971-1974), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1973-1974), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1964), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1961),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981),&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC Sprint |GMC Sprint]] (1974-77), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-81),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Opel Sintra|Opel Sintra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Sintra|Vauxhall Sintra]] (1997-1999). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors East Africa||[[w:Nairobi|Nairobi]]||[[w:Kenya|Kenya]]||[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;Isuzu buses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;||1977||2017||Originally established in 1975 as GM Kenya, a joint venture with the Kenyan govt. Renamed GM East Africa in 2003. Other shareholders are Kenya’s Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC): 20%, Centum Investment Co. Ltd.: 17.8%, &amp; Itochu Corporation: 4.5%. 

Isuzu moved pickup production to South Africa in 2012 so it could focus on trucks &amp; buses at the Nairobi plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

GM sold its 57.7% stake in the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the Kenyan market. Now known as Isuzu East Africa. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu D-Max]], [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]], [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||ELAZ-GM||[[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], [[w:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]||1996||2001||GM owned about 25% &amp; ELAZ owned the other 75%. Joint venture dissolved in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Electro Motive Division|Electro Motive Division]] - [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel#EMD La Grange (McCook)|La Grange Operations]]||[[w:McCook, Illinois|McCook, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Components||1936|| ||Located at 9301 W. 55th St.&lt;br /&gt; Electro-Motive headquarters and R&amp;D operations. Locomotive production ended in 1991 and was moved to London, ON, Canada. Sold in 2005, renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], bought by Caterpillar's Progress Rail subsidiary in 2010.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]]||[[w:Clyde, Ohio|Clyde]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Elmore automobiles||1909||1912|| Factory was located on Amanda St. Bought by GM in November 1909. Elmore was known for its two-stroke engines. GM closed it down in the fall of 1912. GM sold the factory to a truckmaker named Krebs Commercial Car Company in 1912. In 1917, Krebs Commercial Car Company merged with Clyde Cars Company and Lincoln Motor Truck Company to form what became Clydesdale Motor Truck Company in 1919. Clydesdale Motor Truck Company closed in 1939 and the factory was then used by Clyde Porcelain Steel Company until the factory burned down November 11, 1945. The factory would be rebuilt and used for making washing machines by various companies, most recently, Whirlpool Corp.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ewing||[[w:Geneva, Ohio|Geneva]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Ewing automobiles||1909||1911||Bought by GM in October 1909. Made taxis. GM closed it down in 1911.

|-

|X (1965–1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;K (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fairfax Assembly|Fairfax Assembly]] (Fairfax I)||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1970-1979), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1985), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1951, 1953, 1956-1958), [[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special (B-body)]] (1947-1950, 1952-1958), [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special (Y-body)]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1982-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1982-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1974-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-70, 1975-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1981), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Fifth generation: 1977–1986|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1984-1986), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1987), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1959, 1964, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) ||1946||1987||Located at 100 Kindelberger Road. Originally, the location of the [[w:North American Aviation|North American Aviation]] Bomber Production Plant (built in 1940) where the [[w:B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] was manufactured during World War II. After the war, GM leased it in 1945 and converted the plant to auto production. Automotive production began in June 1946. GM later bought the plant in 1960. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Fairfax only began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1982. Also built [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets alongside cars beginning in 1952 and ending in May 1955 when the contract ended. Plant closed May 1987. Production moved to new building on adjacent site (Fairfax II) for 1988 model year production. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:History of General Motors#Corporate restructuring and operating losses|Fiat-GM Powertrain Polska]]||[[w:Bielsko-Biala|Bielsko-Biala]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi|GM Small Diesel Engine]] ||2003||2010|| Engine began production here in 2003 as part of Fiat-GM Powertrain, a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Fiat involving joint development and production of engines and transmissions. The joint venture was disbanded in 2005. As part of the dissolution, GM took a 50% stake in the Bielsko-Biala engine plant and the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there. In 2010, GM sold its half of the Bielsko-Biala engine plant back to Fiat. However, GM kept its half of the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there and continued to source the 1.3 liter diesel engine from the Bielsko-Biala engine plant. Chevrolet stopped using this engine around 2015. Opel was still using this engine when it was sold by GM to PSA in 2017. Opel last used this engine in 2019. This plant became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] in 2014 when Fiat and Chrysler Group merged. This plant became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021 when FCA merged with PSA Group. Stellantis has announced that the Bielsko-Biala engine plant will close by the end of 2024.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 10||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Auto bodies ||1917-&lt;br /&gt;1919||1939||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.).GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and bought the remainder in 1926. From 1926, Fisher Body only supplied bodies to GM brands. In 1939, became headquarters and manufacturing site of GM's new Detroit Transmission Division, which manufactured Hydramatic fully automatic transmissions that first appeared on the 1940 Oldsmobile.
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 12]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States|| ||1916||1942||Located at 1961 E. Milwaukee Ave. Previously used by Metzger Motor Car Company from 1910-1913 and [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]] from 1913-1916. Owned by Fisher from 1916-1942 then sold to J. Lee Hackett Co. which owned it until 1973. Used for warehousing from 1973-1981 and then demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 21]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick &amp; Cadillac&lt;br /&gt;Engineering and Tool &amp; Die operations&lt;br /&gt;Bodies for Cadillac limousines||1919||1984||Located at 700 Piquette Ave. In 1999, was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. Produced parts for B-25 bombers in World War II.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 23/23B]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Stamping plant through 1972.||1921||1972||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. #23 was the six story portion while #23B was the one story portion. Became Chevrolet's Detroit Truck &amp; Bus plant in 1974. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 37]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Large bodyside stampings||1919||1985||Located at 950 E Milwaukee Ave. Produced aircraft and tank assemblies, 90 mm AA guns, 5” naval gun housings and Lockheed missile parts during World War II. In 1989, bought by Lakeside Stamping which was renamed New Center Stamping in 1994. In 2019, New Center Stamping Inc. was taken over by Soave Enterprises and still stamps parts for automakers including GM, Ford, and Stellantis. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 40||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Tooling ||1928||1983-1984||Was located at 1500 E. Ferry St. Plant 41 was next door and was used for storage. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Plant #1|Flint Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body Flint Plant #1)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick and later also Chevrolet &amp; Oldsmobile&lt;br /&gt;||1923||1987||Located at 4000-4500 S. Saginaw St. Originally a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant. Bought by GM in 1925. Became Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint. Suplied bodies to the Buick plant in Flint (later known as Buick City). After Buick City switched to unibody, fwd cars for 1986, Flint Body began supplying bodies for G-cars built at the Pontiac Assembly plant in Pontiac, MI. Closed in Dec. 1987 when G-body production at Pontiac Assembly ended. Last body built was a Buick Regal Grand National to be completed at Pontiac Assembly. Most of the site was demolished and the remainder was converted into the Great Lakes Technology Center. GM leased space there for R&amp;D and offices (including AC Rochester world headquarters) until 2009. Various medical-related companies now occupy much of the property. The original administration building at 4300 S. Saginaw St. still stands as of 2022 and still has a Fisher Body logo at the top of the front of the building in the center.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint V8 Engine Plant/Flint Engine South|Chevrolet-Flint (V8) Engine Plant]] (Van Slyke Road)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet small-block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G140 &amp; G161Z SOHC gas&lt;br&gt; 4-cylinder engine for Chevy Chevette &amp; Pontiac 1000/Acadian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = 1975, Chevrolet Turns to Opel for the New Fuel-Saving Chevette| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081057/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1975%2C_Chevrolet_Turns_to_Opel_for_the_New_Fuel-Saving_Chevette| archive-date = 2018-01-16| publisher = General Motors| access-date = 2014-06-05| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1954||1999||Located at 3848 Van Slyke Road, down the block from the Flint Truck Assembly Plant. Only V8 engines were made until 1961, when 4 &amp; 6 cylinder engines began to be made for the 1962 Chevy II. Around 45 million Chevy small-block V8 engines were built at this plant. Plant closed in 1999 and was demolished. Land is now used by a new paint shop for the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]. The new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop inside the assembly plant. 

|- 

|1 (1929-1947)||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Manufacturing Div./Delphi Flint West/Flint Tool and Die|Chevrolet-Flint Manufacturing Complex]] (&quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot;) /&lt;br /&gt; Flint West||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] vehicles including [[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (Gen 1 &amp; 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] engines including [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#171|Chevrolet Inline-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]]&lt;br /&gt;||1913||2004||Located at 300 N. Chevrolet Ave. (formerly known as Wilcox Street). This was Chevrolet's home plant. It predated Chevrolet becoming part of GM in 1918. The complex originally included metal stamping, body assembly, vehicle assembly, engine assembly, and various component manufacturing plants. On January 11, 1940, the 25 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Sedan, was built here. Plant 2 (vehicle assembly) &amp; 2A (Fisher Body) were replaced by new plants on Van Slyke Road elsewhere in Flint in 1947 (now the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]). Plant 4 was the engine plant. It closed in 1984 but was ultimately reopened later. In 1987, the complex was taken over by the AC Spark Plug division and became AC Spark Plug Flint West. In 1988, it became AC Rochester Flint West, and in 1994 AC Delco Systems Flint West following further consolidations. In early 1995, it was renamed Delphi Flint West. Around this time, plants in the complex began to be demolished until Plant 4 closed in 2004 and was subsequently demolished. Plant 4 last made generators and fuel filters. Building 35 still exists as part of [[w:Kettering University|Kettering University]]. It is now the C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building after the addition of another floor and a new façade. Plant 38 still exists as GM's Flint Tool &amp; Die plant. All the other buildings are gone. Much of the property is being redeveloped into a park called [[w:Chevy Commons|Chevy Commons]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint North|Flint North]] Powertrain||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine|Buick V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine Components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Dynaflow|Dynaflow]] transmissions&lt;br /&gt;transmission components&lt;br /&gt; torque converters&lt;br /&gt;coil springs||1905||2010||Complex was made up of several factories. Flint North is the part of the Buick City factory complex north of Leith St. stretching north to E. Pierson Rd. [[w:Liberty L-12|Liberty aircraft engines]] were made here during WWI. Factory 36 was the engine plant. Factory 36 opened in 1952 and closed in 2008. The remainder of the complex closed by December 2010. Demolished by 2012. Part of the site (1225 E. Marengo Ave.) is now occupied by American SpiralWeld Pipe Co.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint East|Flint East]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||components (spark plugs, dashboard components such as instrument clusters, fuel system components, air/oil/fuel filters, and fuel pumps)||1929||1999||Located at 1300 North Dort Highway. (Now referred to as 2926 Davison Road, which is the north side instead of the west side of the property.) Purchased by AC Spark Plug in 1925. Plant previously belonged to [[w:Dort Motor Car Company|Dort Motor Car Company]], which went out of business in 1924. Initially produced all products other than spark plugs that were made by AC Spark Plug Co. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved from the old Industrial Ave. complex to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Became known as Flint East in 1987, when AC took over the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex from Chevrolet on Flint's west side, which became known as Flint West. Became AC Rochester in 1988 when AC Spark Plug Division merged with Rochester Products Division. AC Rochester initially had its world headquarters here, just as AC Spark Plug had before the merger. Subsequently, AC Rochester headquarters moved to the Great Lakes Technology Center in the old Flint Fisher Body plant. In 1994, AC Rochester merged with Delco Remy and became AC Delco Systems. Grouped under GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] in 1999. GM supplied the UAW workers from 2007 under agreement with Delphi and the UAW. Closed by Delphi in 2013.  

|- 

||7||[[w:Arlington Assembly#History|Fort Worth Assembly]]||[[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, Texas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]||1917||1924 

|Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Located at 2601 W. 7th St. (then known as Arlington Heights Blvd.). Is across the street from what is now Montgomery Plaza. A 3rd story was added to the building in 1920. Closed due to flood damage from the April 1922 flooding of the Trinity River and the subsequent imposition of flood-control taxes.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=mTvuAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=1920+fort+worth+chevrolet+factory&amp;pg=PA52 Lost Fort Worth, page 52&lt;/ref&gt; Montgomery Ward leased the empty Chevy plant between 1924 and 1928 to house a temporary store while its main Fort Worth facility was built across what is now West Seventh Street. That building is now Montgomery Plaza. The Chevy plant was later used by various different companies including GM's Frigidaire division as a sales and warehouse facility and later by Tandy Corp., first for its Radio Shack division and later for its corporate HQ. Demolished in 1986. Site  is now Olympus 7th Street Station, a luxury apartment building.

|- 

|G &lt;br /&gt;(Pre-1965 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1989)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; B (Pre-1961 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; F (Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac)]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (Pre-1961 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Framingham Assembly|Framingham Assembly]]||[[w:Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham, Massachusetts]]||United States||[[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|GM rwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1965-1969), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1967-1972, 1974-1976), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1966-1969, 1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1967-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1968-1977), [[w:Buick Skylark#Second generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981) 

[[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|GM fwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1988), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1983-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989) 

||1948||1989|| Located at 63 Western Ave. First vehicle produced was a 1948 Buick on February 26, 1948. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Framingham is the only BOP Assembly Division plant to switch to the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Framingham switched to Chevrolet Assembly Division in August 1959 [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/gm-framingham-ma-canada-pontiac-buick-olds-plant]. Framingham began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1960. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were then gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division. Framingham Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled October 1, 1982 but reopened March 14, 1983. Closed August 1, 1989. Sold to ADESA to use as a vehicle auction site. &lt;br/&gt;Past models: &lt;br/&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#First generation (1962–1965)|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (B-body), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1949-1950, 1955, 1958), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1952-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1954, 1956), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955, 1957, 1959) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors France S.A.||[[w:Gennevilliers|Gennevilliers]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1939||1940||Operations interrupted by German invasion of France and seizure of the plant in 1940 during WWII. 

|- 

|Z (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;F (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fremont Assembly|Fremont Assembly]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1969)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1969, 1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1969, 1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1973-81)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|GMC Jimmy]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1965-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1969)||1963||1982||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt;

Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]] though it also built Chevrolet passenger cars from the beginning. Fremont built GM's midsize A-bodies. Was the first BOP Assembly Division plant to also build Chevrolet and GMC trucks. Regular truck production began June 10, 1963. First production car built September 3, 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Plant was idled March 1982.&lt;br /&gt;

From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;

Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|P||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]]||1994||2000||Built by an [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] - GM joint venture operating out of a converted old FSO warehouse.  

|- 

|W||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2007||2011||Built by [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] for GM as part of a joint venture between [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|UkrAvto]] (parent of FSO) &amp; GM. [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|Ukravto]] owned 60% &amp; [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo]] owned 40%. The production license ended in 2011 &amp; was not renewed. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Berlin|Berlin]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1927||1932||Replaced Hamburg plant. Located in Borsigwalde area of Berlin. Also predates the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]] by GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Hamburg|Hamburg]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1926||1927||GM's first German plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]]. Located in a leased warehouse.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] ||1924||1930||GM's first British plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Operated out of a leased plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]                       ||1938||1946||Operations interrupted by German bombing of the UK during WWII. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]]||[[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1953||1970's||Originally a GM owned plant (General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation). Sold to [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1963. Nationalized in 1972, it then became National Motors Ltd. Privatized to the [[w:Bibojee Group|Bibojee Group]] in 1992 who reverted back to the previous name, Ghandhara Industries. Ghandara Industries assembles Isuzu vehicles today. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[GM-Auto]]||[[w:Saint-Petersburg|Saint-Petersburg]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]] 

||2007||2015||Includes operations at the temporary &quot;Arsenal plant&quot; &amp; the permanent plant in [[w:Shushary, Saint Petersburg|Shushary]]. GM ceased most operations in Russia back in 2015 and the GM-Auto plant closed. Sold to Hyundai Motor in 2020.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-AvtoVAZ|GM-AvtoVAZ]]||[[w:Tolyatti|Togliatti]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Viva|Chevrolet Viva]]||2002||2019||Was originally owned 41.5% by GM, 41.5% by AvtoVAZ, &amp; 17% by [[w:EBRD|EBRD]]. In 2012, [[w:EBRD|EBRD]] was bought out &amp; GM-AvtoVAZ became 50/50 owned by GM &amp; AvtoVAZ. The GM-AvtoVAZ joint venture was dissolved in 2019 when AvtoVAZ bought out GM. The Chevrolet Niva was renamed Lada Niva Travel during 2020. AvtoVAZ was a part of [[w:Renault Group|Renault Group]] from 2016 until 2022. 

|- 

|4||GM España S.A.||[[w:Figueruelas|Figueruelas]], [[w: Zaragoza (province)| Zaragoza (province)]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Corsa|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] A, B, C, D, E (5 door, van)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Meriva|Opel/Vauxhall Meriva]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra A (1994–2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Nova|Vauxhall Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Third generation (SB; 1994–2000)|Holden Barina (SB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Fourth generation (XC; 2001–2005)|Holden Barina (XC)]]||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Indonesia||Pondok Ungu, [[w:Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||After reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before temporary closure in 2005:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blazer|Opel Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Optima]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]]||1995||2015||PT Garmak Motor assembled models under license from GM beginning in 1976, before the establishment of their joint venture with GM in 1993. These license built models include: [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks, [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Morina]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord E 3-d panel van]], [[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk 1)]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk II)]], &amp; [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper/Stallion]].  

Originally established as PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which was owned 60% by GM and 40% by PT Garmak Motor. GM bought out Garmak in 1997 taking 100% of the shares. The assembly plant was closed from 2005-2011 and reopened in 2012 to make the Chevy Spin. Closed again in June 2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Java||[[w:Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] ([[w:Opel 1.2 Liter|1.2 Liter]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[w:Vauxhall 10-4|10-4]])||1927||1953||First Car Factory in what is now Indonesia (at the time, it was the Dutch East Indies). GM pulled out of Indonesia in 1954 and liquidated the company by 1956. Sold to P.N. Gaja Motors, which assembled the Opel Rekord and Kadett in the 1960's. Eventually became part of Astra International and its joint ventures with Toyota/Daihatsu.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Tampoi, Johor|Tampoi]], [[w:Johor|Johor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Gemini|Opel Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Bedford Harimau]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1968||1982||Originally Capital Motor Assembly Corp., which assembled Opel models under license from GM beginning in 1968. These license built models include: [[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]] A, [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett B]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord C]], &amp; components. Capital Motor also assembled cars for Honda and Datsun (Nissan). GM bought Capital Motor Assembly in 1971 and renamed it GM Malaysia. Malaysian government policies that said Malaysians had to own a majority of local auto assembly plants forced GM to sell GM Malaysia to Oriental Holdings in 1980 which then renamed the unit Oriental Assemblers. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1982. Oriental Assemblers continued making Honda cars at this plant until around 2004.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Philippines, Inc.||[[w:Paco, Manila|Paco district]], [[w:Manila|Manila]]||[[w:Philippines|Philippines]]||[[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini|Isuzu Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Philippines|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo/Tiger/Harabas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] ||1953||1985||Originally Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. Yutivo assembled various models under license from GM beginning in 1953. GM bought a 49% stake in Yutivo in 1972 and renamed it GM Philippines. Isuzu invested in the company in 1979 and it was renamed GM Pilipinas, Inc. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1985 and GM sold the plant to Isuzu in 1994. Isuzu closed this plant and company in 1995 and replaced it with a new plant in Biñan, Laguna owned by a new subsidiary (Isuzu Philippines Corporation).  

|- 

|G||[[w:GM Manufacturing Poland|GM Manufacturing Poland Sp. z o.o.]]||[[w:Gliwice|Gliwice]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#Astra K (B16; 2015)|Opel Astra]] K (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra J (P10; 2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (3-door, 4-door sedan, 5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra Classic III]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Sixth generation (PJ; 2015)|Holden Astra (PJ)]] (GTC, VXR)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra H]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra G (T98; 1998)|Opel Astra Classic II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra Classic (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra F (T92; 1992)|Opel Astra Classic I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Agila#First generation (H00; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Solio#First generation (MA63S/MA64S/MA32S; 1999)|Suzuki Wagon R+ (2005-2007)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Cascada|Opel/Vauxhall Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cascada|Holden Cascada (CJ)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira B]]||1998||2019|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Continued to supply the [[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.   

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Powertrain Fredericksburg||[[w:Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg, Virginia]]||United States||Torque converter clutches for automatic transmissions||1979||2010|| Located at 11032 Tidewater Trail. Originally part of Delco Moraine Division, which bought the plant in 1978 from American Poclain. Moved to GM Powertrain division in 1993. Sold to idX Corp. in 2017.  

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Powertrain Poland|GM Powertrain Poland]]||[[w:Tychy|Tychy]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||Diesel engines including the Isuzu [[w:Circle L engine|Circle L engine]]||1999||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Originally founded as Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL) in 1996. GM bought 60% in 2002 &amp; the remaining 40% in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] along with Opel in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Grand Blanc Metal Center|Grand Blanc Metal Center]]||[[w:Grand Blanc, Michigan|Grand Blanc, Michigan]]||United States||Metal stampings and metal fabrication of body components, Tooling jigs-and-fixtures||1942||2013||Located at 10800 S. Saginaw St. Originally opened to build tanks. Also known as the Fisher Body Tank Plant. Built [[w:M4 Sherman|M4 Sherman]] and [[w:M26 Pershing|M26 Pershing]] tanks during WWII and [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks beginning in 1952. Buick used it as a warehouse from 1947 until Fisher Body bought it in 1951. Converted in 1955 into an automotive body metal fabricating plant. Became part of GM's Metal Fabricating Division in 1994 and became Grand Blanc Weld Tool Center in 2002.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Metal Center||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1936||2009||Located at 300 36th Street SW. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Guide Lamp Division||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Headlamp, Taillamp assemblies||1929||1998||GM bought Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing Company in 1928, becoming part of the Delco Remy division initially before becoming the separate Guide Lamp Division in 1929. Guide Lamp Division was renamed Guide Division in 1975. Guide Division merged with Fisher Body in 1984 to create Fisher Guide. Fisher Guide then merged with the Inland Division in 1990 to form Inland Fisher Guide. In 1998, Guide operations were sold to [[w:Palladium Equity Partners|Palladium Equity Partners]] which turned the operation into Guide Corp. In 2007, Guide Corp. closed down.  

|- 

|H||[[w:General Motors India|Halol]]||[[w:Halol|Halol]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail]] (sedan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||1995||2017||Past models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet SRV|Chevrolet SRV]] (sports hatch), [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Enjoy|Chevrolet Enjoy]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]](sedan), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Sail]] (hatchback), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Swing]](station wagon), [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]. &lt;br /&gt; 

The new [[w:General Motors India|GM India]] began as a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1994.The Halol plant was bought from [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1995. GM bought out [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1999.  

Sold to SAIC to produce [[w:MG Motor India|MG Motor India]] vehicles in 2017.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Hamilton-Fairfield Stamping Plant||[[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]]||United States||Stampings &amp; Bodies for GM vehicles||1947||1988||Located at 4400 Dixie Highway. Now the Fisher Industrial Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Harrison Radiator Division - Moraine||[[w:Moraine|Moraine]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Machining and assembly of automotive A/C compressors, valves, and accumulator dehydrators||1941||1999||Located at 3600 Dryden Road. Originally built for [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]]. In 1975, automotive and appliance operations were split with the automotive operations becoming Delco Air Conditioning Division. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliance division was sold in 1979. Delco Air Conditioning Division merged into Harrison Radiator Division in 1981. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems. Closed by Delphi in 2003. Demolished by 2005.  

|- 

|H1, H2,&lt;br&gt; H3, H4 [https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_identification]||Holden Acacia Ridge Plant||[[w:Acacia Ridge, Queensland|Acacia Ridge, Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]||1966||1984||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Replaced Fortitude Valley plant.

|- 

|A||Holden Birkenhead Plant||[[w:Birkenhead, South Australia|Birkenhead, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1981||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1938. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Birkenhead combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Birkenhead assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and complete cars were assembled in Birkenhead. Vehicle production ended in 1965 when the Elizabeth plant started making complete vehicles. Birkenhead was then used as an export boxing area, a parts warehouse, and also assembled earthmoving equipment for Terex (then owned by GM) from 1969 until the mid 1970's. 

|- 

|M,&lt;br&gt; J1, J2, J3, &lt;br&gt; and J4-J9||Holden Dandenong Plant||[[w:Dandenong|Dandenong]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LH, LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Sunbird|Holden Sunbird]] LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Nova|Holden Nova]] LE, LF &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Toyota Corolla (E90)#Australia|Toyota Corolla (E90)]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford by Isuzu &amp; [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters &amp; other components||1956|||1996||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also assembled Chevrolet trucks, Bedford vans &amp; trucks and Frigidaire appliances. Built the 1 millionth Holden (an EJ) in October 1962, the 2 millionth Holden (an HK) in March 1969, and the 4 millionth Holden (a VC Commodore) in June 1981. Vehicle production by Holden ceased in 1989, vehicle production by Toyota for itself and for Holden lasted from 1989-1994 under a plant lease agreement. Minor assembly until 1996. Then became known as Holden Service Parts Operations (HSPO) which manages the distribution and marketing of Holden service parts and accessories for the Holden dealer network and international customers.  

|- 

|L,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; L1, L2, &lt;br&gt; L3-L5||Holden Elizabeth Plant||[[w:Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Berlina|Holden Berlina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Calais|Holden Calais]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Caprice|Holden Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Ute|Holden Ute]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Statesman|Holden Statesman]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Vauxhall VXR8|Vauxhall VXR8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] (2014-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice PPV|Chevrolet Caprice PPV]] (2011-2017)

|1959||2017||[[w:Holden|Holden]] manufacturing plant. Holden Vehicle Manufacturing Operations. Located at 180 Philip Highway. First opened as a body hardware plant making components, then expanded to making complete vehicle bodies in 1962, then expanded to making complete vehicles in 1965. Elizabeth became Holden’s only remaining car manufacturing plant in Australia in 1994. Built the 5 millionth Holden (a VN Calais) in August 1990, the 6 millionth Holden (a VX Commodore SS) in June 2001, and the 7 millionth Holden (a VE Commodore) in August 2008. Total number of vehicles built at all plants in Australia by Holden (including export models) from 1948-2017 is 7,687,675. Production ended October 20, 2017. Final vehicle made at Elizabeth and final Australian-built Holden was a VFII Commodore Redline with a manual transmission.[https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/holdens-manufacturing-closure-by-the-numbers-109466/] 

Cars produced before its final year before closure included the [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fifth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (2004-2006), [[w:Vauxhall Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]], [[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]], [[w:Pontiac G8|Pontiac G8]] (2008-2009), [[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Holden Cruze (JH)]], [[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JS)]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand WB]], [[w:Holden WB|Holden WB]] Ute &amp; One-Tonner, [[w:Holden Adventra|Holden Adventra]], [[w:Holden Crewman|Holden Crewman]], [[w:Chevrolet Lumina#Holden-based models|Chevrolet Lumina]], [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fifth generation (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Caprice]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]] 5-door, [[w:Chevrolet Omega|Chevrolet Omega]] B &amp; C, [[w:Buick Royaum|Buick Royaum]], [[w:Daewoo Statesman|Daewoo Statesman]], and [[w:Daewoo Veritas|Daewoo Veritas]]. Also, [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries#Toyota Lexcen|Toyota Lexcen]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Fishermans Bend Plant (Port Melbourne)||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:GM High Feature engine|Holden Alloytec V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#3800 V6|Buick V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II I4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Holden Starfire I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor|Holden straight-six motor]]&lt;br /&gt;Manual transmissions&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Salisbury differential|Holden Banjo/Salisbury differentials]]&lt;br /&gt;Axles&lt;br /&gt;Stampings&lt;br /&gt;Components&lt;br /&gt;Foundry ||1936||2016||Headquarters of GM Holden Ltd. &lt;br /&gt; Holden's Engine Company/Holden Engine Operations.&lt;br /&gt;  

Used to build vehicles as well including the [[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]] &amp; [[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]. Vehicle assembly ended in 1956 and was moved to Dandenong. &lt;br /&gt; Versions of the Alloytec/High Feature V6 were also supplied to [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab]] &amp; [[w:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] from this plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

Sold to the Victorian state Government in 2016.  

|- 

|B||Holden Fortitude Valley Plant||[[w:Fortitude Valley|Fortitude Valley]], [[w:Queensland|Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;||1927||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Fortitude Valley combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Replaced by Acacia Ridge plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Marrickville Plant||[[w:Marrickville, New South Wales|Marrickville, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]||1926||1940||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Marrickville combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Pagewood plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Melbourne Plant (City Road)||[[w:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1926||1936||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Acquired by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Melbourne combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Fishermans Bend plant.  

|- 

|P,&lt;br&gt; L6||Holden Mosman Park Plant||[[w:Mosman Park, Western Australia|Mosman Park (formerly Cottesloe Beach)]], [[w:Western Australia|Western Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1972||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1932 until 1935. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Mosman Park combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Mosman Park assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and final assembly was done in Mosman Park. Plant was closed down in 1972. Demolished in the early 1990s. 

|- 

|S,&lt;br&gt; H5, H6, H7,&lt;br&gt; H8, H9||Holden Pagewood Plant||[[w:Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;Body making||1940||1980||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also produced military equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Pagewood combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Pagewood assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Also made Frigidaire appliances. Built the 3 millionth Holden (an HQ) in June 1974. Vehicle production ended in 1980 while plant closedown operations extended into 1981.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Holden Woodville Plant|Holden Woodville Plant]]||[[w:Woodville, South Australia|Woodville, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]:&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Paint shop&lt;br /&gt;Body Hardware&lt;br /&gt;Trim&lt;br /&gt;Tool &amp; Die&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tri-Matic|Tri-Matic]] automatic transmission||1923||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built before Holden was taken over by GM. Built car bodies for many brands of cars including GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, GMC, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford) and non-GM brands (Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, Plymouth, Willys, Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Austin, Morris, Rover, Standard, Fiat, &amp; others). (Holden Motor Body Works.) Also produced military equipment during WWII. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components were made in Woodville. Also produced replacement parts for discontinued models. Most operations transferred to Elizabeth between 1959 &amp; 1965. Built the Tri-Matic automatic transmission from 1969-1987. Plant sold in 1984. Tri-Matic production area was leased back until production ended. Other companies continued production of spare parts.  

|- 

|V||[[w:IBC Vehicles|IBC Vehicles Ltd.]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:GMM Luton|GMM Luton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Company Profile |publisher=Vauxhall |url=http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090629105853/http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford CF#CF2|Bedford CF2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Fargo#Bedford Midi / Vauxhall Midi|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME/Isuzu Midi/&lt;br&gt;Bedford Seta/Vauxhall Albany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Bedford Rascal|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME Rascal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Export models|Suzuki Super Carry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#Second generation (UER25FW, UES25FW, UES73FW; 1998–2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Frontera#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Holden Frontera (UT)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] A (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic (X83)]] (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar (X83)]] (low roof versions only)||1950 (as AA Block of Luton plant)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1984 (as Bedford Luton Van Plant)||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. Began as the Bedford van plant when Bedford vans were moved out of the Luton passenger car plant and into a separate, nearby plant (AA Block [body assembly and paint] &amp;&lt;br&gt; K Block [trim and final assembly] of the Luton complex) connected by a bridge so that components for the CF van made in the car plant could be easily transferred to the van plant. Was part of the Bedford Commercial Vehicles Division of the GM Overseas Commercial Vehicles Corp. CF2 production ended in July 1987. Built the Isuzu-designed Midi from December 20, 1984 through May 23, 1996 though the Midi was still available through the 1997 model year. An upscale, 7-psgr. variant of the Midi called the Vauxhall Albany was built for 1991 only. Built the Suzuki-designed Rascal from February 1986 through July 3, 1993. Also built the Rascal's Suzuki counterpart, the Super Carry, for the UK &amp; other European markets. Became a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] called IBC Vehicles Ltd., which was incorporated on January 20, 1987. Production under IBC Vehicles began in October 1987 after the plant was reorganized and staff was retrained. GM owned 60% &amp; Isuzu held 40%. The Bedford brand was discontinued and replaced by the Vauxhall brand on light commercial vehicles as of June 1, 1990. GM bought Isuzu's stake in IBC Vehicles back in 1998 &amp; the operation was again a subsidiary of GM. It was then renamed GMM (GM Manufacturing) Luton. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:IDA-Opel|IDA-Opel]]||[[w:Kikinda|Kikinda]], [[w:Socialist Republic of Serbia|Socialist Republic of Serbia]]||[[w:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa A (S83; 1982)|Opel Corsa]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] D &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kikinda#Senator A (1978–1986)|Opel Kikinda]] (Senator A)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994)|Opel Omega]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord]] E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1977||1992|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel affiliate]]. A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry. IDA = Industrija Delova Automobila or Industry of Automobile Parts. The operation exported iron castings, brake, and axle components to GM/Opel, thus allowing partially built Opels to be imported into Yugoslavia and not be counted as imports. Ended by the wars of the breakup of Yugoslavia and imposition of ssanctions on Yugoslavia in 1992. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers including Opel.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Indianapolis Metal Center||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]||United States||Metal stampings for trucks||1930||2011||Located at 340 S. White River Parkway W. Drive. Stamping plant. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1930. Became a Chevrolet plant making truck bodies. Became part of GM Truck &amp; Bus Group in 1982 and in early 1992, became part of NATP (North American Truck Platforms) and later transferred to CLCD (Cadillac/Luxury Car Division) before joining the Metal Fabrication Division in 1994. Closed in June 2011. Demolished in 2014-2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Columbus, Ohio)||[[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies &amp; Small Components||1946||1999||Located at 200 Georgesville Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2007. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Dayton Plant||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Engine Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Transmission Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Strut Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Steering Wheels&lt;br /&gt;Liteflex Springs&lt;br /&gt;Brake Linings&lt;br /&gt;Brake Hose&lt;br /&gt;Brake Pads&lt;br /&gt;Ball Joints&lt;br /&gt;Ice Cube Trays ||1921||1999||Located at 2701 Home Avenue (originally Home Road). The first factory building was built in 1910 by the Wright Company and made airplanes and components. The 2nd factory building was built in 1911 &amp; made airplane engines. Aircraft production ceased in 1916. 13 different types of planes had been produced. In Feb. 1917, the plants were sold to the Darling Motor Co. but they went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The Dayton-Wright Company bought the site from Darling Motor on March 22, 1917 and made aircraft parts at the site for its Moraine assembly plant from 1918 to 1919. Dayton-Wright Company was bought by GM in 1919 &amp; it was initially run as a GM subsidiary. In 1923, the aircraft part of the business was sold to Consolidated Aircraft Co. &amp; this site switched from aviation production to automotive production. Inland Manufacturing Division (originally Inland Mfg. Company) of GM was formed on January 6, 1923 at this site, initially to make steering wheels. Merged with Fisher Guide to became Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Delphi closed it in 2008. The 2 original Wright Brothers' buildings were left standing and became part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009 but the rest was demolished around 2014. The Wright Brothers factory buildings were damaged by fire in March 2023.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Detroit - Fort St.)||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||Door hinges and interior parts||1920||1989||Located at 6307 W. Fort St. &amp; Livernois St. Was Ternstedt's headquarters until 1962. Originally opened by Ternstedt Manufacturing Co., which was taken over by Fisher Body Co. in 1920. Became part of GM when GM took over Fisher Body in 1926. Ternstedt became a separate division of GM in 1948 before merging back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Was a plant for the Ternstedt Division (Plant# 16) of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Is now Evans Distribution Systems.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Elyria, Ohio)||[[w:Elyria, Ohio|Elyria, Ohio]]||United States||Car seats||1947||1990||Located at 1400 Lowell St. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Euclid, Ohio)||[[w:Euclid, Ohio|Euclid, Ohio]]||United States||Vehicle Bodies until 1970&lt;br /&gt;Then, trim fabrication, seat covers &amp; backs, upholstery, door panels, sunvisors, &amp; other interior parts.&lt;br /&gt;Also made seats &amp; cushions for Sea Ray Boats||1947||1993||Located at 20001 Euclid Ave. Originally built in 1943. Bought by GM in 1947 from Cleveland Pneumatic Aerol Co., which made rocket shells and aircraft landing gear there during WWII. Was a Fisher Body plant making bodies for Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick until 1970. Then became a Fisher Trim Fabrication plant. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed in 1993. Site currently in use by an industrial supply store (HGR) and indoor sports facilities (The Sports Plant).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Automotive industry in Flint, Michigan#Coldwater Road Plant|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Flint - Coldwater Road)]]||[[w:Genesee Township, Michigan|Genesee Township, Michigan]]||United States||Window regulators, door hinges, door modules and seat adjusters||1953||1996||Located at 1245 East Coldwater Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making window regulators and door hinges and modules. Closed by Peregrine in 1998. A GM subsidiary called REALM bought the property in 1999 and GM used the administration building until 2000. Demolished by 2001. Site now used by Deployment Strategies Group LLC for container storage. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Grand Rapids, Michigan)||[[w:Walker, Michigan|Walker, Michigan]]||United States||Interior trim||1942||1998||Located at 2150 Alpine Avenue NW. Built by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation to make wooden gliders for use in WWII. Bought by GM in the early 1950's. Built fuselages for &lt;br /&gt;[[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Became part of Delphi in 1995. Sold by GM to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1998. Closed by Lear in 2005. Now called Avastar Park, a multi-tenant industrial site.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Livonia, Michigan)||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Cushions, Seat Pads, Seat Backs, Door Panel Trim||1954||1995||Built on the site of the former Detroit Transmission Division plant that burned down in 1953. Located at 28400 Plymouth Road. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1995. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making interior trim parts. Peregrine then closed the plant in 1998. Now the Plymouth Road Technical Center, a multi-tenant site for industrial, warehousing, and logistics purposes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Syracuse)||[[w:Salina, New York|Salina, New York]]||United States||Metal auto parts (die casting, stamping, machining, painting, plating), Plastic trim parts - exterior and interior (injection molding)||1952||1993||Located at One General Motors Drive (address sometimes listed as 1000 Town Line Road). Plastic operations were added in the early 1960's. Metal operations were subsequently reduced and ultimately replaced by the plastic operations by the early 1970's. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed December 1993. Property is now Salina Industrial Powerpark, a multi-tenant industrial park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Tecumseh, Michigan)||[[w:Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Pads &amp; Backs||1966||1988||Located at 5550 Occidental Highway. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984. Now occupied by Uniloy Inc., a plastics company. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Trenton)]]||[[w:West Trenton, New Jersey|West Trenton]], [[w:Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]], [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]]||United States||Door handles&lt;br /&gt;Hinges&lt;br /&gt;Door locks&lt;br /&gt;Seat adjusters&lt;br /&gt;Exterior body moldings and painted components||1938||1998||Located at 1445 Parkway Ave. Built 7,546 [[w:TBM Avenger|TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers during WWII under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. In 1961, the facility became the first commercial user in the United States to use a programmable industrial robot to replace human workers. Brief article about the plant's closing and displaced workers. 1993 Plant closing date was later delayed until Summer of 1998 : [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB1E3EF937A35751C1A964958260] Originally part of the [[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Ternstedt Division|Ternstedt Division]] of Fisher Body, then the Ternstedt Division of GM in 1948 before Ternstedt merged back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1998. Plant was subsequently demolished. Site redeveloped into Ewing Town Center, a mixed retail and residential complex. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Vandalia, Ohio)||[[w:Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies&lt;br /&gt;Seat Pads&lt;br /&gt;Instrument Panels||1941||1999||Located at 250 Northwoods Boulevard. Originally a GM Aeroproducts division facility making aircraft propellers, Aeroproducts division became part of GM's Allison division in 1952, site was absorbed by GM's Inland division in 1961 after propeller production moved to Allison's Indianapolis operation in 1960, merged into Inland Fisher Guide division in 1991, became part of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary in 1995 and transferred to Delphi Chassis Division. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Transferred to Delphi Thermal Division in 2007. Sold in 2015 to [[w:Mahle GmbH|Mahle GmbH]]. Mahle transferred operations to its Behr plant in Dayton and closed the Vandalia plant by 2016. Mahle sold the property in 2017.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors International A/S||[[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]||[[w:Denmark|Denmark]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1924||1974||GM's 1st European assembly plant &amp; 1st assembly plant outside North America. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet utility truck on January 7, 1924. Pontiac assembly began July 24, 1926. Oakland, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick assembly began in 1929. In the 1960's, the Chevy Chevelle &amp; Buick Skylark were assembled along with most Opel &amp; Vauxhall models. Station wagon-based vans were assembled as was the Opel 1500, based on the 1200. Production ended in Oct. 1974. Over 550,000 units had been produced.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Ipiranga]]||[[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1925||1930||GM's 1st Brazilian assembly plant. Replaced by Sao Caetano do Sul plant.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pars Khodro|General Motors Iran]]||[[w:Tehran|Tehran]]||[[w:Imperial State of Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]||[[w:Opel Commodore#Foreign assembly|Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Chevrolet Iran (Nova)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Buick Skylarks in Iran|Buick Iran (Skylark)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Iran (Seville)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C/K pickup]] ||1974||1987||When the Shah ruled Iran, GM established a joint venture in Iran called GM Iran. GM held 45% while Pars Khodro held the other 55%. Production began on January 15, 1974 of the Opel Commodore-based Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale. By 1977, this was replaced by the American Chevrolet Nova, Buick Skylark, &amp; Cadillac Seville. Chevy pickups followed. Once the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Revolution and Iran was taken over by fanatics, GM abandoned the factory &amp; Iran. The company became Pars Khodro and the local management changed. Production of GM models continued sporadically until 1987 when it finally ended. 

|- 

|J (1953-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Janesville Assembly Plant|Janesville Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville, Wisconsin]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1992-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1995-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1947-1966, 1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tiltmaster|Chevrolet Tiltmaster/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Forward|GMC Forward/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|GMC Yukon]] (1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1992-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)||1919||2009||Located at 1000 General Motors Dr. Was the oldest active GM assembly plant at time of its closure in 2009; largest under one roof in the U.S. 

Originally built [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson tractors]] from 1919-1922. Also made [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1922. Started producing Chevrolets on Feb. 14, 1923. Plant closed from September 1932 - late 1933. During World War II, both the Chevy &amp; Fisher Body sides of the plant were controlled by Oldsmobile and made artillery shells. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Janesville Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. On April 21, 1967, the 100 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a blue, two-door Chevrolet Caprice, was produced at the Janesville plant. Full-size cars ended production in 1982 and were replaced by the compact J-cars like the Cavalier. Last passenger car built was the 1991 Chevy Cavalier. Only SUVs and trucks were subsequently built. SUV production ended Dec. 23, 2008. Last vehicle produced was a black 2009 Chevy Tahoe. Medium-duty truck production ended on April 23, 2009, marking the end of vehicle production at Janesville. Officially, the plant was placed on &quot;standby&quot; status but production never restarted and the 2015 GM-UAW contract allowed Janesville to be closed permanently. Demolished from 2018-2019.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]], [[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]], [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]], [[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1988-1989), [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982-1988), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|Chevrolet Kodiak (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|Chevrolet B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|GMC Sierra C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC TopKick (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|GMC B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1997-2002)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kalamazoo Metal Center||[[w:Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo, Michigan]]||United States||Stamped Body panels ||1965||1999|| Located at 5200 East Cork Street. Metal stamping plant. Started out as a Fisher Body plant. Now Midlink Business Park. 

|- 

|K||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Gunsan|Kunsan]], [[w:Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cruze#Australia|Holden Cruze (JG sedan/JH wagon)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra Sedan (BL)]] (4-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family Z engine|Family Z diesel engine]]||1997||2018||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]], [[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]], [[w:Daewoo Tacuma|Daewoo Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]], [[w:Holden Viva|Holden Viva (JF)]], [[w:Suzuki Forenza|Suzuki Forenza]], [[w:Suzuki Reno|Suzuki Reno]] 

This factory also produced Chevrolet vehicles for [[w:General Motors Europe|General Motors Europe]] and [[w:Chevrolet Europe|Chevrolet Europe]]. The factory permanently closed on May 31, 2018, due to low productivity caused by GM's withdrawal from Europe in 2017 and due to GM's restructuring of its GM Korea operations. Sold to Myoung Shin Co., Ltd. in 2018. Diesel engines were produced at an adjacent facility beginning in 2006.  

|- 

|A&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1990&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Lakewood Assembly|Lakewood Assembly]]||[[w:Lakewood Heights, Atlanta|Lakewood Heights, Georgia]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; (1966, 1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari wagon]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Estate wagon]] (1990)||1928||1990||Located at McDonough Boulevard and Sawtell Avenue. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lakewood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled from September 1982 to early 1984. Production ended with Chevrolet Caprice Classic &amp; Buick Estate Wagon. Last vehicle produced was a gray Chevy Caprice on August 6, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957).  Also built the &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987) &amp; [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only).&lt;br&gt;  GM G-body: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970-1972). GM A-body: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#Second generation (1964–1967)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1965), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1973-1979), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1969, 1971-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971-1977).&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-80), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Body]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||Automotive bodies||1920||2005||Located at 401 N. Verlinden St. Opened as a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant in 1920. Durant Motors went out of business in 1931 and the plant was vacant until GM bought it in 1935. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 6. The plant reopened as a Fisher Body plant. It supplied bodies to the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1 or Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis). Together with the chassis plant, they made up Lansing Car Assembly. Demolished in 2008-2009.  

|- 

|M||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (North)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1985–1991)|Buick Somerset/Skylark]] (1985–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier coupe]] (1995-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2001–2003), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Classic]] (2004–2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais|Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais]] (1988-1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Achieva|Oldsmobile Achieva]] (1992–1998), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1992-2005) ||1902||2005|| &quot;M&quot; - North assembly line. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. This was Oldsmobile's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. It was converted to build unibody, fwd, compact cars for 1985 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd midsize &amp; full-size cars. Demolished in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Oldsmobile Series 60|Oldsmobile Series 60]] (1939-1948), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 70|Oldsmobile Series 70]] (1939-1950), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#1953|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]] convertible (1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#First generation (1971–1976)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1971–1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1961-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961–1966), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1966-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1964-1977), [[w:Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1929-1931)&lt;br /&gt;Oldsmobile engines:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile straight-6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile Rockette V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V8]]

|- 

|C (1985-2004)||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (South)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Sixth generation (1992–1998)|Buick Skylark]] (1992–1998), [[w:Chevrolet Alero|Chevrolet Alero]] (Export only: 1999-2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1986), [[w:Oldsmobile Alero|Oldsmobile Alero]] (1999-2004), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1985-2004)||1902||2004||&quot;C&quot; - South assembly line. Only started using separate plant code from the North plant beginning with the 1985 N-body cars. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. Demolished in 2007.  

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;(0 for EV1)||[[w:Lansing Craft Centre|Lansing Craft Centre]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet SSR|Chevrolet SSR]] (2003–2006)||1987||2006||Located at 2801 West Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Metal Center. Originally built by Ryan-Bohn Foundry and opened in 1920. Owned by Driggs Aircraft Company from 1927-1930. Owned by R.E. Olds from 1930-1940 but not used. Bought by GM's Oldsmobile Division in 1940. Became GM's Lansing Plant 2. Also known as Olds Forge. Built artillery shells during WWII. Oldsmobile used this plant as a forge (through 1983) and for making axles and differentials (through 1984). First opened as a vehicle assembly plant known as the Reatta Craft Centre in 1988 though pilot production began in December 1986. After Buick Reatta production ended in 1991, plant was renamed Lansing Craft Centre. Used by the Genasys joint venture with [[w:American Specialty Cars|ASC]] to complete production of the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire convertibles. Final SSR built March 17, 2006. Closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-2010. 

Past models: [[w:Buick Reatta|Buick Reatta]] (1988–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier convertible]] (1995–2000), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] convertible (1995–2000), [[w:General Motors EV1|General Motors EV1]] (1997, 1999), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Twelfth generation (1992–2002)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (2000-2002)

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Engine Plant|Lansing Engine]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Quad 4 engine|Quad 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] (2002 only)||1981||2002||Located at 2901 S. Canal Road. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 5. Also known as Delta Engine. Built to produce experimental diesel engine; part of Ryder Logistics since 2005.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Metal Center|Lansing Metal Center]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1952||2006|| Located at 2800 W. Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Craft Centre. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 3. Also known as the Olds Jet plant. Originally built to manufacture turbine blades for Buick-built J65 axial flow jet engines. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished in 2008-2010.  

|- 

|K &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Leeds Assembly|Leeds Assembly]]||[[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1984-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Firenza|Oldsmobile Firenza]] (1982-1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1982-1988)||1929||1988||Located at 6817 Stadium Drive. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Leeds Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Leeds Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Retooled to build fwd J-cars for 1982. Closed April 15, 1988. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1974), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1968, 1970), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]], [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1970, 1975-76), [[w:Buick Special#1964–1967|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1961), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1974, 1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1974, 1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963, 1974-1977), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1974), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1980), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1965)

|- 

|K ('94-'05)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E ('65-'91)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 3 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Linden Assembly|Linden Assembly]]||[[w:Linden, New Jersey|Linden, New Jersey]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1994-2004)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|GMC Sonoma]] (1994-2004)||1937||2005||Located at 1016 W. Edgar Road. Linden Assembly was the 2nd GM multi-brand assembly plant (the 1st was Southgate, CA), assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. It was operated by GM's Linden Division through January 1942. During WWII, GM built 5,837 [[w:FM-1 Wildcat|FM-1 Wildcat]] and [[w:FM-2 Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcat]] fighter planes at Linden under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. After the war ended, in 1945, Linden &amp; Southgate were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. In 1971, Linden Assembly became the first plant outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille &amp; Calais. In 1979, Linden became the sole source for all three of GM's E-body personal luxury coupes, the Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera, and Cadillac Eldorado. The closely related K-body Cadillac Seville was added in 1980. In the mid-1980s, the factory was retooled to produce the new L-body Chevy Beretta &amp; Corsica, which began production in 1987. This was the first time Linden built a Chevrolet model. Linden was idled in September 1991 for conversion to truck and SUV production. It reopened in 1993 to produce the 1994 S-10 and Sonoma pickups, adding the Blazer and Jimmy SUVs for 1995. Closed April 2005. Last vehicle built was a white 2005 four-door Chevy Blazer on April 20, 2005. Demolished in 2008. Now Legacy Square, a complex of retail stores, and Legacy Commerce Center, an industrial space at the back of the property along Linden Ave.&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1991), [[w:Buick Riviera#Sixth generation (1979–1985)|Buick Riviera]] (1979-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Third generation (1979–1985)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Tenth generation (1979–1985)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Seville#Second generation (1980–1985)|Cadillac Seville]] (1980-85), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]], [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1953-1957), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1952-1957), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1971-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1962, 1965-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-61) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Livonia Engine|Livonia Engine]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM Premium V engine|Premium V engine]] (4.6L Northstar V8, 4.0L Aurora V8, 3.5L Shortstar V6)||1971||2010|| Located at 12200 Middlebelt Road. Originally built as a parts supplier to Cadillac. Converted into an engine plant for the Northstar V8. Now a multi-tenant commercial space including [[w:Penske Corporation|Penske Logistics]] and [[w:KUKA|KUKA]]. The [[w:KUKA|KUKA]] facility appears to be the one building the initial batch of [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] electric vans for GM prior to production moving to GM's [[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]] plant.  

|- 

||7 (1979-2019)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U&amp;nbsp;(1966-1978)||[[w:Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown Assembly]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze (2016-2019)]]||1966||2019 

|GM bought the property in 1955 and announced plans for the new Chevrolet plant in 1956 but construction didn't begin until 1964. Production began on April 28, 1966. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lordstown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze (2011-2015)/ Cruze Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt|Chevrolet Cobalt]] (2005-2010)/[[w:Pontiac G5|Pontiac G5]] (2007-2009, Canada: 2007-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-2005)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000/2000/2000 Sunbird/Sunbird]] (1982-1994)/ [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1971–1977)/[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1978-1980)/ [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/ Rally Van]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1966-1970), [[w:Pontiac Firebird#First generation (1967–1969)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1967-1969), [[w:Pontiac Pursuit|Pontiac Pursuit/G5 Pursuit]] (Canada: 2005-2006), [[w:Toyota Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] (1996-2000).  

Located at 2300 Hallock-Young Road. Main assembly plant is the East part of the complex on Hallock-Young Road. Stamping plant added in 1970. Paint shop added in 2004. Stamping plant and paint shop are part of the West part of the complex on Ellsworth-Bailey Road. &lt;br /&gt; Closed on March 6, 2019. Sold to [[w:Lordstown Motors|Lordstown Motors]] in 2019. Lordstown Motors sold the plant to [[w:Foxconn|Foxconn]] in 2022 and Foxconn will do contract assembly for Lordstown Motors and others.  

|- 

|1 (Lotus Omega &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Lotus Carlton)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Lotus Omega|Opel Lotus Omega]] A / [[w:Vauxhall Lotus Carlton|Vauxhall Lotus Carlton]] 1990-1992, 950 units 

 
[[w:Lotus Esprit|Lotus Esprit]], [[w:Lotus Excel|Lotus Excel]], [[w:Lotus Elan#Elan (M100)|Lotus Elan]]

||1986||1993||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Mansfield Metal Center||[[w:Ontario, Ohio|Ontario, Ohio]]||United States||Metal stamping||1955||2010||Located at 2525 W. 4th St. Mostly demolished. Redeveloped into Ontario Commerce Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Massena Castings Plant|Massena Castings Plant]]||[[w:Rooseveltown, New York|Rooseveltown, New York]]||United States|| Aluminum engine blocks &amp; cylinder heads for [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair engine]], Aluminum engine blocks for [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Vega engine]], &amp; aluminum cylinder heads &amp; blocks for other engines.&lt;br /&gt; Also clutch housings, transmission cases, pistons, aluminum intake manifolds||1959||2009||Located at 56 Chevrolet Rd, Rooseveltown, NY 13662 &lt;br /&gt; Originally a Chevrolet facility. In 1978, became part of GM's Central Foundry Division. In 1991, Central Foundry became part of GM Powertrain. &lt;br /&gt;Production ended April 23, 2009. Demolished in 2011.

|- 

|M||Mexico City Assembly||[[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks &amp; vans||1937||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including: Caprice, Chevelle, Corvair, Impala, Malibu, Nova&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]], [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord/MX-1/Olimpico/Fiera]] &lt;br /&gt; Switched from assembly to manufacturing in 1965.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Moraine Assembly|Moraine Assembly]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15#First generation (1982)|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma#First generation (1982)|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy/Jimmy]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#Second generation (1995–2005)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Rainier|Buick Rainier]] (2004-2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Envoy#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender]] (2003-2008)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1991-1994, 1996-2004) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-7X|Saab 9-7X]] (2005-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Grumman LLV|Grumman LLV]] chassis (1987-1994)||1951&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1981 (Vehicle production)||2008|| Located at 2601 West Stroop Road. Began in 1951 as part of the [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] Division of General Motors Corporation producing household appliances. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] production ended in 1979 when GM sold [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] to [[w:White Consolidated Industries|White Consolidated Industries]] but kept the Moraine plant and converted it to build vehicles. Vehicle production began in 1981. Was part of GM's Truck &amp; Bus Group. Closed on December 23, 2008. Sold to [[w:Fuyao Group#Fuyao Glass America Inc.|Fuyao Group]] in 2014; began production of automotive glass for GM and other automakers in 2016.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Moraine Engine||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8 engine]] 6.2L/6.5L||1981||2000||Located at 4100 Springboro Pike. Also began as a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] plant. Replaced by the nearby DMAX Ltd. engine plant (originally a joint venture with Isuzu) which builds the replacement engine ([[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]). Demolished by 2003. Production of the 6.5-liter diesel V8 moved to a new AM General plant in Franklin, OH known as General Engine Products. AM General makes the engine for its own use and for GM service parts, &amp; 3rd party customers. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Muncie Transmission||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Transmissions including: [[w:Getrag 282 transmission|Getrag 282/NVG T550]], Getrag 284, Muncie M17, Muncie M20/M21/M22, Muncie M62/M64, [[w:Muncie SM420 transmission|Muncie SM420 transmission]], [[w:Muncie SM465 transmission|Muncie SM465 transmission]], [[w:New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500/NV3550]], [[w:New Venture Gear 4500 transmission|NV4500]]&lt;br /&gt;Valves, Steering gears&lt;br /&gt;Forge||1919||2006||Located at 1200 W. Eighth St. Originally founded as Warner Gear Company in 1902. Bought by GM in 1919. Became Muncie Products Division. Closed in 1932. Reopened by Chevrolet in 1935 (Chevrolet Muncie). Moved to Detroit Diesel Allison Division in 1984 &amp; then to Hydramatic Division in 1986. Became part of [[w:New Venture Gear|New Venture Gear]] joint venture with Chrysler in 1990. GM owned 36% while [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] owned 64%. GM sold its stake to [[w:DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]] in 2002 but took back the Muncie plant. Became Manual Transmissions of Muncie. The plant closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-09.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Near East||[[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1936||1958||Began CKD assembly of trucks in 1936 followed by cars in 1938. In 1951, GM Near East became the Alexandria Branch of GM Middle East. Plant was liquidated in 1958.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Petone|Petone]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]], [[w:Chevrolet Thriftmaster|Chevrolet Thriftmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] including [[w:Pontiac Laurentian|Pontiac Laurentian]], [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#New Zealand|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] (E, PA, PC), [[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]], [[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]], [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] including [[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]], [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]], [[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]], [[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]], [[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]], [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]||1926||1984||Also made [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] refrigerators, freezers, washers, and dryers (Frigidaire was owned by GM from 1919 to 1979). &lt;br /&gt;  

Axle tube assemblies, oil filters, and spark plugs.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]], [[w:Vauxhall Cresta#Cresta PC|Vauxhall Cresta]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]], [[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Holden Statesman HJ]], [[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HX|Holden Statesman HX]], [[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HZ|Holden Statesman HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#WB|Holden Statesman WB]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VN)|Holden Commodore (VN)]], [[w:Holden Royale|Holden Commodore Royale (VH/VK/VL)]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Rodeo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Isuzu Gemini/Holden Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daihatsu Charade#First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983)|Daihatsu Charade (under contract for Daihatsu)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Datsun Truck#Nissan D21|Nissan Navara pickup (under contract for Nissan)]]||1967||1990|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Nordiska AB||Södra Hammarbyhamnen, [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks||1928||1957|| Converted into a warehouse in 1957. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1905||Burned down 1987||Located at 4584 Maybury Grand Ave. (Jeffries Expressway Service Drive) and W. Hancock St. Around 4646 Lawton St. (rear side) is the remnants of a water tower and railroad spur. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Intercompany Parts Group. In 1920, Northway moved to a new plant on Holbrook Ave. in Detroit. This address was subsequently been used by [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] in the 1920's and 1930's and then by Refrigeration Service Inc. in the 1950's. At some point, the building was sold to Motor City Wiping Cloth Co. but they abandoned the property in 1983, leaving behind massive bales of rags and cloths. The building burned down in a horrific fire in 1987 after homeless people in the building were burning fires there to keep warm. The fire killed three firefighters and injured ten others. The fire even spread to the nearby Continental Paper warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant/General Motors Truck Co. Plant No. 7/Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1920||1994||Located at 1806 Holbrook Ave. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Central Products Division. In 1920, Northway moved here from their original plant on Maybury Grand Ave. and primarily supplied engines to GMC. In 1925, became part of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company as part of the merger of Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company and General Motors Truck Corp., the manufacturer of GMC trucks. In 1926, Northway Motor Division was liquidated and its Detroit plant was sold to Chevrolet on March 31 to become the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.  Part of the engine tooling machinery was transferred to the Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works at East Moline IL. Some Northway engines were still used by some GMC trucks (K-series) through 1930. Was part of the Detroit complex sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. Now part of American Axle's Advanced Technology Development Center.  

|- 

|N&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1987&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Norwood Assembly|Norwood Assembly]]||[[w:Norwood, Ohio|Norwood, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt; (1958-1961, 1965-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br&gt; (1962-1966, 1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973)||1923||1987||Located at 5025 Carthage Ave. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Norwood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971.  Closed August 1987. Demolished. Now Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a mixed use retail and office space. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] 

|- 

|Z||[[w:NUMMI|NUMMI]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Chevrolet Nova]] (1985-88)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Prizm|Geo Prizm]] (1989-1997)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prizm|Chevrolet Prizm]] (1998-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Vibe|Pontiac Vibe]] (2003-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E80)|Toyota Corolla FX]] (1987-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla|Toyota Corolla]] (1989-2010) (E90/E100/E110/E130/E140)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Hilux#Fifth generation (N80, N90, N100, N110; 1988)|Toyota Pickup]] (1991-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Tacoma|Toyota Tacoma]] (1995-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Voltz|Toyota Voltz]] (Japan)||1984||2009||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory.&lt;br /&gt;From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|O &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1963 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C ([[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])||[[w:Oakland Assembly|Oakland Assembly]] (Chevrolet)||[[w:Oakland, California|Oakland, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|GMC C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]]||1917||1963||Located at 73rd Ave. &amp; Foothill Blvd. Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Began building GMC trucks in December 1937 for the 1938 model year. Replaced by Fremont Assembly plant. Demolished. Site became Eastmont Mall which is now [[w:Eastmont Town Center|Eastmont Town Center]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car Co.]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Oakland automobiles &lt;br /&gt; Pontiac 1926-1927||1909||1931||Located at 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Also bordered by Baldwin Ave. and W. Howard St. GM bought Oakland Motor Car Co. in 1909. Oakland introduced sister brand Pontiac in 1926. Pontiac replaced Oakland for 1932. Early Pontiacs were built here before production moved to the new factory stretching from Baldwin Ave. east to Joslyn Ave. a little farther north. This was Pontiac's first headquarters. Some of the buildings are still standing.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:es:General Motors OBB|GM-OBB]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]||[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet D-Max 2011]]||1980 (1st GM product)||2024||OBB (Ómnibus BB Transportes) was founded in 1975. GM bought 22% of OBB in 1981 &amp; became majority shareholder in 1988. GM announced in April 2024 that GM-OBB will shut down at the end of August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Evolution]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#Second generation (1985)|Chevrolet Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#TF|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet LUV D-Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Chevrolet Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 2)]], [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 3)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Vitara]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Chevrolet Grand Vitara]], [[w:Suzuki Vitara#Third generation (JT; 2005)|Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ]] 

|- 

|6||[[w:Oklahoma City Assembly|Oklahoma City Assembly]]||[[w:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#EXT|Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy XL#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy XL]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy#Envoy XUV|GMC Envoy XUV]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender extended length]] (2003-2006)||1979||2006||Located at 7447 SE 74th Street. &lt;br /&gt; Initially produced front wheel drive [[w:GM X platform (FWD)|X platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1983) &amp; [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix]] (1980-1982)) followed by front wheel drive [[w:General Motors A platform (FWD)|A platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1989), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1988–1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1989-1996), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1996)) as well as [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997–2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1997–1999). Converted to build body-on-frame SUVs for 2002 model year. Damaged by a tornado on May 8, 2003, but the company repaired the damage and returned the plant to operation just 53 days later. Idled February 20, 2006. Last vehicle produced was a white 2006 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. Plant was taken over by Oklahoma City in 2008 and leased to neighbor Tinker Air Force Base. Now known as Building 9001 Tinker Aerospace Complex. Used for maintaining jet engines and for software engineering.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Opel|Opel]] Werk Bochum||[[w:Bochum|Bochum]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Olympia#Name revival: Opel Olympia (1967–1970)|Opel Olympia]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] A, B, C, D, &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F, G, &amp; H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]] H Classic (5-door, Caravan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (1968–1973)|Opel GT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–2019)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005–2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] B/Zafira Family&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Axles||1962||2014|| Plant I was the vehicle assembly plant. First car off the line was a Kadett A. Plant II was the engine, transmission, &amp; axle plant. Engine production ended in 2004. Axle production ended in 2011. Transmission production ended Oct. 7, 2013. Vehicle production ended December 5, 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel|Opel]] [[w:Opelwerk Brandenburg|Werk Brandenburg]]||[[w:Brandenburg an der Havel|Brandenburg an der Havel]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;||1935||1944|| Bombed and heavily damaged by the Allies on Aug. 6, 1944. Factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union after the war ended as reparations. 

|- 

|6||[[w:Opel Eisenach|Opel Eisenach GmbH]]||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]], [[w:Thuringia|Thuringia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa E (X15; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] E (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] D (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] C (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] B &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Adam|Opel/Vauxhall Adam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra F]] (1992-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]] (1998-2003)||1992||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Began production with Astra F in 1992. Began Corsa production in 1993 with Corsa B. Added production of the Adam in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Kaiserslautern||[[w:Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[w:Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||Components&lt;br /&gt;Engines:&lt;br /&gt; Four-cylinder turbo diesel engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Fiat JTD engine#2.0 Multijet II|2.0 CDTI Family B turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.9|1.9 CDTI turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec Diesel (1997)|2.0/2.2 Ecotec direct injection turbodiesel]]

Four-cylinder gasoline engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.2&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.0|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.0 supercharged (LSJ) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]] 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 &lt;br /&gt; 


|1966||2017||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;R (Catera)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (Pre-1976)||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Rüsselsheim||[[w:Rüsselsheim|Rüsselsheim]], [[w:Hesse|Hesse]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] (sedan, hatchback, Sports Tourer, Country Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (2011MY from March 1, 2010-March 25, 2011)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Insignia#First generation (G09; 2008)|Holden Insignia VXR (GA)]] (2015-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore ZB|Holden Commodore (ZB)]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Holden Vectra (ZC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Signum|Opel/Vauxhall Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega|Opel/Vauxhall Omega]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Catera|Cadillac Catera]] (1997-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Senator|Opel/Vauxhall Senator &amp; Vauxhall Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Calibra (YE)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monza|Opel Monza/Vauxhall Royale Coupe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore/Vauxhall Viceroy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kapitan|Opel Kapitan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Admiral|Opel Admiral]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Diplomat|Opel Diplomat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;axles&lt;br /&gt;components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Frigidaire refrigerators (1937-c.1940 &amp; 1946-1959)||1899 (1st production car built)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1929 (part of GM)||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2020 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. GM bought 80% of Opel in March 1929 and bought the rest in 1931, making Opel a full GM subsidiary. Russelsheim previously make engines. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Rüsselsheim continued to supply the Buick Regal &amp; the Holden Commodore ZB to GM through 2020. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|S||[[w:Opel Szentgotthárd|Opel Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Szentgotthárd|Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F 1992-1997, 80,835 units&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B1 and B2 1998-1999, 4,404 units&lt;br /&gt;Opel Engines including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Family 1 engine| Family 1 engine]] DOHC versions 1.4, 1.6, 1.8&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Gasoline Engine|GM Medium Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:VTi transmission|&quot;VTi&quot; CVT transmission]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison]] 3000, 4000, &amp; Torqmatic Series automatic transmissions||1992||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2019 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Originally a joint venture between GM &amp; Hungarian truck and engine maker Raba. GM bought out Raba &amp; became 100% owner in 1995. Production of Allison Transmissions began in 2000. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Szentgotthárd continued to supply the [[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|1.6L LH7 turbodiesel I4]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel Wien|Opel Wien GmbH]]||[[w:Aspern|Aspern]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Family 0 engine|Family 0]] engines (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4 Turbo)&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions (Easytronic automated manual, F15/F17 five-speed manual and M20/M32 six-speed manual)||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Closed by Stellantis in 2024. &lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] SOHC versions.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Osaka Assembly (Built on land leased from [[w:Sojitz|Nihon Menka]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY4l3qWIIh4C&amp;q=general+motors+assembly+plant+location+osaka+japan&amp;pg=PA70|title=American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980|author=Mark Mason|date=14 October 1992|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=9780674026308|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Osaka|Osaka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick from CKD kits||1927||1941||Factory was seized by [[w:Imperial Japanese|Imperial Japanese]] Government, see also [[w:General Motors Japan|General Motors Japan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/ANA03/809150388/gm-had-early-start-in-japan-but-was-hobbled-by-nationalism|title=GM early history in Japan|author=Hans Greimel|publisher=Autonews.com|date=September 14, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/File:1926-6-1.jpg|title=Image of Osaka facility}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Battery Plant]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] ||Batteries||19?||1990's?||Was part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Referred to by Delco Remy as Plant 41. This operation was closed.

|- 

|9 (1917-Mid 1923 Chevrolet)||Oshawa North||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||&lt;br /&gt;||1907||1996||The original Oshawa (North) plant opened in 1907 as a McLaughlin Motor Car Co. plant. It produced McLaughlin-Buick cars by fitting Buick engines and chassis to McLaughlin bodies. It also built Chevrolets for Chevrolet Motor Co. beginning in 1915 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada. McLaughlin Motor Car Co. and the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada were bought out by GM in 1918 becoming GM of Canada. GM of Canada continued to make Chevrolets and McLaughlin-Buicks (which became simply Buick after WWII) and also assembled [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] 1921-1930, [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1920-1942, 1946-1969, [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] 1929-1930, [[w:Buick|Buick]] 1908-1942, 1951-1971, [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1930, 1932-1935, [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1923-1936. [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] production in Oshawa began shortly after US production in 1926. From the 1950's into the 1980's, Canadian market full-size Pontiacs were built on Chevrolet chassis and were powered by Chevrolet engines and had model names different from US-market Pontiacs (Pathfinder, Strato Chief, Laurentian, and Parisienne). Car production shifted to the current Oshawa complex Car Assembly plant (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) which opened in 1953. [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks were made beginning in 1919 and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks were made beginning in 1923 before truck production shifted to the Oshawa Truck plant located next to the South car plant in 1965. Oshawa also produced 65 [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1921. Oshawa also produced military vehicles and equipment during both WWI and WWII. Also, Maple Leaf trucks.  

Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. The North plant, by then known as the GM North Fabrication plant making metal and plastic parts, was sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996. It was then sold to ACSYS Technologies Inc. in 2001. Both companies continued to operate as an auto parts manufacturer supplying GM. ACSYS closed the plant in 2004. The North plant ended all operations in 2005 and the last of it was demolished by 2006. Much of the site of the North plant at 155 Division Street (Ritson Road North is on the other side) is now a Costco.  

|- 

|1||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] (1988-2009)||1965||2009||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Truck plant was at 1100 Park Road South at the southern end of the Autoplex. Production ended May 14, 2009. Over 10 million vehicles were produced. Now the GM Canadian Technical Centre's (CTC) McLaughlin Advanced Technology Track. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (-1986, 1988-1998), [[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (-1986)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]&lt;br /&gt; Plant# 41||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1947||1998||Acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1554 Thomas Rd SE. Sold in 2004 to Wetzel, Inc. Sold to Berk Enterprise, Inc. in 2009.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Peninsular SA||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1932||1936|| Production ended due to Spanish Civil War. Liquidated around 1939.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM del Peru||[[w:Lima|Lima]]||[[w:Peru|Peru]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1945||1970|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pittsburgh Metal|Pittsburgh Metal]]||[[W:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania|West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]||United States||Metal stamping||1949||2008||Located at 1451 Lebanon School Road. Originally part of [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] division. Demolished in 2011.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Polsce Sp. Zo.o.||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks||1928||1930's||Was at 103 Wolska St. Closed during the Depression. 

|-

|P||[[w:Pontiac Assembly|Pontiac Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||In ex-Fisher Body plant:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]] (1984-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Main plant after reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM G platform (RWD)|RWD G-bodies]]:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Regal#Second generation (1978)|Buick Regal]] (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt; (1987-1988),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]]&lt;br /&gt; (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme Classic]] (1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also:&lt;br /&gt; Pontiac engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Iron Duke engine|Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV I4 engine]]||1927||1988||This was Pontiac's home plant. Property runs from Walton Blvd. on the north to E. Montcalm St. on the south with Joslyn Ave. or for certain stretches, Highwood Blvd., on the east side and Price St. or further south, Baldwin Ave. and then N. Saginaw St., on the west side. Also known as Pontiac North to distinguish from GMC's multiple plants in Pontiac, MI. Final Assembly was Plant 8 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. On March 14, 1962, Pontiac Assembly built the 75 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a white 1962 Bonneville convertible. Idled in 1982 but reopened in January 1985 with bodies supplied by Flint Body Assembly. Closed in December 1987. Last vehicle built was a Buick Regal Grand National. Demolished in 1997. GM still has the Pontiac Redistribution Center on the northeast portion of this property at 1251 Joslyn Road at the intersection with E. Columbia Ave. The Pontiac Metal Center is another still active part of this property. GM still uses the eastern part of the property bordered by Joslyn Ave. on the east, E. Beverly Ave. on the north, E. Montcalm St. on the south, and N. Glenwood Ave. on the west. This area includes GM Performance and Racing Center at 900 N. Glenwood Ave. and the Propulsion Systems Pontiac Engineering Center at 800 N. Glenwood Ave. Pontiac's divisional HQ at One Pontiac Plaza was about where the Propulsion Systems Engineering Center is now. [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] operated a plant on the site (Plant 17) from 1935-1982. This plant was connected to the final assembly plant by an enclosed bridge that ran over N. Saginaw St., that was used to transport the bodies from the Fisher Body plant, where bodies up to the firewall were built, to the Pontiac final assembly plant where the body was mated to the chassis and the front end, powertrain, &amp; interior were installed and the car was completed. This plant, located at 888 Baldwin Ave., was converted to build the [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]], which it built from 1983-1988. Last Fiero built August 16, 1988. GM used it as a warehouse until 2009. Most of the Fiero plant was demolished in 2013. Pontiac engines were made in Plant 9 and Plant 18. Both have been demolished (plant 9 demolished in 1997). Some parts of the complex have been sold to U-Pull And Save Auto Parts, GFL Environmental, &amp; Bedrock Express. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Six|Pontiac Six]] (1927-1932, 1935-1940), Pontiac Series 302 V8 (1932), Pontiac Economy Eight (1933-1934), Pontiac Improved Eight (1935), Pontiac Deluxe Eight (1936-1940), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)]] (1958-1980), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)]] (1982), [[w:Pontiac Can Am|Pontiac Can Am]] (1977), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (59-80), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1958), [[w:Pontiac Custom S|Pontiac Custom S]] (1969), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1973–1975|Pontiac Grand Am (1973-1975)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1978–1980|Pontiac Grand Am (1978-1980)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (B-body)]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (G-, A-, &amp; G-body)]] (1969-1982), [[w:Pontiac Grand Safari|Pontiac Grand Safari]] (1971-1978), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1981), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1966), [[w:Pontiac Streamliner|Pontiac Streamliner]] (1941-1951), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1961-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#1970|Pontiac T-37]] (1970-1971), [[w:Pontiac Torpedo|Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940-1948), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961)

|- 

|V (1972-1990)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||Pontiac Central Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States|||[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|GMC C-Series/E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|GMC C/K]] (1960-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1967-1985)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1937-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1978)&lt;br /&gt; Buses ([[w:GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus|Yellow Coach/GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus]] (1940-1969), [[w:GM PD-4103|GM PD-4103]], [[w:PD-4501 Scenicruiser|PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1960-1977), [[w:GM Buffalo bus|GM Buffalo bus]] (1966-1980), [[w:Rapid Transit Series|Rapid Transit Series (RTS)]] (1978-1987))&lt;br /&gt;Medium Duty Trucks &amp; Heavy Duty Trucks including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#GMC (1966–1970)|GMC E-Series medium-duty trucks]] (E4500/E5500/E6500) (1967-1968) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109015322/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_MAR09.pdf] (page 30)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1969-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|GMC B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier#Background|Chevrolet/GMC H/J series]] (1966-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bruin|Chevrolet Bruin]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier|GMC Brigadier]] (1978-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:WhiteGMC Brigadier|WhiteGMC Brigadier]] (1988-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General#Background|Chevrolet/GMC C/M series]] (1966-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bison|Chevrolet Bison]] (1977-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General|GMC General]] (1977-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro#Background|GMC F/D series &quot;Crackerbox&quot;]] (1959-1968)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Titan|Chevrolet Titan]] (1970-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro|GMC Astro]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;Engines ([[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1947-1962,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC V6 engine|GMC V6 (1960-1973)/V12 (1960-1965) engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC V8 engine#GMC engines|GMC 60° V8]] (1966-1972))||1928||1990||Located at 660 South Boulevard East. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 2 when built. Production of trucks began in January 1928. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. On September 30, 1943, GM acquired the remainder of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and on October 1, 1943 the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division of General Motors Corp. was formed and Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. was dissolved. When limited production of civilian buses resumed in March 1944, they were badged as GM Coach and the Yellow name was retired. Headquarters of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and later the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division. Headquarters building in front of Plant 2 was completed in March 1928. Administration and engineering buildings were part of the complex. Built 409,012 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|CCKW 6x6 trucks]], AFKWX 6x6 cab-over trucks, [[w:DUKW|DUKW &quot;Ducks&quot;]], &amp; other types of trucks during WWII. Also produced 2,249 buses &amp; 30 T18E2 Boarhound armored cars during WWII. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved from Plant 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The GMC MotorHome was discontinued after 1978. [https://www.gmccolonial.com/gmc-motorhome-history] Transit bus production ended in spring 1987 when GM sold the product line to Greyhound Corporation, which continued RTS production at its [[w:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation|TMC]] plant in Roswell, New Mexico. Converted in 1994 into a Truck Product Engineering Center (Pontiac Centerpoint Campus) by GM using only the steel frame of the large main building while everything else was demolished. The Truck Product Engineering Center closed in 2009 and the site is now the Centerpoint Business Campus, which is occupied by many businesses including Fanuc Robotics and i.M. Branded.  

|- 

|E (1988-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1985)||[[w:Pontiac East Assembly|Pontiac East Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Medium Duty Trucks:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1973-85), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1981-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1981-85)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) ||1972||2009||Located at 2100 South Opdyke Road. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 6 when built, also known as Pontiac Assembly Center. Pontiac East is directly to the east of Pontiac Central. Pontiac East began by building medium-duty trucks, which were moved from Pontiac Central. In 1985, medium-duty trucks were moved back to Pontiac Central, combining with production of heavy-duty trucks and buses. GMT400 full-size pickup production began in December 1986 for the 1988 model year. Closed in September 2009. Demolished in 2011-2012. Portions of the site are now occupied by Challenge Manufacturing Co. and Williams International. 

|- 

|0 (1978-1994)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1977)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||[[w:Pontiac West Assembly|Pontiac West Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Trucks, Buses,&lt;br /&gt;Engines: ([[w:Buick straight-6 engine|Buick 257/331 straight-6 engine]] (1931-1932), [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1933-1948), &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#First generation (1964–1966)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1964-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Second generation (1967–1970)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br /&gt; (1982-1984, 1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy|GMC S-15 Jimmy]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Typhoon|GMC Typhoon]] (1992-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada#First generation (1991–1994)|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1994) ||1906||1994||Complex includes GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plants 1, 3, 4, and 5. Plant 1 was originally the plant of Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, one of the 2 main ancestors of the modern GMC Division (the other being Reliance Motor Car Company). Plant 1 was located at 25 Rapid Street and opened in 1906, before Rapid was taken over by GM in 1908-1909. Plant 1 started making Buick 257 &amp; 331 inline-6's in 1931 after Buick stopped making inline-6s after 1930 and switched its entire lineup to straight-8s. The tooling was moved to Plant 1 from the Buick complex in Flint. Buick had been supplying inline-6s to GMC since 1925. In 1933, GMC started making inline-6s of its own design in Plant 1. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. Plant 1 was demolished around 1981. Plant 3 opened in 1940 and was located at South Boulevard West and Franklin Road. Plant 3 was used for sheet metal work and material storage at first. Plant 3 later built the [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome]]. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central for its final model year of 1978. Plant 3 was demolished around 2005. Plant 4 was located on South Saginaw Street (now Woodward Ave.) Engine production began in Plant 4 in October 1938. The [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] was built there through 1947/1948. Small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6 engines were made in Plant 4 from October 1938. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. Plant 4 was also used for material storage. Plant 4 also built the [[w:Chevrolet van|1964-1970 Chevrolet &amp; GMC full-size vans]]. Plant 4 was demolished around 2008. Plant 5 was located on Franklin Road, to the north of Plant 3. Plant 5 was demolished around 2005. After Pontiac Central opened in 1928, Pontiac West focused on machining and component manufacturing rather than vehicle assembly.[https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-gmc-motor-homecoming-50-years-on/] (Paragraph 4) There would be sporadic vehicle production at Pontiac West in the 1960's and 1970's (vans, motorhomes). In the 1980's, vehicle production increased as Pontiac West became one of GM's plants building compact pickups and SUVs. Production ended in 1994. Entire property sold to M1 Concourse in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Pontiac Foundry||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts. ||1927||1987||Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Was Plant 6 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. Demolished in 1995. A U.S. Postal Service distribution center now occupies the approximate area where the foundry used to be. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Regina Plant|Regina Plant]]||[[w:Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Saskatchewan]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] 

|[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars &amp; trucks, Maple Leaf trucks, [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]] 

|1928||1941||Factory office building is located at 1102 8th Avenue while the factory building is behind the office building stretching down Winnipeg Street down to 6th Ave. Production began on Dec. 11, 1928. Production halted in August 1930, restarted in March 1931, then halted again a few months later in 1931. Production restarted in December 1937. In 1941, taken over by the [[w:Government of Canada|Government of Canada]] to produce munitions for World War II as Regina Industries Limited. Auto production never resumed and the property was used by the Canadian Department of National Defense until the mid-1960s. Sold to the Saskatchewan provincial govt. in 1967 and then the Regina city govt. in 1987. Was used by both public- and private-sector tenants. Damaged by a fire on May 3, 2017. In 2020, the City of Regina decommissioned the building and all the tenants were required to move out. Buildings are still standing and have been used by a variety of businesses and organizations. You can still see &quot;GMC&quot; carved in stone above the front entrance to the office building. Office building is designated a Heritage Inventory Property by city of Regina. A related building is down the block at 1260 8th Avenue at the corner of Toronto Street. After the factory closed in 1941, GM still used this building for its regional administrative and parts distribution operations until it moved in 1967.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Reliance Motor Truck Co.]]||[[w:Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Reliance trucks (1909-1912)&lt;br&gt; GMC trucks (heavy duty models) (1912-1913)||1909||1913||Plant was located on Michigan Ave. In late 1908, GM bought Reliance Motor Car Co. and reorganized it as Reliance Motor Truck Co. Reliance truck production moved here from Detroit in 1909. In February 1912, the GMC brand replaced the Reliance brand as well as the Rapid brand. In 1913, production was consolidated at the Rapid Street plant of the former Rapid Motor Vehicle Co. in Pontiac, Michigan and the Owosso plant was sold. Plant was later used by American Malleables and later by Mid-West Abrasive Co., a maker of sandpaper. Plant was later extended to S. Washington St.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] Transmission||[[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab two-stroke|Saab two-stroke]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;Saab 99/900 manual transmission&lt;br /&gt;[[w:F35 transmission|F35 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]] ||1989||2009||Saab plant. Opened in 1953. Engine production ended in 1968. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Transmission production ended when the 1st gen. 9-5 ended production. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]] Engine||[[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab B engine|Saab B engine]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab H engine|Saab H engine]] ||1989||2007||Saab plant.  Opened in 1972.   

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Engine plant sold to [[w:Scania AB|Scania AB]] in 2007. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|1,2,3,4,8||Saab [[w:Trollhättan Assembly|Trollhättan Assembly]]||[[w:Trollhättan|Trollhättan]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 92|Saab 92]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 93|Saab 93]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 95|Saab 95]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 96|Saab 96]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 99|Saab 99]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9000|Saab 9000]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-3|Saab 9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-5|Saab 9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]]||1989||2010||Saab plant. Opened in 1947. Also did engine (Saab two-stroke) &amp; transmission production until 1953 when it was relocated to the Gothenburg plant. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Saab also built the 9-3 based BLS for Cadillac. The BLS was not sold in the US or Canada. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Malleable Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1919||2007|| Located at 77 W. Center St. Iron castings. HQ of Central Foundry Division. In 1919, Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry merged with the Jacox division into GM's Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Malleable Iron division of GM. Closed in 2007, demolished in 2010. Converted into a park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Nodular Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering knuckles, crankshafts, disc brake caliper housings, exhaust manifolds, flywheels, differential carriers, clutch pressure plates||1967||1988|| Located at 2100 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Straddles the City of Saginaw-Buena Vista Township border. Iron castings. Closed in 1988. Later demolished. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Parts||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1909||1983|| Located on corner of 6th &amp; Washington Avenues. Opened in 1907 to build the 1908 Rainier. Bought by GM in 1909 as part of its purchase of [[w:Rainier Motor Car Company|Rainier Motor Car Company]]. Reorganized into the [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Company|Marquette Motor Co.]] which still made Rainier brand cars through 1911 as well as parts for Welch and Welch-Detroit cars. In 1912, the Rainier brand was replaced by the Marquette brand, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. In February 1912, the company was renamed Peninsular Motor Co. Some late production cars seem to have been badged as Peninsular. All of those activities ended at the end of 1912. In 1917, during World War I, the plant was reopened and used to manufacture mortar shells for the US Ordnance Corps. In 1919, became part of the Saginaw Products Company with this plant becoming the Saginaw Products Company Motor Plant. From 1919-1922, the plant made [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#224|OHV I4]] engines for [[w:Chevrolet Series FB|Chevrolet Series FB]] and [[w:Oldsmobile Model 43|Oldsmobile Model 43A]]. It was then used as a warehouse. From 1935, it made all different types of auto parts and service parts as Chevrolet Saginaw Service Parts Plant or from 1969, Chevrolet Saginaw Parts Plant. Closed in 1983, demolished in 1984.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 1||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering components||1910||1984||Located on 628 North Hamilton St. Originally founded as the Jackson, Church and Wilcox Company (Jacox) in 1906. Bought by GM in 1910. Became the Jackson-Church-Wilcox or Jacox division of GM. In 1919, the Jacox division merged with Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry into GM's Saginaw Products Company. Became the Saginaw Steering Gear Division in 1928. Closed in 1984. Sold in 1987 to Thomson Industries. Still operates today as Thomson Aerospace &amp; Defense, a brand of Linear Motion LLC, which is owned by the Umbra Group of Italy. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 2||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering Gears, pump hoses||1941||2001||Located at 1400 Holmes Street. Affectionately known as &quot;The Gun Plant&quot;, it was built in 1941 when the division was contracted to build M1919 machine guns, and M1-Carbines for World War II. After the war, normal steering gear production continued until its closure in 2001. It was demolished in 2002. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear complex||[[w:Buena Vista Township, Michigan|Buena Vista Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Complete Hydraulic and Electric Power Steering Systems, Halfshafts, Intermediate Drive Shafts||1953||2010||Located at 3900 E. Holland Road. Former Saginaw Steering Gear Division of GM. Saginaw Steering Gear Division renamed Saginaw Division in 1985. Grouped under Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. Plant 3 opened in 1953, Plant 4 opened in 1956. The sprawling Five-Plant complex (Plants 3-7), division Headquarters and large engineering center, were spun off with Delphi in 1999. GM repurchased the Delphi Steering division from bankrupt Delphi in 2009, renaming it Nexteer Automotive, and then sold the division to [[w:Pacific Century Motors|Pacific Century Motors]] in 2010. The former GM Division now operates as &quot;[[w:Nexteer Automotive|Nexteer Automotive]]&quot;, an independent company headquartered at the Saginaw site. Nexteer moved its headquarters to Auburn Hills in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Transmission||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Manual Transmissions, Brakes||1921||1999||Located at 2328 E. Genesee Ave. Built 1919–20 for the Michigan Crankshaft Company (originally founded as National Engineering Company), acquired by GM in 1921 and placed under Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Crankshaft Division of GM. Transferred to Chevrolet upon the dissolution of the Crankshaft Division in 1931 when crankshaft manufacturing was turned over to the car divisions. Made the &quot;Saginaw&quot; 3 and 4-Speed manual transmissions.  It was spun off as part of Delphi in 1999. The plant was sold to [[w:TRW Automotive|TRW Automotive]] in 2007. TRW used the plant to produces brake and suspension components (known as TRW Braking and Suspension). TRW closed this plant in 2014.  

|- 

|4||[[w:Scarborough Van Assembly|Scarborough Van Plant]]||[[w:Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Vandura]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sportvan#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Sportvan]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Rally Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;||1952&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1974 (Vehicle production)||1993||Located at 1901 Eglinton Avenue East. Originally a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] home appliance plant through 1970. In 1960, production of automotive components was added. Production included radios, instrument clusters, horns, shock absorbers, and propshafts. After Frigidaire production ended in 1970, only auto parts were made and the plant name was changed from Frigidaire Products of Canada to Delco Canada. Auto parts production ended in 1973 and the plant was expanded and converted to build full-size vans and renamed Scarborough Van Plant. First van produced on May 23, 1974 (a 1974 Chevy Van 10). After van production began, plant was expanded 5 times over the years. Cutaway production was added for 1975, halted in 1978, and resumed in 1980. One millionth van produced in January 1986 (a GMC model). Closed on May 6, 1993 and operations moved to [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]. Scarborough produced 1,626,313 vans from 1974-1993. Plant demolished and now site of Eglinton Town Centre and Comstock Bus Garage at the southern end of the property.  

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]]||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Scripps-Booth automobiles||1918||1922||Taken over by Chevrolet by the end of 1917 before Chevrolet was part of GM. When Chevrolet became part of GM, Scripps-Booth became part of GM as well. Scripps-Booth then adopted an Oakland chassis and a Northway six-cylinder engine, using parts from other GM divisions. However, a place could not be found for Scripps-Booth in GM's lineup, so GM closed it down in 1922.

|-

|8||[[w:Shreveport Operations|Shreveport Operations]]||[[w:Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport, Louisiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|GMC Canyon]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]] (2006–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3#H3T|Hummer H3T]] (2009–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#Isuzu i-series|Isuzu i-series]] (2006–2008)||1981||2012||Located at 7600 General Motors Blvd. General Motors Blvd. was renamed Antoine Blvd. in 2013. A portion of the complex is now used by Glovis America, a Hyundai Automotive Group subsidiary, for a vehicle logistics and processing center for Hyundai and Kia vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 |Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-2003), [[w:Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevrolet S-10 EV]] (1997-1998),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990), [[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-03), [[w:GMC Syclone|GMC Syclone]] (1991),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Hombre|Isuzu Hombre]] (1996-2000). 

|- 

|A||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Darling Street &amp; Kempston Road plants||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Beaumont]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa and Willow Run 1966-69)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Export models|Chevrolet Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Chevrolet Caprice Classic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Constantia|Chevrolet Constantia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevair|Chevrolet Chevair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nomad#South Africa production (GMSA)|Chevrolet Nomad]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet De Ville]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet El Camino&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet El Toro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet Kommando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro#Export program|Holden Monaro (HT)/Chevrolet SS (HG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#South Africa|Chevrolet Firenza/1300/1900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series D#ZA|Chevrolet 2500, 3800, 4100]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E#Chevrolet Rekord|Chevrolet Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett A|Opel Kadett A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett B|Opel Kadett B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E/Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Kadett F]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel Corsa B/Corsa Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Other markets|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu KB (D-Max based)]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Kempston Road)||1929 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;2017||Also assembled in the pre-WWII era: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliances. 

Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#South Africa|Ranger]]. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Isuzu consolidated its commercial truck production in the Struandale plant which already built Isuzu pickups and the Kempston Road plant ended production on Nov. 30, 2018. 

|- 

|4||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Struandale plant||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Africa|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel Corsa C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Montana#South Africa|Opel Corsa Utility/Chevrolet Utility]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;||1996||2017||Struandale was originally a Ford plant opened in 1973 which GM South Africa bought during the time it was known as Delta Motor Corp. in 1994. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Struandale absorbed Isuzu pickup production beginning with the 2nd generation D-Max around 2013 &amp; Isuzu commercial truck ([[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] &amp; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]) production in Jan. 2019. Isuzu KB was renamed D-Max in South Africa in 2018, aligning with the rest of the world. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Engine plant - Aloes||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift inline-6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]] inline-4||1966||1999?||  

|- 

|C (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;S (1960–1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:South Gate Assembly|South Gate Assembly]]||[[w:South Gate, California|South Gate, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982)||1936||1982|| Located at 2700 Tweedy Blvd. South Gate Assembly was the 1st GM multi-brand assembly plant, assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. The first finished cars were produced in May 1936. It was operated by GM's Southern California Division through 1943. Automobile production ended in Feb. 1942. During WWII, it produced the M5 and M5A1 Stuart tanks from July 1942-August 1943 in cooperation with Cadillac Division which held the contract to build the tank. It also provided a proof range for Army Ordnance to test various types of machine gun and cannon shells. Space was also provided for Army Ordnance to modify M4 medium tanks. Also built were gun shields and deck houses for the Navy. When M5A1 production ceased in August 1943, the plant was leased to Douglas Aircraft Co. until the end of the war for aircraft parts production. After the war ended, in 1945, Southgate &amp; Linden were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. South Gate began making Chevrolet full-size cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. South Gate was converted to build H-body small cars like the Vega for 1975 but the plant was switched back to full-size cars for 1977, building Chevy, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick B-bodies. In 1979, South Gate Assembly became the second plant (the 1st was Linden, NJ in 1971) outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille instead of Oldsmobile &amp; Buick B-bodies. The plant was then idled in March 1980. It was again switched to build small cars for 1982, this time the J-body. Slow sales and efforts to reduce air quality issues resulted in plant closure, with production ending on March 23, 1982. Plant demolished and site used for 3 new schools for L.A. School District and the South Gate Industrial and Business Park at the southern end of the property.&lt;br /&gt; Unibody B-O-P &quot;Y&quot;-body [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85#First generation (1961)|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963) added to B-&amp; C-body mix 1961-63; replaced by [[w:General Motors B platform|Chevrolet B-body]] for 1964; [[w:GM H platform (RWD)|GM H platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1975), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1976), [[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (H-body) (1976), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1976); [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973); [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-1942, 1954-1958); [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963); [[w:Buick Estate#1970|Buick Estate]] (1970-1973); [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962); [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1974, 1977-1978); [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1947-1949, 1953-1958); [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958); [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958); [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970); [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1974); [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970, 1977-1978); [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963); [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965); [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966); [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967); [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973); [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1973); [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1953, 1955-1958); [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968); [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968); [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960, 1962, 1966); [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961); [[w:Cadillac Deville#Fifth generation (1977–1984)|Cadillac Deville]] (1979-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Components Plant|St. Catharines Components Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components&lt;br /&gt;Starter motors&lt;br /&gt;Alternators&lt;br /&gt; Final drive assemblies&lt;br /&gt; Axles&lt;br /&gt;Steering wheels&lt;br /&gt;Steering gear&lt;br /&gt;Shock absorbers&lt;br /&gt;Brakes&lt;br /&gt;Bearings&lt;br /&gt;Horns&lt;br /&gt;Vehicle Radios&lt;br /&gt;Fractional horsepower motors for appliances||1929||2010||Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Originally McKinnon Dash and Metal Work Ltd., which opened this site in 1900. In 1917, the company was renamed McKinnon Industries, Ltd. Taken over by GM on March 29, 1929. In 1963, fractional horsepower motors for appliances were moved to the GM Diesel plant in London, Ontario. In 1964, vehicle radios, horns, and shocks were moved to the Scarborough plant followed by propshafts in 1966. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. In 1990, the Axle Plant is officially renamed Components Plant. Permanently closed in 2010 as part of GM's restructuring plans. All operations were transferred to [[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Engine Plant]]. Some of the Components Plant was demolished in 2016 and the site will be re-developed for mixed-use residential and commercial development. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||St. Catharines Foundry||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Casting|Iron casting]] of engine parts||1952||1995|| Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became &quot;General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines&quot;. Aligned with GM's Central Foundry Division in 1989.  

|- 

|S &lt;br /&gt;(1952 [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] and 1953-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:St. Louis Truck Assembly|St. Louis Truck Assembly]]||[[w:St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis, Missouri]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987 only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987 only)||1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319998/built-across-the-nation|author=James B. Treece|title=Built across the nation|publisher=Autonews.com|date=October 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1987||Located at 3809 N. Union Blvd. Chevrolet had previously licensed [[w:Gardner (automobile)|Gardner Buggy Co.]] to assemble its cars in St. Louis in 1915. That was replaced by Chevrolet's own St. Louis plant on Union Blvd. Built 149,135 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]] &amp; 6,748 [[w:DUKW|DUKW]] amphibious vehicles during WWII. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. St. Louis Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Operated 3 assembly lines: car line, truck line, and the Corvette line. 695,214 Corvettes were built from 1954-1981 in the old Fisher Body Mill Building that had been used to assemble wooden bodies in earlier years and was converted to Corvette production. First 1954 Corvette was built in St. Louis on December 28, 1953. Last Corvette built in St. Louis was built July 31, 1981. Chevy Caprice &amp; Impala production ended on August 1,  1980 and the main car line closed down. Was a Truck and Bus Group plant from 1982, only making full-size pickups. Closed August 1987. The old Fisher Body Mill Building where Corvettes were built was demolished in 1992. Property is now the Union Seventy Center, an industrial warehouse and distribution campus used by several different tenants. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1965), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1954-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|GMC Jimmy]] (1970-1972), [[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]], [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1947-1955, 1967-1972)

|- 

|2||[[w:Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Ste. Thérèse Assembly]]||[[w:Boisbriand, Quebec|Boisbriand, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1993-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird#Fourth generation (1993–2002)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1993-2002)||1966||2002||Located at 2500 Boulevard De la Grande-Allée. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1988-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme]] (1978-87)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] (1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1978-1981, 1983-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#1986|Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2]] (1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1970-1972)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971).  

Plant demolished and site re-developed as a commercial and residential site known as Faubourg Boisbriand and the Centre for Sports Excellence. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Strasbourg Transmission||[[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] 6-speed RWD automatic transmissions||1968||2013||Past products: [[w:GM 5L40-E transmission|5L40]], [[w:GM 4L30-E transmission|4L30]], [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic 180|TH180/3L30]] RWD automatic transmissions 

Also supplied 4-, 5-, &amp; 6-speed RWD auto. transmissions to [[w:BMW|BMW]].&lt;br /&gt; Also supplied 3-speed RWD auto. transmissions to Fiat, Peugeot ([[w:Peugeot 604|604]]), &amp; Rover ([[w:Rover SD1|SD1]]). 

Sold to Punch Metals International in 2013, which renamed the unit as Punch Powerglide Strasbourg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2012/12/general-motors-sells-strasbourg-plant-to-punch-metals-international/|title = General Motors Sells Strasbourg Plant to Punch Metals International|author=Alex Luft|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 22 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg began producing [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|8HP 8-speed automatic transmissions]] for [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] in addition to the GM 6L50 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2023, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg was renamed Dumarey Powerglide Strasbourg.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Suisse AG||[[w:Biel|Biel]]||[[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] 1936-1941, 1946-1968&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With This Picture? And What's Very Right With the Other Ones? They Do Things a Bit Differently In Switzerland|date=15 August 2020 |at=see 20th comment down from 8-15-20 5:59 pm|url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/qotd/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-and-whats-very-right-with-the-other-ones-they-do-things-a-bit-differently-in-switzerland/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] 1937-1939, 1946-1959 (None produced in 1955-1956)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1936-1940, 1947-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]] 1936-1940, 1946-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1936 &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1938-1940&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] 1936-1941, 1950-1975&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] 1936-1940, 1946-1971&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] 1970-1975  ||1936||1975|| First car off the line was a [[w:Buick Series 40|Buick Model 41]] on February 5, 1936. Other prewar cars built include the [[w:Buick Series 90|Buick Series 90]] &amp; [[w:Opel P4|Opel P4]]. GM rented the factory from the city council until they bought it on Feb. 20, 1947. Closed August 14, 1975. Last car was an [[w:Opel Rekord D|Opel Rekord D]]. A total of 329,864 cars were assembled. Regular as well as customized vehicles in small series were made like drawing vehicles for the [[w:Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss Armed Forces]]: An open 6-seater [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] Platform combined with an Opel 2.5L I-6 cylinder; after World War II those &quot;Swiss&quot; cars were also offered to the public as limousines. As well, GM produced luxury upgraded vehicles for the European market like the [[w:Opel Kapitän|Opel Kapitän]], [[w:Opel Rekord P1#Swiss assembly|Rekord]] &quot;Ascona Edition&quot;, and the Kadett-based [[w:Opel Kadett B#Opel Ascona (modified Kadett B assembled in Biel, Switzerland)|Opel Ascona 1700]] up to the early 1970s. The [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] was invented by using [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] structures on an [[w:Opel Rekord C|Opel Rekord C]] body. Also built the first generation [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], &amp; the [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] and the special Victor Riviera as well as the [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] and [[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]. Afterwards the plant was used as GM's European central spare parts warehouse until 1992. Most buildings still exist, they now house a [[w:Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] mall. &amp;nbsp;  

|- 

|T||[[w:General Motors India|Talegaon]]||[[w:Talegaon|Talegaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Beat|Chevrolet Beat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]||2008||2020||Part of [[w:General Motors India|GM India]]. Production began in September 2008. Closed December 24, 2020. Sold to [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]] in January 2024.  

|- 

|T (1953-1996)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:North Tarrytown Assembly|North Tarrytown Assembly]]||[[w:Sleepy Hollow, New York|North Tarrytown, New York]]||United States||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Gen.1)]] (1960-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-72)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1975-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977|Pontiac Ventura]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1978-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1976-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (80-83)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina APV|Chevrolet Lumina APV]] (1990-93)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina Minivan|Chevrolet Lumina Minivan]] ('94-'96)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#First generation (1990-1996)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1990-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#First generation (1990–1996)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1990-1996) ||1918 (as part of GM)||1996|| Located at 199 Beekman Avenue. Originally built by [[w:Mobile Company of America|Mobile Company of America]]. In 1904, plant was sold to Maxwell-Briscoe, which later became [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]. Chevrolet bought the complex in 1914, before Chevrolet was part of GM. The first Chevrolet produced in Tarrytown was the [[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division during World War II and assembled the wings, center section, trailing edges, motor mount, cabin, windshield, &amp; upholstery for Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Tarrytown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Plant joined Truck and Bus Group for 1990 when it was converted to build GM's new trio of fwd minivans. Plant closed in June 1996. Minivan production moved to [[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]] for 1997. North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in December 1996. Plant was demolished. Site being redeveloped as Edge-on-Hudson, a mixed use residential/retail/office/park space.  

|-

|H||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Thailand]] Ltd.||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet/Holden Colorado]] (RC/RG) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#RG|Chevrolet/Holden Trailblazer &amp; Holden Colorado 7]] (RG)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Chevrolet/Holden Captiva]]||2000||2020||Past Models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Opel/Vauxhall/Chevrolet Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Holden Zafira (TT)]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Subaru Traviq|Subaru Traviq]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Isuzu D-Max]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo 156|Alfa Romeo 156]] [https://www.just-auto.com/news/thailand-gm-to-make-alfa-156-in-thailand/]&lt;br /&gt; Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Powertrain (Thailand) Ltd.]]||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||2.5L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 425 DOHC|R 425 DOHC]]) &amp; 2.8L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 428 DOHC|R 428 DOHC]] &amp; [[w:List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|A 428 DOHC]]) turbodiesel I4 engines||2011||2020|| Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||Three Rivers||[[w:Three Rivers, Michigan|Three Rivers]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Rwd Automatic transmissions, propshafts||1979||1994||Located at 1 Manufacturing Way (formerly 1 Hydramatic Drive) off W. Hoffman St. GM bought the closed plant from Continental Can Co. Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions, Gears||1916||1957||Located at 900 W. Central Ave. Acquired from Warner Gear Co. by Chevrolet in 1916 before Chevrolet was part of GM. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. During WWII, produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four- and six-wheel-drive military trucks. Replaced by the current Toledo Transmission plant on Alexis Road in 1956.&lt;br /&gt;  

|- 

|M||Toluca Assembly||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||2008||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (2001–2002), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Forge||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1950||1994||Located at 2390-2392 Kenmore Ave. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Foundry||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts, brake drums. ||1954||1984||Was located on River Road. Was a Chevrolet Foundry. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. &amp;nbsp; 

|- 

|Z||General Motors Turkiye Ltd.||[[w:Torbali|Torbali]], [[w:Izmir Province|Izmir Province]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] A &amp; B||1990||2000||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Converted into a spare parts warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Uruguaya SA||[[w:Sayago|Sayago]], [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]]||[[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1962||1986||  

|- 

|L (1953-1992)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20 (1947-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys Assembly]]||[[w:Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1971, 1978-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1968-1971,&lt;br&gt; 1978-1992) ||1947||1992||Located at 8000 Van Nuys Blvd. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Van Nuys Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Demolished in 1993. Redeveloped into &quot;The Plant&quot;, a retail and industrial complex that also includes LAPD and LAFD stations.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973-1975), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1963, 1965-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1972-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1972-1976)

|- 

|8 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;E (before 1993)||[[w:Vauxhall Ellesmere Port|Vauxhall Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:Ellesmere Port|Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Opel Astra#K|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] K (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] J (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] F&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett E|Opel Kadett E]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1991)|Vauxhall Astra Mk II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Belmont|Vauxhall Belmont]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo/Bedford Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#First generation (1980–1984)|Vauxhall Astra Mk I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Chevanne|Bedford Chevanne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Firenza|Vauxhall Firenza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Magnum|Vauxhall Magnum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Third generation (TR; 1995)|Holden Astra (TR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (wagon)&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall Viva OHV Inline-4&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 54° V6 engine|General Motors 54° V6 engine]]||1962||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. &lt;br /&gt;Also made engines, transmissions, axles, &amp; other components. Engine production ended in 2004. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|7 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;V (before 1993)||Vauxhall Luton (car plant)||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Vauxhall Carlton|Vauxhall Carlton]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cavalier|Vauxhall Cavalier]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Ventora|Vauxhall Ventora]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX Series|Vauxhall VX Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Envoy (automobile)#Vauxhall Victor based models|Envoy F/FB/FC/FD]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet Bedford AC/LQ&lt;br /&gt;Bedford WHG/WLG/WS/VYC/AS/WT/BYC/K/[[w:Bedford M series|MS/ML]]/OS/OL/[[w:Bedford OB|OB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HC|Bedford HC/JC/PC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CA|Bedford CA/Envoy EA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF/CF1/Opel Bedford Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA|Bedford HA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall OHV Inline-6||1905 (operations began)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1925 (part of GM)||2002|| Vauxhall moved from London to Luton in 1905. GM bought Vauxhall in 1925. Production ended in 2002 with the [[w:Vauxhall Vectra|Vauxhall Vectra]]. The Luton passenger car plant was next to the still active van plant previously used by the IBC Vehicles joint venture. The plant has now been demolished and the site is now being redeveloped for housing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/politics/redevelopment-of-former-vauxhall-site-given-the-go-ahead-1-5795094|work=Luton Today|title=Redevelopment of former Vauxhall site given the go-ahead|date=8 Jan 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM de Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;Caracas||[[w:Antimano|Antimano]], [[w:Caracas|Caracas]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Thriftmaster/Loadmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] ||1948||1983||Plant closed in 1983 &amp; GM moved to the newer Valencia plant that it bought from Chrysler in 1979.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Mariara||[[w:Mariara|Mariara]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet C3500]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Giga|Chevrolet E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;||2008||2015||Plant closed in 2015 &amp; N-Series moved to Valencia plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Valencia||[[w:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Astra|Chevrolet Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] ||1979||2017||Originally built by Chrysler de Venezuela SA. GM bought the plant from Chrysler in 1979 and moved their entire operations there from the Caracas plant by 1983. &lt;br /&gt; 

There had already been production pauses because of part shortages between 2014 and 2016. On May 2, 2017 GM announced the total closure of the plant and deconsolidation of the Venezuelan unit from its accounts due to the illegal seizure of its factory by the Venezuelan government. The plant halted all of its operations of manufacturing vehicles and now only retains the GM brands representation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/internacional/articulo/general-motors-cierra-operaciones-en-venezuela/244829|title=General Motors concreta el cierre de sus operaciones en Venezuela|website=Semana.com|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/04/20/actualidad/1492679446_631610.html|title=General Motors suspende operaciones en Venezuela tras el embargo de una planta|newspaper=El País|date=April 20, 2017|via=elpais.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/generalmotors-cierre-operaciones-venezuela-negocios.html|title=General Motors inicia cierre de operaciones en Venezuela|website=El Comercio|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Vietnam|GM Vietnam]]||[[w:Hanoi, Vietnam|Hanoi]]||[[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]]||1995||2018||Originally established as VIDAMCO (a joint venture with a state owned co.) in 1993 by Daewoo Motor Co. Daewoo bought out its Vietnamese partner in April 2000, making VIDAMCO 100% owned by Daewoo Motor Co. Bought by GM in 2002 as part of the creation of [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo Auto &amp; Technology Co.]] In July 2011, the name of the company was changed from VIDAMCO to GM Vietnam. Sold to [[w:VinFast|VinFast]] in 2018. [[w:VinFast Fadil|VinFast Fadil]] produced under license from GM; is a rebadged [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Fourth generation (M400; 2015)|Chevrolet Spark (M400)]]/[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Warren Transmission|Warren Transmission]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70, 6T75, 6T80]] ||1958||2020||Located at 23500 Mound Road. Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E]], [[w:List of GM transmissions#Hybrid and PHEV|5ET50 EVT]] 

Plant originally built in 1941 as a US Navy Ordnance facility operated by the Hudson Motor Car Co. building 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. In 1943, the Navy moved the contract from Hudson to Westinghouse, which now operated the Warren plant for the Navy. Ford bought the plant in 1946 and used it to produce axles and ball joints. GM bought the plant in 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2022/01/old-gm-warren-transmission-plant-set-to-be-demolished/|title = Old GM Warren Transmission Plant Set To Be Demolished|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=January 25, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plant became a Chevrolet facility making auto parts. It also made artillery shells in the 1960's and 1970's. The factory was transferred to the Hydramatic Division in 1980, later becoming part of GM Powertrain. [https://nadc1.com/?portfolio=gm-paint-shop-strip-out] Ended production on August 1, 2019. Reopened for production of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/06/08/gm-warren-transmission-plant-coronavirus/3135789001/|title = GM revived Warren plant for face mask production. What happens when demand slows?|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=June 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. First face mask produced March 27, 2020. Sold to a developer in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch automobiles||1909||1911||Welch Motor Car Company became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took it over in 1910. Welch ended production in 1911. Welch was noted for having engines with a single overhead cam and hemispherical combustion chambers, unusual technology for its time.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch-Detroit]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch-Detroit automobiles||1910||1911||The Welch Company of Detroit was a separate company from the Welch Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan and was set up in June 1909 to build a smaller, cheaper car than the Welch made in Pontiac, Michigan. Both Welch companies became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took over both companies in 1910. Both Welch and Welch-Detroit ended production in 1911. Equipment from the factory was moved to the also GM-owned, former Rainier Motor Car Company factory in Saginaw to make the 1912 Marquette, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands.

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|W||[[w:Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run Assembly]]||[[w:Ypsilanti Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti Twp, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fourth generation (1991–1996)|Chevrolet Caprice]] sedan &amp; wagon (1991-1993) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Third generation (1991–1992)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] wagon (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1991-1993)||1956||1993||Located at 2625 Tyler Road, to the south of the former Willow Run Transmission plant. Initially opened in 1956 to exclusively build Chevrolet trucks in a 500,000 sq. ft. building that had been used as a warehouse by GM and was previously used by Kaiser-Frazer's engineering dept. [https://aadl.org/aa_news_19561208-chevrolet_willow_run_truck_plant_gains_momentum] In 1958-59, plant was expanded into a 2-part Chevrolet &amp; Fisher Body passenger car assembly plant to make the Chevrolet Corvair. First completed 1960 Corvair rolls off the line on July 7, 1959 [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=792700342891740&amp;set=a.453129043515540]. Added the Chevy II (Nova) for 1962. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Willow Run Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Converted in 1978-79 to build the fwd X-body compacts for 1980. In 1984, joined the new BOC group in preparation for its conversion to build the new fwd H-body full-size cars for 1986. Final H-car built in May 1989 and in September, moved to the CPC group. Converted to build the body-on-frame, rwd B-body for 1991. Chevy Caprice sedan  production began in January 1990 followed by station wagons in July. Closed July 1993. Assembly plant was 2.5 million sq.ft. when it closed. The Willow Run Assembly Plant is now the Willow Run Business Center, a multi-tenant warehouse and distribution facility, part of which is leased by GM to distribute automotive service parts, which is known as Ypsilanti #87 Processing Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  The nearby Willow Run Company Vehicle Operations site at 2901 Tyler Road was sold to International Turbine Industries in April 2013.&lt;ref name=WR-Assembly-sold&gt;{{cite news|author=Katrease Stafford|title=GM Willow Run plant redevelopment: Aircraft maintenance firm buys 1 building|url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ypsilanti/gm-willow-run-plant-redevelopment-aircraft-maintenance-firm-purchases-facility-25-new-jobs-expected/|access-date=24 April 2013|newspaper=AnnArbor.com|date=April 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]], [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1978), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1981, 1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1979), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Fourth generation (1955)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1958), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1957-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1986-1989), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1984), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1987-1989), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1979).

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]||[[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L85-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T60-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T80-E transmission|4T80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L90 transmission|6L90-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;||1953||2010||Whatever equipment could be salvaged came from the destroyed Detroit Transmission Division plant in Livonia in 1953; began as the Ford [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber plant in World War II which opened in 1941, grew from 3.5 million square feet to nearly 5 million square feet under GM. Ford built the factory and sold it to the US government, which leased it back to Ford for the duration of WWII. Ford Motor had first option on the plant after war production ended, an option it ultimately chose not to exercise. The factory was instead leased and then sold to [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] and was their main production site from 1946-1953, when they moved production to Toledo, OH following Kaiser-Frazer's acquisition of Toledo-based [[w:Willys-Overland|Willys-Overland]]. In addition to automobiles, [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] also built [[w:C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119 Flying Boxcar]] cargo planes at Willow Run under license from [[w:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Aircraft]], producing an estimated 88 C-119s between 1951 and 1953. In 1953, GM first leased then bought the plant to replace the Detroit Transmission Division factory in Livonia, Michigan that had burned down earlier in 1953. Also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Rambler, Kaiser, and Willys. It was also initially supplied to Rolls-Royce before Rolls-Royce set up their own Hydramatic production line in the UK building Hydramatics under license from GM. Rolls-Royce also supplied Armstrong-Siddeley and [[w: British Motor Corporation|BMC]], which in turn supplied other British automakers like Jensen that used BMC’s biggest engines. The Detroit Transmission Division became the Hydramatic Division in October 1963. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Over the years, GM expanded the plant to almost 5 million sq. ft. In addition to automatic transmissions, GM also produced the M16A1 rifle and the M39A1 20mm autocannon for the US military during the Vietnam War at Willow Run Transmission. GM Powertrain also had an on-site engineering center. The plant closed in December 2010. A small portion of the plant was saved by the [[w:Yankee Air Museum|Yankee Air Museum]] to be turned into the National Museum of Aviation and Technology at Historic Willow Run but more than 95% of the plant was demolished from 2013-2014. The rest of the site has been redeveloped into the [[w:American Center for Mobility|American Center for Mobility]], an autonomous- and connected-driving testing center which opened in December 2017.  

|-

|Y (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-2010) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; W &lt;br /&gt; (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 5 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) || [[w:Wilmington Assembly|Wilmington Assembly]] || [[w:Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, Delaware]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Solstice|Pontiac Solstice]] (2006-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky]] (2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (roadster) (2007–2010)|Opel GT]] (Europe: 2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo G2X#Daewoo G2X|Daewoo G2X]] (S. Korea: 2007-2009) ||1947||2009||Located at 801 Boxwood Road. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Wilmington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Converted to make the Chevette small car for 1976. Switched back to making B-body full-size cars for 1985. Converted to make the fwd Chevy Corsica &amp; Beretta for 1987. Converted to build Saturn's 2nd model range, the Opel Vectra-based, plastic body paneled Saturn L-Series for 2000. Converted to build the rwd, Kappa platform small sports cars for 2006 beginning with the Pontiac Solstice. Final car produced was a Solstice roadster on July 28, 2009. The plant was sold to [[w:Fisker Automotive|Fisker Automotive]] in 2010, which had planned to build its [[w:Fisker Atlantic|2nd model line]] there. However, Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in Nov. 2013 before ever building any cars in Wilmington. Fisker Automotive's assets, including the Wilmington plant, were purchased out of bankruptcy by Wanxiang Group in February 2014. Wanxiang did not use the plant and sold it in 2017. Plant was demolished in 2019. A large part of the site is now an Amazon fulfillment center.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1996), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#1987–1991|Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)]] (1988-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-1999), [[w:Saturn L-Series|Saturn L-Series]] (2000-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1976-1984), [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1984), [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only), [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate#1971-1976|Buick Estate]] (1972-1973, 1975), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1975), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1950, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950, 1953-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970)), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1968), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1975, 1985-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1975, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1963, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1963), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1963), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1960, 1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1951, 1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Windsor Transmission|Windsor Transmission]]||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM 4T40 transmission|4T40E/4T45E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components||1920||2010||Plant was originally in [[w:Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] until Walkerville was annexed by Windsor in 1935. Was located at 1550 Kildare Road. Walker Road is at the back of the property. Previous: 1920 - 1928 axles and parts, 1928 - 1963 engines (including the [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt OHV inline-6 engine]] and Buick engines from 1935-1942). The Windsor plant was taken over by McKinnon Industries Ltd., a GM subsidiary in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada in 1963. As a result, engine production in Windsor was moved to St. Catharines and transmission production in St. Catharines was moved to Windsor. At this point, the Windsor plant was renamed the Windsor Transmission Plant. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. Closed on July 28, 2010. The 4-spd. automatics made in Windsor were discontinued and replaced by 6-spd. automatics made in St. Catharines. Sold in 2014 and completely demolished by 2017. Site now occupied by MotiPark Ltd. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Windsor Trim||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Seat assemblies and door trim panels||1965||1996|| Located at 1600 Lauzon Rd. Sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996 and then sold to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1999. Closed by Lear in 2005. Demolished in 2009. Part of the property is now the [[w:WFCU Centre|WFCU Centre]] and part will be residential homes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Wixom Performance Build Center|Wixom Performance Build Center]]||[[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L LS3 V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)#Grand Sport|(C6 Corvette Grand Sport coupe w/manual transmission only)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|7.0L LS7 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L supercharged LS9 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Northstar engine series#LC3|4.4L supercharged LC3 V8]] ||2004||2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/106/gm-closing-wixom-performance-engine-facility-build-your-own-engine-program-ends|title=GM Closing Wixom Performance Engine Facility, Build-Your-Own-Engine Program Ends|author=Patrick Rall|date=September 20, 2013|publisher=Torquenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Located at 30240 Oak Creek Dr.&lt;br&gt; Performance Build Center relocated to &lt;br&gt; Bowling Green Assembly in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Assembly (LaSalle Wyoming Ave. plant)]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1933||1926||1934||Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company]]||[[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow Cab taxis&lt;br&gt;Yellow Coach buses&lt;br&gt;Yellocab trucks (T-1, T-2, and T-3)||1925||1928||Located on West Dickens Ave. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. Yellocab trucks were discontinued during 1927 and were replaced with new light-duty GMC trucks (T-10 &amp; T-20). During 1928, bus and taxi production was consolidated at the GMC Pontiac Central plant in Pontiac, Michigan. The Chicago plant was closed and sold.
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works||[[w:East Moline|East Moline]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow-Knight engines||1925||1929||Production began in 1923. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. During 1929 and 1930, Yellow Sleeve Valve Engine production equipment was transferred from East Moline, Illinois to Pontiac West Plant 1 in Pontiac, Michigan. The East Moline plant was closed at the end of 1929 and was sold.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Yulon GM|Yulon GM]]||[[w:Miaoli|Miaoli]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Buick Excelle#Taiwan|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse#China|Buick LaCrosse]]  ||2006||2012||A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by [[w:Yulon|Yulon Motor Co]]. Yulon bought GM's stake in the venture in Dec. 2008. Production continued after the sale through licensing but cooperation between GM &amp; Yulon ended in 2012.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Zaire||[[w:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]||[[w:Zaire|Zaire]] (now [[w:Democratic Republic of the Congo|D.R. Congo]])||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]]||1975||1987||GM sold the plant in 1987 to local businessmen. Plant was looted bare in 1991.  

|}

== Former partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|H||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Commercial plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]] (2003-2009)||2002||2009||Located at 12900 McKinley Highway. Built under contract for GM by AM General. Plant later built the [[w:Mercedes-Benz R-Class|Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] under contract for Mercedes for export to China from 2015-2017 as well as the [[w:VPG MV-1|VPG MV-1]] under contract for VPG (later Mobility Ventures MV-1; Mobility Ventures being an AM General subsidiary that took over VPG's assets after VPG went bankrupt). MV-1 was made from 2011-2016.

|- 

|E||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Military plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H1|Hummer H1]] (2000-2006)||1992||2006 (civilian production)||Located at 13200 McKinley Highway. This plant built the military [[w:Humvee|Humvee]] from fall 1984 and civilian Hummers from 1992. In Dec. 1999, GM bought the rights to the Hummer brand from AM General. AM General still handled manufacturing but GM handled marketing and distribution. At this point, the AM General Hummer was renamed Hummer H1. H1 built under contract for GM by AM General. Humvee production for military use continued after 2006.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Ltd.||[[w:Jurong|Jurong]] (Jurong Industrial Estate)||[[w:Singapore|Singapore]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet 350]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|VX4/90]]||1968||1975||Jointly owned by Wearne Brothers Limited &amp; Motor Investments Bhd. Associated Motor Industries Ltd. assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers (Austin, Morris, &amp; Renault).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Batu Tiga|Batu Tiga]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1968||1971 (?)||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia assembled Holden vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers.  

|- 

|C||[[w:Automobilwerk Eisenach|Automobilwerk Eisenach]] (AWE)||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1990||1991||  The old [[w:Wartburg (marque)|Wartburg]] plant built vehicles for Opel for a short time before closing permanently.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]]||[[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Rezzo|Chevrolet Rezzo]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000) |Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT800)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT900)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]], [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2001)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT800)]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT900)]], [[w:Cadillac SRX|Cadillac SRX]], [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]], [[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]], [[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Insignia|Opel Insignia]], [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2004||2015||Built under contract by [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Azia Avto||[[w:Ust-Kamenogorsk|Ust-Kamenogorsk]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2007||2018||Built under contract by Azia Avto for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Bangchan General Assembly|Bangchan General Assembly]] Co., Ltd.||[[w:Khan Na Yao district|Khan Na Yao district]], [[w:Bangkok|Bangkok]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Monaro LS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet De Ville]]||1970||1987 (?)||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] invested in Bangchan in 1979 but then sold its stake to [[w:Honda|Honda]] in 1987. Phra Nakorn Automobile Group became sole owner of Bangchan in 2005.  

|- 

|B||[[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1993)|Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel/Vauxhall Astra F convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel/Vauxhall Astra G coupe &amp; convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra convertible (TS)]] ||1987||2006||Built under contract by [[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Centroamericana de Ensamblaje y Fabricación||(?)||[[w:Honduras|Honduras]]||[[w:El Compadre (car)|Compadre]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Compadre was assembled in Honduras.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Champion Motors||[[w:Shah Alam|Shah Alam]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]||1968||1982 (?)||Champion Motors assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968. Champion Motors was renamed Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) in 1975. The last products still being built for GM were Bedford trucks. A joint venture of Toyota &amp; [[w:UMW Holdings|UMW Holdings Bhd.]] called Sejati Motor took over ASSB in 1982 which was then renamed UMW Toyota Motor in 1987. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chinese Automobile Co., Ltd.||[[w:Xinzhuang District|Xinzhuang District]], [[w:New Taipei City|New Taipei City]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F &amp; G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B ||1993||2000||GM ended the assembly contract in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GAZ|GAZ]]||[[w:Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny Novgorod]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2013||2015||Built under contract by [[w:GAZ|GAZ]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Genoto (General Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)||[[w:Kozyatağı|Kozyatağı]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]] (KG EJR &amp; KBC 10 &amp; 570)||1965||1986||Built Bedford trucks under license from GM, sometimes rebadged as Genoto. 

|- 

|E||[[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]]||[[w:Cerizay|Cerizay]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Holden Tigra (XC)]]||2004||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]||[[w:Uttarpara|Uttarpara]], [[w:West Bengal|West Bengal]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] models under Hindustan name including [[w:Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] (based on [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] models including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Terex|Terex]]||1957 (?)||2004||Built under license by [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||INDEVESA, S.A.||(?)||[[w:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Pinolero]]||1970s||(?)||The Nicaraguan state-owned company produced a version of GM's BTV called the Pinolero.

|-

|3||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Kawasaki plant||[[w:Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]] (1987-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1995-98 FRR, 1989-96 FSR, 1992-96 FTR/FVR)||1938||2005||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. Closed 2005.

|- 

|H&lt;br /&gt;(WMI: MPA)||[[w:Isuzu Motors (Thailand)|Isuzu Motors Co., (Thailand) Ltd.]] (IMCT)||Samrong Tai, [[w:Phra Pradaeng district|Phra Pradaeng district]], [[w:Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo (RA)]]||2003||2008||Rebadged Isuzu D-Max produced by Isuzu Thailand for GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Replaced by the updated and renamed Holden Colorado, which was made by GM Thailand rather than Isuzu Thailand. The model name was changed because after GM sold the last of its shares in Isuzu in 2006, GM Holden lost the right to use the Rodeo name, which was owned by Isuzu, during 2008.

|-

|9||[[w:KUKA|KUKA]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2022)||2021||2022||Produced under contract for GM in a limited run of less than 500 units. A temporary measure until GM's CAMI plant is ready to start building BrightDrop electric vans. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein|Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein (LRL)]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, and buses&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]||1937||1939||Was located at Bema Street. Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein was a GM distributor who also assembled vehicles from CKD kits under license from GM until the German invasion that began World War II interrupted production. The Germans took over the factory during the war and the company was nationalized by the Communist Polish govt. after the war.

|-

|N (Opel Speedster &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall VX220)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Speedster|Opel Speedster]]/[[w:Vauxhall VX220|Vauxhall VX220]] (2001-2006) 7,207 units 
 

[[w:Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Lotus Exige|Lotus Exige]]

||2000||2005||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were built under contract for GM by Lotus after GM had sold Lotus. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were based on the Lotus Elise.

|- 

|6||[[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]]||[[w:Graz|Graz]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#Second generation (2003–2014)|Saab 9-3 Convertible]] (2004-2010)||2003||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] for GM-owned Saab Automobile AB. 9-3 Convertible production was moved to Saab's own plant in Trollhattan, Sweden in January 2010.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Mercury Marine|Mercury Marine]]||[[w:Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|5.7L LT5 DOHC V8 engine]] (For 1990-1995 C4 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)||1989||1993||Engine was built for GM by Mercury Marine at their existing MerCruiser marine engine plant in Stillwater. 21,000 square feet of the 650,000 square foot plant was partitioned from the rest of the plant for assembly of this engine. LT5 engine production actually ended in 1993. Extra engines were built to be sufficient for Corvette  ZR-1 production through 1995. The extra engines were sealed and crated for long-term storage and were shipped to the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored there until they were needed for installation in a '94 or '95 Corvette ZR-1. &lt;br&gt; Plant was located at 3003 N Perkins Rd. Closed in December 2011. Sold in 2012 to Belgium-based aerospace supplier Asco Industries.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Neal and Massy Industries Ltd.||[[w:Morvant|Morvant]]&lt;br /&gt; later moved to &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Arima|Arima]]||[[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]||[[w:Holden Commodore#First generation (1978–1988)|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Kingswood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet Caprice (rebadged Statesman DeVille)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1966||1994 (Production for GM may have ended earlier)||Built under license by Neal and Massy for GM. Neal and Massy also assembled vehicles for Datsun (Nissan) and Mazda. Assembly operation closed in 1994. Neal and Massy (now called Massy Motors) still operates as an importer/distributor for several non-GM automotive brands.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive (Pvt.) Ltd.]]||[[w:Port Qasim|Port Qasim]], [[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh province]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Asia|Chevrolet Joy]]||2005||2006||Nexus Automotive was a GM licensed assembler and distributor. Built under contract for [[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive]] by [[w:Ghandhara Nissan|Ghandhara Nissan]] at a plant with spare capacity.  

|- 

|K||[[w:Nissan USA#Manufacturing|Nissan Mexicana]]||[[w:Cuernavaca|Cuernavaca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet City Express|Chevrolet City Express]] (2015-2018)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV200|Nissan NV200]] (2013-2021)||2014||2018||Nissan plant. 

Chevrolet City Express is a rebadged Nissan NV200 made for GM by Nissan. Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; City Express discontinued after 2018. NV200 discontinued in North America after 2021.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] Clayton plant||[[w:Clayton South, Victoria|Clayton South]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Astra#First generation (LB, LC; 1984–1987)|Holden Astra (LB/LC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|Nissan Pulsar (N12)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Second generation (LD; 1987–1989)|Holden Astra (LD)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N13 (1986)|Nissan Pulsar (N13)]]||1984 (GM prod.)||1989 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Nissan's Australian plant was done as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. The relationship ended in 1989 and GM Holden established a joint venture with Toyota called [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]] to replace the Nissan relationship. The Nissan Pulsar-based Holden Astra was replaced by the Toyota Corolla-based Holden Nova. Nissan closed its Australian vehicle assembly plant in 1992. The Clayton plant was later taken over by HSV and the Walkinshaw Group. 

|- 

|Y||[[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]]||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Vivaro A|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar]] (high roof versions only)||2001||2015||This is a Nissan plant that built high roof versions of Renault-designed midsize vans for Opel/Vauxhall as part of a supply deal between GM Europe &amp; Renault as well as for Renault and Nissan. The low roof versions were made by Vauxhall at the IBC Vehicles/GMM Luton plant however that UK plant could not fit the high roof versions so they were built by Nissan in Spain. Van production in Barcelona ended in 2015 and high roof Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro production was moved to Renault's plant in Sandouville, France, which also handled all Renault Trafic and Nissan NV300 (Primastar replacement) production. Nissan closed this plant in Dec. 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Pantja Motor||[[w:Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||2001||2005||Isuzu's Indonesian assembler, now known as [[w:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]. Built the Isuzu Panther-based Tavera for GM Indonesia.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) painted bodies||1959||1960||Bodies were built by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] and mated with chassis shipped to Italy by Cadillac and then shipped back to the US. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:San Giorgio Canavese|San Giorgio Canavese]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) painted bodies||1986||1993||Bodies were designed and manufactured under contract by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] for Cadillac. Plant was built specially for the Allanté. Bodies were then flown from Turin, Italy to Detroit on specially equipped Boeing 747s and then trucked to GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant for final assembly. The assembly process was known as the &quot;Allanté Air Bridge&quot;. It was also referred to as &quot;the world's longest assembly line.&quot;

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pragoti|Pragoti Industries Ltd.]]||[[w:Sitakunda|Sitakunda]], [[w:Chittagong Division|Chittagong Division]]||[[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]||[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]]&lt;br /&gt;||1966||1970's||Began as part of [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1966 when Bangladesh was still [[w:East Pakistan|East Pakistan]] and assembled GM vehicles like the Ghandhara plant in Karachi did. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the operation was nationalized by the new government and became Pragoti Industries Ltd.  

|- 

|B (GM)||[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|Renault Batilly]]||[[w:Batilly, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Batilly]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Opel/Vauxhall Arena]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Second generation (1997)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Third generation (2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master|Renault Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Renault Mascott|Renault Trucks Mascott]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Interstar|Nissan Interstar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV400|Nissan NV400]]||1997||2017||Renault-[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|SOVAB]] plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. Movano switched to being PSA/Fiat-based instead of Renault-based in 2021.

|- 

|S (GM)||[[w:Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]||[[w:Sandouville|Sandouville]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (high roof versions only) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV300|Nissan NV300]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Nissan Primastar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Fiat Talento]]||2014||2017||Renault plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Vivaro switched to being PSA-based instead of Renault-based in 2018. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Santa Isabel]]||[[w:Santa Isabel, Córdoba|Santa Isabel]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20 &amp; D-20]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#South America|Chevrolet Trafic/SpaceVan]] ||1991||2002||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Argentina]]-CIADEA plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Sevel Argentina|Sevel Argentina]]||[[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Estación Ferreyra, Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20/D-20]]||1985||1991||Fiat - PSA jointly owned plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|For Saab&lt;br&gt; 9-2X:&lt;br&gt; G (w/man. trans.),&lt;br&gt; H (w/auto. trans.)||[[w:Subaru#Manufacturing facilities|Subaru Main Plant]]||[[w:Ōta, Gunma|Ōta, Gunma]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Saab 9-2X|Saab 9-2X]] (2005-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Subaru Forester#Second generation (SG; 2002)|Chevrolet Forester (India)]] (2003-2007)||2003 (GM prod.)||2007 (GM prod.)||[[w:Subaru|Subaru]] plant 

|- 

|4||[[w:Subaru-Isuzu Automotive|Subaru-Isuzu Automotive]] (S.I.A.)||[[w:Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Holden Frontera#Second generation (1998)|Holden Frontera]] (UE/MX)||1999 (GM prod.)||2003 (GM prod.)||Subaru &amp; Isuzu joint venture plant. Isuzu built a rebadged, rhd version of the 2nd generation US market Isuzu Rodeo &amp; Amigo SUVs for export to GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand.

|-

|W (GM),&lt;br /&gt;4 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Iwata Assembly||[[w:Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#First generation|Geo Tracker]] (US: 1989-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick]] (US: 1989-1995, 1997-98)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick Sport]] (US: 1996-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Grand Vitara]] (1999-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki XL-7#First generation (XL-7; 1998)|Suzuki XL-7]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Drover#Second generation (1981)|Holden Drover (QB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Scurry#Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985)|Holden Scurry (NB)]]||1985 (GM prod.)||1990 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|K (GM),&lt;br /&gt;5 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Kosai Assembly||[[w:Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (US: 1985-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Metro|Geo Metro]] (US: 1989-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina (MB/ML)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Second generation (MF, MH; 1989–1994|Holden Barina (MF/MH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus|Suzuki Swift]] (US: 1989-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet/Holden Cruze (YGM1)]] (YG) ||1984 (GM prod.)||2008 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|M (GM),&lt;br /&gt;0 (Suzuki/Fiat/Subaru)||[[w:Magyar Suzuki Corporation|Magyar Suzuki Corporation]]||[[w:Esztergom|Esztergom]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Agila#Second generation (H08; 2007)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Splash|Suzuki Splash]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Subaru Justy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Sedici|Fiat Sedici]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Suzuki Ignis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Subaru G3X Justy]]||1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2007 (GM prod.)||2014 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Suzuki Sagara Assembly &amp; Engine||[[w:Makinohara|Makinohara]], [[w:Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka Prefecture]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet MW|Chevrolet MW]] (sold in Japan)&lt;br /&gt;||2000||2010||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant.&lt;br /&gt; Also built the 3.6-liter GM High Feature V6 engine ([[w:GM High Feature engine#LY7|Suzuki N36A]]) to power the [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|2nd generation Suzuki XL7]] under license from GM. (Note: Dates reflect beginning &amp; end dates of production for GM.)  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecna SA||[[w:Arica, Chile|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont]] (1966-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa and Willow Run)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1962||1971||  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecno S.A.||[[w:Uruca|La Uruca]], [[w:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||[[w:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Amigo was assembled in Costa Rica.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecnomotor S.A.||(?)||[[w:Paraguay|Paraguay]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Mitai]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Mitai was assembled in Paraguay.

|-

|9 (GM),&lt;br /&gt;6 (Fiat &amp; Ram)||[[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]||[[w:Bursa|Bursa]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Combo D (2012-2018)|Opel/Vauxhall Combo D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Doblo|Fiat Doblo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]]||2011||2017||[[w:Fiat|Fiat]] plant (joint venture with Koç Holding of Turkey). Opel/Vauxhall was sold to PSA Group in 2017. Combo switched to being PSA-based instead of Fiat-based in 2019. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of Stellantis in 2021. Fiat and Tofaş also became part of Stellantis in 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] [[w:Toyota Australia Altona Plant|Altona plant]]||[[w:Altona North|Altona North]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Nova#Second generation (LG; 1994–1996)|Holden Nova (LG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E100)|Toyota Corolla (E100)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM/JP)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1994||1996 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995. The joint venture dissolved in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyotas were replaced with rebadged Opel models (Astra and Vectra) from GM Europe. Corolla production in Australia ended in 1999. Toyota closed the Altona plant in 2017.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] Port Melbourne plant||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JK/JL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry#V20 (1986–1992)|Toyota Camry (V20)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1989 (GM prod.)||1994 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995 and production ended at the older Port Melbourne plant in late 1994. The joint venture would later dissolve in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyota Camry was replaced with a rebadged Opel Vectra from GM Europe.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Udatin (Usaha Dagang Teknik Indonesia)||[[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[w:East Java|East Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]] HQ&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LJ, LH, LX&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]] JB&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Aska#South-East Asia and New Zealand|Holden Aska]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Calais (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Lincah/Raider]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC trucks]]||1959||1988||Built vehicles under contract for GM. During the 1960's, production was off and on due to Indonesian government policies and the economic situation. Production ended in 1988. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Unison||[[w:Minsk|Minsk]]||[[w:Belarus|Belarus]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] K2XX, [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]] K2XX, [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]]||2015||2018||Built under contract by Unison for GM. Production ended in 2018.  

|- 

|6,7 (Saab)&lt;br /&gt;9 (Opel/Vauxhall)||[[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]]||[[w:Uusikaupunki|Uusikaupunki]]||[[w:Finland|Finland]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#First generation (1998–2003)|Saab 9-3 Convertible &amp; 9-3 Viggen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]] (including 900 Convertible)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]||1969||2003||Built under contract by [[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]] for Saab &amp; for Opel/Vauxhall. Saab-Valmet was established in 1968 as a joint venture between Valmet and Saab-Scania. In 1992, Valmet became the sole owner, and the company was renamed Valmet Automotive in 1995.  

|- 

|X||[[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]]||[[w:Zaporizhia|Zaporizhia]] &amp; [[w:Illichivsk|Illichivsk]]||[[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra Classic]], [[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Combo|Opel Combo]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2003||2012||Built under contract by [[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]] for GM.  

|- 

|}</text>
      <sha1>7tbl3gm4dvfgws4nallevmq4i8nf8ft</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443329</id>
      <parentid>4443323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T00:21:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JustTheFacts33</username>
        <id>3434282</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Former partner factories */</comment>
      <origin>4443329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="398226" sha1="kv6wonsgxwbwfdxxccx24dyskqc1rw8" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''history of [[w:General Motors|General Motors]] factories''' that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, buses, and automobile components.&lt;ref name=GMfacilities&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231130/http://www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/environment/plants/index.jsp GM facilities map]. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The factories are sometimes idled for re-tooling. 

 
==Current factories== 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|R (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-present)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;T (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Arlington Assembly|Arlington Assembly]]||[[w:Arlington, Texas|Arlington, Texas]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:GMT T1XX|T1XX]] SUVs (2021-):&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fifth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Twelfth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Yukon|GMC Yukon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]]
||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2525 E Abram St.&lt;br /&gt;Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Arlington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1996 and Arlington was converted to build full-size SUVs. SUV production began for 1998. Full-size pickups were also built for 1998-2000. Arlington Assembly has produced models for all of GM's primary American brands: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. Arlington Assembly has produced over 12 million vehicles. Expanded in 2018 with new building to the west to make body panels. &lt;br /&gt; Past models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM A platform (RWD)|GM A platform (RWD)]] (intermediate): [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1970-1977), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1981), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1974-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1968-1970)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors G platform (1969)|GM G platform (RWD) 1982-1988]]: [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1982-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1982-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1982-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1985).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)|GM full-size A platform]]: [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM B platform|GM B platform]]: [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1960), [[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster sedan]] (1992-1996), [[w:Buick Estate#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970, 1988-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Seventh generation (Impala SS, 1994–1996)|Chevrolet Impala SS]] (1994-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1955-1964), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1988-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1959-1968), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-65, 1967-68), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1963, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961).&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors C platform (RWD)|GM C platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1954-1964) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM D platform|GM D platform]]: [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1988-1992), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Rear-wheel drive 1993–1996|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1993-1996) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMT400|GMT400]] pickups: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1998-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra]] (1998-2000).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT400|GMT400]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71|Chevrolet Tahoe Limited and Z71]] (2000), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|GMC Yukon]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#GMC Yukon Denali|GMC Yukon Denali]] (1999-2000), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#First generation (1999)|Cadillac Escalade]] (1999-2000)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT800|GMT800]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2001-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon]] (2001-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2002-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2001-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2001-2005).&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT900|GMT900]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2007-2014)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMT K2XX|K2XX]] SUVs (2015-2020): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|GMC Yukon]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|GMC Yukon XL]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] 

|-

|U||[[Artisan Center]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]] (2025-)||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at the [[w:General Motors Technical Center|GM Global Technical Center]] in Warren, Michigan. The Celestiq will be the first production vehicle sold to the public to be built at the GM Tech Center. The Celestiq will be built by hand on a special, low-volume production line and will be highly customizable. The Celestiq will be built to order and each one will be unique.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bay City Powertrain]]||[[w:Bay City, Michigan|Bay City, Michigan]]||United States||Engine components including connecting rods &amp; camshafts||1916||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1001 Woodside Ave. Originally opened as National Cycle Manufacturing Co. in 1892 to make bicycles. Bought by Chevrolet in 1916 and joined GM along with Chevrolet in 1918. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Bedford Casting]]||[[w:Bedford, Indiana|Bedford, Indiana]]||United States||Cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, transmission cases, EV drive unit housings, structural components, Aluminum die casting||1942||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 105 GM Drive. 

|- 

|5||[[w:Bowling Green Assembly Plant|Bowling Green Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green, Kentucky]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette (C8)]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for:&lt;br /&gt; Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing '22- and &lt;br /&gt; Cadillac Escalade-V '23-&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|LT6 V8 engine]] ('23- Corvette Z06)

[[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine#LT7|LT7 twin-turbo V8 engine]] ('25- Corvette ZR1)

||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 600 Corvette Drive. Originally built by Chrysler's Airtemp division, plant was sold to GM in 1980.&lt;br/&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR]] (2004-2009)&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)|Chevrolet Corvette (C3)]] (1981-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C4)|Chevrolet Corvette (C4)]] (1984-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette (C5)]] (1997-2004)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)|Chevrolet Corvette (C6)]] (2005-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]] (2014-2019)  

Performance Build Center relocated from Wixom, MI to Bowling Green Assembly in 2014.&lt;br/&gt; Past engines: [[w:Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing 4.2L LTA twin-turbo V8]],&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for: Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (C7) (2015-2016 models with Z07 package or build your own engine option, 2017-2019 all Z06 models) &amp;&lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 (Gen 6) (phased in during 2020, all '21-'24),&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT5|LT5 supercharged 6.2L Gen V Small Block V8]] ('19 Corvette ZR1)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Battery packs for [[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] &amp; [[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;Roof module for [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]]&lt;br /&gt;Assembles prototype battery packs||2009||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr.&lt;br /&gt; Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]], [[w:Holden Volt|Holden Volt]], [[w:Opel Ampera|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]], [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV (2015-2016 only - LG Chem cells)]] 

 
|- 

|6&lt;br /&gt;9&amp;nbsp;(BrightDrop)||[[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]]||[[w:Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2023-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Tom Venetis |date=4 April 2022 |title=GM Canada Electric Vehicle Production in Ontario by the End of 2022 |work=Metroland Media Group |url=http://www.canadianautoworld.ca/industry-news/gm-canada-electric-vehicle-production-in-ontario-by-the-end-of-2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 400|BrightDrop Zevo 400]] (2024)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 400]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 600]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for BrightDrop Zevo &amp; other vehicles made elsewhere||1989||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 300 Ingersoll St. S. Originally, a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] until December 2009 when GM bought Suzuki's share. Chevy Equinox production ended April 29, 2022. After being retooled, CAMI reopened December 5, 2022 building the BrightDrop Zevo 600. In July 2023, GM announced a 400,000 square-foot expansion to assemble battery modules and packs. Plant idled in October 2023 and restarted in April 2024.
Past models:[[w:Chevrolet Equinox|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2005-2022),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Bryan Bicknell |date=3 March 2022 |title=The finish line draws closer for gas powered vehicles at Ontario CAMI plant |work=CTV News |url=https://london.ctvnews.ca/the-finish-line-draws-closer-for-gas-powered-vehicles-at-ontario-cami-plant-1.5804523 |access-date=17 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[w:Pontiac Torrent|Pontiac Torrent]] (2006-2009), [[w:GMC Terrain#First generation (2010)|GMC Terrain]] (2010-2017), [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|Suzuki XL7]] (2007-2009), [[w:Geo Tracker|Geo/Chevrolet Tracker]] (1990-2004), [[w:Suzuki Vitara#First generation (ET/TA; 1988)|Suzuki Sidekick]] (1990-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Canada|Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner (Canada only)]], [[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Vitara]] (1999-2004), [[w:Geo Metro|Geo/Chevrolet Metro]] (1990-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada only), [[w:Geo Metro|Suzuki Swift]] (1991-'01). 

|- 

|B (Suburban HD)||[[w:GM Defense|GM Defense]] Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC)||[[w:Concord, North Carolina|Concord, North Carolina]]||United States|| [[w:M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle|M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle]] (ISV)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#HD SUV|Chevrolet Suburban HD]] (a.k.a. HD SUV) (2024-) ||2021||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 4280 Defender Way. Located next to Hendrick Motorsports, a partner in the ISV program. The ISV program for the US Army is based on the Chevrolet Colorado ZR2. The HD SUV program for the US State Dept. Diplomatic Security Service is based on the T1XX-generation Chevrolet Suburban but with a different chassis and frame to support higher vehicle weight, payload, and GVWR than civilian Suburbans. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Defiance Foundry]]||[[w:Defiance, Ohio|Defiance, Ohio]]||United States||Aluminum engine blocks &amp; heads||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 26427 State Route 281. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Iron pouring ended in 2017.  The plant now pours only aluminum blocks and heads. Defiance made the aluminum blocks and heads for the Buick 215 V8. Defiance has also supplied [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] with 4-cylinder engine blocks and [[w:Nissan|Nissan]] with V6 engine blocks.  

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|U||[[w:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]]&lt;br /&gt; &quot;Factory ZERO&quot;||[[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]] &amp; [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2024-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQ]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for a variety of vehicles||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2500 East Grand Blvd. Sometimes called the &quot;Poletown&quot; plant after the Detroit neighborhood where the plant is located. Part of the site was previously the &quot;Dodge Main&quot; plant which opened in 1911 before Dodge was part of the Chrysler Corp. and closed on January 4, 1980. GM bought the closed plant in 1981. Additional land including residential neighborhoods was acquired through the use of eminent domain. The plant straddles the line between 2 cities: Detroit &amp; Hamtramck. The body shop is in Hamtramck while the general assembly area is in Detroit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/10/16/gm-detroit-hamtramck-assembly-plant-renamed-factory-zero/3665925001/|title = GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant renamed 'Factory ZERO' amid shift to all-electric|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=October 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The current site includes a 16.5-acre wildlife habitat. First vehicle produced was a 1986 Cadillac Eldorado on February 4, 1985. The last gas-powered vehicles made at this plant were the Cadillac CT6 on January 24, 2020 &amp; the Chevrolet Impala on February 27, 2020. Renamed &quot;Factory ZERO&quot; on October 16, 2020 to reflect its conversion into an electric vehicle assembly plant (zero for zero emissions). First vehicle produced following the conversion was a 2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup on December 17, 2021. Over 4 million vehicles have been built so far since opening in 1985. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) (final assembly), [[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]] (2016-2020), [[w:Cadillac Deville|Cadillac Deville]] (1994-2005), [[w:Cadillac DTS|Cadillac DTS]] (2006-2011), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1986-2000), [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]] (2014, 2016), [[w:Cadillac Seville|Cadillac Seville]] (1986-2004), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Third generation (2017)|Buick Lacrosse]] (2017-2019), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Buick Lucerne|Buick Lucerne]] (2006-2011), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1998-2000), [[w:Buick Riviera#Seventh generation (1986–1993)|Buick Riviera]] (1986-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Fourth generation (1986–1992)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1986-1992), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2004-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Tenth generation (2014-2020)|Chevrolet Impala]] (2014-20), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (2011-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Other markets|Holden Volt (RE)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Opel Ampera (Europe)|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located on 3100 Dryden Rd. Was a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]. Originally, was 40% owned by GM &amp; 60% owned by Isuzu. From 2002, 60% owned by GM &amp; 40% owned by Isuzu. GM bought Isuzu's remaining stake in DMAX Ltd. at the end of March 2022 and DMAX Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of GM in May 2022. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]] Components Plant||[[w:Brookville, Ohio|Brookville, Ohio]]||United States||Machined engine components for [[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2021||&amp;nbsp;|| Located at 101 W. Campus Blvd. In June 2023, GM announced a $920 million investment to build a 1.1 million square foot building next to the current 251,000 square foot facility in Brookville to take over Duramax V8 engine production from the original plant in Moraine in 2025. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Egypt|GM Egypt]]||[[w:6th of October City|6th of October City]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet T-Series]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Move|Chevrolet Move]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Third generation (310C; 2023)|Chevrolet Optra]] (2025-)||1985||&amp;nbsp;||Partially owned by GM (46.5%). &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Frontera|Chevrolet Frontera]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Baojun 630|Chevrolet Optra]] (2016-2023), [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet T-Series]], [[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu TF|Isuzu TF-Series]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] 

|- 

|F||[[w:Fairfax II|Fairfax II]]||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu &lt;br&gt; (2016-2025)]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]] (2019-)&lt;br /&gt;
||1987||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 3201 Fairfax Trafficway. Replaced original Fairfax Assembly Plant (Fairfax I) for 1988 model year production. Built on the site of the old Fairfax Municipal Airport. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1988-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1995-1997), [[w:Oldsmobile Intrigue|Oldsmobile Intrigue]] (1998-2002), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth generation (2004)|Chevrolet Malibu (2004-2007)/Malibu Classic (2008)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu (2008-2012)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Saturn Aura|Saturn Aura]] (2007-2009),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|Buick Lacrosse/Allure]] (2010-2016)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint Engine South|Flint Engine South]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LFV|GM Small Gasoline Engine]] (LFV 1.5 Turbo I4 - Malibu),&lt;br /&gt; 3.0 [[w:Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6 engine]]||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the east side of Flint Metal Center. &lt;br /&gt;Past engines: [[w:GM Atlas engine|4.2 Atlas I6]], 3.6 [[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]],&lt;br /&gt; 1.4 [[w:GM Family 0 engine#Generation III|Family 0 I4]] (Cruze, Sonic, Volt/Ampera/ELR generator) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Metal Center]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| Sheetmetal stampings for various GM models||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G-2238 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the west side of Flint Engine South. Metal fabricating plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Flint Tool &amp; Die]] (North American Engineering and Tooling Center)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Tools &amp; Dies for fabrication &amp; assembly of sheetmetal body parts||1967||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 425 Stevenson St. Was Plant 38 of the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the old &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex. 

|- 

|F &lt;br/&gt;(1953-present)&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 1 (1947-1952)||[[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2001-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2001-)||1947||&amp;nbsp;||Located at G 3100 Van Slyke Road. This plant replaced vehicle production at the older &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex elsewhere in Flint, Michigan and became Chevrolet's new home plant. This is GM's oldest, still active assembly plant in North America. Built all 300 1953 Corvettes on a small makeshift line (1 line for body &amp; 1 for frame/chassis) from June 30 through December 24 in 1953. Built the 50 millionth car built by GM in the US on November 23, 1954. The car was a special gold painted '55 Chevy Bel Air 2-door Sport Coupe with a gold-painted chassis and 716 interior and exterior trim parts plated with 24-carat gold. Last built Chevy full-size cars in 1969. Last built passenger cars in 1970 (the midsize Chevelle &amp; Monte Carlo). The last passenger car built at Flint Assembly was a Monte Carlo on June 24, 1970. Since 1971, has only built full-size pickups, full-size SUV's, full-size vans, and medium duty commercial trucks. A new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop located inside the assembly plant. The new paint shop is further down Van Slyke Road from the assembly plant at 3848 Van Slyke Road, on the site of the former V8 engine plant that closed in 1999 and was subsequently demolished. Flint Truck Assembly has produced over 15 million vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models:  [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1966, 1970), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970 only),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1991), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|GMC K15 Jimmy]] (1970-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1960-1991), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1967-1991),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1964), &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/Rally Van]] (1993-1995),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|GMC Vandura/Rally Van G-Classic]] (1996),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1995-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1995-98), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT400)]] (1999-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (1998-00), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Third generation (2003–2009)|Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick]] (2003-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Isuzu H-Series|Isuzu H-Series]] (2005-2007), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (2004-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette (1953 only)]]

|- 

|Z||[[w:Fort Wayne Assembly|Fort Wayne Assembly]]||[[w:Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (1988-)||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 12200 Lafayette Center Rd.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1988-1998)

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Fuel Cell System Manufacturing LLC]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Fuel Cell Systems for [[w:Honda CR-V#CR-V e:FCEV|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] &amp; various other applications by GM &amp; Honda &amp; to outside companies||2024||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr. Located next to GM's Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant.&lt;br /&gt; A 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Honda|Honda]]. GM &amp; Honda have been co-developing fuel cells since 2013. 
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Operations||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||Valvetrain products &lt;br /&gt; Axles for full-size trucks ||1943||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2100 Burlingame Avenue SW. Originally established as Diesel Equipment Division of GM. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delphi Powertrain Systems Grand Rapids); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 1999. 

|- 

|G||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Gravatai Automotive Industrial Complex]]||[[w:Gravatai|Gravatai]], [[w:Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt; ||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celta|Chevrolet Celta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prisma (disambiguation)|Chevrolet Prisma]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/blue-macaw-01.htm|title=General Motors: Gravatai Automotive Complex|access-date=2021-09-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1533675720090715 UPDATE 2-GM to spend $1 bln in Brazil on new family of cars] Retrieved 14 September 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Suzuki Fun|Suzuki Fun]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Joinville]]||[[w:Joinville|Joinville]], [[w:Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.0 &amp; 1.0 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2 &amp; 1.2 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] ||2013||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#SPE / 4|1.0L &amp; 1.4L SPE / 4&lt;br /&gt; 4-cylinder engines]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kokomo Operations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://plants.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/component-fac/kokomo.html|title=GM Corporate Newsroom - United States - Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]||United States||Automotive Electronic Components including Engine Control Modules, Transmission Control Modules, Body Control Modules, &amp; Airbag Sensing Diagnostic Modules||1936||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2603 South Goyer Rd. The site was first used in the 1890's to make cars by [[w:Haynes-Apperson|Haynes-Apperson]] and later by [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]] until the company went out of business in 1925. Purchased by GM in 1936 from Crosley Radio Corp., which used the site to make radios for Chevrolet briefly during 1936. Initially run by Delco Remy, the site became a separate GM division called Delco Radio Division in June 1936. Delco Radio made radios for all GM cars as well as other electronic equipment. During WWII, Delco Radio made electronic equipment for the war effort. In 1970, Delco Radio merged with AC Electronics Division of Milwaukee to form [[w:Delco Electronics|Delco Electronics Division]]. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft, which it had acquired on December 20, 1985, with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1997, GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delco Electronics and Safety); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|-

| ||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Boryeong|Boryeong]], [[w:South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||Automatic Transmissions||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|GM 6T40 transmission]] (GF6) 

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;0 ('07-'08 Antara)||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Bupyeong-gu|Bupyeong District]], [[w:Incheon|Incheon]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.3L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] 

|1962&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1971 (engine plant)||&amp;nbsp;||Bupyeong has 2 vehicle assembly plants and a powertrain plant. The Bupyeong 2 Assembly Plant ended production on November 26, 2022. Bupyeong 2 was last producing the Chevrolet Malibu and Trax and Buick Encore.&lt;br /&gt;Past models : [[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Evanda|Chevrolet Evanda]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt; 


[[w:Buick LaCrosse#Korean market: Alpheon|Alpheon]] 
 

[[w:Daewoo LeMans|Daewoo LeMans]], [[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]], [[w:Daewoo Espero|Daewoo Espero]], [[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]], [[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]], [[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]], [[w:Daewoo Tosca|Daewoo Tosca]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Kalos]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)#T250|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Daewoo Winstorm]] 
 

[[w:Holden Barina#Fifth generation (TK; 2005–2011)|Holden Barina (TK)]], [[w:Holden Barina#Sixth generation (TM; 2011–2018)|Holden Barina (TM)]], [[w:Opel Antara|Holden Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Holden Captiva/Captiva 7]], [[w:Holden Epica|Holden Epica (EP)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Holden Malibu (EM)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Holden Trax (TJ)]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Opel Antara|GMC Terrain (Middle East only)]] &lt;br /&gt;  

[[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel/Vauxhall Mokka]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel/Vauxhall Antara]]&lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|Pontiac LeMans]], [[w:Pontiac Wave|Pontiac Wave]], [[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3]] &lt;br /&gt; 

[[w:Suzuki Swift+|Suzuki Swift+]] (Canada only), [[w:Suzuki Verona|Suzuki Verona]] 

 
Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]]  

|- 

|C||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Changwon|Changwon]], [[w:Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trax#Second generation (2023)|Chevrolet Trax]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM small gasoline engine]] LV7, LE2&lt;br/&gt;Manual transmissions 

|1991||&amp;nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Damas|Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Labo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]], [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]/[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Name revival|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G2#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Pontiac G2]], [[w:Pontiac Matiz#M150 (2000–2005)|Pontiac Matiz]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Spark#Australasia|Holden Barina Spark (MJ)]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Holden Spark|Holden Spark (MP)]]

 
Past engines: [[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine#S-TEC II|Daewoo S-TEC II]] 

|-

|J||[[w:Lansing Delta Township Assembly|Lansing Delta Township Assembly]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2010-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave|Buick Enclave]] (2008-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Acadia#Third generation (2024)|GMC Acadia]] (2024-)||2006||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 8175 Millett Hwy. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Saturn Outlook|Saturn Outlook]] (2007-2010), [[w:GMC Acadia#First generation (2007)|GMC Acadia]] (2007–2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Acadia Limited|GMC Acadia Limited]] (2017), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Traverse Limited]] (2024)

|- 

|0||[[w:Lansing Grand River Assembly|Lansing Grand River Assembly]]/Stamping||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]] (2020-)||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 920 Townsend Street. Stamping plant added in 2016. This newly constructed plant was built on the grounds of the former Oldsmobile home plant complex in Lansing. The former Oldsmobile HQ building (&quot;Building 70&quot;) is still standing and still has &quot;Oldsmobile Administration Center&quot; carved into the marble barrier in front of the flagpole between the 2 stairways. Building 70 was Oldsmobile HQ from 1966-1996, when Oldsmobile HQ moved to Detroit. Building 70 is now vacant but the exterior is often used by GM for large ads that are wrapped around the side of the building on the corner of Townsend St. and William St.&lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Cadillac ATS|Cadillac ATS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]] (2003-2019), [[w:Cadillac SRX#First generation (2004)|Cadillac SRX]] (2004-2009), [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]] (2005-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2016-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lansing Regional Stamping]] (LRS)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||2004|| ||Located within the Lansing Delta Assembly complex.  

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Service Parts Operation|Lansing Redistribution Center]] (SPO)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1960|| ||Located at 4400 West Mount Hope Road. Previously Lansing Plant 4. Now called Lansing Redistribution Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Lockport Operations]]||[[w:Lockport, NY|Lockport, NY]]||United States||Thermal products (climate control systems, powertrain cooling systems) and stators for EV motors.||1914||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 200 Upper Mountain Road. Founded in 1910 as the Harrison Radiator Company. Acquired by United Motors in 1916 which was then acquired by GM in 1918. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Harrison Thermal Systems); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Marion Metal Center]]||[[w:Marion, Indiana|Marion, Indiana]]||United States||Sheetmetal stamped parts &amp; blanks for various GM models||1956||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2400 West Second St. Metal fabricating. Originally a Fisher Body division plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Mogi das Cruzes]]||[[w:Mogi das Cruzes|Mogi das Cruzes]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||Stampings for new &amp; replacement parts||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant 

|-

|4||[[w:Orion Assembly|Orion Assembly]]||[[w:Orion Township, Michigan|Orion Township, Michigan]]||United States||Scheduled for Mid-2026:
[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2026-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2026-) 
||1983||idled 2009; reopened 2011; idled 2023||Located at 4555 Giddings Road.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EV|Chevrolet Bolt EV]] (2017-2023), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EUV|Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; Bolt EUV]] (2022-2023), [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevy Malibu]] (2008-2010), [[w:Pontiac G6|Pontiac G6]] (2005–2010), [[w:Buick Verano#First generation (2011)|Buick Verano]] (2012–2017), [[w:Buick Riviera#Eighth generation (1995–1999)|Buick Riviera]] (1995-1999), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000–2005), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1997–2005), [[w:Cadillac de Ville series#Sixth generation (1985–1993)|Cadillac DeVille]] (1985-1993), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Front-wheel drive: 1985–1993|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1985-1992), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special#1987–1993|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1989-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Aurora|Oldsmobile Aurora]] (1995-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1994-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98 (1985-1996)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1994-98, 2000-05), [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (2012-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt#European countries|Opel Ampera-e]] 

|- 

|1 (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2019)/&lt;br /&gt;9 (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)&lt;br&gt; (1984-2020)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1 (1967-1983)||[[w:Oshawa Car Assembly|Oshawa Car Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500]] (2022-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado HD]] (2022-)||1953||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 900 Park Rd South.&lt;br /&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1985, 2000-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Impala Limited (2014–2016)|Chevrolet Impala Limited]] (2014-2016), [[w:Chevrolet Lumina|Chevrolet Lumina]] (1990-2001), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1995-2007), [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick Century]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1988-2004, 2011-2017), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#First generation (2005)|Buick LaCrosse/Allure]] (2005-2009), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]], [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1955-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958–1975), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2010-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2011-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1962-1967), [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|A-body (rwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977)/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983)/[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]]/[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971, 1973-1981)/[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1970)/[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]], [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|A-body (fwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1987)/[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982-1988)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1985-1988),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#1977–1981|Pontiac Catalina]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Eighth generation (2004–2008)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (2004-2008), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Laurentian]] (1954-1981), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1958-1984, US: 1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Pathfinder|Pontiac Pathfinder]] (1954-1958), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Strato Chief]] (1958-1970), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-1971), [[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Beaumont]] (1966-1969),  [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD]] (2019), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD]] (2019). &lt;br /&gt; 

VIN code 1 (1984-2019): Chevrolet Celebrity (1984-1987), Pontiac 6000 (1984-1985), Buick Regal (1988-2004), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990–2001), Buick Century (1997-05), Pontiac Grand Prix (2004-2008), Buick LaCrosse/Allure (2005-2009), Chevrolet Impala (2008-2013), Chevrolet&lt;br /&gt; Impala Limited (2014-2016), Chevrolet Equinox (2011-2017), Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD (2019),&lt;br /&gt; GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD (2019)

VIN code 9: Chevrolet Impala (1984-1985), Chevrolet Caprice (1984-1985), Pontiac Parisienne (1984), Pontiac 6000 (1985-1988), Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1985-1988), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-1999),  Chevrolet Lumina 2-d (1990-1994), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995-07), Chevrolet Impala (2000-08), Chevrolet Camaro (2010-2015), Buick Regal (2011-17), Cadillac XTS (2013-2019), Chevrolet Impala (2014-2020) 

The current Oshawa complex (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) opened on November 7, 1953. The passenger car assembly plant had 2 assembly lines.  Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. Vehicle production at the South plant ended in 2019; plant will be transformed for stamping and production of subassemblies. Restart of vehicle production announced in Nov. 2020 - Truck production started in late 2021 with Silverado HD followed by Silverado 1500 in 2022. 

Oshawa also produced face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Metal|Oshawa Metal]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Stamped metal parts for new production and for service parts||1986||&amp;nbsp;||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Located at 1000 Park Road South. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Parma Metal Center|Parma Metal Center]]||[[w:Parma, Ohio|Parma, Ohio]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1948||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 5400 Chevrolet Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Metal fabricating 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Pontiac Metal Center]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings &amp; assemblies for various GM models||1926||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 260 E. Beverly Ave.&lt;br /&gt;Metal fabricating&lt;br /&gt;Originally, a [[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]] plant and then an [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] plant. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the original Pontiac Assembly complex, which was Pontiac's home plant. 

|-

|S||[[w:Ramos Arizpe Assembly|Ramos Arizpe Assembly]]||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (2019-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer EV|Chevrolet Blazer EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Equinox EV|Chevrolet Equinox EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq EV]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Honda Prologue|Honda Prologue EV]] (2024-) ||1981||&amp;nbsp;||Stamping plant added in 1995 and a paint plant added in 1997.&lt;br /&gt;Past Models: [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989-1994), [[w:Buick Rendezvous|Buick Rendezvous]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (US: 2012-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1991-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (US: 1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy|Chevrolet Chevy]] (Mexico: 1995-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] (2016-2019), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1985-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024), [[w:Chevrolet HHR|Chevrolet HHR]] (2006-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (Mexico: 2012-2017), [[w:Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2010)|Cadillac SRX]] (2010-2016), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico only)]], [[w:Pontiac Aztek|Pontiac Aztek]] (2001-2005), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1988)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1993-1994), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2005), [[w:Saab 9-4X|Saab 9-4X]] (2011), [[w:Saturn Vue#Second generation (2008)|Saturn Vue]] (2008-2010), [[w:Holden Equinox|Holden Equinox (EQ)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Engine||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8 &amp; V6]]||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Transmission||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||VT40 (CVT250) [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] transmission ||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70/6T75 6-speed automatic (GF6)]]&lt;br /&gt;4ET50 EVT (for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]])&lt;br /&gt;4ET55 EVT (for [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]]) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Rochester Products Division|Rochester Operations]]||[[w:Rochester, NY|Rochester, NY]]||United States||Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick Components - Engine management systems, fuel injection systems, and related products. ||1939||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1000 Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1908 as the Rochester Coil Company. Renamed North East Electric Company in 1909. Acquired by GM in 1929. In 1930, merged with Delco-Light Co. to become Delco Appliance. A planned, second Delco Appliance plant on Lexington Ave. in Rochester instead became the Rochester Products Division of GM in 1939. This division made carburetors, fuel injection systems, &amp; other fuel system equipment. During WWII, it made warplane and tank electrical accessories. In 1981, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's Diesel Equipment Division of Grand Rapids, Michigan retaining the Rochester Products Division name. On August 30, 1988, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's AC Spark Plug Division to form the AC Rochester Division. The Grand Rapids-based diesel fuel-injection business of the former Diesel Equipment Division was sold on August 26 to a joint venture of G.M. and the Penske Corporation called Diesel Technology Corporation (80% Penske, 20% Detroit Diesel, itself a joint venture between Penske &amp; GM). Robert Bosch invested in Diesel Technology Corporation in 1992, eventually taking over the whole company by 2002. AC Rochester merged with parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Rochester Powertrain); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Engine]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM High Feature engine#Fourth generation|Gen4 High Feature V6]] 

||1976||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road. Originally part of GM's Detroit Diesel Allison Division where it built diesel engines and components. Switched to gasoline engines in the 1980's.&lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Transmission]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:&quot;Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#General Motors|10L80/90 Transmission]]||1995||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road.&lt;br /&gt;Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|GM 4L60-E transmission]] 

|-

|R||Rosario||[[w:Alvear, Santa Fe|Alvear]], [[w:Rosario Department|Rosario Department]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] 

 
Engines: [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LE2|1.4L Turbo I4 LE2]] 

||1997||&amp;nbsp;||Engine plant added in 2016.  

Past Models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B|Chevrolet Corsa B/Corsa Classic/Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Agile|Chevrolet Agile]]&lt;br /&gt; and [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Suzuki Grand Vitara/Chevrolet Tracker]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Saginaw Metal Casting Operations|Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Metal casting for powertrains (High Feature V6 engine): engine blocks, heads, and crankshafts&lt;br/&gt;Front 4WD axle assembly castings||1919||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1629 N. Washington Avenue. Originally the Grey Iron Foundry, a part of General Motors Saginaw Products Co. and renamed as Chevrolet Saginaw Grey Iron Foundry when transferred to Chevrolet Motor Division in 1927. Moved to Central Foundry Division in 1983. Joins GM Powertrain Division in 1991. Renamed Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in 1994 to reflect that it now pours aluminum. First production aluminum heads produced in 1995. Over the years, it has produced both cast iron and cast aluminum engine blocks for the Chevy Small-Block V8. 

|-

|L||[[w:San Luis Potosí Assembly|San Luis Potosí Assembly]]||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2025-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Third generation (2025)|GMC Terrain]] (2025-)||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]] (2009–2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]] (2020-2022)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]] (2013-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3/G3 Wave]] (2009-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/7c659360-416a-4e96-ae38-0b69d916c106|title=GM Vehicle Identification Numbering Standard - 2021 - United States and Canada|date=August 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Terrain#Second generation (2018)|GMC Terrain]] (2018-2024)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||San Luis Potosí Transmission||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||2009||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission]] 6T40/45 (GF6) 

|-

|B||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São Caetano do Sul Assembly]]||[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Third generation (2022)|Chevrolet Montana]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]&lt;br /&gt; ||1930||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Opel Astra#G|Chevrolet Astra]], [[w:Opel Astra#H |Chevrolet Vectra/Vectra GT]] (both until 2011), [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1985–1996|Chevrolet Bonanza]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1964–1984|Chevrolet C-10/C-14/C-15/Chevy 4/D-10/A-10]], [[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet A-10/C-10/A-20/C-20/D-20]], Chevrolet A40/D40, [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Comodoro|Chevrolet Comodoro]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa B]], [[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Diplomata|Chevrolet Diplomata]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Joy]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1996-1998, [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Second generation (2011–2021)|Chevrolet Montana]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]], [[w:Chevrolet Omega#Omega A|Chevrolet Omega A]], [[w:Chevrolet Opala|Chevrolet Opala]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Chevrolet Vectra A]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Chevrolet Vectra B]], [[w:Chevrolet Veraneio|Chevrolet C-1416/Veraneio]], Chevrolet 3100/Brasil/Amazona/Alvorada/Corisco, Chevrolet 6500, Chevrolet C64/C65/C68/D64/D65/D68/D74/D75/D78, Bus bodies, Frigidaire appliances 

|- 

|C||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São José dos Campos Assembly]]||[[w:São José dos Campos|São José dos Campos]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| 

[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Third generation (2012)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br/&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

 
Engines:&lt;br/&gt; 2.8L turbodiesel 4-cylinder engines&lt;br /&gt;

Transmissions 

|1959||&amp;nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Montana#First generation (2003–2010)|Chevrolet Montana]]&lt;br /&gt;  [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Sedan C]], [[w:Opel Meriva#First generation (2003)|Chevrolet Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Zafira]] (all until 2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Chevy 500|Chevrolet Chevy 500]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1989-1996, [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]],  [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado D20]], Chevrolet 11000/12000/14000/22000, [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC Chevette]], [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC 500]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|GMC 6-100/6-150/3500HD]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC 12-170/14-190/16-220]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|GMC 15-190]] 

Engines including: [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#261|Chevrolet Jobmaster 261 I6]], [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Brazil|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]], [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]], [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]], [[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Detroit Diesel Series 53&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions  

|-

|G||[[Silao Assembly]]||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2006-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2006-)||1995||&amp;nbsp;|| Stamping plant added in 1997. Full-size SUV production moved entirely to Arlington Assembly after the 2009 model year; Past production models: [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2003-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade EXT|Cadillac Escalade EXT]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Avalanche|Chevrolet Avalanche]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1995-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eighth generation (1992)|GMC Suburban]] (1995-1999), [[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban (eighth generation)#Holden Suburban|Holden Suburban (K8)]]

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Engine||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Silao Transmission||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]], [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]], [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|10L80]]||2008||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50]], [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/90]] 

|-

|Z,&lt;br /&gt;S (Traverse &amp; Vue)||[[w:Spring Hill Manufacturing|Spring Hill Manufacturing]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]] (2017-)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]] (2020-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] (2023-) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Acura ZDX#Second generation (2024)|Acura ZDX EV]] (2024-) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine#1.5|1.5L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.0L Turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM L3B engine|2.7L L3B turbo I4]]&lt;br /&gt;5.3 &amp; 6.2 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V &lt;br /&gt;Small-Block V8 Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Components||1990||2009-2012||Located at 100 Saturn Parkway. The original home of the [[w:Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand. Originally, Saturn built everything here - all its vehicles, engines, transmissions, stampings, and components. But, gradually, Saturn production was broadened to other plants and by 2007, Saturn production in Spring Hill had ended. Spring Hill made products for other GM brands and has continued to do so since Saturn was closed down during GM's bankruptcy. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Saturn S-Series|Saturn S-Series]] (1991-2002), [[w:Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion]] (2003-2007), [[w:Saturn Vue#First generation (2002)|Saturn Vue]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#First generation (2009)|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2009-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2013-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Second generation (2017)|GMC Acadia]] (2017-2023), [[w:Holden Acadia|Holden Acadia (AC)]].&lt;br /&gt;  


Past Engines: [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec Gen II 2.4L I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LHU (A20NFT Opel)|Ecotec Gen II LHU 2.0L Turbo I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.5L I4]], [[w:Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;  
 

[[w:Saturn MP transmission|Saturn MP series manual and automatic transmissions]] Transmission production in Spring Hill ended in 2002.  
 

Ion production ended March 28, 2007 and was replaced by the Belgian-built Astra for the 2008 model year. Vue production ended March 30, 2007 and moved to Mexico for the 2008 model year. Assembly was idled for more than a year beginning April 1, 2007 for conversion to Chevy Traverse production. Traverse production began September 2, 2008. Assembly idled in November 2009 when Chevy Traverse production was moved to Lansing Delta Township Assembly. Assembly reopened in September 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/business/general-motors-said-to-offer-bonuses-in-new-deal-with-workers.html | work=The New York Times | author1=Bill Vlasic | author2=Nick Bunkley | title=G.M. Will Offer Bonuses in New Deal With Workers | date=September 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; to produce the [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]].  

 
Spring Hill also includes a plastic injection molding operation that produce various plastic components. Plastic components have also been produced for models not built in Spring Hill such as [[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] and the [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]].

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Propulsion Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tremec|Tremec]] TR-9080 8-speed dual clutch transmission&lt;br /&gt;Engine components||1954||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 570 Glendale Avenue. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6 engine]] (1963-1967)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#225|Buick 225 V6 engine]] (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]] (300, 340, 401) (through 1966)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.1)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#LQ1|Chevrolet 3.4L DOHC LQ1 V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.6)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] (265/267/283/305/307/327/350)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T45 6-speed automatic]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||RWD GM-Allison 10-speed (10L1000) (AB1V) / 8-speed ([[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]] &amp; [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]]) / 6-Speed ([[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] &amp; [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/6L90]]) Transmissions / FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||1956|| ||Located at 1455 West Alexis Road. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. Replaced the older Toledo plant on Central Ave. &lt;br /&gt;Previously:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350 3-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E|THM700R4/4L60 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E/4L70-E 4-speed automatic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T30/35/40/45/50 6-speed automatic]] 

|-

||&amp;nbsp;||Toluca Engine||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]] 

|[[w:Mexico|Mexico]] 

|[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine 1.4L/1.5L I4]] (including 1.5 turbo LSD I4 for Equinox/Terrain)

[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Vortec 3000|Vortec 3000 Marine &amp; Industrial 4-cyl. engine]]&lt;br /&gt;  

5.0 &amp; 5.7 Marine &amp; Industrial V8 engines&lt;br /&gt; 

Small-Block V8 engines for the aftermarket&lt;br /&gt;  

Aluminum Foundry&lt;br /&gt;  

|1965 

| 

|Past engines: 
[[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 I4 engine]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#292|Chevrolet 292 (4.8L) Inline-6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Tonawanda Engine|Tonawanda Engine]]||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV1|LV1]] 4.3L V6 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L84|L84]] 5.3L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86/L87|L87]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT2|LT2]] 6.2L V8 

 
[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L8T|L8T]] 6.6L V8 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LSY|LSY]] 2.0T I4 

 
|1938 

|&amp;nbsp;||Located at 2995 River Rd. Includes 3 plants. Plant #1 opened in 1938. Plant #4 opened in 1941. Plant #5 opened in 2001.  

Past engines:  

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber during WW-2 

Built the [[w:Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp|Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:P-61 Black Widow|P-61 Black Widow]] &amp; [[w:P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighters during WW-2 


[[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300 engine]] 


[[w:General Motors 122 engine|General Motors 122 engine]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen I]] (L850) 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2_2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen II]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec 2.4L Gen II]] 

 
[[w:GM Ecotec engine#LTG|Ecotec Gen III LTG 2.0T I-4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.5|Ecotec 2.5L Gen III]] 


[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#LK5 (Vortec 2800)|Atlas 2.8/2.9 I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#L52 (Vortec 3500)|Atlas 3.5/3.7 I5]] 
 

[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair Flat-6 (all)]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]] 


[[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 3.3L/3.8L/4.3L 90° V6]] 

 
[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]], [[w:GM High Value engine|High Value 3.9L V6]] 

 
[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] 


[[w:Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] 

 
Gen V Small-Block 90° V6/V8: [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|LV3]] 4.3L V6, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L82|L82]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L83|L83]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86|L86]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT4|LT4 6.2L Supercharged V8]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Lansing]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||Opening 4th qtr. 2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' third plant. Located at 7111 Davis Hwy. It is adjacent to GM's Lansing Delta Township Assembly plant.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Spring Hill]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' second plant. Located at 301 Donald F Ephlin Pkwy.
  
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Warren]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2022|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' first plant. Located at 7400 Tod Ave SW.
 
|- 

|1||[[w:Wentzville Assembly|Wentzville Assembly]]||[[w:Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] (1996-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2015-)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Canyon|GMC Canyon]] (2015-)||1983||&amp;nbsp;||Located at 1500 E. Rte. A. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)|Buick Electra]] (1985-1990), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#First generation (1991–1996)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1991-1994), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile Delta 88/88 (1986-1991)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88 (1992-1993)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1989), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville (1989-91)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville (1992-93)]] 

|-

|A||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]||[[w:Jinqiao|Jinqiao]], [[w:Pudong|Pudong]] district, [[w:Shanghai|Shanghai]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)#Chinese version|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu XL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Enclave#China (2020)|Buick Enclave]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Third generation (2017–present)|Buick GL8 ES/Avenir/PHEV (Mk III)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Fourth generation (2022)|Buick GL8 Century (Mk IV)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse|Buick LaCrosse]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (E2XX)&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Ultium batteries||1998||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. There are 3 vehicle production plants (North, South, &amp; East). North was the original plant. South began production in 2005. The East or &quot;Cadillac&quot; plant began production in 2016.   

Past models: [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick New Century]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#First generation (J200; 2003)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (1999-2004)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Park Avenue#Third generation (2007–2012)|Buick Park Avenue (WM)]] (CKD)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#China|Buick Regal]] (W-body)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (Epsilon II)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 5|Buick Velite 5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 7|Buick Velite 7]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac ATS#ATS-L|Cadillac ATS-L]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac CTS#First generation (2003)|Cadillac CTS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac STS#Chinese Cadillac SLS|Cadillac SLS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]]&lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#Production in China by SAIC-GM|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6]] 

|-

|D||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Motors||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envision|Buick Envision]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac GT4|Cadillac GT4]]||2001||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 2001 as Yantai Bodyshop Corp. which built Daewoo vehicles ([[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]) under license from Daewoo Motor Co. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2002. There are 2 vehicle production plants (North &amp; South). SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle#Second generation (2018)|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#First generation (2009)|Buick Excelle GT/XT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo (T300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Aveo (Mex.)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Corsa Plus (Chile)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica (V200)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Tosca|Chevrolet Epica]] (V250)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Lova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lova RV|Chevrolet Lova RV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Trax]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Powertrain||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions including: [[w:GM 6T40 transmission|6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50]], [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]||1999||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1999 as Shandong Daewoo Automotive Engine Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor Co. &amp; Chinese partners owned by the Shandong provincial govt. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2005. SAIC-GM Dongyue Powertrain joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past Engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#Generation III|Family I, Gen 3 engine]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Norsom Motors||[[w:Shenyang|Shenyang]], [[w:Liaoning|Liaoning]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Seeker|Chevrolet Seeker]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#Second generation (2010-present)|Buick GL8 Land Business Class (Mk II) (2010-present)]]&lt;br/&gt; Engines||1992||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1992 as Jinbei GM Automotive Co. Ltd., a 30/70 joint venture between GM &amp; Shenyang Jinbei Automotive. Restructured into a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Jinbei in 1998. SAIC-GM took over the joint venture in 2004, buying out Jinbei. The new SAIC-GM Norsom Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, &amp; 25% by SAIC.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Crew Cab (Jinbei GM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Encore#Second generation (2020)|Buick Encore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (2004-2016)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Second generation (2016)|Buick Verano]] 

|- 

|V||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Wuhan Branch||[[w:Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox Plus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza (China)|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Menlo|Chevrolet Menlo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Verano#Third generation (Pro, 2021)|Buick Verano Pro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Velite 6|Buick Velite 6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E4|Buick Electra E4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Electra E5|Buick Electra E5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq]]&lt;br /&gt; Engines||2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Joseph Szczesny |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ford, GM Implement Expansion Plans in China |work=The Detroit Bureau |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2015/01/ford-gm-implement-expansion-plans-in-china/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Jamie L. LaReau |date=27 February 2020 |title=Restart of GM's plant in China stalls due to coronavirus crisis |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/02/27/gm-delays-start-production-china-plant-due-coronavirus-crisis/4884203002/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#China|Chevrolet Cavalier]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Excelle GT#Second generation (2015)|Buick Excelle GT/GX]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Sam McEachern|date=28 February 2020 |title=GM Delays Production Restart At Wuhan Plant As Coronavirus Crisis Continues |work=GM Authority |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/02/gm-delays-production-restart-at-wuhan-plant-as-coronavirus-crisis-continues/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GL6|Buick GL6]]

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] (HQ plant)||[[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||1982||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. There are 2 vehicle production plants (East &amp; West). SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Chevrolet Lechi (Spark)]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] Base||Liudong New District, [[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2012||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. SAIC &amp; GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, &amp; 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2015.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Baojun Lechi]], [[w:Baojun 610|Baojun 610]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Chongqing Branch||[[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2014||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Qingdao Branch||[[w:Qingdao|Qingdao]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models&lt;br /&gt;Engines||2000||&amp;nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Originally founded in 1997 as [[w:Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing|Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing]]. SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the plant in 2005. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2009.  

|-

|J||[[w:SGMW Motor Indonesia|SGMW Motor Indonesia]]||[[w:Cikarang|Cikarang]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| [[w:Wuling Air EV|Wuling Air EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Binguo|Wuling Binguo EV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cloud EV|Wuling Cloud EV ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Almaz|Wuling Almaz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Alvez|Wuling Alvez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Confero|Wuling Confero]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Cortez|Wuling Cortez]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Wuling Formo|Wuling Formo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:MG4 EV|MG4 EV]], [[w:MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS EV]]||2017||&amp;nbsp;||100% owned and operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, &amp; 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. In 2024, SGMW Motor Indonesia began producing MG models on behalf of PT SAIC Motor Indonesia. MG is owned by SAIC, a shareholder of SGMW. 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#Second generation (CN202S; 2019)|Chevrolet Captiva]] 

|}

== Current partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Azermash CP LLC]]||[[w:Hajiqabul|Hajiqabul]]||[[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia (T250)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]] ||2017|| ||Built under contract by Azermash CP LLC for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

|- 

|A||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[w:Andijan Region|Andijan Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]],  [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker (2022-)]]||1996|| ||Originally established as Uz-DaewooAuto, a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor &amp; the Uzbek government. Became GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors.  

Previous models: [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Daewoo Matiz (M150)]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Daewoo Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra#Uzbekistan (2013–2015)|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia 3]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tacuma|Chevrolet Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Ravon Matiz]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Ravon R2]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Ravon Nexia R3|Ravon Nexia R3]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Ravon R4]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra|Ravon Gentra R5]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Pitnak|Pitnak]], [[w:Khorezm Region|Khorezm Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Damas|Chevrolet Damas]]&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Labo|Chevrolet Labo]]  ||2014|| ||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. In 2021, a new press shop opened at the Pitnak plant. 

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]]   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||Repair of used cars ||2009||2019||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 &amp; the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Plant assembled SKD vehicles. SKD production ended in 2019. Plant is now used to repair &amp; overhaul used cars acquired as trade-ins for new cars, which are then resold by UzAuto.   

Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker (initial production from SKD)]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Powertrain Uzbekistan]]/[[w:GM Uzbekistan|UzAuto Motors Powertrain]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine|1.2L &amp; 1.5L DOHC I4 engines]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L GM E-Turbo I3 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine components (crankshaft, block, heads)&lt;br /&gt;Aluminum Foundry ||2011|| ||GM Powertrain Uzbekistan is a 52/48 joint venture between GM &amp; state owned UzAvtosanoat. In 2019, the company was renamed UzAuto Motors Powertrain after UzAvtosanoat bought out GM's share of the joint venture. It now builds engines &amp; components under license from GM.

|- 

|0,4,7,8,9||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Fujisawa plant||[[w:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 4500 &amp; 5500 diesel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. &lt;br /&gt; Previous models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Buick Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spectrum|Chevrolet Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Spectrum|Geo Spectrum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Storm|Geo Storm]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Bedford KB25]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Bedford KB26/41]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Campo#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Opel Campo/Bedford Brava/Vauxhall Brava]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Jackaroo#First generation (1981)|Holden Jackaroo (Gen 1)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monterey#Second generation (1991)|Opel/Vauxhall Monterey/Holden Jackaroo (Gen 2)/Monterey]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo]] (1981-2002) (KB/TF)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Piazza#First generation (JR120/130; 1980)|Holden Piazza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Shuttle|Holden Shuttle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu I-Mark|Isuzu I-Mark]], [[w:Isuzu Impulse|Isuzu Impulse]], [[w:Isuzu Stylus|Isuzu Stylus]]

|- 

|H||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Main Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD and International CV)|Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty&lt;br /&gt;International CV]]||2019|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Jointly developed by GM &amp; Navistar. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|N||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Secondary Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] cutaway,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] cutaway||2017|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[SaryarkaAvtoProm]]/&lt;br&gt;Allur Automobile Plant||[[w:Kostanay|Kostanay]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2017|| ||Built under contract by SaryarkaAvtoProm for GM &amp; UzAuto Motors.  

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Ravon Nexia R3]] 

|- 

|S||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] - Charlotte plant||[[w:Charlotte, Michigan|Charlotte, Michigan]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/4500/5500 gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD &amp; 7500XD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series gas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu FTR/FVR]]||1961||&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] plant. Built under contract for Isuzu and GM. 

|}

== Former factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||AC Electronics||[[w:Oak Creek, Wisconsin|Oak Creek, Wisconsin]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||Automotive Electronics; Avionics, precision guidance systems, &amp; electro-mechanical devices for military use and space exploration (Apollo program) ||1948||1999||Located at 7929 S. Howell Ave. First known as GM's Electronics Division. In 1965, the Milwaukee Operations became known as AC Electronics Division of GM. In 1970, the division merged with Delco Radio and became known as Delco Electronics Division. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems (Delphi Electronics &amp; Safety) in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Is now Drexel Town Square, a retail, commercial, residential and civic development.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City, Iowa]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Throttle#Throttle body|Throttle Body Fuel Injection Systems]]||1981||1993||Located at 1805 Zenith Drive. Formerly a Zenith Radio Factory. Now the headquarters of Bomgaars Supply, Inc.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Wichita Falls, Texas|Wichita Falls, Texas]]||United States||AC Air Filters||1972||1999||Located at 8600 Interstate 44 Service Rd. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Now owned by Panda Biotech.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Division]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||AC Spark Plugs||1929||1975||Located on Industrial Ave at Harriet St. Built in 1909. Champion Ignition Co. moved here from their original location on the 3rd floor of a Buick building on Hamilton Ave. that they used from 1908. This complex was expanded multiple times and was on both sides of Industrial Ave. with 2 overhead walkways connecting the 2 sides. Champion Ignition Co. changed its name to AC Spark Plug in 1922. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Demolished in 1975-76. Site later used by Buick for parking as it was next to the Buick City complex.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Allison,&lt;br&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]], Allison Gas Turbine||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], Indiana||United States||Allison Transmissions,&lt;br&gt; Engines for airplanes &amp; helicopters,&lt;br&gt; Bearings and Gears||1929||2007||Located at 4700 W. 10th St. Founded in 1915 as Speedway Team Co. In 1920, it was renamed Allison Engineering Co. Acquired by GM in 1929, it became the Allison Division of GM. GM began designing the CD-850 transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section. In 1946, GM divided the division into 2 sections: Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations. In 1970, Allison Division merged with the Detroit Diesel Engine Division to become the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division. In 1983, the aviation turbine engine operations were separated out to form a separate division called the Allison Gas Turbine Division. In 1987, the transmission operations are separated out to form the Allison Transmission Division. Allison Gas Turbine was sold in a management buyout in 1993 becoming the Allison Engine Company. [[w:Allison Engine Company|Allison Engine Company]] was then sold in 1995 to [[w:Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce PLC]]. GM sold Allison Transmission in 2007 to private equity groups Carlyle Group &amp; Onex Corp., becoming Allison Transmission Inc. Allison went public as Allison Transmission Holdings Inc. in 2012, trading on the New York Stock Exchange.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Amsterdam Street plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s||1903||1920||Cadillac's first volume production plant. Located at 450 Amsterdam Street, at the intersection with Cass Avenue. Rebuilt in 1904 after a fire destroyed the original plant. This plant predated Cadillac being part of GM. Replaced by the Clark Street plant in 1921. 

|- 

|5 (Plant 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 6 (Plant 1)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 (Pre-1976)||Antwerp||[[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]]||[[w:Belgium|Belgium]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra GTC &amp; OPC/VXR (H)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#TwinTop|Opel/Vauxhall Astra TwinTop]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Saturn Astra|Saturn Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fifth generation (AH; 2004)|Holden Astra (AH)]] ||1925||2010||Originally known as GM Continental SA, then as Opel Antwerp from 1994-2004, &amp; finally as GM Belgium from 2004 on. The original plant was an ex-abbey on Fortuinstraat. In 1926, production moved to an old velodrome on the corner of St. Laureystraat &amp; Haantjeslei. In 1929, production moved to a site in the port of Antwerp near the Albert dock. The site at the port was destroyed by bombing raids in World War II. Production temporarily moved back to the velodrome from 1946-1953. In 1953, a new plant opened on the Noorderlaan which would later come to be known as Plant 1. In 1967, a second plant opened about 6.2 miles (10&amp;nbsp;km) north of the Noorderlaan plant near the Churchill dock. This was called Plant 2. In August 1988, production was consolidated in Plant 2 and Plant 1 was used as a parts warehouse until 1992 and the property was then sold. Plant 2 ended production in December 2010. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet. Assembled Opel &amp; Vauxhall cars, Bedford trucks and American GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, &amp; Cadillac) from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]]. The plant finally closed its doors on December 17, 2010, about two days after last Opel car rolled off the assembly line.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (first generation from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Argentina|General Motors de Argentina]]||[[w:San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]] and [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] in [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] &amp; [[w:San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martin]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||Chevrolet (cars and trucks) including [[w:Chevrolet 400|Chevrolet 400]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy Malibu|Chevrolet Chevy]], &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-50/C-60/C-70]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-60 bus chassis]]&lt;br /&gt; Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel K 180|Opel K 180]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Argentina|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford diesel engines||1925 (San Telmo)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Barracas)&lt;br /&gt;1940 (San Martin plant)||1978 (San Martin plant)||Other GM brands manufactured included GMC, Opel, and Bedford trucks along with Pontiac, Oakland, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, Opel, and Vauxhall passenger cars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Argentina|title=GM Argentina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also Frigidaire refrigerators.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Aymesa|Aymesa]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| ||1973||1999 (Last GM production)|| First automotive assembler in Ecuador. GM bought 36.95% of AYMESA in 1982 &amp; increased its stake to 45.9% in 1984. GM sold off its stake in 1999 and switched to using OBB as its Ecuadorian partner. Aymesa now assembles vehicles for Kia and Hyundai.

Past models: [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Suzuki Forsa II/Chevrolet Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors T platform (1973)|Chevrolet San Remo]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Gacela&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Condor&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Aymesa Andino]]&lt;br /&gt;Aymesa Amigo 

|- 

|3 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;A (before 1993)||Azambuja||[[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]]||[[w:Portugal|Portugal]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo A/Bedford &amp; Vauxhall Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo B (1993-2001)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C||1963||2006||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa Van|Opel Corsavan]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Amigo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;Various Opel, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford models. 

|- 

|B &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;and 1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt; and 1965-2005)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14 (1935-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Baltimore Assembly|Baltimore Assembly]]||[[w:Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Astro|Chevrolet Astro]] (1985-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Astro|GMC Safari]] (1985-2005) ||1935||2005||Located at 2122 Broening Highway. Production began in March 1935 (March 11 for trucks and March 26 for cars). Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Baltimore Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Baltimore Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. During WWII, the Chevrolet side of the plant operated as a military parts depot where parts were received, processed, and packaged for shipment around the world. It also built 2,650 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]]. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division and assembled the rear fuselage, tail assembly, &amp; all control surfaces for Grumman carrier-based aircraft. Car production ended on March 31, 1984. Converted to a Truck and Bus Group assembly plant for 1985. Production restarted in August 1984. Closed on May 13, 2005. Baltimore Assembly produced over 12 million vehicles. Demolished. Now the Chesapeake Commerce Center and an Amazon distribution center.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Gran Sport|Buick GS]] (1965-1968), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-68), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1970, 1978-1981), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1970) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Baltimore Transmission|Baltimore Transmission]]||[[w:White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||Allison 1000 Series transmissions: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado HD]], [[w:GMC Sierra|Sierra HD]]&lt;br /&gt;Hybrid 2-mode transmissions ([[w:Global Hybrid Cooperation|2ML70]]): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Hybrid]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Hybrid|Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra Hybrid]]&lt;br /&gt;Electric motor (MME) &amp; final-drive unit (1ET35) for [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevy Spark EV]]&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters for 6-speed rwd automatic transmissions||2000||2019||Located at 10301 Philadelphia Road. Originally part of Allison Transmission.  Became a GM Powertrain facility in 2004. Name changed to Baltimore Operations in 2012 with the addition of the Electric Motor Plant built next to the existing Transmission Plant. Closed in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/04/gm-baltimore-employees-irate-over-plant-closure/|title = GM Baltimore Employees Irate over Plant Closure|author=Anthony Alaniz|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 19 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Now called White Marsh Interchange Park, a complex of 9 new one-story buildings of office and warehouse space that replaces the previous GM plant which has been demolished.

|- 

|T||[[w:Bedford Dunstable plant|Bedford Dunstable plant]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including:&lt;br&gt; [[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA/TD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK/KM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TL|Bedford TL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TM|Bedford TM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAL|Bedford VAL]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAM|Bedford VAM]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford VAS|Bedford VAS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Y series|Bedford Y series]]||1942 (for wartime production)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1955 (for civilian production)||1987||Was located on Boscombe Road. GM sold the Bedford heavy truck business to AWD Trucks in 1987. AWD Trucks went bankrupt in 1992. Parts of the site were demolished in 1993. More was demolished in 1997. The remainder was demolished in 2005. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Bombay||[[w:Bombay|Bombay]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, &amp; buses||1928||1954||The first automobile assembly plant in India. The original GM India Ltd. was closed in 1954.  

|- 

|12 (Buffalo Assembly from 1929)||[[w:Buffalo Assembly|Buffalo Assembly]]/&lt;br /&gt;Buffalo Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt; Axles, drivetrain components||1923||1994||Located at 1001 E. Delavan Ave. Built cars until World War II &amp; was then converted to make axles. Operation was renamed Saginaw Gear and Axle in 1984. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. All operations ended in 2007 &amp; the factory closed. Called the Historic American Axle Building. Purchased by Viridi in 2018. 

|- 

|H (1965-1999)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 1 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Buick City|Buick City]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1987, 1989-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1996-1999)||1904||1999||This was Buick's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. This is the part of the Buick factory complex south of Leith St. stretching south to E. Hamilton Ave. The complete complex, including both North and South portions totals 412,947 acres. The original factory was at one time the largest in the world and was completely vertically integrated, making nearly every component within the complex. During WWII, Buick built [[w:M18 Hellcat|M18 Hellcat]] tanks &amp; [[w:M39 armored utility vehicle|M39 armored utility vehicles]] here. The plant was converted to build unibody, fwd cars for 1986 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd cars. The modernized plant was renamed Buick City. The factory closed in June 1999. Last car built was a 1999 Buick LeSabre. Demolished by 2002. The site of Buick's administration building, 902 E. Hamilton Ave. is now a seating plant owned by Lear Corp., which opened in 2018. It supplies seats to GM's nearby Flint Truck Assembly Plant as well as GM's Fort Wayne Assembly Plant in Indiana. A large piece of the property is now being redeveloped as Flint Commerce Center.&lt;br&gt; Past models: [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971–1973),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-42, 1954-58, 1973-81), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-84), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1940-64, 1970-76), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1936-42, 1958), [[w:Buick Park Avenue|Buick Park Avenue]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1985), [[w:Buick Riviera|Buick Riviera]] (1963-78), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1936-58), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1953-54, 1961-72), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958, 1961-1969), [[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1964-1971), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] (1930), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Sixth generation (1977–1985)|Chevrolet Impala]] (1984-1985),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Cadillac Stamping||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Stamped body parts for Cadillac||1956||1987||Located at 9501 Conner St. Originally built by Clayton &amp; Lambert Manufacturing Company for their Knodell Division. Sold to Hudson Motor Car Company in 1925. Made bodies for Hudson. Bought by GM in 1956. Demolished in 2021. Site used by [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] to make seats to supply GM's Factory Zero plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Cartercar automobiles||1909||1915||Located on Franklin Rd. where Franklin turns into Linfere St. which then intersects with Brush St. This factory previously belonged to Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works. Cartercar moved into this factory in 1908. Cartercar was purchased by GM on October 26, 1909. Cartercar was known for its [[w:Friction drive|friction drive transmission]]. GM closed Cartercar in 1915. There was then talk that GM would build a 6-cylinder Oakland model at this factory but it doesn't seem to have ever happened. GM sold the factory to Olympian Motors Company in 1917, which built Olympian cars there from 1917-1919. In 1920, the factory was sold to Friend Motors Corporation. Initially, Friend Motors Corporation continued production of Olympian cars and then switched to production of new Friend cars in 1921 but production ended with less than 50 cars built and Friend Motors went out of business. In 1922, Friend Motors owner Otis Friend filed for bankruptcy and factory ownership was transferred to Gotham National Bank in a foreclosure sale. The next occupant of the plant was the Wolverine Manufacturing Company which built furniture. Later, it was used as an agricultural supply warehouse. Most of the complex is gone but one building remains at 20 Franklin Rd. It was last occupied by House of Bedrooms, a furniture store. One side of the building still says &quot;The Wolverine&quot; at the top. The other side that faces Brush St. still says &quot;Pontiac Spring &amp; Wagon Works&quot; right under what were the highest row of windows.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chevrolet Gear &amp; Axle||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Axles, gears, other components||1919||1994||Located at 1840 Holbrook Ave. Absorbed the former Northway engine plant on Holbrook Ave. in 1926 when Northway was liquidated by GM. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2012, demolished in 2013. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Chicago Metal Fabrication||[[w:Willow Springs, Illinois|Willow Springs, Illinois]]||United States||Stampings (such as floorpans) for GM vehicles||1953||1989||Located at 79th Street and Willow Springs Road. Buick produced J65-B-3 jet engines here for the [[w:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|Republic F-84F Thunderstreak]]/RF84-F Thunderflash for use in the Korean War. Plant was associated with Buick-Oldsmobile-Cadillac Group but made body parts for all 5 of GM's passenger car divisions. Sold to [[w:United Parcel Service|UPS]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Chile|General Motors de Chile]]||[[w:Arica|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Chevrolet LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#South America 2|Chevrolet Grand LUV (TF)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet D-Max]]||1968&lt;br&gt;1974||1971&lt;br&gt;2008||Originally belonged to Alberto Avayú y Cía. S.A.I.C. (part of Empresas Indumotora) which built vehicles under license for GM beginning in 1960. Avayú built the [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C-1434]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Furgón (van)]]. GM bought the plant in 1968. Built [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]] &amp; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C10]]. GM left Chile at the end of 1971 but returned in 1974. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C-10 and C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] medium duty truck, [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette]], and Japanese [[w:Isuzu Aska#South America (Chile, Ecuador)|Chevrolet Aska]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Cleveland Division||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Bodies for GM vehicles||1921||1983||Located at Coit Road and E. 140th Street. Founded as Fisher Body Ohio Co. GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and the remaining 40% in 1926. Began by building bodies for Chandler, Cleveland (a subsidiary of Chandler), Chrysler, and the Oakland &amp; Chevrolet divisions of GM. After 1926, it only made bodies for GM. In 1936, the plant switched from making whole bodies to doing metal trim and fabrication due to a decrease in demand for cars due to the Depression. Production of auto bodies resumed after World War II. Built bodies for low-volume models like the 55-57 Chevy Nomad and convertible models. In the 1970's, it built large stamping dies and upholstery &amp; trim sets. Closed in August 1983 as a metal fabrication plant. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Heavy-duty diesel engines for locomotives, marine use (ships and submarines), and stationary use||1930||1962||Founded by Alexander Winton, company began operation in Nov. 1912 as the Winton Gas Engine &amp; Mfg. Co. at 2116 W. 106th St. Renamed the Winton Engine Works in 1916 and later as the Winton Engine Company. GM bought Winton Engine Co. on June 20, 1930 and renamed it Winton Engine Corp. on June 30, 1930. In 1938, it was renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In January 1941, locomotive engine development and production was transferred to GM's Electro-Motive Division. Marine and stationary diesel engines were still handled by Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In the 1950s, Cleveland Diesel Engine expanded with the acquisition of plants at 2160 W. 106th St. and 8200 Clinton Rd. The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950's reduced the US Navy's need for the large diesel engines produced by Cleveland Diesel and in 1962, GM closed down the division and transferred any remaining engine production to Electro-Motive Division's La Grange plant in McCook, Illinois. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Colmotores|GM Colmotores]]||[[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]]||[[w:Colombia|Colombia]]||Products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Onix#First generation (2013)|Chevrolet Joy]] 

&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series truck]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series truck]], Chevrolet LV-series Bus 

||1979||2024||Founded in 1956 as Colmotores, production began in 1962 with the [[w:Austin Motor Company|Austin]] brand, then switched to the [[w:Dodge|Dodge]] brand in 1965 when Chrysler took a 60% stake in what was now Colmotores-Chrysler. GM took over Colmotores in 1979 (Chrysler was dropped from the company name at this point). Chevrolet truck production began in 1980. Chevrolet car production began in 1982. Colmotores became GM Colmotores in 1991. Closed in April 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past products from [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]: [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]], [[w:GMC Brigadier|Chevrolet Brigadier/Super Brigadier]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Faster|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]]: [[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Chevrolet Sprint]] (note: this is the same name as the one that was sold in the U.S. and Canada in the 80's), [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Swift]], [[w:Suzuki Alto#Fifth generation (1998)|Chevrolet Alto]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Third generation (1998)|Chevrolet Jimny]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Second generation (1981)|Chevrolet Samurai]], [[w:Suzuki Solio#Predecessor: Wagon R-Wide (MA61S/MB61S; 1997)|Chevrolet Wagon R+]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:Opel|Opel]]: [[w:Opel Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt;Past products from [[w:GM Korea|Daewoo/GM Korea]]: [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark GT]], [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;Products from [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]: [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Constantine Transmission||[[w:Constantine, Michigan|Constantine, Michigan]]||United States||Automatic Transmissions||Between 1977 and 1980||Between 1987 and 1994|| Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Danville Foundry||[[w:Danville, Illinois|Danville, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]]||1943||1995|| Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Leased by [[w:Defense Plant Corporation|Defense Plant Corporation]] to pour castings for military equipment during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. Also supplied castings to Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Delco Chassis||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Bumpers||1953||1998||Site bought by GM in 1953. Located at 12950 and 13000 Eckles Road. Buildings demolished in 2001. Redeveloped into multi-tenant commercial use. One of the tenants is Amazon. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton North (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Needmore Rd.)||United States||Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1965||1999||Located at 3100 Needmore Road. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton South (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Wisconsin Blvd.)||United States||Engine Bearings/Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1936||1999||Located at 1420 Wisconsin Boulevard. Delphi Chassis Systems. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Demolished in 2003.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky, Ohio]]||United States||Wheel Bearings &amp; Wheel Bearing Assemblies||1946||1999||Located at 2509 Hayes Ave. Transferred to Delphi in 1995 which was then spun off in 1999, later sold to Hephaestus Holdings Inc. (HHI, Inc.), through its subsidiary Kyklos Bearing International (KBI) in 2008. HHI's parent, KPS Capital Partners, sold HHI to American Securities LLC in 2012. American Securities combined HHI with Metaldyne, which it also acquired in 2012, to form Metaldyne Performance Group (MPG) in 2014. Metaldyne closed the plant in 2017 when it exited the wheel bearing business.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[Delco Products]]||[[w:Kettering, Ohio|Kettering, Ohio]]||United States||Shock Absorbers, Struts, Impact Absorbers, Electric Motors, Windshield Wiper Assemblies||1957||1999||Located at 2555 Woodman Dr. (Administrative offices were at 2000 Forrer Blvd.) Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. A large portion of the site has been used by [[w:Tenneco|Tenneco Inc.]] since 2008. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anaheim, California|Anaheim, California]]||United States||Batteries||1954||1999||Known as Plant 13. Located at 1201 N. Magnolia St. Supplied batteries to GM's California assembly plants like Fremont, Southgate and Van Nuys and to the West Coast aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Is now Northgate Gonzalez Market. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Starters, Generators, HEI Ignition, DIS Ignition, Switches, Magnets||1906||1994/1999|| The Heavy Duty Systems unit and a portion of the Automotive Systems unit (passenger car cranking motors) were spun off as [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994, which was renamed [[w:Remy International|Remy International]] in 2004. Delco Remy International closed all manufacturing in Anderson in 2003. These parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) - Ignition (Plant 20) and Generator (Plant 11) products along with the Engineering Center (Plant 18) and Tooling (Plant 16) - merged with AC Rochester in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi has since closed all 4 facilities in Anderson. Plant 11 closed in 2005 &amp; was demolished in 2006. Plant 16 (2316 Jefferson St.) was sold in 2011 ERTL Enterprises &amp; is now used by multiple businesses. Plant 18 (2900 South Scatterfield Road) closed in 2003 &amp; was turned over to the city Of Anderson in 2006. Plant 20 (2812 E 38th St.) closed in 2007 &amp; is now a distribution center for Sutong Tire Resources, a Chinese tire importer. Plant 45, at 6435 South Scatterfield Road, was the Magnequench plant that produced rare earth neodymium magnets. That business is now owned by NEO Material Technologies of Toronto, Ontario, Canada but the plant itself is now owned by Home Design Products, which makes plastic chairs and other products.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1936||1945||Located on 55 La France Ave. During WWII, became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division from 1942 making wiring harnesses, hydraulic tubing and assemblies, and ammunition boxes for the Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters made by Eastern Aircraft. After WWII, it was replaced by the New Brunswick Battery Plant as it wasn't considered economically practical to convert back to battery production. Bloomfield produced 8 million batteries for Delco Remy. In 1950, the plant was sold to General Plastics for doing fluoropolymer coating.  General Plastics and the building still exist today.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Fitzgerald, Georgia|Fitzgerald, Georgia]]||United States||Batteries||1973||1999||Known as Plant 22. Located at 342 Perry House Road. Supplied batteries to GM's Georgia assembly plants like Lakewood and Doraville and to the regional aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold its battery business to Johnson Controls in in July 2005 but the Fitzgerald plant continued supplying batteries to Johnson Controls through 2007. Closed by Delphi in 2007. Demolished. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian, Mississippi]]||United States||Starting motors, permanent magnet gear reduction cranking motors, powdered metal forge||1976||1994||Plant was originally built for National Homes Corp. Known as Plant 25. Spun off with [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994. Closed by Delco Remy International in 1998. Production consolidated in Anderson, Indiana.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Sheridan automobiles &lt;br&gt;Batteries||1919&lt;br&gt;1928||1921&lt;br&gt;1978||Located on West Willard Street. Originally built in 1908 by [[w:Inter-State Automobile Company|Inter-State Automobile Company]] which went bankrupt in 1913 and was renamed Inter-State Motor Company, resuming production in 1914. Built tractors for the military in WWI but did not resume civilian production in 1918 and the factory was idled. GM owned the plant from 1919-1921 to build the [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] brand. Sold to [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] in 1921. Bought by Delco Remy division of GM in 1928. Known as Plant 9. Replaced by more modern Plant 26 in 1978. Plant 9 was demolished in 1978-79. 

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Batteries||1977||1994|| Located at 4500 S.  Delaware Dr. Known as Plant 26. Replaced Plant 9 in 1978. Plant 26 closed and was demolished in 1998.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1946||1999||Known as Plant 12. Located at 167 Jersey Ave. Replaced the pre-war Bloomfield plant. Supplied batteries to GM's East Coast assembly plants like Tarrytown, Wilmington, and Baltimore and to the East Coast aftermarket. Started making Freedom batteries in 1973 for Chevy Vega. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold to Johnson Controls in August 2006. Closed by Johnson Controls in 2007. Partly demolished in 2014 (the south half of the building along with the guard shack in front of the plant). The remaining facility at the north end of the property is now the Cal-Chlor Corp. East Packaging and Distribution Facility. The former south end of the plant is now used for storage by Cal-Chlor.

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Olathe, Kansas|Olathe, Kansas]]||United States||Batteries||1956||1999||Known as Plant 14. Located at 400 W. Dennis Ave. Supplied batteries to GM's Midwest assembly plants like Fairfax, Oklahoma City and Wentzville. Olathe was the first plant to produce the maintenance-free battery in 1970-1971 employing what was described as wire wound grid technology. The product was sold exclusively to JC Penny. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Last product produced was a heavy duty battery for Caterpillar. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Site being redeveloped as Olathe Commerce Park. Some of the site is now a Jett Trucking terminal.

|-

|9 (1979-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Q&amp;nbsp;(1971-1978)||[[w:Detroit Assembly|Detroit Assembly]] (Cadillac Clark Street plant)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s including [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1987-1988), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1965-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1949-1984), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1953–1978), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1957–1958 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 70)]] (1957–1958), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959–1960) (chassis &amp; final finishing), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham|Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] (1977-1986), [[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Seville]] (1976–1979), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1938-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (1934-1940)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1985-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 88#Eighth generation (1977–1985)|Oldsmobile Delta 88]] (1984-1985) &lt;br /&gt;Cadillac engines ||1921||1987||Located at 2860 Clark St. This was Cadillac's home plant and built all Cadillacs until 1971. During WWII, it built M5 &amp; M5A1 Stuart tanks and M24 Chaffee tanks. Cadillac also built the V8 engines that powered these tanks &amp; it also supplied engines to power these tank models made by other GM divisions and other companies as well as to power other types of armored vehicles. Cadillac also made components for aircraft engines made by GM's Allison Division. Cadillac also made M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages &amp; M19 Twin 40mm anti-aircraft carriages. Factory closed December 1987. Chrome plating operation closed in March 1993. Engineering building (including tool room) closed in March 1994. Demolished entirely. Redeveloped into Clark Street Technology Park in 1997. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fleetwood Metal Body#Purchase by Fisher|Fleetwood - Detroit Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body No. 18)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Bodies for [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] &amp; [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]||1917||1987||Originally built to build aircraft for World War I. Taken over by Fisher Body in 1919 &amp; given to Fleetwood Metal Body after Fisher Body took over Fleetwood in 1925. Fleetwood Metal Body plant. Also known as Fisher Body Plant #18. Supplied bodies to Cadillac's Clark St. plant in Detroit. Located at 261 West End Ave in the [[w:Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood of Detroit. Redeveloped into Container Port Group's Detroit facility. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]]||[[w:Redford, Michigan|Redford, Michigan]]||United States||Diesel engines for commercial vehicles||1938||1994||Located at 13400 W. Outer Drive. Was the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division from 1970 through 1987 when it again became the the Detroit Diesel Division. Spun off in 1988 as the Detroit Diesel Corp., a joint venture with Penske Corp., which had a majority stake of 60%. Penske increased its stake to 80% later in 1988 and then to 100% in 1994. Penske sold Detroit Diesel to DaimlerChrysler in 2000. DaimlerChrysler became Daimler AG in 2007. In 2019, Daimler AG spun off its truck and bus operations including Detroit Diesel into a separate company called Daimler Truck Holding AG.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Forge||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1919||1994||Located at 8435 St Aubin St.  Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck|Hamtramck]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] &amp; Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished around 2014.  

|- 

|3||Chevrolet-Detroit Truck &amp; Bus Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|Chevrolet Step-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|GMC Value-Van]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet &amp; GMC P-Series motorhome &amp; commercial chassis&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#1992–1996|Chevrolet Van G30 HD/ GMC Vandura G3500 HD cutaway]] (Based on P-series P30 chassis with extended front end &amp;  forward-tilting hood) 1993-1996||1974||1999||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. in Detroit (Formerly Fisher Body No. 23). P-Series motorhome &amp; stepvan chassis business (Commercial and Motorhome Chassis Division) was sold to investors (not including the Detroit plant) and became Workhorse Custom Chassis in 1999. Workhorse was later acquired by Navistar International in 2005, which later closed the Workhorse business in 2012 and sold the assets to AMP Electric Vehicles in 2013.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Detroit||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1939||1949||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.) in what had been Fisher Body Plant #10. Original assembly site for the world's first production, fully automatic transmission and the headquarters of the new GM division created to produce it - the Detroit Transmission Division. First production Hydramatic shipped to Oldsmobile in October 1939. Debuted on the 1940 Oldsmobile. A heavier-duty version then launched on the 1941 Cadillac. Hydramatics continued to be produced during World War II for use in M5/M5A1 Stuart and M24 Chafee tanks (mated to Cadillac V8s), T17E1 Staghound and  T18E2 Boarhound armored cars (mated to GMC inline-6's), M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages (mated to Cadillac V8s), LVT-3 Bushmaster amphibious landing vehicles (mated to Cadillac V8s), &amp; Mark 1 Armored Snowmobiles made by Bombardier of Canada (mated to a Cadillac V8). Hydramatic became optional on Pontiacs in 1948. Hydramatic also became optional on Lincolns in 1949. The 1 millionth Hydramatic was built in January 1949. Needing more production capacity than the original factory in Detroit could handle, the Detroit Transmission Division relocated to a newer and much bigger plant in Livonia, Michigan in September 1949. Was later used by Cadillac as a parts warehouse supplying its Clark St. plant in Detroit. Closed by GM in the early 1980's and sold. Was subsequently used by Total Foods. Last occupied by Palmer Promotional Products. Heavily damaged by a fire in February 2014. The remains of the building were then demolished by summer 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Livonia||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1949||1953||The Detroit Transmission Division moved from Detroit to a newer and larger factory in Livonia in 1949. In addition to Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Cadillac, Livonia also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Kaiser, and Fraser. However, the factory burned down in August 1953 causing 6 deaths and more than $80 million in damage. GM quickly arranged to lease Kaiser’s Willow Run factory to replace the destroyed Livonia plant and GM then bought the plant outright in November 1953 for $26 million. Salvaged equipment from Livonia was taken to [[w:Willow Run#General Motors operations|Willow Run]]; see [[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]. 

|- 

|5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (1962-1978)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]]||[[w:London, Ontario|London, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|EMD Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1961-1978)&lt;br /&gt;Terex earthmovers (1965-1980)&lt;br /&gt;Military vehicles including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:AVGP|Grizzly/Cougar/Husky LAV I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV II|LAV II (LAV-25/Bison/Coyote)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LAV III|LAV III]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Stryker|Stryker]]||1950 (GM Electro-Motive Division)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1961 (Transit bus)||1979 (Transit bus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2003 (GM Defense)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2005 (GM Electro-Motive Division)||Transit bus production began in London, Ontario in late 1961. Transit bus production moved to Saint-Eustache factory in 1979. The part of the property making military vehicles (armored fighting vehicles like the [[w:Stryker|Stryker]]) as GM Defense was sold in 2003 to [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems]], becoming [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems#General Dynamics Land Systems Canada|General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C)]]. Located at 1991 Oxford St E. Interestingly, General Dynamics Land Systems was originally formed in 1982 when General Dynamics bought Chrysler Defense, Chrysler's tank division in the US, which was then renamed General Dynamics Land Systems. The locomotive operations were sold in 2005 and renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], Inc. Electro-Motive was then sold to [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar's]] [[w:Progress Rail|Progress Rail]] subsidiary in 2010. The London, ON plant was then shuttered in 2012 &amp; operations moved to a new plant in Muncie, Indiana. This part of the plant is now used by HCL Logistics, which provides logistics services to next door General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada. Located at 2021 Oxford St. E.  

|- 

|3 (1981-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1979-1980)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint-Eustache Bus Plant||[[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1979-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Classic (transit bus)|GM Classic bus]] (1983-1987)||1979||1987||Located at 1000 Industriel Blvd. Manufactures [[w:transit bus|transit bus]]es. GM consolidated Canadian transit bus production here from the London, Ontario and St. Laurent, Quebec plants in 1979. New Look transit bus production ended in 1986. Sold to [[w:Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], along with the designs for the [[w:Classic (transit bus)|Classic]] bus models this factory still produced in 1987. Later sold to [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]] in 1993. Production of the Classic model bus ended in 1997. Still owned by [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]], which is owned by [[w:Volvo AB|Volvo AB]] through [[w:Prevost (bus manufacturer)|Prevost Car]]. Prevost bought 51% of Nova Bus in 1998 and bought the remaining 49% from Henlys Group in 2004. 

|- 

|M|| [[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint Laurent Bus Plant || [[w:Saint Laurent, Quebec|Saint Laurent, Quebec]] || Canada || [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1975-1979)

|| 1974 || 1979 || Bus operations moved to [[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]. 

|- 

|D &lt;br /&gt;(1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and 1965-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; C (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]]||[[w:Doraville, Georgia|Doraville, Georgia]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Uplander|Chevrolet Uplander]] (2005-2008 &amp; '09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Montana#Second generation (2005)|Pontiac Montana SV6]] (2005-2006 &amp; '07-'09 in Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Terraza|Buick Terraza]] (2005-2007)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Relay|Saturn Relay]] (2005-2007)||1947||2008||Located at 3900 Motors Industrial Way. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Doraville began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1995. Doraville was converted to build minivans for 1997. Production ended in September 2008. Demolished. Site is being redeveloped. Parts of the site are now occupied by Nalley Automotive Group, Third Rail Studios, and Serta Simmons Bedding.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Venture|Chevrolet Venture]] (1997-2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#Second generation (1997–2004)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1997-2004), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (1997-1999)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1997-1998), [[w:Pontiac Montana|Pontiac Montana]] (1999-2005), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (Chevrolet)|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (Europe: '97-'04), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1987), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick Lesabre]] (1959-1970), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1951-1952, 1954-1958), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955, 1957-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963, 1965-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle#Third generation (1973–1977)|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1974-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1975-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 4) ( 1973-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 5) (1978-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1988-1995), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1966),  [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958, 1960-1966), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1964), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1960-1966, 1971-1974), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1973-1974), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1964), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1961),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981),&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC Sprint |GMC Sprint]] (1974-77), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-81),&lt;br&gt;  [[w:Opel Sintra|Opel Sintra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Sintra|Vauxhall Sintra]] (1997-1999). 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors East Africa||[[w:Nairobi|Nairobi]]||[[w:Kenya|Kenya]]||[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;Isuzu buses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;||1977||2017||Originally established in 1975 as GM Kenya, a joint venture with the Kenyan govt. Renamed GM East Africa in 2003. Other shareholders are Kenya’s Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC): 20%, Centum Investment Co. Ltd.: 17.8%, &amp; Itochu Corporation: 4.5%. 

Isuzu moved pickup production to South Africa in 2012 so it could focus on trucks &amp; buses at the Nairobi plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

GM sold its 57.7% stake in the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the Kenyan market. Now known as Isuzu East Africa. &lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu D-Max]], [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]], [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||ELAZ-GM||[[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], [[w:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]||1996||2001||GM owned about 25% &amp; ELAZ owned the other 75%. Joint venture dissolved in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Electro Motive Division|Electro Motive Division]] - [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel#EMD La Grange (McCook)|La Grange Operations]]||[[w:McCook, Illinois|McCook, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|Locomotives]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Components||1936|| ||Located at 9301 W. 55th St.&lt;br /&gt; Electro-Motive headquarters and R&amp;D operations. Locomotive production ended in 1991 and was moved to London, ON, Canada. Sold in 2005, renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], bought by Caterpillar's Progress Rail subsidiary in 2010.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]]||[[w:Clyde, Ohio|Clyde]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Elmore automobiles||1909||1912|| Factory was located on Amanda St. Bought by GM in November 1909. Elmore was known for its two-stroke engines. GM closed it down in the fall of 1912. GM sold the factory to a truckmaker named Krebs Commercial Car Company in 1912. In 1917, Krebs Commercial Car Company merged with Clyde Cars Company and Lincoln Motor Truck Company to form what became Clydesdale Motor Truck Company in 1919. Clydesdale Motor Truck Company closed in 1939 and the factory was then used by Clyde Porcelain Steel Company until the factory burned down November 11, 1945. The factory would be rebuilt and used for making washing machines by various companies, most recently, Whirlpool Corp.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Ewing||[[w:Geneva, Ohio|Geneva]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Ewing automobiles||1909||1911||Bought by GM in October 1909. Made taxis. GM closed it down in 1911.

|-

|X (1965–1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;K (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fairfax Assembly|Fairfax Assembly]] (Fairfax I)||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1970-1979), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1985), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1951, 1953, 1956-1958), [[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special (B-body)]] (1947-1950, 1952-1958), [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special (Y-body)]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1982-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1982-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1974-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-70, 1975-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1981), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Fifth generation: 1977–1986|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1984-1986), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1987), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1959, 1964, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) ||1946||1987||Located at 100 Kindelberger Road. Originally, the location of the [[w:North American Aviation|North American Aviation]] Bomber Production Plant (built in 1940) where the [[w:B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] was manufactured during World War II. After the war, GM leased it in 1945 and converted the plant to auto production. Automotive production began in June 1946. GM later bought the plant in 1960. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Fairfax only began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1982. Also built [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets alongside cars beginning in 1952 and ending in May 1955 when the contract ended. Plant closed May 1987. Production moved to new building on adjacent site (Fairfax II) for 1988 model year production. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:History of General Motors#Corporate restructuring and operating losses|Fiat-GM Powertrain Polska]]||[[w:Bielsko-Biala|Bielsko-Biala]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi|GM Small Diesel Engine]] ||2003||2010|| Engine began production here in 2003 as part of Fiat-GM Powertrain, a 50/50 joint venture between GM &amp; Fiat involving joint development and production of engines and transmissions. The joint venture was disbanded in 2005. As part of the dissolution, GM took a 50% stake in the Bielsko-Biala engine plant and the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there. In 2010, GM sold its half of the Bielsko-Biala engine plant back to Fiat. However, GM kept its half of the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there and continued to source the 1.3 liter diesel engine from the Bielsko-Biala engine plant. Chevrolet stopped using this engine around 2015. Opel was still using this engine when it was sold by GM to PSA in 2017. Opel last used this engine in 2019. This plant became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] in 2014 when Fiat and Chrysler Group merged. This plant became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021 when FCA merged with PSA Group. Stellantis has announced that the Bielsko-Biala engine plant will close by the end of 2024.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 10||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Auto bodies ||1917-&lt;br /&gt;1919||1939||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. &amp; Theodore St.).GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and bought the remainder in 1926. From 1926, Fisher Body only supplied bodies to GM brands. In 1939, became headquarters and manufacturing site of GM's new Detroit Transmission Division, which manufactured Hydramatic fully automatic transmissions that first appeared on the 1940 Oldsmobile.
|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 12]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States|| ||1916||1942||Located at 1961 E. Milwaukee Ave. Previously used by Metzger Motor Car Company from 1910-1913 and [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]] from 1913-1916. Owned by Fisher from 1916-1942 then sold to J. Lee Hackett Co. which owned it until 1973. Used for warehousing from 1973-1981 and then demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 21]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick &amp; Cadillac&lt;br /&gt;Engineering and Tool &amp; Die operations&lt;br /&gt;Bodies for Cadillac limousines||1919||1984||Located at 700 Piquette Ave. In 1999, was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. Produced parts for B-25 bombers in World War II.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 23/23B]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Stamping plant through 1972.||1921||1972||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. #23 was the six story portion while #23B was the one story portion. Became Chevrolet's Detroit Truck &amp; Bus plant in 1974. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 37]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Large bodyside stampings||1919||1985||Located at 950 E Milwaukee Ave. Produced aircraft and tank assemblies, 90 mm AA guns, 5” naval gun housings and Lockheed missile parts during World War II. In 1989, bought by Lakeside Stamping which was renamed New Center Stamping in 1994. In 2019, New Center Stamping Inc. was taken over by Soave Enterprises and still stamps parts for automakers including GM, Ford, and Stellantis. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 40||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Tooling ||1928||1983-1984||Was located at 1500 E. Ferry St. Plant 41 was next door and was used for storage. 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Plant #1|Flint Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body Flint Plant #1)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick and later also Chevrolet &amp; Oldsmobile&lt;br /&gt;||1923||1987||Located at 4000-4500 S. Saginaw St. Originally a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant. Bought by GM in 1925. Became Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint. Suplied bodies to the Buick plant in Flint (later known as Buick City). After Buick City switched to unibody, fwd cars for 1986, Flint Body began supplying bodies for G-cars built at the Pontiac Assembly plant in Pontiac, MI. Closed in Dec. 1987 when G-body production at Pontiac Assembly ended. Last body built was a Buick Regal Grand National to be completed at Pontiac Assembly. Most of the site was demolished and the remainder was converted into the Great Lakes Technology Center. GM leased space there for R&amp;D and offices (including AC Rochester world headquarters) until 2009. Various medical-related companies now occupy much of the property. The original administration building at 4300 S. Saginaw St. still stands as of 2022 and still has a Fisher Body logo at the top of the front of the building in the center.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint V8 Engine Plant/Flint Engine South|Chevrolet-Flint (V8) Engine Plant]] (Van Slyke Road)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet small-block V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G140 &amp; G161Z SOHC gas&lt;br&gt; 4-cylinder engine for Chevy Chevette &amp; Pontiac 1000/Acadian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title = 1975, Chevrolet Turns to Opel for the New Fuel-Saving Chevette| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081057/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1975%2C_Chevrolet_Turns_to_Opel_for_the_New_Fuel-Saving_Chevette| archive-date = 2018-01-16| publisher = General Motors| access-date = 2014-06-05| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1954||1999||Located at 3848 Van Slyke Road, down the block from the Flint Truck Assembly Plant. Only V8 engines were made until 1961, when 4 &amp; 6 cylinder engines began to be made for the 1962 Chevy II. Around 45 million Chevy small-block V8 engines were built at this plant. Plant closed in 1999 and was demolished. Land is now used by a new paint shop for the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]. The new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop inside the assembly plant. 

|- 

|1 (1929-1947)||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Manufacturing Div./Delphi Flint West/Flint Tool and Die|Chevrolet-Flint Manufacturing Complex]] (&quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot;) /&lt;br /&gt; Flint West||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] vehicles including [[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (Gen 1 &amp; 2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] engines including [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#171|Chevrolet Inline-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]]&lt;br /&gt;||1913||2004||Located at 300 N. Chevrolet Ave. (formerly known as Wilcox Street). This was Chevrolet's home plant. It predated Chevrolet becoming part of GM in 1918. The complex originally included metal stamping, body assembly, vehicle assembly, engine assembly, and various component manufacturing plants. On January 11, 1940, the 25 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Sedan, was built here. Plant 2 (vehicle assembly) &amp; 2A (Fisher Body) were replaced by new plants on Van Slyke Road elsewhere in Flint in 1947 (now the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]). Plant 4 was the engine plant. It closed in 1984 but was ultimately reopened later. In 1987, the complex was taken over by the AC Spark Plug division and became AC Spark Plug Flint West. In 1988, it became AC Rochester Flint West, and in 1994 AC Delco Systems Flint West following further consolidations. In early 1995, it was renamed Delphi Flint West. Around this time, plants in the complex began to be demolished until Plant 4 closed in 2004 and was subsequently demolished. Plant 4 last made generators and fuel filters. Building 35 still exists as part of [[w:Kettering University|Kettering University]]. It is now the C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building after the addition of another floor and a new façade. Plant 38 still exists as GM's Flint Tool &amp; Die plant. All the other buildings are gone. Much of the property is being redeveloped into a park called [[w:Chevy Commons|Chevy Commons]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint North|Flint North]] Powertrain||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine|Buick V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Engine Components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Dynaflow|Dynaflow]] transmissions&lt;br /&gt;transmission components&lt;br /&gt; torque converters&lt;br /&gt;coil springs||1905||2010||Complex was made up of several factories. Flint North is the part of the Buick City factory complex north of Leith St. stretching north to E. Pierson Rd. [[w:Liberty L-12|Liberty aircraft engines]] were made here during WWI. Factory 36 was the engine plant. Factory 36 opened in 1952 and closed in 2008. The remainder of the complex closed by December 2010. Demolished by 2012. Part of the site (1225 E. Marengo Ave.) is now occupied by American SpiralWeld Pipe Co.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Flint East|Flint East]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||components (spark plugs, dashboard components such as instrument clusters, fuel system components, air/oil/fuel filters, and fuel pumps)||1929||1999||Located at 1300 North Dort Highway. (Now referred to as 2926 Davison Road, which is the north side instead of the west side of the property.) Purchased by AC Spark Plug in 1925. Plant previously belonged to [[w:Dort Motor Car Company|Dort Motor Car Company]], which went out of business in 1924. Initially produced all products other than spark plugs that were made by AC Spark Plug Co. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved from the old Industrial Ave. complex to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Became known as Flint East in 1987, when AC took over the &quot;Chevy in the Hole&quot; complex from Chevrolet on Flint's west side, which became known as Flint West. Became AC Rochester in 1988 when AC Spark Plug Division merged with Rochester Products Division. AC Rochester initially had its world headquarters here, just as AC Spark Plug had before the merger. Subsequently, AC Rochester headquarters moved to the Great Lakes Technology Center in the old Flint Fisher Body plant. In 1994, AC Rochester merged with Delco Remy and became AC Delco Systems. Grouped under GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] in 1999. GM supplied the UAW workers from 2007 under agreement with Delphi and the UAW. Closed by Delphi in 2013.  

|- 

||7||[[w:Arlington Assembly#History|Fort Worth Assembly]]||[[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, Texas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]||1917||1924 

|Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Located at 2601 W. 7th St. (then known as Arlington Heights Blvd.). Is across the street from what is now Montgomery Plaza. A 3rd story was added to the building in 1920. Closed due to flood damage from the April 1922 flooding of the Trinity River and the subsequent imposition of flood-control taxes.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=mTvuAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=1920+fort+worth+chevrolet+factory&amp;pg=PA52 Lost Fort Worth, page 52&lt;/ref&gt; Montgomery Ward leased the empty Chevy plant between 1924 and 1928 to house a temporary store while its main Fort Worth facility was built across what is now West Seventh Street. That building is now Montgomery Plaza. The Chevy plant was later used by various different companies including GM's Frigidaire division as a sales and warehouse facility and later by Tandy Corp., first for its Radio Shack division and later for its corporate HQ. Demolished in 1986. Site  is now Olympus 7th Street Station, a luxury apartment building.

|- 

|G &lt;br /&gt;(Pre-1965 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1989)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; B (Pre-1961 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; F (Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac)]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 7 (Pre-1961 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Framingham Assembly|Framingham Assembly]]||[[w:Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham, Massachusetts]]||United States||[[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|GM rwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1965-1969), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1967-1972, 1974-1976), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1966-1969, 1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1967-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1968-1977), [[w:Buick Skylark#Second generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981) 

[[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|GM fwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1988), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1983-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989) 

||1948||1989|| Located at 63 Western Ave. First vehicle produced was a 1948 Buick on February 26, 1948. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Framingham is the only BOP Assembly Division plant to switch to the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Framingham switched to Chevrolet Assembly Division in August 1959 [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/gm-framingham-ma-canada-pontiac-buick-olds-plant]. Framingham began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1960. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were then gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division. Framingham Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled October 1, 1982 but reopened March 14, 1983. Closed August 1, 1989. Sold to ADESA to use as a vehicle auction site. &lt;br/&gt;Past models: &lt;br/&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#First generation (1962–1965)|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (B-body), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1949-1950, 1955, 1958), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1952-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1954, 1956), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955, 1957, 1959) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors France S.A.||[[w:Gennevilliers|Gennevilliers]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1939||1940||Operations interrupted by German invasion of France and seizure of the plant in 1940 during WWII. 

|- 

|Z (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;F (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fremont Assembly|Fremont Assembly]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1969)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1969, 1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1969, 1973-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1973-81)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (1963-1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|GMC Jimmy]] (1977-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1964-1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1965-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1969)||1963||1982||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt;

Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]] though it also built Chevrolet passenger cars from the beginning. Fremont built GM's midsize A-bodies. Was the first BOP Assembly Division plant to also build Chevrolet and GMC trucks. Regular truck production began June 10, 1963. First production car built September 3, 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Plant was idled March 1982.&lt;br /&gt;

From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;

Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|P||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]]||1994||2000||Built by an [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] - GM joint venture operating out of a converted old FSO warehouse.  

|- 

|W||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2007||2011||Built by [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] for GM as part of a joint venture between [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|UkrAvto]] (parent of FSO) &amp; GM. [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|Ukravto]] owned 60% &amp; [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo]] owned 40%. The production license ended in 2011 &amp; was not renewed. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Berlin|Berlin]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1927||1932||Replaced Hamburg plant. Located in Borsigwalde area of Berlin. Also predates the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]] by GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Hamburg|Hamburg]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1926||1927||GM's first German plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]]. Located in a leased warehouse.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] ||1924||1930||GM's first British plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Operated out of a leased plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]                       ||1938||1946||Operations interrupted by German bombing of the UK during WWII. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]]||[[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1953||1970's||Originally a GM owned plant (General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation). Sold to [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1963. Nationalized in 1972, it then became National Motors Ltd. Privatized to the [[w:Bibojee Group|Bibojee Group]] in 1992 who reverted back to the previous name, Ghandhara Industries. Ghandara Industries assembles Isuzu vehicles today. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[GM-Auto]]||[[w:Saint-Petersburg|Saint-Petersburg]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] 

[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]] 

||2007||2015||Includes operations at the temporary &quot;Arsenal plant&quot; &amp; the permanent plant in [[w:Shushary, Saint Petersburg|Shushary]]. GM ceased most operations in Russia back in 2015 and the GM-Auto plant closed. Sold to Hyundai Motor in 2020.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM-AvtoVAZ|GM-AvtoVAZ]]||[[w:Tolyatti|Togliatti]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Viva|Chevrolet Viva]]||2002||2019||Was originally owned 41.5% by GM, 41.5% by AvtoVAZ, &amp; 17% by [[w:EBRD|EBRD]]. In 2012, [[w:EBRD|EBRD]] was bought out &amp; GM-AvtoVAZ became 50/50 owned by GM &amp; AvtoVAZ. The GM-AvtoVAZ joint venture was dissolved in 2019 when AvtoVAZ bought out GM. The Chevrolet Niva was renamed Lada Niva Travel during 2020. AvtoVAZ was a part of [[w:Renault Group|Renault Group]] from 2016 until 2022. 

|- 

|4||GM España S.A.||[[w:Figueruelas|Figueruelas]], [[w: Zaragoza (province)| Zaragoza (province)]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Corsa|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] A, B, C, D, E (5 door, van)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Meriva|Opel/Vauxhall Meriva]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra A (1994–2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Nova|Vauxhall Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Third generation (SB; 1994–2000)|Holden Barina (SB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Fourth generation (XC; 2001–2005)|Holden Barina (XC)]]||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Indonesia||Pondok Ungu, [[w:Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||After reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before temporary closure in 2005:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blazer|Opel Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Optima]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]]||1995||2015||PT Garmak Motor assembled models under license from GM beginning in 1976, before the establishment of their joint venture with GM in 1993. These license built models include: [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks, [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Morina]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord E 3-d panel van]], [[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk 1)]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk II)]], &amp; [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper/Stallion]].  

Originally established as PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which was owned 60% by GM and 40% by PT Garmak Motor. GM bought out Garmak in 1997 taking 100% of the shares. The assembly plant was closed from 2005-2011 and reopened in 2012 to make the Chevy Spin. Closed again in June 2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Java||[[w:Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] ([[w:Opel 1.2 Liter|1.2 Liter]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[w:Vauxhall 10-4|10-4]])||1927||1953||First Car Factory in what is now Indonesia (at the time, it was the Dutch East Indies). GM pulled out of Indonesia in 1954 and liquidated the company by 1956. Sold to P.N. Gaja Motors, which assembled the Opel Rekord and Kadett in the 1960's. Eventually became part of Astra International and its joint ventures with Toyota/Daihatsu.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Tampoi, Johor|Tampoi]], [[w:Johor|Johor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Gemini|Opel Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Bedford Harimau]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1968||1982||Originally Capital Motor Assembly Corp., which assembled Opel models under license from GM beginning in 1968. These license built models include: [[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]] A, [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett B]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord C]], &amp; components. Capital Motor also assembled cars for Honda and Datsun (Nissan). GM bought Capital Motor Assembly in 1971 and renamed it GM Malaysia. Malaysian government policies that said Malaysians had to own a majority of local auto assembly plants forced GM to sell GM Malaysia to Oriental Holdings in 1980 which then renamed the unit Oriental Assemblers. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1982. Oriental Assemblers continued making Honda cars at this plant until around 2004.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Philippines, Inc.||[[w:Paco, Manila|Paco district]], [[w:Manila|Manila]]||[[w:Philippines|Philippines]]||[[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini|Isuzu Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Philippines|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo/Tiger/Harabas]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] ||1953||1985||Originally Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. Yutivo assembled various models under license from GM beginning in 1953. GM bought a 49% stake in Yutivo in 1972 and renamed it GM Philippines. Isuzu invested in the company in 1979 and it was renamed GM Pilipinas, Inc. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1985 and GM sold the plant to Isuzu in 1994. Isuzu closed this plant and company in 1995 and replaced it with a new plant in Biñan, Laguna owned by a new subsidiary (Isuzu Philippines Corporation).  

|- 

|G||[[w:GM Manufacturing Poland|GM Manufacturing Poland Sp. z o.o.]]||[[w:Gliwice|Gliwice]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#Astra K (B16; 2015)|Opel Astra]] K (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra J (P10; 2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (3-door, 4-door sedan, 5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra Classic III]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Sixth generation (PJ; 2015)|Holden Astra (PJ)]] (GTC, VXR)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra H]] sedan&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra G (T98; 1998)|Opel Astra Classic II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra Classic (TS)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#Astra F (T92; 1992)|Opel Astra Classic I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Agila#First generation (H00; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Solio#First generation (MA63S/MA64S/MA32S; 1999)|Suzuki Wagon R+ (2005-2007)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Cascada|Opel/Vauxhall Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cascada|Holden Cascada (CJ)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira B]]||1998||2019|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Continued to supply the [[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.   

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Powertrain Fredericksburg||[[w:Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg, Virginia]]||United States||Torque converter clutches for automatic transmissions||1979||2010|| Located at 11032 Tidewater Trail. Originally part of Delco Moraine Division, which bought the plant in 1978 from American Poclain. Moved to GM Powertrain division in 1993. Sold to idX Corp. in 2017.  

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Powertrain Poland|GM Powertrain Poland]]||[[w:Tychy|Tychy]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||Diesel engines including the Isuzu [[w:Circle L engine|Circle L engine]]||1999||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Originally founded as Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL) in 1996. GM bought 60% in 2002 &amp; the remaining 40% in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] along with Opel in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Grand Blanc Metal Center|Grand Blanc Metal Center]]||[[w:Grand Blanc, Michigan|Grand Blanc, Michigan]]||United States||Metal stampings and metal fabrication of body components, Tooling jigs-and-fixtures||1942||2013||Located at 10800 S. Saginaw St. Originally opened to build tanks. Also known as the Fisher Body Tank Plant. Built [[w:M4 Sherman|M4 Sherman]] and [[w:M26 Pershing|M26 Pershing]] tanks during WWII and [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks beginning in 1952. Buick used it as a warehouse from 1947 until Fisher Body bought it in 1951. Converted in 1955 into an automotive body metal fabricating plant. Became part of GM's Metal Fabricating Division in 1994 and became Grand Blanc Weld Tool Center in 2002.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Grand Rapids Metal Center||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1936||2009||Located at 300 36th Street SW. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Guide Lamp Division||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Headlamp, Taillamp assemblies||1929||1998||GM bought Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing Company in 1928, becoming part of the Delco Remy division initially before becoming the separate Guide Lamp Division in 1929. Guide Lamp Division was renamed Guide Division in 1975. Guide Division merged with Fisher Body in 1984 to create Fisher Guide. Fisher Guide then merged with the Inland Division in 1990 to form Inland Fisher Guide. In 1998, Guide operations were sold to [[w:Palladium Equity Partners|Palladium Equity Partners]] which turned the operation into Guide Corp. In 2007, Guide Corp. closed down.  

|- 

|H||[[w:General Motors India|Halol]]||[[w:Halol|Halol]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail]] (sedan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||1995||2017||Past models: 

[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet SRV|Chevrolet SRV]] (sports hatch), [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Enjoy|Chevrolet Enjoy]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]](sedan), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Sail]] (hatchback), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Swing]](station wagon), [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]. &lt;br /&gt; 

The new [[w:General Motors India|GM India]] began as a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1994.The Halol plant was bought from [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1995. GM bought out [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1999.  

Sold to SAIC to produce [[w:MG Motor India|MG Motor India]] vehicles in 2017.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Fisher Body - Hamilton-Fairfield Stamping Plant||[[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]]||United States||Stampings &amp; Bodies for GM vehicles||1947||1988||Located at 4400 Dixie Highway. Now the Fisher Industrial Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Harrison Radiator Division - Moraine||[[w:Moraine|Moraine]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Machining and assembly of automotive A/C compressors, valves, and accumulator dehydrators||1941||1999||Located at 3600 Dryden Road. Originally built for [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]]. In 1975, automotive and appliance operations were split with the automotive operations becoming Delco Air Conditioning Division. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliance division was sold in 1979. Delco Air Conditioning Division merged into Harrison Radiator Division in 1981. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems. Closed by Delphi in 2003. Demolished by 2005.  

|- 

|H1, H2,&lt;br&gt; H3, H4 [https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_identification]||Holden Acacia Ridge Plant||[[w:Acacia Ridge, Queensland|Acacia Ridge, Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]||1966||1984||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Replaced Fortitude Valley plant.

|- 

|A||Holden Birkenhead Plant||[[w:Birkenhead, South Australia|Birkenhead, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1981||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1938. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Birkenhead combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Birkenhead assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and complete cars were assembled in Birkenhead. Vehicle production ended in 1965 when the Elizabeth plant started making complete vehicles. Birkenhead was then used as an export boxing area, a parts warehouse, and also assembled earthmoving equipment for Terex (then owned by GM) from 1969 until the mid 1970's. 

|- 

|M,&lt;br&gt; J1, J2, J3, &lt;br&gt; and J4-J9||Holden Dandenong Plant||[[w:Dandenong|Dandenong]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LH, LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Sunbird|Holden Sunbird]] LX, UC&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Nova|Holden Nova]] LE, LF &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Toyota Corolla (E90)#Australia|Toyota Corolla (E90)]]&lt;br /&gt;Bedford by Isuzu &amp; [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Torque converters &amp; other components||1956|||1996||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also assembled Chevrolet trucks, Bedford vans &amp; trucks and Frigidaire appliances. Built the 1 millionth Holden (an EJ) in October 1962, the 2 millionth Holden (an HK) in March 1969, and the 4 millionth Holden (a VC Commodore) in June 1981. Vehicle production by Holden ceased in 1989, vehicle production by Toyota for itself and for Holden lasted from 1989-1994 under a plant lease agreement. Minor assembly until 1996. Then became known as Holden Service Parts Operations (HSPO) which manages the distribution and marketing of Holden service parts and accessories for the Holden dealer network and international customers.  

|- 

|L,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; L1, L2, &lt;br&gt; L3-L5||Holden Elizabeth Plant||[[w:Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Berlina|Holden Berlina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Calais|Holden Calais]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Caprice|Holden Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Ute|Holden Ute]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Statesman|Holden Statesman]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Vauxhall VXR8|Vauxhall VXR8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] (2014-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice PPV|Chevrolet Caprice PPV]] (2011-2017)

|1959||2017||[[w:Holden|Holden]] manufacturing plant. Holden Vehicle Manufacturing Operations. Located at 180 Philip Highway. First opened as a body hardware plant making components, then expanded to making complete vehicle bodies in 1962, then expanded to making complete vehicles in 1965. Elizabeth became Holden’s only remaining car manufacturing plant in Australia in 1994. Built the 5 millionth Holden (a VN Calais) in August 1990, the 6 millionth Holden (a VX Commodore SS) in June 2001, and the 7 millionth Holden (a VE Commodore) in August 2008. Total number of vehicles built at all plants in Australia by Holden (including export models) from 1948-2017 is 7,687,675. Production ended October 20, 2017. Final vehicle made at Elizabeth and final Australian-built Holden was a VFII Commodore Redline with a manual transmission.[https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/holdens-manufacturing-closure-by-the-numbers-109466/] 

Cars produced before its final year before closure included the [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fifth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (2004-2006), [[w:Vauxhall Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]], [[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]], [[w:Pontiac G8|Pontiac G8]] (2008-2009), [[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Holden Cruze (JH)]], [[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JS)]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand WB]], [[w:Holden WB|Holden WB]] Ute &amp; One-Tonner, [[w:Holden Adventra|Holden Adventra]], [[w:Holden Crewman|Holden Crewman]], [[w:Chevrolet Lumina#Holden-based models|Chevrolet Lumina]], [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fifth generation (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Caprice]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]] 5-door, [[w:Chevrolet Omega|Chevrolet Omega]] B &amp; C, [[w:Buick Royaum|Buick Royaum]], [[w:Daewoo Statesman|Daewoo Statesman]], and [[w:Daewoo Veritas|Daewoo Veritas]]. Also, [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries#Toyota Lexcen|Toyota Lexcen]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Fishermans Bend Plant (Port Melbourne)||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:GM High Feature engine|Holden Alloytec V6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick V6 engine#3800 V6|Buick V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II I4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Holden Starfire I4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden straight-six motor|Holden straight-six motor]]&lt;br /&gt;Manual transmissions&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Salisbury differential|Holden Banjo/Salisbury differentials]]&lt;br /&gt;Axles&lt;br /&gt;Stampings&lt;br /&gt;Components&lt;br /&gt;Foundry ||1936||2016||Headquarters of GM Holden Ltd. &lt;br /&gt; Holden's Engine Company/Holden Engine Operations.&lt;br /&gt;  

Used to build vehicles as well including the [[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]] &amp; [[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]. Vehicle assembly ended in 1956 and was moved to Dandenong. &lt;br /&gt; Versions of the Alloytec/High Feature V6 were also supplied to [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab]] &amp; [[w:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] from this plant. &lt;br /&gt; 

Sold to the Victorian state Government in 2016.  

|- 

|B||Holden Fortitude Valley Plant||[[w:Fortitude Valley|Fortitude Valley]], [[w:Queensland|Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;||1927||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Fortitude Valley combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Replaced by Acacia Ridge plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Marrickville Plant||[[w:Marrickville, New South Wales|Marrickville, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]||1926||1940||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Marrickville combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Pagewood plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Holden Melbourne Plant (City Road)||[[w:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1926||1936||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Acquired by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Melbourne combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Fishermans Bend plant.  

|- 

|P,&lt;br&gt; L6||Holden Mosman Park Plant||[[w:Mosman Park, Western Australia|Mosman Park (formerly Cottesloe Beach)]], [[w:Western Australia|Western Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926||1972||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1932 until 1935. Also produced military vehicles &amp; equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Mosman Park combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Mosman Park assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville &amp; powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and final assembly was done in Mosman Park. Plant was closed down in 1972. Demolished in the early 1990s. 

|- 

|S,&lt;br&gt; H5, H6, H7,&lt;br&gt; H8, H9||Holden Pagewood Plant||[[w:Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;Body making||1940||1980||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also produced military equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Pagewood combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Pagewood assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, &amp; the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Also made Frigidaire appliances. Built the 3 millionth Holden (an HQ) in June 1974. Vehicle production ended in 1980 while plant closedown operations extended into 1981.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Holden Woodville Plant|Holden Woodville Plant]]||[[w:Woodville, South Australia|Woodville, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]:&lt;br /&gt;Stamping&lt;br /&gt;Body making&lt;br /&gt;Paint shop&lt;br /&gt;Body Hardware&lt;br /&gt;Trim&lt;br /&gt;Tool &amp; Die&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Tri-Matic|Tri-Matic]] automatic transmission||1923||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built before Holden was taken over by GM. Built car bodies for many brands of cars including GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, GMC, Vauxhall, &amp; Bedford) and non-GM brands (Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, Plymouth, Willys, Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Austin, Morris, Rover, Standard, Fiat, &amp; others). (Holden Motor Body Works.) Also produced military equipment during WWII. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components were made in Woodville. Also produced replacement parts for discontinued models. Most operations transferred to Elizabeth between 1959 &amp; 1965. Built the Tri-Matic automatic transmission from 1969-1987. Plant sold in 1984. Tri-Matic production area was leased back until production ended. Other companies continued production of spare parts.  

|- 

|V||[[w:IBC Vehicles|IBC Vehicles Ltd.]]/&lt;br&gt;[[w:GMM Luton|GMM Luton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Company Profile |publisher=Vauxhall |url=http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090629105853/http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford CF#CF2|Bedford CF2]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Fargo#Bedford Midi / Vauxhall Midi|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME/Isuzu Midi/&lt;br&gt;Bedford Seta/Vauxhall Albany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Bedford Rascal|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME Rascal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Carry#Export models|Suzuki Super Carry]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#Second generation (UER25FW, UES25FW, UES73FW; 1998–2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Frontera#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Holden Frontera (UT)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] A (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic (X83)]] (low roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar (X83)]] (low roof versions only)||1950 (as AA Block of Luton plant)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1984 (as Bedford Luton Van Plant)||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. Began as the Bedford van plant when Bedford vans were moved out of the Luton passenger car plant and into a separate, nearby plant (AA Block [body assembly and paint] &amp;&lt;br&gt; K Block [trim and final assembly] of the Luton complex) connected by a bridge so that components for the CF van made in the car plant could be easily transferred to the van plant. Was part of the Bedford Commercial Vehicles Division of the GM Overseas Commercial Vehicles Corp. CF2 production ended in July 1987. Built the Isuzu-designed Midi from December 20, 1984 through May 23, 1996 though the Midi was still available through the 1997 model year. An upscale, 7-psgr. variant of the Midi called the Vauxhall Albany was built for 1991 only. Built the Suzuki-designed Rascal from February 1986 through July 3, 1993. Also built the Rascal's Suzuki counterpart, the Super Carry, for the UK &amp; other European markets. Became a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] called IBC Vehicles Ltd., which was incorporated on January 20, 1987. Production under IBC Vehicles began in October 1987 after the plant was reorganized and staff was retrained. GM owned 60% &amp; Isuzu held 40%. The Bedford brand was discontinued and replaced by the Vauxhall brand on light commercial vehicles as of June 1, 1990. GM bought Isuzu's stake in IBC Vehicles back in 1998 &amp; the operation was again a subsidiary of GM. It was then renamed GMM (GM Manufacturing) Luton. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:IDA-Opel|IDA-Opel]]||[[w:Kikinda|Kikinda]], [[w:Socialist Republic of Serbia|Socialist Republic of Serbia]]||[[w:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa A (S83; 1982)|Opel Corsa]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] D &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kikinda#Senator A (1978–1986)|Opel Kikinda]] (Senator A)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994)|Opel Omega]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord]] E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1977||1992|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel affiliate]]. A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry. IDA = Industrija Delova Automobila or Industry of Automobile Parts. The operation exported iron castings, brake, and axle components to GM/Opel, thus allowing partially built Opels to be imported into Yugoslavia and not be counted as imports. Ended by the wars of the breakup of Yugoslavia and imposition of ssanctions on Yugoslavia in 1992. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers including Opel.   

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Indianapolis Metal Center||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]||United States||Metal stampings for trucks||1930||2011||Located at 340 S. White River Parkway W. Drive. Stamping plant. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1930. Became a Chevrolet plant making truck bodies. Became part of GM Truck &amp; Bus Group in 1982 and in early 1992, became part of NATP (North American Truck Platforms) and later transferred to CLCD (Cadillac/Luxury Car Division) before joining the Metal Fabrication Division in 1994. Closed in June 2011. Demolished in 2014-2015. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Columbus, Ohio)||[[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies &amp; Small Components||1946||1999||Located at 200 Georgesville Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2007. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Dayton Plant||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Engine Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Transmission Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Strut Mounts&lt;br /&gt;Steering Wheels&lt;br /&gt;Liteflex Springs&lt;br /&gt;Brake Linings&lt;br /&gt;Brake Hose&lt;br /&gt;Brake Pads&lt;br /&gt;Ball Joints&lt;br /&gt;Ice Cube Trays ||1921||1999||Located at 2701 Home Avenue (originally Home Road). The first factory building was built in 1910 by the Wright Company and made airplanes and components. The 2nd factory building was built in 1911 &amp; made airplane engines. Aircraft production ceased in 1916. 13 different types of planes had been produced. In Feb. 1917, the plants were sold to the Darling Motor Co. but they went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The Dayton-Wright Company bought the site from Darling Motor on March 22, 1917 and made aircraft parts at the site for its Moraine assembly plant from 1918 to 1919. Dayton-Wright Company was bought by GM in 1919 &amp; it was initially run as a GM subsidiary. In 1923, the aircraft part of the business was sold to Consolidated Aircraft Co. &amp; this site switched from aviation production to automotive production. Inland Manufacturing Division (originally Inland Mfg. Company) of GM was formed on January 6, 1923 at this site, initially to make steering wheels. Merged with Fisher Guide to became Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Delphi closed it in 2008. The 2 original Wright Brothers' buildings were left standing and became part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009 but the rest was demolished around 2014. The Wright Brothers factory buildings were damaged by fire in March 2023.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Detroit - Fort St.)||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||Door hinges and interior parts||1920||1989||Located at 6307 W. Fort St. &amp; Livernois St. Was Ternstedt's headquarters until 1962. Originally opened by Ternstedt Manufacturing Co., which was taken over by Fisher Body Co. in 1920. Became part of GM when GM took over Fisher Body in 1926. Ternstedt became a separate division of GM in 1948 before merging back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Was a plant for the Ternstedt Division (Plant# 16) of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Is now Evans Distribution Systems.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Elyria, Ohio)||[[w:Elyria, Ohio|Elyria, Ohio]]||United States||Car seats||1947||1990||Located at 1400 Lowell St. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Euclid, Ohio)||[[w:Euclid, Ohio|Euclid, Ohio]]||United States||Vehicle Bodies until 1970&lt;br /&gt;Then, trim fabrication, seat covers &amp; backs, upholstery, door panels, sunvisors, &amp; other interior parts.&lt;br /&gt;Also made seats &amp; cushions for Sea Ray Boats||1947||1993||Located at 20001 Euclid Ave. Originally built in 1943. Bought by GM in 1947 from Cleveland Pneumatic Aerol Co., which made rocket shells and aircraft landing gear there during WWII. Was a Fisher Body plant making bodies for Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick until 1970. Then became a Fisher Trim Fabrication plant. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed in 1993. Site currently in use by an industrial supply store (HGR) and indoor sports facilities (The Sports Plant).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Automotive industry in Flint, Michigan#Coldwater Road Plant|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Flint - Coldwater Road)]]||[[w:Genesee Township, Michigan|Genesee Township, Michigan]]||United States||Window regulators, door hinges, door modules and seat adjusters||1953||1996||Located at 1245 East Coldwater Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making window regulators and door hinges and modules. Closed by Peregrine in 1998. A GM subsidiary called REALM bought the property in 1999 and GM used the administration building until 2000. Demolished by 2001. Site now used by Deployment Strategies Group LLC for container storage. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Grand Rapids, Michigan)||[[w:Walker, Michigan|Walker, Michigan]]||United States||Interior trim||1942||1998||Located at 2150 Alpine Avenue NW. Built by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation to make wooden gliders for use in WWII. Bought by GM in the early 1950's. Built fuselages for &lt;br /&gt;[[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Became part of Delphi in 1995. Sold by GM to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1998. Closed by Lear in 2005. Now called Avastar Park, a multi-tenant industrial site.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Livonia, Michigan)||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Cushions, Seat Pads, Seat Backs, Door Panel Trim||1954||1995||Built on the site of the former Detroit Transmission Division plant that burned down in 1953. Located at 28400 Plymouth Road. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1995. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making interior trim parts. Peregrine then closed the plant in 1998. Now the Plymouth Road Technical Center, a multi-tenant site for industrial, warehousing, and logistics purposes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Syracuse)||[[w:Salina, New York|Salina, New York]]||United States||Metal auto parts (die casting, stamping, machining, painting, plating), Plastic trim parts - exterior and interior (injection molding)||1952||1993||Located at One General Motors Drive (address sometimes listed as 1000 Town Line Road). Plastic operations were added in the early 1960's. Metal operations were subsequently reduced and ultimately replaced by the plastic operations by the early 1970's. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed December 1993. Property is now Salina Industrial Powerpark, a multi-tenant industrial park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Tecumseh, Michigan)||[[w:Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Pads &amp; Backs||1966||1988||Located at 5550 Occidental Highway. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984. Now occupied by Uniloy Inc., a plastics company. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Trenton)]]||[[w:West Trenton, New Jersey|West Trenton]], [[w:Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]], [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]]||United States||Door handles&lt;br /&gt;Hinges&lt;br /&gt;Door locks&lt;br /&gt;Seat adjusters&lt;br /&gt;Exterior body moldings and painted components||1938||1998||Located at 1445 Parkway Ave. Built 7,546 [[w:TBM Avenger|TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers during WWII under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. In 1961, the facility became the first commercial user in the United States to use a programmable industrial robot to replace human workers. Brief article about the plant's closing and displaced workers. 1993 Plant closing date was later delayed until Summer of 1998 : [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB1E3EF937A35751C1A964958260] Originally part of the [[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Ternstedt Division|Ternstedt Division]] of Fisher Body, then the Ternstedt Division of GM in 1948 before Ternstedt merged back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1998. Plant was subsequently demolished. Site redeveloped into Ewing Town Center, a mixed retail and residential complex. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Vandalia, Ohio)||[[w:Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies&lt;br /&gt;Seat Pads&lt;br /&gt;Instrument Panels||1941||1999||Located at 250 Northwoods Boulevard. Originally a GM Aeroproducts division facility making aircraft propellers, Aeroproducts division became part of GM's Allison division in 1952, site was absorbed by GM's Inland division in 1961 after propeller production moved to Allison's Indianapolis operation in 1960, merged into Inland Fisher Guide division in 1991, became part of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary in 1995 and transferred to Delphi Chassis Division. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Transferred to Delphi Thermal Division in 2007. Sold in 2015 to [[w:Mahle GmbH|Mahle GmbH]]. Mahle transferred operations to its Behr plant in Dayton and closed the Vandalia plant by 2016. Mahle sold the property in 2017.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors International A/S||[[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]||[[w:Denmark|Denmark]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1924||1974||GM's 1st European assembly plant &amp; 1st assembly plant outside North America. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet utility truck on January 7, 1924. Pontiac assembly began July 24, 1926. Oakland, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick assembly began in 1929. In the 1960's, the Chevy Chevelle &amp; Buick Skylark were assembled along with most Opel &amp; Vauxhall models. Station wagon-based vans were assembled as was the Opel 1500, based on the 1200. Production ended in Oct. 1974. Over 550,000 units had been produced.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Ipiranga]]||[[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1925||1930||GM's 1st Brazilian assembly plant. Replaced by Sao Caetano do Sul plant.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pars Khodro|General Motors Iran]]||[[w:Tehran|Tehran]]||[[w:Imperial State of Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]||[[w:Opel Commodore#Foreign assembly|Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Chevrolet Iran (Nova)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Buick Skylarks in Iran|Buick Iran (Skylark)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Iran (Seville)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C/K pickup]] ||1974||1987||When the Shah ruled Iran, GM established a joint venture in Iran called GM Iran. GM held 45% while Pars Khodro held the other 55%. Production began on January 15, 1974 of the Opel Commodore-based Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale. By 1977, this was replaced by the American Chevrolet Nova, Buick Skylark, &amp; Cadillac Seville. Chevy pickups followed. Once the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Revolution and Iran was taken over by fanatics, GM abandoned the factory &amp; Iran. The company became Pars Khodro and the local management changed. Production of GM models continued sporadically until 1987 when it finally ended. 

|- 

|J (1953-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Janesville Assembly Plant|Janesville Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville, Wisconsin]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1992-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1995-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1947-1966, 1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tiltmaster|Chevrolet Tiltmaster/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Forward|GMC Forward/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|GMC Yukon]] (1992-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1992-1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2009) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)||1919||2009||Located at 1000 General Motors Dr. Was the oldest active GM assembly plant at time of its closure in 2009; largest under one roof in the U.S. 

Originally built [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson tractors]] from 1919-1922. Also made [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1922. Started producing Chevrolets on Feb. 14, 1923. Plant closed from September 1932 - late 1933. During World War II, both the Chevy &amp; Fisher Body sides of the plant were controlled by Oldsmobile and made artillery shells. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Janesville Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. On April 21, 1967, the 100 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a blue, two-door Chevrolet Caprice, was produced at the Janesville plant. Full-size cars ended production in 1982 and were replaced by the compact J-cars like the Cavalier. Last passenger car built was the 1991 Chevy Cavalier. Only SUVs and trucks were subsequently built. SUV production ended Dec. 23, 2008. Last vehicle produced was a black 2009 Chevy Tahoe. Medium-duty truck production ended on April 23, 2009, marking the end of vehicle production at Janesville. Officially, the plant was placed on &quot;standby&quot; status but production never restarted and the 2015 GM-UAW contract allowed Janesville to be closed permanently. Demolished from 2018-2019.&lt;br /&gt; 

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]], [[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]], [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]], [[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1988-1989), [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982-1988), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|Chevrolet Kodiak (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|Chevrolet B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|GMC Sierra C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC TopKick (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|GMC B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1997-2002)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Kalamazoo Metal Center||[[w:Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo, Michigan]]||United States||Stamped Body panels ||1965||1999|| Located at 5200 East Cork Street. Metal stamping plant. Started out as a Fisher Body plant. Now Midlink Business Park. 

|- 

|K||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Gunsan|Kunsan]], [[w:Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Cruze#Australia|Holden Cruze (JG sedan/JH wagon)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra Sedan (BL)]] (4-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family Z engine|Family Z diesel engine]]||1997||2018||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]], [[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]], [[w:Daewoo Tacuma|Daewoo Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]], [[w:Holden Viva|Holden Viva (JF)]], [[w:Suzuki Forenza|Suzuki Forenza]], [[w:Suzuki Reno|Suzuki Reno]] 

This factory also produced Chevrolet vehicles for [[w:General Motors Europe|General Motors Europe]] and [[w:Chevrolet Europe|Chevrolet Europe]]. The factory permanently closed on May 31, 2018, due to low productivity caused by GM's withdrawal from Europe in 2017 and due to GM's restructuring of its GM Korea operations. Sold to Myoung Shin Co., Ltd. in 2018. Diesel engines were produced at an adjacent facility beginning in 2006.  

|- 

|A&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1990&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Lakewood Assembly|Lakewood Assembly]]||[[w:Lakewood Heights, Atlanta|Lakewood Heights, Georgia]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt; (1966, 1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari wagon]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1987-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Estate wagon]] (1990)||1928||1990||Located at McDonough Boulevard and Sawtell Avenue. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lakewood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled from September 1982 to early 1984. Production ended with Chevrolet Caprice Classic &amp; Buick Estate Wagon. Last vehicle produced was a gray Chevy Caprice on August 6, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957).  Also built the &lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987) &amp; [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only).&lt;br&gt;  GM G-body: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970-1972). GM A-body: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#Second generation (1964–1967)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1965), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1973-1979), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1969, 1971-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971-1977).&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-80), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Body]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||Automotive bodies||1920||2005||Located at 401 N. Verlinden St. Opened as a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant in 1920. Durant Motors went out of business in 1931 and the plant was vacant until GM bought it in 1935. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 6. The plant reopened as a Fisher Body plant. It supplied bodies to the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1 or Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis). Together with the chassis plant, they made up Lansing Car Assembly. Demolished in 2008-2009.  

|- 

|M||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (North)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1985–1991)|Buick Somerset/Skylark]] (1985–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier coupe]] (1995-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2001–2003), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Classic]] (2004–2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais|Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais]] (1988-1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Achieva|Oldsmobile Achieva]] (1992–1998), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1992-2005) ||1902||2005|| &quot;M&quot; - North assembly line. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. This was Oldsmobile's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. It was converted to build unibody, fwd, compact cars for 1985 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd midsize &amp; full-size cars. Demolished in 2007.  

Past models: [[w:Oldsmobile Series 60|Oldsmobile Series 60]] (1939-1948), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 70|Oldsmobile Series 70]] (1939-1950), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#1953|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]] convertible (1953),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#First generation (1971–1976)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1971–1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1961-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961–1966), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1966-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1964-1977), [[w:Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1929-1931)&lt;br /&gt;Oldsmobile engines:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile straight-6 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile Rockette V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V8]]

|- 

|C (1985-2004)||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (South)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Sixth generation (1992–1998)|Buick Skylark]] (1992–1998), [[w:Chevrolet Alero|Chevrolet Alero]] (Export only: 1999-2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1986), [[w:Oldsmobile Alero|Oldsmobile Alero]] (1999-2004), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1985-2004)||1902||2004||&quot;C&quot; - South assembly line. Only started using separate plant code from the North plant beginning with the 1985 N-body cars. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. Demolished in 2007.  

|- 

|B&lt;br /&gt;(0 for EV1)||[[w:Lansing Craft Centre|Lansing Craft Centre]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet SSR|Chevrolet SSR]] (2003–2006)||1987||2006||Located at 2801 West Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Metal Center. Originally built by Ryan-Bohn Foundry and opened in 1920. Owned by Driggs Aircraft Company from 1927-1930. Owned by R.E. Olds from 1930-1940 but not used. Bought by GM's Oldsmobile Division in 1940. Became GM's Lansing Plant 2. Also known as Olds Forge. Built artillery shells during WWII. Oldsmobile used this plant as a forge (through 1983) and for making axles and differentials (through 1984). First opened as a vehicle assembly plant known as the Reatta Craft Centre in 1988 though pilot production began in December 1986. After Buick Reatta production ended in 1991, plant was renamed Lansing Craft Centre. Used by the Genasys joint venture with [[w:American Specialty Cars|ASC]] to complete production of the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire convertibles. Final SSR built March 17, 2006. Closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-2010. 

Past models: [[w:Buick Reatta|Buick Reatta]] (1988–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier convertible]] (1995–2000), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] convertible (1995–2000), [[w:General Motors EV1|General Motors EV1]] (1997, 1999), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Twelfth generation (1992–2002)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (2000-2002)

|- 

|||[[w:Lansing Engine Plant|Lansing Engine]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Quad 4 engine|Quad 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] (2002 only)||1981||2002||Located at 2901 S. Canal Road. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 5. Also known as Delta Engine. Built to produce experimental diesel engine; part of Ryder Logistics since 2005.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Metal Center|Lansing Metal Center]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1952||2006|| Located at 2800 W. Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Craft Centre. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 3. Also known as the Olds Jet plant. Originally built to manufacture turbine blades for Buick-built J65 axial flow jet engines. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished in 2008-2010.  

|- 

|K &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Leeds Assembly|Leeds Assembly]]||[[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1984-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Firenza|Oldsmobile Firenza]] (1982-1988),&lt;br&gt; [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1982-1988)||1929||1988||Located at 6817 Stadium Drive. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Leeds Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Leeds Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Retooled to build fwd J-cars for 1982. Closed April 15, 1988. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1974), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1968, 1970), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]], [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1970, 1975-76), [[w:Buick Special#1964–1967|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1961), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1974, 1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1974, 1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963, 1974-1977), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1974), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1980), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1965)

|- 

|K ('94-'05)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E ('65-'91)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 3 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Linden Assembly|Linden Assembly]]||[[w:Linden, New Jersey|Linden, New Jersey]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1994-2004)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|GMC Sonoma]] (1994-2004)||1937||2005||Located at 1016 W. Edgar Road. Linden Assembly was the 2nd GM multi-brand assembly plant (the 1st was Southgate, CA), assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. It was operated by GM's Linden Division through January 1942. During WWII, GM built 5,837 [[w:FM-1 Wildcat|FM-1 Wildcat]] and [[w:FM-2 Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcat]] fighter planes at Linden under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. After the war ended, in 1945, Linden &amp; Southgate were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. In 1971, Linden Assembly became the first plant outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille &amp; Calais. In 1979, Linden became the sole source for all three of GM's E-body personal luxury coupes, the Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera, and Cadillac Eldorado. The closely related K-body Cadillac Seville was added in 1980. In the mid-1980s, the factory was retooled to produce the new L-body Chevy Beretta &amp; Corsica, which began production in 1987. This was the first time Linden built a Chevrolet model. Linden was idled in September 1991 for conversion to truck and SUV production. It reopened in 1993 to produce the 1994 S-10 and Sonoma pickups, adding the Blazer and Jimmy SUVs for 1995. Closed April 2005. Last vehicle built was a white 2005 four-door Chevy Blazer on April 20, 2005. Demolished in 2008. Now Legacy Square, a complex of retail stores, and Legacy Commerce Center, an industrial space at the back of the property along Linden Ave.&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1991), [[w:Buick Riviera#Sixth generation (1979–1985)|Buick Riviera]] (1979-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Third generation (1979–1985)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Tenth generation (1979–1985)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Seville#Second generation (1980–1985)|Cadillac Seville]] (1980-85), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]], [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1953-1957), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1952-1957), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1971-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1962, 1965-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-61) 

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Livonia Engine|Livonia Engine]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM Premium V engine|Premium V engine]] (4.6L Northstar V8, 4.0L Aurora V8, 3.5L Shortstar V6)||1971||2010|| Located at 12200 Middlebelt Road. Originally built as a parts supplier to Cadillac. Converted into an engine plant for the Northstar V8. Now a multi-tenant commercial space including [[w:Penske Corporation|Penske Logistics]] and [[w:KUKA|KUKA]]. The [[w:KUKA|KUKA]] facility appears to be the one building the initial batch of [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] electric vans for GM prior to production moving to GM's [[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]] plant.  

|- 

||7 (1979-2019)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U&amp;nbsp;(1966-1978)||[[w:Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown Assembly]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze (2016-2019)]]||1966||2019 

|GM bought the property in 1955 and announced plans for the new Chevrolet plant in 1956 but construction didn't begin until 1964. Production began on April 28, 1966. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lordstown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. &lt;br /&gt; Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze (2011-2015)/ Cruze Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt|Chevrolet Cobalt]] (2005-2010)/[[w:Pontiac G5|Pontiac G5]] (2007-2009, Canada: 2007-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-2005)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000/2000/2000 Sunbird/Sunbird]] (1982-1994)/ [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1971–1977)/[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1978-1980)/ [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/ Rally Van]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1966-1970), [[w:Pontiac Firebird#First generation (1967–1969)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1967-1969), [[w:Pontiac Pursuit|Pontiac Pursuit/G5 Pursuit]] (Canada: 2005-2006), [[w:Toyota Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] (1996-2000).  

Located at 2300 Hallock-Young Road. Main assembly plant is the East part of the complex on Hallock-Young Road. Stamping plant added in 1970. Paint shop added in 2004. Stamping plant and paint shop are part of the West part of the complex on Ellsworth-Bailey Road. &lt;br /&gt; Closed on March 6, 2019. Sold to [[w:Lordstown Motors|Lordstown Motors]] in 2019. Lordstown Motors sold the plant to [[w:Foxconn|Foxconn]] in 2022 and Foxconn will do contract assembly for Lordstown Motors and others.  

|- 

|1 (Lotus Omega &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Lotus Carlton)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Lotus Omega|Opel Lotus Omega]] A / [[w:Vauxhall Lotus Carlton|Vauxhall Lotus Carlton]] 1990-1992, 950 units 

 
[[w:Lotus Esprit|Lotus Esprit]], [[w:Lotus Excel|Lotus Excel]], [[w:Lotus Elan#Elan (M100)|Lotus Elan]]

||1986||1993||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Mansfield Metal Center||[[w:Ontario, Ohio|Ontario, Ohio]]||United States||Metal stamping||1955||2010||Located at 2525 W. 4th St. Mostly demolished. Redeveloped into Ontario Commerce Park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Massena Castings Plant|Massena Castings Plant]]||[[w:Rooseveltown, New York|Rooseveltown, New York]]||United States|| Aluminum engine blocks &amp; cylinder heads for [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair engine]], Aluminum engine blocks for [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Vega engine]], &amp; aluminum cylinder heads &amp; blocks for other engines.&lt;br /&gt; Also clutch housings, transmission cases, pistons, aluminum intake manifolds||1959||2009||Located at 56 Chevrolet Rd, Rooseveltown, NY 13662 &lt;br /&gt; Originally a Chevrolet facility. In 1978, became part of GM's Central Foundry Division. In 1991, Central Foundry became part of GM Powertrain. &lt;br /&gt;Production ended April 23, 2009. Demolished in 2011.

|- 

|M||Mexico City Assembly||[[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks &amp; vans||1937||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including: Caprice, Chevelle, Corvair, Impala, Malibu, Nova&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]], [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord/MX-1/Olimpico/Fiera]] &lt;br /&gt; Switched from assembly to manufacturing in 1965.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Moraine Assembly|Moraine Assembly]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15#First generation (1982)|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma#First generation (1982)|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy/Jimmy]] 4-door (1991-1994)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#Second generation (1995–2005)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Rainier|Buick Rainier]] (2004-2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Envoy#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy]] (2002-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender]] (2003-2008)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1991-1994, 1996-2004) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-7X|Saab 9-7X]] (2005-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Grumman LLV|Grumman LLV]] chassis (1987-1994)||1951&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1981 (Vehicle production)||2008|| Located at 2601 West Stroop Road. Began in 1951 as part of the [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] Division of General Motors Corporation producing household appliances. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] production ended in 1979 when GM sold [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] to [[w:White Consolidated Industries|White Consolidated Industries]] but kept the Moraine plant and converted it to build vehicles. Vehicle production began in 1981. Was part of GM's Truck &amp; Bus Group. Closed on December 23, 2008. Sold to [[w:Fuyao Group#Fuyao Glass America Inc.|Fuyao Group]] in 2014; began production of automotive glass for GM and other automakers in 2016.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Moraine Engine||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8 engine]] 6.2L/6.5L||1981||2000||Located at 4100 Springboro Pike. Also began as a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] plant. Replaced by the nearby DMAX Ltd. engine plant (originally a joint venture with Isuzu) which builds the replacement engine ([[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]). Demolished by 2003. Production of the 6.5-liter diesel V8 moved to a new AM General plant in Franklin, OH known as General Engine Products. AM General makes the engine for its own use and for GM service parts, &amp; 3rd party customers. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Muncie Transmission||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Transmissions including: [[w:Getrag 282 transmission|Getrag 282/NVG T550]], Getrag 284, Muncie M17, Muncie M20/M21/M22, Muncie M62/M64, [[w:Muncie SM420 transmission|Muncie SM420 transmission]], [[w:Muncie SM465 transmission|Muncie SM465 transmission]], [[w:New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500/NV3550]], [[w:New Venture Gear 4500 transmission|NV4500]]&lt;br /&gt;Valves, Steering gears&lt;br /&gt;Forge||1919||2006||Located at 1200 W. Eighth St. Originally founded as Warner Gear Company in 1902. Bought by GM in 1919. Became Muncie Products Division. Closed in 1932. Reopened by Chevrolet in 1935 (Chevrolet Muncie). Moved to Detroit Diesel Allison Division in 1984 &amp; then to Hydramatic Division in 1986. Became part of [[w:New Venture Gear|New Venture Gear]] joint venture with Chrysler in 1990. GM owned 36% while [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] owned 64%. GM sold its stake to [[w:DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]] in 2002 but took back the Muncie plant. Became Manual Transmissions of Muncie. The plant closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-09.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Near East||[[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1936||1958||Began CKD assembly of trucks in 1936 followed by cars in 1938. In 1951, GM Near East became the Alexandria Branch of GM Middle East. Plant was liquidated in 1958.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Petone|Petone]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]], [[w:Chevrolet Thriftmaster|Chevrolet Thriftmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] including [[w:Pontiac Laurentian|Pontiac Laurentian]], [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#New Zealand|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] (E, PA, PC), [[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]], [[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]], [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] including [[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]], [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]], [[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]], [[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]], [[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]], [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]||1926||1984||Also made [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] refrigerators, freezers, washers, and dryers (Frigidaire was owned by GM from 1919 to 1979). &lt;br /&gt;  

Axle tube assemblies, oil filters, and spark plugs.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]], [[w:Vauxhall Cresta#Cresta PC|Vauxhall Cresta]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]], [[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Holden Statesman HJ]], [[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HX|Holden Statesman HX]], [[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HZ|Holden Statesman HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#WB|Holden Statesman WB]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]],&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Commodore (VN)|Holden Commodore (VN)]], [[w:Holden Royale|Holden Commodore Royale (VH/VK/VL)]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Rodeo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Isuzu Gemini/Holden Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daihatsu Charade#First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983)|Daihatsu Charade (under contract for Daihatsu)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Datsun Truck#Nissan D21|Nissan Navara pickup (under contract for Nissan)]]||1967||1990|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Nordiska AB||Södra Hammarbyhamnen, [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks||1928||1957|| Converted into a warehouse in 1957. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1905||Burned down 1987||Located at 4584 Maybury Grand Ave. (Jeffries Expressway Service Drive) and W. Hancock St. Around 4646 Lawton St. (rear side) is the remnants of a water tower and railroad spur. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Intercompany Parts Group. In 1920, Northway moved to a new plant on Holbrook Ave. in Detroit. This address was subsequently been used by [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] in the 1920's and 1930's and then by Refrigeration Service Inc. in the 1950's. At some point, the building was sold to Motor City Wiping Cloth Co. but they abandoned the property in 1983, leaving behind massive bales of rags and cloths. The building burned down in a horrific fire in 1987 after homeless people in the building were burning fires there to keep warm. The fire killed three firefighters and injured ten others. The fire even spread to the nearby Continental Paper warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant/General Motors Truck Co. Plant No. 7/Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1920||1994||Located at 1806 Holbrook Ave. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Central Products Division. In 1920, Northway moved here from their original plant on Maybury Grand Ave. and primarily supplied engines to GMC. In 1925, became part of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company as part of the merger of Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company and General Motors Truck Corp., the manufacturer of GMC trucks. In 1926, Northway Motor Division was liquidated and its Detroit plant was sold to Chevrolet on March 31 to become the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.  Part of the engine tooling machinery was transferred to the Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works at East Moline IL. Some Northway engines were still used by some GMC trucks (K-series) through 1930. Was part of the Detroit complex sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. Now part of American Axle's Advanced Technology Development Center.  

|- 

|N&lt;br /&gt;(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1987&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Norwood Assembly|Norwood Assembly]]||[[w:Norwood, Ohio|Norwood, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt; (1958-1961, 1965-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br&gt; (1962-1966, 1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973)||1923||1987||Located at 5025 Carthage Ave. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Norwood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971.  Closed August 1987. Demolished. Now Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a mixed use retail and office space. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] 

|- 

|Z||[[w:NUMMI|NUMMI]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Chevrolet Nova]] (1985-88)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Prizm|Geo Prizm]] (1989-1997)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Prizm|Chevrolet Prizm]] (1998-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Vibe|Pontiac Vibe]] (2003-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E80)|Toyota Corolla FX]] (1987-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla|Toyota Corolla]] (1989-2010) (E90/E100/E110/E130/E140)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Hilux#Fifth generation (N80, N90, N100, N110; 1988)|Toyota Pickup]] (1991-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Tacoma|Toyota Tacoma]] (1995-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Voltz|Toyota Voltz]] (Japan)||1984||2009||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.&lt;br /&gt; Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory.&lt;br /&gt;From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012.

|- 

|O &lt;br /&gt;(1953-1963 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C ([[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])||[[w:Oakland Assembly|Oakland Assembly]] (Chevrolet)||[[w:Oakland, California|Oakland, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1950-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|GMC C/K]] (1960-1963)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]]||1917||1963||Located at 73rd Ave. &amp; Foothill Blvd. Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Began building GMC trucks in December 1937 for the 1938 model year. Replaced by Fremont Assembly plant. Demolished. Site became Eastmont Mall which is now [[w:Eastmont Town Center|Eastmont Town Center]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car Co.]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Oakland automobiles &lt;br /&gt; Pontiac 1926-1927||1909||1931||Located at 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Also bordered by Baldwin Ave. and W. Howard St. GM bought Oakland Motor Car Co. in 1909. Oakland introduced sister brand Pontiac in 1926. Pontiac replaced Oakland for 1932. Early Pontiacs were built here before production moved to the new factory stretching from Baldwin Ave. east to Joslyn Ave. a little farther north. This was Pontiac's first headquarters. Some of the buildings are still standing.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:es:General Motors OBB|GM-OBB]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]||[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet D-Max 2011]]||1980 (1st GM product)||2024||OBB (Ómnibus BB Transportes) was founded in 1975. GM bought 22% of OBB in 1981 &amp; became majority shareholder in 1988. GM announced in April 2024 that GM-OBB will shut down at the end of August 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Evolution]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Forsa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Gemini#Second generation (1985)|Chevrolet Gemini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#TF|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet LUV D-Max]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Chevrolet Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 2)]], [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 3)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Vitara]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Chevrolet Grand Vitara]], [[w:Suzuki Vitara#Third generation (JT; 2005)|Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ]] 

|- 

|6||[[w:Oklahoma City Assembly|Oklahoma City Assembly]]||[[w:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#EXT|Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy XL#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy XL]] (2002-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Envoy#Envoy XUV|GMC Envoy XUV]] (2004-2005)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender extended length]] (2003-2006)||1979||2006||Located at 7447 SE 74th Street. &lt;br /&gt; Initially produced front wheel drive [[w:GM X platform (FWD)|X platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1983) &amp; [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix]] (1980-1982)) followed by front wheel drive [[w:General Motors A platform (FWD)|A platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1989), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1988–1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1989-1996), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1996)) as well as [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997–2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1997–1999). Converted to build body-on-frame SUVs for 2002 model year. Damaged by a tornado on May 8, 2003, but the company repaired the damage and returned the plant to operation just 53 days later. Idled February 20, 2006. Last vehicle produced was a white 2006 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. Plant was taken over by Oklahoma City in 2008 and leased to neighbor Tinker Air Force Base. Now known as Building 9001 Tinker Aerospace Complex. Used for maintaining jet engines and for software engineering.  

|- 

|2||[[w:Opel|Opel]] Werk Bochum||[[w:Bochum|Bochum]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Olympia#Name revival: Opel Olympia (1967–1970)|Opel Olympia]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] A, B, C, D, &amp; E&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F, G, &amp; H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]] H Classic (5-door, Caravan)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (1968–1973)|Opel GT]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]] A, B&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–2019)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer]] C&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005–2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] B/Zafira Family&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] A&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;Engines&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Axles||1962||2014|| Plant I was the vehicle assembly plant. First car off the line was a Kadett A. Plant II was the engine, transmission, &amp; axle plant. Engine production ended in 2004. Axle production ended in 2011. Transmission production ended Oct. 7, 2013. Vehicle production ended December 5, 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel|Opel]] [[w:Opelwerk Brandenburg|Werk Brandenburg]]||[[w:Brandenburg an der Havel|Brandenburg an der Havel]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;||1935||1944|| Bombed and heavily damaged by the Allies on Aug. 6, 1944. Factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union after the war ended as reparations. 

|- 

|6||[[w:Opel Eisenach|Opel Eisenach GmbH]]||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]], [[w:Thuringia|Thuringia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa E (X15; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] E (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] D (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] C (3-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] B &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Adam|Opel/Vauxhall Adam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra F]] (1992-1995)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]] (1998-2003)||1992||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Began production with Astra F in 1992. Began Corsa production in 1993 with Corsa B. Added production of the Adam in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Kaiserslautern||[[w:Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[w:Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||Components&lt;br /&gt;Engines:&lt;br /&gt; Four-cylinder turbo diesel engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Fiat JTD engine#2.0 Multijet II|2.0 CDTI Family B turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.9|1.9 CDTI turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec Diesel (1997)|2.0/2.2 Ecotec direct injection turbodiesel]]

Four-cylinder gasoline engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.2&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.0|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.0 supercharged (LSJ) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]] 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 &lt;br /&gt; 


|1966||2017||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;R (Catera)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5 (Pre-1976)||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Rüsselsheim||[[w:Rüsselsheim|Rüsselsheim]], [[w:Hesse|Hesse]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] (sedan, hatchback, Sports Tourer, Country Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (2011MY from March 1, 2010-March 25, 2011)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Insignia#First generation (G09; 2008)|Holden Insignia VXR (GA)]] (2015-2017)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore ZB|Holden Commodore (ZB)]] (2018-2020)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (5-door)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Zafira|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Holden Vectra (ZC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Signum|Opel/Vauxhall Signum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Omega|Opel/Vauxhall Omega]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac Catera|Cadillac Catera]] (1997-2001)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Senator|Opel/Vauxhall Senator &amp; Vauxhall Royale]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Calibra (YE)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Monza|Opel Monza/Vauxhall Royale Coupe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore/Vauxhall Viceroy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kapitan|Opel Kapitan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Admiral|Opel Admiral]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Diplomat|Opel Diplomat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;axles&lt;br /&gt;components&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Frigidaire refrigerators (1937-c.1940 &amp; 1946-1959)||1899 (1st production car built)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 1929 (part of GM)||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2020 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. GM bought 80% of Opel in March 1929 and bought the rest in 1931, making Opel a full GM subsidiary. Russelsheim previously make engines. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Rüsselsheim continued to supply the Buick Regal &amp; the Holden Commodore ZB to GM through 2020. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|S||[[w:Opel Szentgotthárd|Opel Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Szentgotthárd|Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F 1992-1997, 80,835 units&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B1 and B2 1998-1999, 4,404 units&lt;br /&gt;Opel Engines including:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM Family 1 engine| Family 1 engine]] DOHC versions 1.4, 1.6, 1.8&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Gasoline Engine|GM Medium Gasoline Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:VTi transmission|&quot;VTi&quot; CVT transmission]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison]] 3000, 4000, &amp; Torqmatic Series automatic transmissions||1992||2017 (left GM)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;2019 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Originally a joint venture between GM &amp; Hungarian truck and engine maker Raba. GM bought out Raba &amp; became 100% owner in 1995. Production of Allison Transmissions began in 2000. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Szentgotthárd continued to supply the [[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|1.6L LH7 turbodiesel I4]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Opel Wien|Opel Wien GmbH]]||[[w:Aspern|Aspern]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Family 0 engine|Family 0]] engines (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4 Turbo)&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions (Easytronic automated manual, F15/F17 five-speed manual and M20/M32 six-speed manual)||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Closed by Stellantis in 2024. &lt;br /&gt; Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] SOHC versions.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Osaka Assembly (Built on land leased from [[w:Sojitz|Nihon Menka]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY4l3qWIIh4C&amp;q=general+motors+assembly+plant+location+osaka+japan&amp;pg=PA70|title=American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980|author=Mark Mason|date=14 October 1992|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=9780674026308|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[w:Osaka|Osaka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick from CKD kits||1927||1941||Factory was seized by [[w:Imperial Japanese|Imperial Japanese]] Government, see also [[w:General Motors Japan|General Motors Japan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/ANA03/809150388/gm-had-early-start-in-japan-but-was-hobbled-by-nationalism|title=GM early history in Japan|author=Hans Greimel|publisher=Autonews.com|date=September 14, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/File:1926-6-1.jpg|title=Image of Osaka facility}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Battery Plant]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] ||Batteries||19?||1990's?||Was part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Referred to by Delco Remy as Plant 41. This operation was closed.

|- 

|9 (1917-Mid 1923 Chevrolet)||Oshawa North||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||&lt;br /&gt;||1907||1996||The original Oshawa (North) plant opened in 1907 as a McLaughlin Motor Car Co. plant. It produced McLaughlin-Buick cars by fitting Buick engines and chassis to McLaughlin bodies. It also built Chevrolets for Chevrolet Motor Co. beginning in 1915 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada. McLaughlin Motor Car Co. and the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada were bought out by GM in 1918 becoming GM of Canada. GM of Canada continued to make Chevrolets and McLaughlin-Buicks (which became simply Buick after WWII) and also assembled [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] 1921-1930, [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1920-1942, 1946-1969, [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] 1929-1930, [[w:Buick|Buick]] 1908-1942, 1951-1971, [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1930, 1932-1935, [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1923-1936. [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] production in Oshawa began shortly after US production in 1926. From the 1950's into the 1980's, Canadian market full-size Pontiacs were built on Chevrolet chassis and were powered by Chevrolet engines and had model names different from US-market Pontiacs (Pathfinder, Strato Chief, Laurentian, and Parisienne). Car production shifted to the current Oshawa complex Car Assembly plant (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) which opened in 1953. [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks were made beginning in 1919 and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks were made beginning in 1923 before truck production shifted to the Oshawa Truck plant located next to the South car plant in 1965. Oshawa also produced 65 [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1921. Oshawa also produced military vehicles and equipment during both WWI and WWII. Also, Maple Leaf trucks.  

Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. The North plant, by then known as the GM North Fabrication plant making metal and plastic parts, was sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996. It was then sold to ACSYS Technologies Inc. in 2001. Both companies continued to operate as an auto parts manufacturer supplying GM. ACSYS closed the plant in 2004. The North plant ended all operations in 2005 and the last of it was demolished by 2006. Much of the site of the North plant at 155 Division Street (Ritson Road North is on the other side) is now a Costco.  

|- 

|1||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-2009)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] (1988-2009)||1965||2009||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Truck plant was at 1100 Park Road South at the southern end of the Autoplex. Production ended May 14, 2009. Over 10 million vehicles were produced. Now the GM Canadian Technical Centre's (CTC) McLaughlin Advanced Technology Track. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (-1986, 1988-1998), [[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (-1986)

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]&lt;br /&gt; Plant# 41||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1947||1998||Acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1554 Thomas Rd SE. Sold in 2004 to Wetzel, Inc. Sold to Berk Enterprise, Inc. in 2009.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Peninsular SA||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1932||1936|| Production ended due to Spanish Civil War. Liquidated around 1939.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM del Peru||[[w:Lima|Lima]]||[[w:Peru|Peru]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1945||1970|| 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pittsburgh Metal|Pittsburgh Metal]]||[[W:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania|West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]||United States||Metal stamping||1949||2008||Located at 1451 Lebanon School Road. Originally part of [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] division. Demolished in 2011.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Polsce Sp. Zo.o.||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks||1928||1930's||Was at 103 Wolska St. Closed during the Depression. 

|-

|P||[[w:Pontiac Assembly|Pontiac Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||In ex-Fisher Body plant:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]] (1984-1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Main plant after reopening:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM G platform (RWD)|RWD G-bodies]]:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Buick Regal#Second generation (1978)|Buick Regal]] (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]&lt;br /&gt; (1987-1988),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]]&lt;br /&gt; (1985-1987),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1986-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile &lt;br /&gt; Cutlass Supreme Classic]] (1988)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also:&lt;br /&gt; Pontiac engines:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac straight-8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Iron Duke engine|Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV I4 engine]]||1927||1988||This was Pontiac's home plant. Property runs from Walton Blvd. on the north to E. Montcalm St. on the south with Joslyn Ave. or for certain stretches, Highwood Blvd., on the east side and Price St. or further south, Baldwin Ave. and then N. Saginaw St., on the west side. Also known as Pontiac North to distinguish from GMC's multiple plants in Pontiac, MI. Final Assembly was Plant 8 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. On March 14, 1962, Pontiac Assembly built the 75 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a white 1962 Bonneville convertible. Idled in 1982 but reopened in January 1985 with bodies supplied by Flint Body Assembly. Closed in December 1987. Last vehicle built was a Buick Regal Grand National. Demolished in 1997. GM still has the Pontiac Redistribution Center on the northeast portion of this property at 1251 Joslyn Road at the intersection with E. Columbia Ave. The Pontiac Metal Center is another still active part of this property. GM still uses the eastern part of the property bordered by Joslyn Ave. on the east, E. Beverly Ave. on the north, E. Montcalm St. on the south, and N. Glenwood Ave. on the west. This area includes GM Performance and Racing Center at 900 N. Glenwood Ave. and the Propulsion Systems Pontiac Engineering Center at 800 N. Glenwood Ave. Pontiac's divisional HQ at One Pontiac Plaza was about where the Propulsion Systems Engineering Center is now. [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] operated a plant on the site (Plant 17) from 1935-1982. This plant was connected to the final assembly plant by an enclosed bridge that ran over N. Saginaw St., that was used to transport the bodies from the Fisher Body plant, where bodies up to the firewall were built, to the Pontiac final assembly plant where the body was mated to the chassis and the front end, powertrain, &amp; interior were installed and the car was completed. This plant, located at 888 Baldwin Ave., was converted to build the [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]], which it built from 1983-1988. Last Fiero built August 16, 1988. GM used it as a warehouse until 2009. Most of the Fiero plant was demolished in 2013. Pontiac engines were made in Plant 9 and Plant 18. Both have been demolished (plant 9 demolished in 1997). Some parts of the complex have been sold to U-Pull And Save Auto Parts, GFL Environmental, &amp; Bedrock Express. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Six|Pontiac Six]] (1927-1932, 1935-1940), Pontiac Series 302 V8 (1932), Pontiac Economy Eight (1933-1934), Pontiac Improved Eight (1935), Pontiac Deluxe Eight (1936-1940), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)]] (1958-1980), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)]] (1982), [[w:Pontiac Can Am|Pontiac Can Am]] (1977), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (59-80), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1958), [[w:Pontiac Custom S|Pontiac Custom S]] (1969), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1973–1975|Pontiac Grand Am (1973-1975)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1978–1980|Pontiac Grand Am (1978-1980)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (B-body)]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (G-, A-, &amp; G-body)]] (1969-1982), [[w:Pontiac Grand Safari|Pontiac Grand Safari]] (1971-1978), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1981), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1966), [[w:Pontiac Streamliner|Pontiac Streamliner]] (1941-1951), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1961-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#1970|Pontiac T-37]] (1970-1971), [[w:Pontiac Torpedo|Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940-1948), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961)

|- 

|V (1972-1990)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||Pontiac Central Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States|||[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|GMC C-Series/E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|GMC C/K]] (1960-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1967-1985)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1937-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1978)&lt;br /&gt; Buses ([[w:GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus|Yellow Coach/GM &quot;old-look&quot; transit bus]] (1940-1969), [[w:GM PD-4103|GM PD-4103]], [[w:PD-4501 Scenicruiser|PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1960-1977), [[w:GM Buffalo bus|GM Buffalo bus]] (1966-1980), [[w:Rapid Transit Series|Rapid Transit Series (RTS)]] (1978-1987))&lt;br /&gt;Medium Duty Trucks &amp; Heavy Duty Trucks including:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#GMC (1966–1970)|GMC E-Series medium-duty trucks]] (E4500/E5500/E6500) (1967-1968) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109015322/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_MAR09.pdf] (page 30)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1969-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1985-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|GMC B-series]] (-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier#Background|Chevrolet/GMC H/J series]] (1966-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bruin|Chevrolet Bruin]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Brigadier|GMC Brigadier]] (1978-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:WhiteGMC Brigadier|WhiteGMC Brigadier]] (1988-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General#Background|Chevrolet/GMC C/M series]] (1966-1976)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bison|Chevrolet Bison]] (1977-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC General|GMC General]] (1977-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro#Background|GMC F/D series &quot;Crackerbox&quot;]] (1959-1968)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Titan|Chevrolet Titan]] (1970-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Astro|GMC Astro]] (1969-1987)&lt;br /&gt;Engines ([[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1947-1962,&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC V6 engine|GMC V6 (1960-1973)/V12 (1960-1965) engine]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:GMC V8 engine#GMC engines|GMC 60° V8]] (1966-1972))||1928||1990||Located at 660 South Boulevard East. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 2 when built. Production of trucks began in January 1928. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. On September 30, 1943, GM acquired the remainder of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and on October 1, 1943 the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division of General Motors Corp. was formed and Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. was dissolved. When limited production of civilian buses resumed in March 1944, they were badged as GM Coach and the Yellow name was retired. Headquarters of Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Co. and later the GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division. Headquarters building in front of Plant 2 was completed in March 1928. Administration and engineering buildings were part of the complex. Built 409,012 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|CCKW 6x6 trucks]], AFKWX 6x6 cab-over trucks, [[w:DUKW|DUKW &quot;Ducks&quot;]], &amp; other types of trucks during WWII. Also produced 2,249 buses &amp; 30 T18E2 Boarhound armored cars during WWII. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved from Plant 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The GMC MotorHome was discontinued after 1978. [https://www.gmccolonial.com/gmc-motorhome-history] Transit bus production ended in spring 1987 when GM sold the product line to Greyhound Corporation, which continued RTS production at its [[w:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation|TMC]] plant in Roswell, New Mexico. Converted in 1994 into a Truck Product Engineering Center (Pontiac Centerpoint Campus) by GM using only the steel frame of the large main building while everything else was demolished. The Truck Product Engineering Center closed in 2009 and the site is now the Centerpoint Business Campus, which is occupied by many businesses including Fanuc Robotics and i.M. Branded.  

|- 

|E (1988-2009)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1985)||[[w:Pontiac East Assembly|Pontiac East Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Medium Duty Trucks:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1973-85), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1981-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1981-85)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) ||1972||2009||Located at 2100 South Opdyke Road. Known as GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plant 6 when built, also known as Pontiac Assembly Center. Pontiac East is directly to the east of Pontiac Central. Pontiac East began by building medium-duty trucks, which were moved from Pontiac Central. In 1985, medium-duty trucks were moved back to Pontiac Central, combining with production of heavy-duty trucks and buses. GMT400 full-size pickup production began in December 1986 for the 1988 model year. Closed in September 2009. Demolished in 2011-2012. Portions of the site are now occupied by Challenge Manufacturing Co. and Williams International. 

|- 

|0 (1978-1994)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;V (1972-1977)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; P (Pre-1972)||[[w:Pontiac West Assembly|Pontiac West Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Trucks, Buses,&lt;br /&gt;Engines: ([[w:Buick straight-6 engine|Buick 257/331 straight-6 engine]] (1931-1932), [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1933-1948), &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1973-1977)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet van#First generation (1964–1966)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1964-1966)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Second generation (1967–1970)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura]] (1978-1980)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]]&lt;br /&gt; (1982-1984, 1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy|GMC S-15 Jimmy]]&lt;br /&gt; (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Typhoon|GMC Typhoon]] (1992-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada#First generation (1991–1994)|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1994) ||1906||1994||Complex includes GMC Truck &amp; Coach Division Plants 1, 3, 4, and 5. Plant 1 was originally the plant of Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, one of the 2 main ancestors of the modern GMC Division (the other being Reliance Motor Car Company). Plant 1 was located at 25 Rapid Street and opened in 1906, before Rapid was taken over by GM in 1908-1909. Plant 1 started making Buick 257 &amp; 331 inline-6's in 1931 after Buick stopped making inline-6s after 1930 and switched its entire lineup to straight-8s. The tooling was moved to Plant 1 from the Buick complex in Flint. Buick had been supplying inline-6s to GMC since 1925. In 1933, GMC started making inline-6s of its own design in Plant 1. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 &amp; 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. Plant 1 was demolished around 1981. Plant 3 opened in 1940 and was located at South Boulevard West and Franklin Road. Plant 3 was used for sheet metal work and material storage at first. Plant 3 later built the [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome]]. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central for its final model year of 1978. Plant 3 was demolished around 2005. Plant 4 was located on South Saginaw Street (now Woodward Ave.) Engine production began in Plant 4 in October 1938. The [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] was built there through 1947/1948. Small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6 engines were made in Plant 4 from October 1938. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. Plant 4 was also used for material storage. Plant 4 also built the [[w:Chevrolet van|1964-1970 Chevrolet &amp; GMC full-size vans]]. Plant 4 was demolished around 2008. Plant 5 was located on Franklin Road, to the north of Plant 3. Plant 5 was demolished around 2005. After Pontiac Central opened in 1928, Pontiac West focused on machining and component manufacturing rather than vehicle assembly.[https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-gmc-motor-homecoming-50-years-on/] (Paragraph 4) There would be sporadic vehicle production at Pontiac West in the 1960's and 1970's (vans, motorhomes). In the 1980's, vehicle production increased as Pontiac West became one of GM's plants building compact pickups and SUVs. Production ended in 1994. Entire property sold to M1 Concourse in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Pontiac Foundry||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts. ||1927||1987||Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Was Plant 6 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. Demolished in 1995. A U.S. Postal Service distribution center now occupies the approximate area where the foundry used to be. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Regina Plant|Regina Plant]]||[[w:Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Saskatchewan]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] 

|[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars &amp; trucks, Maple Leaf trucks, [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]] 

|1928||1941||Factory office building is located at 1102 8th Avenue while the factory building is behind the office building stretching down Winnipeg Street down to 6th Ave. Production began on Dec. 11, 1928. Production halted in August 1930, restarted in March 1931, then halted again a few months later in 1931. Production restarted in December 1937. In 1941, taken over by the [[w:Government of Canada|Government of Canada]] to produce munitions for World War II as Regina Industries Limited. Auto production never resumed and the property was used by the Canadian Department of National Defense until the mid-1960s. Sold to the Saskatchewan provincial govt. in 1967 and then the Regina city govt. in 1987. Was used by both public- and private-sector tenants. Damaged by a fire on May 3, 2017. In 2020, the City of Regina decommissioned the building and all the tenants were required to move out. Buildings are still standing and have been used by a variety of businesses and organizations. You can still see &quot;GMC&quot; carved in stone above the front entrance to the office building. Office building is designated a Heritage Inventory Property by city of Regina. A related building is down the block at 1260 8th Avenue at the corner of Toronto Street. After the factory closed in 1941, GM still used this building for its regional administrative and parts distribution operations until it moved in 1967.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Reliance Motor Truck Co.]]||[[w:Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Reliance trucks (1909-1912)&lt;br&gt; GMC trucks (heavy duty models) (1912-1913)||1909||1913||Plant was located on Michigan Ave. In late 1908, GM bought Reliance Motor Car Co. and reorganized it as Reliance Motor Truck Co. Reliance truck production moved here from Detroit in 1909. In February 1912, the GMC brand replaced the Reliance brand as well as the Rapid brand. In 1913, production was consolidated at the Rapid Street plant of the former Rapid Motor Vehicle Co. in Pontiac, Michigan and the Owosso plant was sold. Plant was later used by American Malleables and later by Mid-West Abrasive Co., a maker of sandpaper. Plant was later extended to S. Washington St.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] Transmission||[[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab two-stroke|Saab two-stroke]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;Saab 99/900 manual transmission&lt;br /&gt;[[w:F35 transmission|F35 transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]] ||1989||2009||Saab plant. Opened in 1953. Engine production ended in 1968. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Transmission production ended when the 1st gen. 9-5 ended production. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saab [[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]] Engine||[[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab B engine|Saab B engine]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab H engine|Saab H engine]] ||1989||2007||Saab plant.  Opened in 1972.   

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Engine plant sold to [[w:Scania AB|Scania AB]] in 2007. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. 

|- 

|1,2,3,4,8||Saab [[w:Trollhättan Assembly|Trollhättan Assembly]]||[[w:Trollhättan|Trollhättan]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 92|Saab 92]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 93|Saab 93]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 95|Saab 95]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 96|Saab 96]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 99|Saab 99]]&lt;br /&gt;GM era:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9000|Saab 9000]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-3|Saab 9-3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 9-5|Saab 9-5]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]]||1989||2010||Saab plant. Opened in 1947. Also did engine (Saab two-stroke) &amp; transmission production until 1953 when it was relocated to the Gothenburg plant. 

GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 &amp; the other 50% in 2000. Saab also built the 9-3 based BLS for Cadillac. The BLS was not sold in the US or Canada. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Malleable Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1919||2007|| Located at 77 W. Center St. Iron castings. HQ of Central Foundry Division. In 1919, Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry merged with the Jacox division into GM's Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Malleable Iron division of GM. Closed in 2007, demolished in 2010. Converted into a park.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Nodular Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering knuckles, crankshafts, disc brake caliper housings, exhaust manifolds, flywheels, differential carriers, clutch pressure plates||1967||1988|| Located at 2100 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Straddles the City of Saginaw-Buena Vista Township border. Iron castings. Closed in 1988. Later demolished. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Parts||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&amp;nbsp;||1909||1983|| Located on corner of 6th &amp; Washington Avenues. Opened in 1907 to build the 1908 Rainier. Bought by GM in 1909 as part of its purchase of [[w:Rainier Motor Car Company|Rainier Motor Car Company]]. Reorganized into the [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Company|Marquette Motor Co.]] which still made Rainier brand cars through 1911 as well as parts for Welch and Welch-Detroit cars. In 1912, the Rainier brand was replaced by the Marquette brand, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. In February 1912, the company was renamed Peninsular Motor Co. Some late production cars seem to have been badged as Peninsular. All of those activities ended at the end of 1912. In 1917, during World War I, the plant was reopened and used to manufacture mortar shells for the US Ordnance Corps. In 1919, became part of the Saginaw Products Company with this plant becoming the Saginaw Products Company Motor Plant. From 1919-1922, the plant made [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#224|OHV I4]] engines for [[w:Chevrolet Series FB|Chevrolet Series FB]] and [[w:Oldsmobile Model 43|Oldsmobile Model 43A]]. It was then used as a warehouse. From 1935, it made all different types of auto parts and service parts as Chevrolet Saginaw Service Parts Plant or from 1969, Chevrolet Saginaw Parts Plant. Closed in 1983, demolished in 1984.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 1||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering components||1910||1984||Located on 628 North Hamilton St. Originally founded as the Jackson, Church and Wilcox Company (Jacox) in 1906. Bought by GM in 1910. Became the Jackson-Church-Wilcox or Jacox division of GM. In 1919, the Jacox division merged with Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry into GM's Saginaw Products Company. Became the Saginaw Steering Gear Division in 1928. Closed in 1984. Sold in 1987 to Thomson Industries. Still operates today as Thomson Aerospace &amp; Defense, a brand of Linear Motion LLC, which is owned by the Umbra Group of Italy. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 2||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering Gears, pump hoses||1941||2001||Located at 1400 Holmes Street. Affectionately known as &quot;The Gun Plant&quot;, it was built in 1941 when the division was contracted to build M1919 machine guns, and M1-Carbines for World War II. After the war, normal steering gear production continued until its closure in 2001. It was demolished in 2002. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear complex||[[w:Buena Vista Township, Michigan|Buena Vista Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Complete Hydraulic and Electric Power Steering Systems, Halfshafts, Intermediate Drive Shafts||1953||2010||Located at 3900 E. Holland Road. Former Saginaw Steering Gear Division of GM. Saginaw Steering Gear Division renamed Saginaw Division in 1985. Grouped under Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. Plant 3 opened in 1953, Plant 4 opened in 1956. The sprawling Five-Plant complex (Plants 3-7), division Headquarters and large engineering center, were spun off with Delphi in 1999. GM repurchased the Delphi Steering division from bankrupt Delphi in 2009, renaming it Nexteer Automotive, and then sold the division to [[w:Pacific Century Motors|Pacific Century Motors]] in 2010. The former GM Division now operates as &quot;[[w:Nexteer Automotive|Nexteer Automotive]]&quot;, an independent company headquartered at the Saginaw site. Nexteer moved its headquarters to Auburn Hills in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Saginaw Transmission||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Manual Transmissions, Brakes||1921||1999||Located at 2328 E. Genesee Ave. Built 1919–20 for the Michigan Crankshaft Company (originally founded as National Engineering Company), acquired by GM in 1921 and placed under Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Crankshaft Division of GM. Transferred to Chevrolet upon the dissolution of the Crankshaft Division in 1931 when crankshaft manufacturing was turned over to the car divisions. Made the &quot;Saginaw&quot; 3 and 4-Speed manual transmissions.  It was spun off as part of Delphi in 1999. The plant was sold to [[w:TRW Automotive|TRW Automotive]] in 2007. TRW used the plant to produces brake and suspension components (known as TRW Braking and Suspension). TRW closed this plant in 2014.  

|- 

|4||[[w:Scarborough Van Assembly|Scarborough Van Plant]]||[[w:Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Vandura]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sportvan#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Sportvan]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Rally Van]] (1974-1993)&lt;br /&gt;||1952&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1974 (Vehicle production)||1993||Located at 1901 Eglinton Avenue East. Originally a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] home appliance plant through 1970. In 1960, production of automotive components was added. Production included radios, instrument clusters, horns, shock absorbers, and propshafts. After Frigidaire production ended in 1970, only auto parts were made and the plant name was changed from Frigidaire Products of Canada to Delco Canada. Auto parts production ended in 1973 and the plant was expanded and converted to build full-size vans and renamed Scarborough Van Plant. First van produced on May 23, 1974 (a 1974 Chevy Van 10). After van production began, plant was expanded 5 times over the years. Cutaway production was added for 1975, halted in 1978, and resumed in 1980. One millionth van produced in January 1986 (a GMC model). Closed on May 6, 1993 and operations moved to [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]. Scarborough produced 1,626,313 vans from 1974-1993. Plant demolished and now site of Eglinton Town Centre and Comstock Bus Garage at the southern end of the property.  

|- 


|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]]||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Scripps-Booth automobiles||1918||1922||Taken over by Chevrolet by the end of 1917 before Chevrolet was part of GM. When Chevrolet became part of GM, Scripps-Booth became part of GM as well. Scripps-Booth then adopted an Oakland chassis and a Northway six-cylinder engine, using parts from other GM divisions. However, a place could not be found for Scripps-Booth in GM's lineup, so GM closed it down in 1922.

|-

|8||[[w:Shreveport Operations|Shreveport Operations]]||[[w:Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport, Louisiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|GMC Canyon]] (2004–2012)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]] (2006–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3#H3T|Hummer H3T]] (2009–2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#Isuzu i-series|Isuzu i-series]] (2006–2008)||1981||2012||Located at 7600 General Motors Blvd. General Motors Blvd. was renamed Antoine Blvd. in 2013. A portion of the complex is now used by Glovis America, a Hyundai Automotive Group subsidiary, for a vehicle logistics and processing center for Hyundai and Kia vehicles. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 |Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-2003), [[w:Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevrolet S-10 EV]] (1997-1998),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990), [[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-03), [[w:GMC Syclone|GMC Syclone]] (1991),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy]] (1983-1991 2-d),&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Hombre|Isuzu Hombre]] (1996-2000). 

|- 

|A||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Darling Street &amp; Kempston Road plants||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Beaumont]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa and Willow Run 1966-69)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Export models|Chevrolet Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Chevrolet Caprice Classic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Constantia|Chevrolet Constantia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevair|Chevrolet Chevair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nomad#South Africa production (GMSA)|Chevrolet Nomad]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet De Ville]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet El Camino&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet El Toro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet Kommando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro#Export program|Holden Monaro (HT)/Chevrolet SS (HG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#South Africa|Chevrolet Firenza/1300/1900]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series D#ZA|Chevrolet 2500, 3800, 4100]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series E#Chevrolet Rekord|Chevrolet Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett A|Opel Kadett A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett B|Opel Kadett B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E/Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Kadett F]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel Corsa B/Corsa Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Other markets|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu KB (D-Max based)]]&lt;br /&gt;||1926 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;1928 (Kempston Road)||1929 (Darling Street)&lt;br /&gt;2017||Also assembled in the pre-WWII era: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliances. 

Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#South Africa|Ranger]]. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Isuzu consolidated its commercial truck production in the Struandale plant which already built Isuzu pickups and the Kempston Road plant ended production on Nov. 30, 2018. 

|- 

|4||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Struandale plant||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Africa|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel Corsa C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Montana#South Africa|Opel Corsa Utility/Chevrolet Utility]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Isuzu KB]]&lt;br /&gt;||1996||2017||Struandale was originally a Ford plant opened in 1973 which GM South Africa bought during the time it was known as Delta Motor Corp. in 1994. 

 
GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Struandale absorbed Isuzu pickup production beginning with the 2nd generation D-Max around 2013 &amp; Isuzu commercial truck ([[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] &amp; [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]) production in Jan. 2019. Isuzu KB was renamed D-Max in South Africa in 2018, aligning with the rest of the world. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Engine plant - Aloes||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift inline-6]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]] inline-4||1966||1999?||  

|- 

|C (1965-1982)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; U (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;S (1960–1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:South Gate Assembly|South Gate Assembly]]||[[w:South Gate, California|South Gate, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982)||1936||1982|| Located at 2700 Tweedy Blvd. South Gate Assembly was the 1st GM multi-brand assembly plant, assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. The first finished cars were produced in May 1936. It was operated by GM's Southern California Division through 1943. Automobile production ended in Feb. 1942. During WWII, it produced the M5 and M5A1 Stuart tanks from July 1942-August 1943 in cooperation with Cadillac Division which held the contract to build the tank. It also provided a proof range for Army Ordnance to test various types of machine gun and cannon shells. Space was also provided for Army Ordnance to modify M4 medium tanks. Also built were gun shields and deck houses for the Navy. When M5A1 production ceased in August 1943, the plant was leased to Douglas Aircraft Co. until the end of the war for aircraft parts production. After the war ended, in 1945, Southgate &amp; Linden were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. South Gate began making Chevrolet full-size cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. South Gate was converted to build H-body small cars like the Vega for 1975 but the plant was switched back to full-size cars for 1977, building Chevy, Oldsmobile, &amp; Buick B-bodies. In 1979, South Gate Assembly became the second plant (the 1st was Linden, NJ in 1971) outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille instead of Oldsmobile &amp; Buick B-bodies. The plant was then idled in March 1980. It was again switched to build small cars for 1982, this time the J-body. Slow sales and efforts to reduce air quality issues resulted in plant closure, with production ending on March 23, 1982. Plant demolished and site used for 3 new schools for L.A. School District and the South Gate Industrial and Business Park at the southern end of the property.&lt;br /&gt; Unibody B-O-P &quot;Y&quot;-body [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85#First generation (1961)|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963) added to B-&amp; C-body mix 1961-63; replaced by [[w:General Motors B platform|Chevrolet B-body]] for 1964; [[w:GM H platform (RWD)|GM H platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1975), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1976), [[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (H-body) (1976), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1976); [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973); [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-1942, 1954-1958); [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963); [[w:Buick Estate#1970|Buick Estate]] (1970-1973); [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962); [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1974, 1977-1978); [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1947-1949, 1953-1958); [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958); [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958); [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970); [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1974); [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970, 1977-1978); [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963); [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965); [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966); [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967); [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973); [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1973); [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1953, 1955-1958); [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968); [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968); [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960, 1962, 1966); [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961); [[w:Cadillac Deville#Fifth generation (1977–1984)|Cadillac Deville]] (1979-1980).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Components Plant|St. Catharines Components Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Engine components&lt;br /&gt;Transmissions&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components&lt;br /&gt;Starter motors&lt;br /&gt;Alternators&lt;br /&gt; Final drive assemblies&lt;br /&gt; Axles&lt;br /&gt;Steering wheels&lt;br /&gt;Steering gear&lt;br /&gt;Shock absorbers&lt;br /&gt;Brakes&lt;br /&gt;Bearings&lt;br /&gt;Horns&lt;br /&gt;Vehicle Radios&lt;br /&gt;Fractional horsepower motors for appliances||1929||2010||Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Originally McKinnon Dash and Metal Work Ltd., which opened this site in 1900. In 1917, the company was renamed McKinnon Industries, Ltd. Taken over by GM on March 29, 1929. In 1963, fractional horsepower motors for appliances were moved to the GM Diesel plant in London, Ontario. In 1964, vehicle radios, horns, and shocks were moved to the Scarborough plant followed by propshafts in 1966. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. In 1990, the Axle Plant is officially renamed Components Plant. Permanently closed in 2010 as part of GM's restructuring plans. All operations were transferred to [[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Engine Plant]]. Some of the Components Plant was demolished in 2016 and the site will be re-developed for mixed-use residential and commercial development. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||St. Catharines Foundry||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Casting|Iron casting]] of engine parts||1952||1995|| Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became &quot;General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines&quot;. Aligned with GM's Central Foundry Division in 1989.  

|- 

|S &lt;br /&gt;(1952 [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] and 1953-1987)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3 &lt;br /&gt;(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:St. Louis Truck Assembly|St. Louis Truck Assembly]]||[[w:St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis, Missouri]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987 only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987 only)||1920&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319998/built-across-the-nation|author=James B. Treece|title=Built across the nation|publisher=Autonews.com|date=October 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1987||Located at 3809 N. Union Blvd. Chevrolet had previously licensed [[w:Gardner (automobile)|Gardner Buggy Co.]] to assemble its cars in St. Louis in 1915. That was replaced by Chevrolet's own St. Louis plant on Union Blvd. Built 149,135 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]] &amp; 6,748 [[w:DUKW|DUKW]] amphibious vehicles during WWII. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. St. Louis Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Operated 3 assembly lines: car line, truck line, and the Corvette line. 695,214 Corvettes were built from 1954-1981 in the old Fisher Body Mill Building that had been used to assemble wooden bodies in earlier years and was converted to Corvette production. First 1954 Corvette was built in St. Louis on December 28, 1953. Last Corvette built in St. Louis was built July 31, 1981. Chevy Caprice &amp; Impala production ended on August 1,  1980 and the main car line closed down. Was a Truck and Bus Group plant from 1982, only making full-size pickups. Closed August 1987. The old Fisher Body Mill Building where Corvettes were built was demolished in 1992. Property is now the Union Seventy Center, an industrial warehouse and distribution campus used by several different tenants. &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1965), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1954-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|GMC Jimmy]] (1970-1972), [[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]], [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1947-1955, 1967-1972)

|- 

|2||[[w:Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Ste. Thérèse Assembly]]||[[w:Boisbriand, Quebec|Boisbriand, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1993-2002)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird#Fourth generation (1993–2002)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1993-2002)||1966||2002||Located at 2500 Boulevard De la Grande-Allée. &lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1987-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1988-1991)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme]] (1978-87)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] (1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1978-1981, 1983-1987)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#1986|Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2]] (1986)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1973-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1967-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1970-1972)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971).  

Plant demolished and site re-developed as a commercial and residential site known as Faubourg Boisbriand and the Centre for Sports Excellence. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Strasbourg Transmission||[[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] 6-speed RWD automatic transmissions||1968||2013||Past products: [[w:GM 5L40-E transmission|5L40]], [[w:GM 4L30-E transmission|4L30]], [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic 180|TH180/3L30]] RWD automatic transmissions 

Also supplied 4-, 5-, &amp; 6-speed RWD auto. transmissions to [[w:BMW|BMW]].&lt;br /&gt; Also supplied 3-speed RWD auto. transmissions to Fiat, Peugeot ([[w:Peugeot 604|604]]), &amp; Rover ([[w:Rover SD1|SD1]]). 

Sold to Punch Metals International in 2013, which renamed the unit as Punch Powerglide Strasbourg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2012/12/general-motors-sells-strasbourg-plant-to-punch-metals-international/|title = General Motors Sells Strasbourg Plant to Punch Metals International|author=Alex Luft|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 22 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg began producing [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|8HP 8-speed automatic transmissions]] for [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] in addition to the GM 6L50 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2023, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg was renamed Dumarey Powerglide Strasbourg.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Suisse AG||[[w:Biel|Biel]]||[[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] 1936-1941, 1946-1968&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With This Picture? And What's Very Right With the Other Ones? They Do Things a Bit Differently In Switzerland|date=15 August 2020 |at=see 20th comment down from 8-15-20 5:59 pm|url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/qotd/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-and-whats-very-right-with-the-other-ones-they-do-things-a-bit-differently-in-switzerland/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] 1937-1939, 1946-1959 (None produced in 1955-1956)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1936-1940, 1947-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]] 1936-1940, 1946-1958&lt;br /&gt;[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1936 &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1938-1940&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]] 1936-1941, 1950-1975&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] 1936-1940, 1946-1971&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] 1970-1975  ||1936||1975|| First car off the line was a [[w:Buick Series 40|Buick Model 41]] on February 5, 1936. Other prewar cars built include the [[w:Buick Series 90|Buick Series 90]] &amp; [[w:Opel P4|Opel P4]]. GM rented the factory from the city council until they bought it on Feb. 20, 1947. Closed August 14, 1975. Last car was an [[w:Opel Rekord D|Opel Rekord D]]. A total of 329,864 cars were assembled. Regular as well as customized vehicles in small series were made like drawing vehicles for the [[w:Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss Armed Forces]]: An open 6-seater [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] Platform combined with an Opel 2.5L I-6 cylinder; after World War II those &quot;Swiss&quot; cars were also offered to the public as limousines. As well, GM produced luxury upgraded vehicles for the European market like the [[w:Opel Kapitän|Opel Kapitän]], [[w:Opel Rekord P1#Swiss assembly|Rekord]] &quot;Ascona Edition&quot;, and the Kadett-based [[w:Opel Kadett B#Opel Ascona (modified Kadett B assembled in Biel, Switzerland)|Opel Ascona 1700]] up to the early 1970s. The [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] was invented by using [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] structures on an [[w:Opel Rekord C|Opel Rekord C]] body. Also built the first generation [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], &amp; the [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] and the special Victor Riviera as well as the [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] and [[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]. Afterwards the plant was used as GM's European central spare parts warehouse until 1992. Most buildings still exist, they now house a [[w:Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] mall. &amp;nbsp;  

|- 

|T||[[w:General Motors India|Talegaon]]||[[w:Talegaon|Talegaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Beat|Chevrolet Beat]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]||2008||2020||Part of [[w:General Motors India|GM India]]. Production began in September 2008. Closed December 24, 2020. Sold to [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]] in January 2024.  

|- 

|T (1953-1996)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:North Tarrytown Assembly|North Tarrytown Assembly]]||[[w:Sleepy Hollow, New York|North Tarrytown, New York]]||United States||Past models:&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Gen.1)]] (1960-66)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1974)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-72)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1975-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1985)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977|Pontiac Ventura]] (1975-1977)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1978-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1976-1979)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (80-83)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1985-1989)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina APV|Chevrolet Lumina APV]] (1990-93)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lumina Minivan|Chevrolet Lumina Minivan]] ('94-'96)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#First generation (1990-1996)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1990-1996)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#First generation (1990–1996)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1990-1996) ||1918 (as part of GM)||1996|| Located at 199 Beekman Avenue. Originally built by [[w:Mobile Company of America|Mobile Company of America]]. In 1904, plant was sold to Maxwell-Briscoe, which later became [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]. Chevrolet bought the complex in 1914, before Chevrolet was part of GM. The first Chevrolet produced in Tarrytown was the [[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division during World War II and assembled the wings, center section, trailing edges, motor mount, cabin, windshield, &amp; upholstery for Avenger bombers &amp; Wildcat fighters. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Tarrytown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Plant joined Truck and Bus Group for 1990 when it was converted to build GM's new trio of fwd minivans. Plant closed in June 1996. Minivan production moved to [[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]] for 1997. North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in December 1996. Plant was demolished. Site being redeveloped as Edge-on-Hudson, a mixed use residential/retail/office/park space.  

|-

|H||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Thailand]] Ltd.||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet/Holden Colorado]] (RC/RG) &lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#RG|Chevrolet/Holden Trailblazer &amp; Holden Colorado 7]] (RG)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Chevrolet/Holden Captiva]]||2000||2020||Past Models:&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Opel/Vauxhall/Chevrolet Zafira]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Holden Zafira (TT)]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Subaru Traviq|Subaru Traviq]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Isuzu D-Max]],&lt;br&gt; [[w:Alfa Romeo 156|Alfa Romeo 156]] [https://www.just-auto.com/news/thailand-gm-to-make-alfa-156-in-thailand/]&lt;br /&gt; Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Powertrain (Thailand) Ltd.]]||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||2.5L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 425 DOHC|R 425 DOHC]]) &amp; 2.8L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 428 DOHC|R 428 DOHC]] &amp; [[w:List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|A 428 DOHC]]) turbodiesel I4 engines||2011||2020|| Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|-  

|&amp;nbsp;||Three Rivers||[[w:Three Rivers, Michigan|Three Rivers]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Rwd Automatic transmissions, propshafts||1979||1994||Located at 1 Manufacturing Way (formerly 1 Hydramatic Drive) off W. Hoffman St. GM bought the closed plant from Continental Can Co. Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations &amp; GM Hydramatic Division. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions, Gears||1916||1957||Located at 900 W. Central Ave. Acquired from Warner Gear Co. by Chevrolet in 1916 before Chevrolet was part of GM. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. During WWII, produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four- and six-wheel-drive military trucks. Replaced by the current Toledo Transmission plant on Alexis Road in 1956.&lt;br /&gt;  

|- 

|M||Toluca Assembly||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]||1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;||2008||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (2001–2002), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado]] 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Forge||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1950||1994||Located at 2390-2392 Kenmore Ave. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle &amp; Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tonawanda Foundry||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts, brake drums. ||1954||1984||Was located on River Road. Was a Chevrolet Foundry. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. &amp;nbsp; 

|- 

|Z||General Motors Turkiye Ltd.||[[w:Torbali|Torbali]], [[w:Izmir Province|Izmir Province]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] A &amp; B||1990||2000||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Converted into a spare parts warehouse. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Uruguaya SA||[[w:Sayago|Sayago]], [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]]||[[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1962||1986||  

|- 

|L (1953-1992)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20 (1947-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys Assembly]]||[[w:Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1971, 1978-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1968-1971,&lt;br&gt; 1978-1992) ||1947||1992||Located at 8000 Van Nuys Blvd. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Van Nuys Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Demolished in 1993. Redeveloped into &quot;The Plant&quot;, a retail and industrial complex that also includes LAPD and LAFD stations.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973-1975), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1963, 1965-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1972-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1972-1976)

|- 

|8 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;E (before 1993)||[[w:Vauxhall Ellesmere Port|Vauxhall Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:Ellesmere Port|Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Opel Astra#K|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] K (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] J (5-door, Sports Tourer)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] H&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] F&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett E|Opel Kadett E]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1991)|Vauxhall Astra Mk II]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Belmont|Vauxhall Belmont]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo/Bedford Astravan &amp; Astramax]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#First generation (1980–1984)|Vauxhall Astra Mk I]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Chevanne|Bedford Chevanne]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Firenza|Vauxhall Firenza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Magnum|Vauxhall Magnum]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra C]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Third generation (TR; 1995)|Holden Astra (TR)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (wagon)&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall Viva OHV Inline-4&lt;br /&gt;[[w:General Motors 54° V6 engine|General Motors 54° V6 engine]]||1962||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. &lt;br /&gt;Also made engines, transmissions, axles, &amp; other components. Engine production ended in 2004. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021.

|- 

|7 (since 1993)&lt;br /&gt;V (before 1993)||Vauxhall Luton (car plant)||[[w:Luton|Luton]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Vauxhall Carlton|Vauxhall Carlton]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cavalier|Vauxhall Cavalier]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Ventora|Vauxhall Ventora]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX Series|Vauxhall VX Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Envoy (automobile)#Vauxhall Victor based models|Envoy F/FB/FC/FD]]&lt;br /&gt;Chevrolet Bedford AC/LQ&lt;br /&gt;Bedford WHG/WLG/WS/VYC/AS/WT/BYC/K/[[w:Bedford M series|MS/ML]]/OS/OL/[[w:Bedford OB|OB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HC|Bedford HC/JC/PC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CA|Bedford CA/Envoy EA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF/CF1/Opel Bedford Blitz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford HA|Bedford HA]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4 engine]]&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall OHV Inline-6||1905 (operations began)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;1925 (part of GM)||2002|| Vauxhall moved from London to Luton in 1905. GM bought Vauxhall in 1925. Production ended in 2002 with the [[w:Vauxhall Vectra|Vauxhall Vectra]]. The Luton passenger car plant was next to the still active van plant previously used by the IBC Vehicles joint venture. The plant has now been demolished and the site is now being redeveloped for housing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/politics/redevelopment-of-former-vauxhall-site-given-the-go-ahead-1-5795094|work=Luton Today|title=Redevelopment of former Vauxhall site given the go-ahead|date=8 Jan 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM de Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;Caracas||[[w:Antimano|Antimano]], [[w:Caracas|Caracas]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Thriftmaster/Loadmaster]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] ||1948||1983||Plant closed in 1983 &amp; GM moved to the newer Valencia plant that it bought from Chrysler in 1979.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Mariara||[[w:Mariara|Mariara]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet C3500]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Giga|Chevrolet E-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;||2008||2015||Plant closed in 2015 &amp; N-Series moved to Valencia plant.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||GM Venezolana&lt;br /&gt;Valencia||[[w:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Astra|Chevrolet Astra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] ||1979||2017||Originally built by Chrysler de Venezuela SA. GM bought the plant from Chrysler in 1979 and moved their entire operations there from the Caracas plant by 1983. &lt;br /&gt; 

There had already been production pauses because of part shortages between 2014 and 2016. On May 2, 2017 GM announced the total closure of the plant and deconsolidation of the Venezuelan unit from its accounts due to the illegal seizure of its factory by the Venezuelan government. The plant halted all of its operations of manufacturing vehicles and now only retains the GM brands representation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/internacional/articulo/general-motors-cierra-operaciones-en-venezuela/244829|title=General Motors concreta el cierre de sus operaciones en Venezuela|website=Semana.com|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/04/20/actualidad/1492679446_631610.html|title=General Motors suspende operaciones en Venezuela tras el embargo de una planta|newspaper=El País|date=April 20, 2017|via=elpais.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/generalmotors-cierre-operaciones-venezuela-negocios.html|title=General Motors inicia cierre de operaciones en Venezuela|website=El Comercio|date=May 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GM Vietnam|GM Vietnam]]||[[w:Hanoi, Vietnam|Hanoi]]||[[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark Lite]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]]&lt;br&gt;[[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]]||1995||2018||Originally established as VIDAMCO (a joint venture with a state owned co.) in 1993 by Daewoo Motor Co. Daewoo bought out its Vietnamese partner in April 2000, making VIDAMCO 100% owned by Daewoo Motor Co. Bought by GM in 2002 as part of the creation of [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo Auto &amp; Technology Co.]] In July 2011, the name of the company was changed from VIDAMCO to GM Vietnam. Sold to [[w:VinFast|VinFast]] in 2018. [[w:VinFast Fadil|VinFast Fadil]] produced under license from GM; is a rebadged [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Fourth generation (M400; 2015)|Chevrolet Spark (M400)]]/[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Warren Transmission|Warren Transmission]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70, 6T75, 6T80]] ||1958||2020||Located at 23500 Mound Road. Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E]], [[w:List of GM transmissions#Hybrid and PHEV|5ET50 EVT]] 

Plant originally built in 1941 as a US Navy Ordnance facility operated by the Hudson Motor Car Co. building 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. In 1943, the Navy moved the contract from Hudson to Westinghouse, which now operated the Warren plant for the Navy. Ford bought the plant in 1946 and used it to produce axles and ball joints. GM bought the plant in 1958.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2022/01/old-gm-warren-transmission-plant-set-to-be-demolished/|title = Old GM Warren Transmission Plant Set To Be Demolished|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=January 25, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plant became a Chevrolet facility making auto parts. It also made artillery shells in the 1960's and 1970's. The factory was transferred to the Hydramatic Division in 1980, later becoming part of GM Powertrain. [https://nadc1.com/?portfolio=gm-paint-shop-strip-out] Ended production on August 1, 2019. Reopened for production of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/06/08/gm-warren-transmission-plant-coronavirus/3135789001/|title = GM revived Warren plant for face mask production. What happens when demand slows?|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=June 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. First face mask produced March 27, 2020. Sold to a developer in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch automobiles||1909||1911||Welch Motor Car Company became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took it over in 1910. Welch ended production in 1911. Welch was noted for having engines with a single overhead cam and hemispherical combustion chambers, unusual technology for its time.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch-Detroit]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch-Detroit automobiles||1910||1911||The Welch Company of Detroit was a separate company from the Welch Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan and was set up in June 1909 to build a smaller, cheaper car than the Welch made in Pontiac, Michigan. Both Welch companies became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took over both companies in 1910. Both Welch and Welch-Detroit ended production in 1911. Equipment from the factory was moved to the also GM-owned, former Rainier Motor Car Company factory in Saginaw to make the 1912 Marquette, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands.

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|W||[[w:Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run Assembly]]||[[w:Ypsilanti Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti Twp, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fourth generation (1991–1996)|Chevrolet Caprice]] sedan &amp; wagon (1991-1993) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Third generation (1991–1992)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] wagon (1991-1992)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1991-1993)||1956||1993||Located at 2625 Tyler Road, to the south of the former Willow Run Transmission plant. Initially opened in 1956 to exclusively build Chevrolet trucks in a 500,000 sq. ft. building that had been used as a warehouse by GM and was previously used by Kaiser-Frazer's engineering dept. [https://aadl.org/aa_news_19561208-chevrolet_willow_run_truck_plant_gains_momentum] In 1958-59, plant was expanded into a 2-part Chevrolet &amp; Fisher Body passenger car assembly plant to make the Chevrolet Corvair. First completed 1960 Corvair rolls off the line on July 7, 1959 [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=792700342891740&amp;set=a.453129043515540]. Added the Chevy II (Nova) for 1962. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Willow Run Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Converted in 1978-79 to build the fwd X-body compacts for 1980. In 1984, joined the new BOC group in preparation for its conversion to build the new fwd H-body full-size cars for 1986. Final H-car built in May 1989 and in September, moved to the CPC group. Converted to build the body-on-frame, rwd B-body for 1991. Chevy Caprice sedan  production began in January 1990 followed by station wagons in July. Closed July 1993. Assembly plant was 2.5 million sq.ft. when it closed. The Willow Run Assembly Plant is now the Willow Run Business Center, a multi-tenant warehouse and distribution facility, part of which is leased by GM to distribute automotive service parts, which is known as Ypsilanti #87 Processing Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales.  The nearby Willow Run Company Vehicle Operations site at 2901 Tyler Road was sold to International Turbine Industries in April 2013.&lt;ref name=WR-Assembly-sold&gt;{{cite news|author=Katrease Stafford|title=GM Willow Run plant redevelopment: Aircraft maintenance firm buys 1 building|url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ypsilanti/gm-willow-run-plant-redevelopment-aircraft-maintenance-firm-purchases-facility-25-new-jobs-expected/|access-date=24 April 2013|newspaper=AnnArbor.com|date=April 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Past models: [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]], [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1978), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1981, 1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1979), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Fourth generation (1955)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1958), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1957-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1986-1989), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1984), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1987-1989), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1979).

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]||[[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions &lt;br /&gt; [[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L85-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T60-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 4T80-E transmission|4T80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM 6L90 transmission|6L90-E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;||1953||2010||Whatever equipment could be salvaged came from the destroyed Detroit Transmission Division plant in Livonia in 1953; began as the Ford [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber plant in World War II which opened in 1941, grew from 3.5 million square feet to nearly 5 million square feet under GM. Ford built the factory and sold it to the US government, which leased it back to Ford for the duration of WWII. Ford Motor had first option on the plant after war production ended, an option it ultimately chose not to exercise. The factory was instead leased and then sold to [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] and was their main production site from 1946-1953, when they moved production to Toledo, OH following Kaiser-Frazer's acquisition of Toledo-based [[w:Willys-Overland|Willys-Overland]]. In addition to automobiles, [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] also built [[w:C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119 Flying Boxcar]] cargo planes at Willow Run under license from [[w:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Aircraft]], producing an estimated 88 C-119s between 1951 and 1953. In 1953, GM first leased then bought the plant to replace the Detroit Transmission Division factory in Livonia, Michigan that had burned down earlier in 1953. Also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Rambler, Kaiser, and Willys. It was also initially supplied to Rolls-Royce before Rolls-Royce set up their own Hydramatic production line in the UK building Hydramatics under license from GM. Rolls-Royce also supplied Armstrong-Siddeley and [[w: British Motor Corporation|BMC]], which in turn supplied other British automakers like Jensen that used BMC’s biggest engines. The Detroit Transmission Division became the Hydramatic Division in October 1963. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Over the years, GM expanded the plant to almost 5 million sq. ft. In addition to automatic transmissions, GM also produced the M16A1 rifle and the M39A1 20mm autocannon for the US military during the Vietnam War at Willow Run Transmission. GM Powertrain also had an on-site engineering center. The plant closed in December 2010. A small portion of the plant was saved by the [[w:Yankee Air Museum|Yankee Air Museum]] to be turned into the National Museum of Aviation and Technology at Historic Willow Run but more than 95% of the plant was demolished from 2013-2014. The rest of the site has been redeveloped into the [[w:American Center for Mobility|American Center for Mobility]], an autonomous- and connected-driving testing center which opened in December 2017.  

|-

|Y (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-2010) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; W &lt;br /&gt; (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] &amp; [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 5 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) || [[w:Wilmington Assembly|Wilmington Assembly]] || [[w:Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, Delaware]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Solstice|Pontiac Solstice]] (2006-2010)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky]] (2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel GT#GT (roadster) (2007–2010)|Opel GT]] (Europe: 2007-2010) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Daewoo G2X#Daewoo G2X|Daewoo G2X]] (S. Korea: 2007-2009) ||1947||2009||Located at 801 Boxwood Road. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Wilmington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Converted to make the Chevette small car for 1976. Switched back to making B-body full-size cars for 1985. Converted to make the fwd Chevy Corsica &amp; Beretta for 1987. Converted to build Saturn's 2nd model range, the Opel Vectra-based, plastic body paneled Saturn L-Series for 2000. Converted to build the rwd, Kappa platform small sports cars for 2006 beginning with the Pontiac Solstice. Final car produced was a Solstice roadster on July 28, 2009. The plant was sold to [[w:Fisker Automotive|Fisker Automotive]] in 2010, which had planned to build its [[w:Fisker Atlantic|2nd model line]] there. However, Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in Nov. 2013 before ever building any cars in Wilmington. Fisker Automotive's assets, including the Wilmington plant, were purchased out of bankruptcy by Wanxiang Group in February 2014. Wanxiang did not use the plant and sold it in 2017. Plant was demolished in 2019. A large part of the site is now an Amazon fulfillment center.&lt;br /&gt;Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1996), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#1987–1991|Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)]] (1988-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-1999), [[w:Saturn L-Series|Saturn L-Series]] (2000-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1976-1984), [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1984), [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only), [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate#1971-1976|Buick Estate]] (1972-1973, 1975), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1975), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1950, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950, 1953-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970)), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1968), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1975, 1985-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1975, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1963, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1963), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1963), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1960, 1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1951, 1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Windsor Transmission|Windsor Transmission]]||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM 4T40 transmission|4T40E/4T45E transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;Transmission components||1920||2010||Plant was originally in [[w:Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] until Walkerville was annexed by Windsor in 1935. Was located at 1550 Kildare Road. Walker Road is at the back of the property. Previous: 1920 - 1928 axles and parts, 1928 - 1963 engines (including the [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt OHV inline-6 engine]] and Buick engines from 1935-1942). The Windsor plant was taken over by McKinnon Industries Ltd., a GM subsidiary in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada in 1963. As a result, engine production in Windsor was moved to St. Catharines and transmission production in St. Catharines was moved to Windsor. At this point, the Windsor plant was renamed the Windsor Transmission Plant. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. Closed on July 28, 2010. The 4-spd. automatics made in Windsor were discontinued and replaced by 6-spd. automatics made in St. Catharines. Sold in 2014 and completely demolished by 2017. Site now occupied by MotiPark Ltd. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Windsor Trim||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Seat assemblies and door trim panels||1965||1996|| Located at 1600 Lauzon Rd. Sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996 and then sold to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1999. Closed by Lear in 2005. Demolished in 2009. Part of the property is now the [[w:WFCU Centre|WFCU Centre]] and part will be residential homes. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Wixom Performance Build Center|Wixom Performance Build Center]]||[[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L LS3 V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)#Grand Sport|(C6 Corvette Grand Sport coupe w/manual transmission only)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|7.0L LS7 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L supercharged LS9 V8]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Northstar engine series#LC3|4.4L supercharged LC3 V8]] ||2004||2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/106/gm-closing-wixom-performance-engine-facility-build-your-own-engine-program-ends|title=GM Closing Wixom Performance Engine Facility, Build-Your-Own-Engine Program Ends|author=Patrick Rall|date=September 20, 2013|publisher=Torquenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Located at 30240 Oak Creek Dr.&lt;br&gt; Performance Build Center relocated to &lt;br&gt; Bowling Green Assembly in 2014. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Assembly (LaSalle Wyoming Ave. plant)]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1933||1926||1934||Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company]]||[[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow Cab taxis&lt;br&gt;Yellow Coach buses&lt;br&gt;Yellocab trucks (T-1, T-2, and T-3)||1925||1928||Located on West Dickens Ave. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. Yellocab trucks were discontinued during 1927 and were replaced with new light-duty GMC trucks (T-10 &amp; T-20). During 1928, bus and taxi production was consolidated at the GMC Pontiac Central plant in Pontiac, Michigan. The Chicago plant was closed and sold.
 
|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works||[[w:East Moline|East Moline]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow-Knight engines||1925||1929||Production began in 1923. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck &amp; Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. During 1929 and 1930, Yellow Sleeve Valve Engine production equipment was transferred from East Moline, Illinois to Pontiac West Plant 1 in Pontiac, Michigan. The East Moline plant was closed at the end of 1929 and was sold.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Yulon GM|Yulon GM]]||[[w:Miaoli|Miaoli]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Buick Excelle#Taiwan|Buick Excelle]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick LaCrosse#China|Buick LaCrosse]]  ||2006||2012||A joint venture owned 49% by GM &amp; 51% by [[w:Yulon|Yulon Motor Co]]. Yulon bought GM's stake in the venture in Dec. 2008. Production continued after the sale through licensing but cooperation between GM &amp; Yulon ended in 2012.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||General Motors Zaire||[[w:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]||[[w:Zaire|Zaire]] (now [[w:Democratic Republic of the Congo|D.R. Congo]])||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]]||1975||1987||GM sold the plant in 1987 to local businessmen. Plant was looted bare in 1991.  

|}

== Former partner factories == 

 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; 

!VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Comments 

|- 

|H||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Commercial plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]] (2003-2009)||2002||2009||Located at 12900 McKinley Highway. Built under contract for GM by AM General. Plant later built the [[w:Mercedes-Benz R-Class|Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] under contract for Mercedes for export to China from 2015-2017 as well as the [[w:VPG MV-1|VPG MV-1]] under contract for VPG (later Mobility Ventures MV-1; Mobility Ventures being an AM General subsidiary that took over VPG's assets after VPG went bankrupt). MV-1 was made from 2011-2016.

|- 

|E||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Military plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H1|Hummer H1]] (2000-2006)||1992 (civilian production)||2006 (civilian production)||Located at 13200 McKinley Highway. This plant built the military [[w:Humvee|Humvee]] from fall 1984 and civilian Hummers from 1992. In Dec. 1999, GM bought the rights to the Hummer brand from AM General. AM General still handled manufacturing but GM handled marketing and distribution. At this point, the AM General Hummer was renamed Hummer H1. H1 built under contract for GM by AM General. Humvee production for military use continued after 2006.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Ltd.||[[w:Jurong|Jurong]] (Jurong Industrial Estate)||[[w:Singapore|Singapore]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet 350]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including: &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|VX4/90]]||1968||1975||Jointly owned by Wearne Brothers Limited &amp; Motor Investments Bhd. Associated Motor Industries Ltd. assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers (Austin, Morris, &amp; Renault).  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Batu Tiga|Batu Tiga]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]&lt;br /&gt;||1968||1971 (?)||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia assembled Holden vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers.  

|- 

|C||[[w:Automobilwerk Eisenach|Automobilwerk Eisenach]] (AWE)||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A&lt;br /&gt;||1990||1991||  The old [[w:Wartburg (marque)|Wartburg]] plant built vehicles for Opel for a short time before closing permanently.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]]||[[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Rezzo|Chevrolet Rezzo]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000) |Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT800)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT900)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]], [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2001)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT800)]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT900)]], [[w:Cadillac SRX|Cadillac SRX]], [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]], [[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]], [[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Insignia|Opel Insignia]], [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2004||2015||Built under contract by [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Azia Avto||[[w:Ust-Kamenogorsk|Ust-Kamenogorsk]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2007||2018||Built under contract by Azia Avto for GM.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Bangchan General Assembly|Bangchan General Assembly]] Co., Ltd.||[[w:Khan Na Yao district|Khan Na Yao district]], [[w:Bangkok|Bangkok]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Monaro LS]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet De Ville]]||1970||1987 (?)||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] invested in Bangchan in 1979 but then sold its stake to [[w:Honda|Honda]] in 1987. Phra Nakorn Automobile Group became sole owner of Bangchan in 2005.  

|- 

|B||[[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1993)|Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel/Vauxhall Astra F convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel/Vauxhall Astra G coupe &amp; convertible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra convertible (TS)]] ||1987||2006||Built under contract by [[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Centroamericana de Ensamblaje y Fabricación||(?)||[[w:Honduras|Honduras]]||[[w:El Compadre (car)|Compadre]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Compadre was assembled in Honduras.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Champion Motors||[[w:Shah Alam|Shah Alam]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]||1968||1982 (?)||Champion Motors assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968. Champion Motors was renamed Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) in 1975. The last products still being built for GM were Bedford trucks. A joint venture of Toyota &amp; [[w:UMW Holdings|UMW Holdings Bhd.]] called Sejati Motor took over ASSB in 1982 which was then renamed UMW Toyota Motor in 1987. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Chinese Automobile Co., Ltd.||[[w:Xinzhuang District|Xinzhuang District]], [[w:New Taipei City|New Taipei City]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F &amp; G&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B ||1993||2000||GM ended the assembly contract in 2001.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:GAZ|GAZ]]||[[w:Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny Novgorod]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2013||2015||Built under contract by [[w:GAZ|GAZ]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Genoto (General Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)||[[w:Kozyatağı|Kozyatağı]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]] (KG EJR &amp; KBC 10 &amp; 570)||1965||1986||Built Bedford trucks under license from GM, sometimes rebadged as Genoto. 

|- 

|E||[[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]]||[[w:Cerizay|Cerizay]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Holden Tigra (XC)]]||2004||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]] for Opel/Vauxhall.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]||[[w:Uttarpara|Uttarpara]], [[w:West Bengal|West Bengal]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] models under Hindustan name including [[w:Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] (based on [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]])&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] models including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Terex|Terex]]||1957 (?)||2004||Built under license by [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]].  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||INDEVESA, S.A.||(?)||[[w:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Pinolero]]||1970s||(?)||The Nicaraguan state-owned company produced a version of GM's BTV called the Pinolero.

|-

|3||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Kawasaki plant||[[w:Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1984-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]] (1987-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1995-98 FRR, 1989-96 FSR, 1992-96 FTR/FVR)||1938||2005||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. Closed 2005.

|- 

|H&lt;br /&gt;(WMI: MPA)||[[w:Isuzu Motors (Thailand)|Isuzu Motors Co., (Thailand) Ltd.]] (IMCT)||Samrong Tai, [[w:Phra Pradaeng district|Phra Pradaeng district]], [[w:Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo (RA)]]||2003||2008||Rebadged Isuzu D-Max produced by Isuzu Thailand for GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Replaced by the updated and renamed Holden Colorado, which was made by GM Thailand rather than Isuzu Thailand. The model name was changed because after GM sold the last of its shares in Isuzu in 2006, GM Holden lost the right to use the Rodeo name, which was owned by Isuzu, during 2008.

|-

|9||[[w:KUKA|KUKA]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2022)||2021||2022||Produced under contract for GM in a limited run of less than 500 units. A temporary measure until GM's CAMI plant is ready to start building BrightDrop electric vans. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein|Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein (LRL)]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, and buses&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Buick|Buick]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel|Opel]]||1937||1939||Was located at Bema Street. Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein was a GM distributor who also assembled vehicles from CKD kits under license from GM until the German invasion that began World War II interrupted production. The Germans took over the factory during the war and the company was nationalized by the Communist Polish govt. after the war.

|-

|N (Opel Speedster &amp;&lt;br /&gt;Vauxhall VX220)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||

[[w:Opel Speedster|Opel Speedster]]/[[w:Vauxhall VX220|Vauxhall VX220]] (2001-2006) 7,207 units 
 

[[w:Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Lotus Exige|Lotus Exige]]

||2000||2005||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were built under contract for GM by Lotus after GM had sold Lotus. The Opel Speedster &amp; Vauxhall VX220 were based on the Lotus Elise.

|- 

|6||[[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]]||[[w:Graz|Graz]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#Second generation (2003–2014)|Saab 9-3 Convertible]] (2004-2010)||2003||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] for GM-owned Saab Automobile AB. 9-3 Convertible production was moved to Saab's own plant in Trollhattan, Sweden in January 2010.  

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:de:McCairns Motors|McCairns Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Dublin|Dublin]] and [[w:Santry|Santry]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]||[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]||1935||1979||McCairns Motors was the local assembler and distributor for Vauxhall and Bedford in Ireland.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Mercury Marine|Mercury Marine]]||[[w:Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|5.7L LT5 DOHC V8 engine]] (For 1990-1995 C4 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)||1989||1993||Engine was built for GM by Mercury Marine at their existing MerCruiser marine engine plant in Stillwater. 21,000 square feet of the 650,000 square foot plant was partitioned from the rest of the plant for assembly of this engine. LT5 engine production actually ended in 1993. Extra engines were built to be sufficient for Corvette ZR-1 production through 1995. The extra engines were sealed and crated for long-term storage and were shipped to the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored there until they were needed for installation in a '94 or '95 Corvette ZR-1. &lt;br&gt; Plant was located at 3003 N Perkins Rd. Closed in December 2011. Sold in 2012 to Belgium-based aerospace supplier Asco Industries.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Neal and Massy Industries Ltd.||[[w:Morvant|Morvant]]&lt;br /&gt; later moved to &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Arima|Arima]]||[[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]||[[w:Holden Commodore#First generation (1978–1988)|Holden Commodore]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Kingswood]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet Caprice (rebadged Statesman DeVille)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1966||1994 (Production for GM may have ended earlier)||Built under license by Neal and Massy for GM. Neal and Massy also assembled vehicles for Datsun (Nissan) and Mazda. Assembly operation closed in 1994. Neal and Massy (now called Massy Motors) still operates as an importer/distributor for several non-GM automotive brands.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive (Pvt.) Ltd.]]||[[w:Port Qasim|Port Qasim]], [[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh province]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Asia|Chevrolet Joy]]||2005||2006||Nexus Automotive was a GM licensed assembler and distributor. Built under contract for [[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive]] by [[w:Ghandhara Nissan|Ghandhara Nissan]] at a plant with spare capacity.  

|- 

|K||[[w:Nissan USA#Manufacturing|Nissan Mexicana]]||[[w:Cuernavaca|Cuernavaca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet City Express|Chevrolet City Express]] (2015-2018)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV200|Nissan NV200]] (2013-2021)||2014||2018||Nissan plant. 

Chevrolet City Express is a rebadged Nissan NV200 made for GM by Nissan. Chevrolet &lt;br&gt; City Express discontinued after 2018. NV200 discontinued in North America after 2021.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] Clayton plant||[[w:Clayton South, Victoria|Clayton South]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Astra#First generation (LB, LC; 1984–1987)|Holden Astra (LB/LC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|Nissan Pulsar (N12)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Astra#Second generation (LD; 1987–1989)|Holden Astra (LD)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N13 (1986)|Nissan Pulsar (N13)]]||1984 (GM prod.)||1989 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Nissan's Australian plant was done as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. The relationship ended in 1989 and GM Holden established a joint venture with Toyota called [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]] to replace the Nissan relationship. The Nissan Pulsar-based Holden Astra was replaced by the Toyota Corolla-based Holden Nova. Nissan closed its Australian vehicle assembly plant in 1992. The Clayton plant was later taken over by HSV and the Walkinshaw Group. 

|- 

|Y||[[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]]||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Vivaro A|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic]] (high roof versions only)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar]] (high roof versions only)||2001||2015||This is a Nissan plant that built high roof versions of Renault-designed midsize vans for Opel/Vauxhall as part of a supply deal between GM Europe &amp; Renault as well as for Renault and Nissan. The low roof versions were made by Vauxhall at the IBC Vehicles/GMM Luton plant however that UK plant could not fit the high roof versions so they were built by Nissan in Spain. Van production in Barcelona ended in 2015 and high roof Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro production was moved to Renault's plant in Sandouville, France, which also handled all Renault Trafic and Nissan NV300 (Primastar replacement) production. Nissan closed this plant in Dec. 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Pantja Motor||[[w:Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||2001||2005||Isuzu's Indonesian assembler, now known as [[w:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]. Built the Isuzu Panther-based Tavera for GM Indonesia.  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) painted bodies||1959||1960||Bodies were built by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] and mated with chassis shipped to Italy by Cadillac and then shipped back to the US. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:San Giorgio Canavese|San Giorgio Canavese]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) painted bodies||1986||1993||Bodies were designed and manufactured under contract by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] for Cadillac. Plant was built specially for the Allanté. Bodies were then flown from Turin, Italy to Detroit on specially equipped Boeing 747s and then trucked to GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant for final assembly. The assembly process was known as the &quot;Allanté Air Bridge&quot;. It was also referred to as &quot;the world's longest assembly line.&quot;

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Pragoti|Pragoti Industries Ltd.]]||[[w:Sitakunda|Sitakunda]], [[w:Chittagong Division|Chittagong Division]]||[[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]||[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]]&lt;br /&gt;||1966||1970's||Began as part of [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1966 when Bangladesh was still [[w:East Pakistan|East Pakistan]] and assembled GM vehicles like the Ghandhara plant in Karachi did. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the operation was nationalized by the new government and became Pragoti Industries Ltd.  

|- 

|B (GM)||[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|Renault Batilly]]||[[w:Batilly, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Batilly]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Opel/Vauxhall Arena]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Second generation (1997)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano A]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Third generation (2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master|Renault Master]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Master#Renault Mascott|Renault Trucks Mascott]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan Interstar|Nissan Interstar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV400|Nissan NV400]]||1997||2017||Renault-[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|SOVAB]] plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. Movano switched to being PSA/Fiat-based instead of Renault-based in 2021.

|- 

|S (GM)||[[w:Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]||[[w:Sandouville|Sandouville]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (high roof versions only) &lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Renault Trafic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Nissan NV300|Nissan NV300]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Nissan Primastar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Fiat Talento]]||2014||2017||Renault plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Vivaro switched to being PSA-based instead of Renault-based in 2018. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021.

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Santa Isabel]]||[[w:Santa Isabel, Córdoba|Santa Isabel]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20 &amp; D-20]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Renault Trafic#South America|Chevrolet Trafic/SpaceVan]] ||1991||2002||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Argentina]]-CIADEA plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Sevel Argentina|Sevel Argentina]]||[[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Estación Ferreyra, Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20/D-20]]||1985||1991||Fiat - PSA jointly owned plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. 

|- 

|For Saab&lt;br&gt; 9-2X:&lt;br&gt; G (w/man. trans.),&lt;br&gt; H (w/auto. trans.)||[[w:Subaru#Manufacturing facilities|Subaru Main Plant]]||[[w:Ōta, Gunma|Ōta, Gunma]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Saab 9-2X|Saab 9-2X]] (2005-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Subaru Forester#Second generation (SG; 2002)|Chevrolet Forester (India)]] (2003-2007)||2003 (GM prod.)||2007 (GM prod.)||[[w:Subaru|Subaru]] plant 

|- 

|4||[[w:Subaru-Isuzu Automotive|Subaru-Isuzu Automotive]] (S.I.A.)||[[w:Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Holden Frontera#Second generation (1998)|Holden Frontera]] (UE/MX)||1999 (GM prod.)||2003 (GM prod.)||Subaru &amp; Isuzu joint venture plant. Isuzu built a rebadged, rhd version of the 2nd generation US market Isuzu Rodeo &amp; Amigo SUVs for export to GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand.

|-

|W (GM),&lt;br /&gt;4 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Iwata Assembly||[[w:Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#First generation|Geo Tracker]] (US: 1989-1990)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick]] (US: 1989-1995, 1997-98)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick Sport]] (US: 1996-1998)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Grand Vitara]] (1999-2013)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki XL-7#First generation (XL-7; 1998)|Suzuki XL-7]] (2001-2006)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Drover#Second generation (1981)|Holden Drover (QB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Scurry#Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985)|Holden Scurry (NB)]]||1985 (GM prod.)||1990 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|K (GM),&lt;br /&gt;5 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Kosai Assembly||[[w:Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (US: 1985-1988)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Geo Metro|Geo Metro]] (US: 1989-1993)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina (MB/ML)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Barina#Second generation (MF, MH; 1989–1994|Holden Barina (MF/MH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus|Suzuki Swift]] (US: 1989-1994)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet/Holden Cruze (YGM1)]] (YG) ||1984 (GM prod.)||2008 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|M (GM),&lt;br /&gt;0 (Suzuki/Fiat/Subaru)||[[w:Magyar Suzuki Corporation|Magyar Suzuki Corporation]]||[[w:Esztergom|Esztergom]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Agila#Second generation (H08; 2007)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila B]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Splash|Suzuki Splash]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Subaru Justy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Sedici|Fiat Sedici]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Suzuki Ignis]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Subaru G3X Justy]]||1992&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2007 (GM prod.)||2014 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Suzuki Sagara Assembly &amp; Engine||[[w:Makinohara|Makinohara]], [[w:Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka Prefecture]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet MW|Chevrolet MW]] (sold in Japan)&lt;br /&gt;||2000||2010||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant.&lt;br /&gt; Also built the 3.6-liter GM High Feature V6 engine ([[w:GM High Feature engine#LY7|Suzuki N36A]]) to power the [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|2nd generation Suzuki XL7]] under license from GM. (Note: Dates reflect beginning &amp; end dates of production for GM.)  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecna SA||[[w:Arica, Chile|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont]] (1966-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa and Willow Run)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1962||1971||  

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecno S.A.||[[w:Uruca|La Uruca]], [[w:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||[[w:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Amigo was assembled in Costa Rica.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||Tecnomotor S.A.||(?)||[[w:Paraguay|Paraguay]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Mitai]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Mitai was assembled in Paraguay.

|-

|9 (GM),&lt;br /&gt;6 (Fiat &amp; Ram)||[[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]||[[w:Bursa|Bursa]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Combo D (2012-2018)|Opel/Vauxhall Combo D]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Fiat Doblo|Fiat Doblo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]]||2011||2017||[[w:Fiat|Fiat]] plant (joint venture with Koç Holding of Turkey). Opel/Vauxhall was sold to PSA Group in 2017. Combo switched to being PSA-based instead of Fiat-based in 2019. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of Stellantis in 2021. Fiat and Tofaş also became part of Stellantis in 2021. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] [[w:Toyota Australia Altona Plant|Altona plant]]||[[w:Altona North|Altona North]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Nova#Second generation (LG; 1994–1996)|Holden Nova (LG)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Corolla (E100)|Toyota Corolla (E100)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM/JP)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1994||1996 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995. The joint venture dissolved in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyotas were replaced with rebadged Opel models (Astra and Vectra) from GM Europe. Corolla production in Australia ended in 1999. Toyota closed the Altona plant in 2017.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] Port Melbourne plant||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JK/JL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry#V20 (1986–1992)|Toyota Camry (V20)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1989 (GM prod.)||1994 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995 and production ended at the older Port Melbourne plant in late 1994. The joint venture would later dissolve in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyota Camry was replaced with a rebadged Opel Vectra from GM Europe.

|-

|&amp;nbsp;||PT. Udatin (Usaha Dagang Teknik Indonesia)||[[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[w:East Java|East Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]] HQ&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LJ, LH, LX&lt;br /&gt; [[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]] JB&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Aska#South-East Asia and New Zealand|Holden Aska]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Calais (VL)]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Lincah/Raider]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC trucks]]||1959||1988||Built vehicles under contract for GM. During the 1960's, production was off and on due to Indonesian government policies and the economic situation. Production ended in 1988. 

|- 

|&amp;nbsp;||Unison||[[w:Minsk|Minsk]]||[[w:Belarus|Belarus]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] K2XX, [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]] K2XX, [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]]||2015||2018||Built under contract by Unison for GM. Production ended in 2018.  

|- 

|6,7 (Saab)&lt;br /&gt;9 (Opel/Vauxhall)||[[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]]||[[w:Uusikaupunki|Uusikaupunki]]||[[w:Finland|Finland]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#First generation (1998–2003)|Saab 9-3 Convertible &amp; 9-3 Viggen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]] (including 900 Convertible)&lt;br /&gt;[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]||1969||2003||Built under contract by [[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]] for Saab &amp; for Opel/Vauxhall. Saab-Valmet was established in 1968 as a joint venture between Valmet and Saab-Scania. In 1992, Valmet became the sole owner, and the company was renamed Valmet Automotive in 1995.  

|- 

|X||[[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]]||[[w:Zaporizhia|Zaporizhia]] &amp; [[w:Illichivsk|Illichivsk]]||[[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra Classic]], [[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Combo|Opel Combo]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2003||2012||Built under contract by [[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]] for GM.  

|- 

|}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Kittycataclysm/Spiced Grape Jam</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>469983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443352</id>
      <parentid>4440894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:33:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Jam and Jelly recipes]]; added [[Category:Recipes for fruit preserves]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>4443352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5027" sha1="byn2cryi2ahsualq17ttxk5tn0wyau8" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Yield = About 3–4 cups
| Time = 2–3 hours
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}

== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe was developed for 6–7 ea. ¼-pint jars, but you can change the jar size.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on canning, review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].

[[Category:Recipes for fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Grape recipes]]
[[Category:White sugar recipes]]
[[Category:Lemon recipes]]
[[Category:Cinnamon stick recipes]]
[[Category:Clove recipes]]
[[Category:Canning recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>byn2cryi2ahsualq17ttxk5tn0wyau8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443360</id>
      <parentid>4443352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kittycataclysm moved page [[Cookbook:Spiced Grape Jam]] to [[User:Kittycataclysm/Spiced Grape Jam]] without leaving a redirect: moving to draft space for now to do some research</comment>
      <origin>4443352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5027" sha1="byn2cryi2ahsualq17ttxk5tn0wyau8" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Yield = About 3–4 cups
| Time = 2–3 hours
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}

== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe was developed for 6–7 ea. ¼-pint jars, but you can change the jar size.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on canning, review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].

[[Category:Recipes for fruit preserves]]
[[Category:Grape recipes]]
[[Category:White sugar recipes]]
[[Category:Lemon recipes]]
[[Category:Cinnamon stick recipes]]
[[Category:Clove recipes]]
[[Category:Canning recipes]]</text>
      <sha1>byn2cryi2ahsualq17ttxk5tn0wyau8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443361</id>
      <parentid>4443360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4777" sha1="a41katkz0highcta2d3u7mzqrda2if1" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Yield = About 3–4 cups
| Time = 2–3 hours
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}

== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe will work with ¼-pint jars and ½-pint jars.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on canning, review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].</text>
      <sha1>a41katkz0highcta2d3u7mzqrda2if1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443362</id>
      <parentid>4443361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:39:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notes, tips, and variations */</comment>
      <origin>4443362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4789" sha1="m25nmq43usab6482p78ml635nczfoum" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Yield = About 3–4 cups
| Time = 2–3 hours
| Difficulty = 3
}}

{{Recipe}}

== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe will work with ¼-pint jars and ½-pint jars.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on safe canning, please review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].</text>
      <sha1>m25nmq43usab6482p78ml635nczfoum</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443363</id>
      <parentid>4443362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4777" sha1="njik48adxafcqcggpc4yvcma0znjy1h" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{Recipe summary
| Yield = About 3–4 cups
| Time = 2–3 hours
| Difficulty = 3
}}

== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe will work with ¼-pint jars and ½-pint jars.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on safe canning, please review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].</text>
      <sha1>njik48adxafcqcggpc4yvcma0znjy1h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4443365</id>
      <parentid>4443363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:39:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4443365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4691" sha1="en0sgty0fg4mfoj0do3ip0bnrlg5a1a" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe will work with ¼-pint jars and ½-pint jars.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* For further details on safe canning, please review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].</text>
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== Ingredients ==

* 8 [[Cookbook:Cup|cups]] concord [[Cookbook:Grape|grapes]], fresh or frozen-then-thawed (see note)
* ¼ cup water
* 1–2 [[Cookbook:Teaspoon|tsp]] fresh [[Cookbook:Lemon|lemon]] [[Cookbook:Zest|zest]]
* 3–4 tbsp fresh lemon juice
* 3 cups [[Cookbook:White Sugar|white sugar]]
* 1 stick [[Cookbook:Cinnamon|cinnamon]]
* 8 [[Cookbook:Clove|cloves]]

== Special equipment ==

* [[Cookbook:Sieve|Sieve]]
* Silicone [[Cookbook:Spatula|spatula]]
* [[Cookbook:Food Processor|Food processor]]
* Tea infuser or [[Cookbook:Cheesecloth|cheesecloth]]
* [[Cookbook:Canning|Canning]]-grade jars with lids and bands
* Small ceramic or glass dish, pre-chilled in the freezer

== Procedure ==

# Gently pinch the grapes to slip the insides free from the skins. Collect the insides with their juices in one bowl and the skins in another.
# Transfer the insides and their juices to a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]]. Bring the pan to a [[Cookbook:Simmering|simmer]] over medium heat, then simmer for 10 minutes to soften the pulp.
# Pour the pulp into the sieve, and use the spatula to press it all through into a bowl, leaving the seeds behind. You will likely need to repeatedly press and stir the mixture to get as much of the pulp through the sieve as possible. Discard the seeds.
# Transfer the grape skins to a food processor, and process until finely [[Cookbook:Mince|minced]].
# Transfer the minced skins to a heavy-bottomed pot along with the water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for 10 minutes.
# Stir the sieved pulp into the pot of skins along with the zest, juice, sugar, and cinnamon stick. Place the cloves in a tea infuser or wrap in cheesecloth, and add them to the pot as well, making sure they are well-submerged.
# Bring the pot to a simmer, stirring to dissolve the sugar. Simmer gently for 45 minutes, stirring every few minutes.
# While the jam simmers, fully submerge the empty jars in a large pot of hot water with a rack or folded towel on the bottom. Bring to a [[Cookbook:Boiling|boil]], then turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water until you're ready to fill them. 
# Starting at the 45 minute mark, begin testing the jam to see if it has reached the gel stage. To do so, spoon about 1 teaspoon of the jam onto the pre-chilled dish, and place it in the freezer for a few minutes until neither hot nor cold. Remove the dish and tilt it around to watch the movement of the jam—it should barely flow, and your finger should leave a well-defined trail, but it shouldn't be completely firm either. If it hasn't reached the correct stage, continue simmering, checking every 7–10 minutes or so.
# Once the jam is ready, turn off the heat and remove the spices. Use tongs to remove the jars from the hot water, and place them upside-down on a clean rack to drain. Turn the heat back on the hot water pot so it can return to the boil.
# Fill the jars with hot jam, leaving ¼ inch of space at the top. If needed, use a clean towel to make sure the jar rims are clean and dry.
# Place the lids on the jars, then screw on the bands until fingertip-tight—use only the very tips of your fingers to turn the bands as much as possible. If you over-tighten the bands, you won't form a correct seal. If you under-tighten, water will get in the jar during the next stage.
# Return the jars to the pot in an upright position and in one layer. Make sure they are covered with at least an inch (2.5 cm) of water. Return the water to a boil if it has not yet reached that point.
# Once boiling, cook the jars for 15 minutes.
# Turn off the heat, and let the jars sit in the hot water for 5 minutes.
# Remove the jars from the pot, and place them on a rack to cool. As they cool, the seals should form, and you may hear popping as the lids are suctioned to the jars.
# After a few hours of cooling, remove the bands to check the lids for proper sealing, then replace the bands and store at room temperature. If a seal hasn't formed on a jar, you will need to re-boil it or keep it in the fridge.

== Notes, tips, and variations ==

* If using frozen grapes, make sure to measure them while still frozen, since they will deflate and leak juice once thawed. If they do leak juice, make sure to collect it and use it in the recipe.
* If you overcook the jam beyond the gel stage, it will become too firm and will lose its fresh-fruit flavor. While you can dilute it out, you cannot restore the flavor.
* This recipe will work with ¼-pint jars and ½-pint jars.
* The rack/towel in the pot is to protect the jars from the direct heat of the stove.
* This recipe was adapted from the Serious Eats recipe for grape jam,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Concord Grape Jam Recipe |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/concord-grape-jam-recipe-grape-jelly |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Serious Eats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is in turn similar to that of the National Center for Home Food Preservation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Center for Home Food Preservation - National Center for Home Food Preservation |url=https://nchfp.uga.edu/how/make-jam-jelly/jams/grape-jam-without-pectin/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=nchfp.uga.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For further details on safe tweaks you can make when canning, please review its [[Cookbook:Canning|dedicated technique page]].

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future Casebook/South Fork Wind Farm</title>
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    <id>470081</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jgalean</username>
        <id>3485053</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added two headers, and completed the Funding and Financing section of the wikibooks</comment>
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      <text bytes="2017" sha1="102g0hzdxkvitbvam9wkyr0wh8dwwe5" xml:space="preserve">This page is for a case study on the South Fork Wind Farm by Jose Galeano Amaya, Jad Dannoura, and Nikolas Hawley as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-003 / CEIE 499-005 Spring 2024 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, and the Volgenau School of Engineering, and Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan L. Gifford.

== Summary ==

== Funding and Financing ==
The construction of the South Fork Wind Farm project was funded through a private joint venture between Ørsted and Eversource Energy; originally the ownership of the South Fork Wind Farm was divided fifty-fifty between Ørsted and Eversource Energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ørsted and Eversource Joint Venture Approves Final Investment Decision for New York’s South Fork Wind Offshore Wind Farm |url=https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/02/orsted-and-eversource-joint-venture-takes-final-investment-decision |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=us.orsted.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 13, 2024, Eversource Energy announced the execution of a definitive agreement to sell their fifty-percent ownership of the South Fork Wind Farms to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eversource Offshore Wind |url=https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/about/sustainability/renewable-generation/offshore-wind |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Eversource |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The South Fork Wind Farm also received a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) from the Long Island Power Authority, for the original 90 megawatts project, which was later updated to include an additional 40 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL |url=https://www.lipower.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Long Island Power Authority - LIPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <comment>Added a reference heading to assist with clarity</comment>
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      <text bytes="2035" sha1="py8ystu3fgima5zu43vx2akrowjo5qg" xml:space="preserve">This page is for a case study on the South Fork Wind Farm by Jose Galeano Amaya, Jad Dannoura, and Nikolas Hawley as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-003 / CEIE 499-005 Spring 2024 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, and the Volgenau School of Engineering, and Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan L. Gifford.

== Summary ==

== Funding and Financing ==
The construction of the South Fork Wind Farm project was funded through a private joint venture between Ørsted and Eversource Energy; originally the ownership of the South Fork Wind Farm was divided fifty-fifty between Ørsted and Eversource Energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ørsted and Eversource Joint Venture Approves Final Investment Decision for New York’s South Fork Wind Offshore Wind Farm |url=https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/02/orsted-and-eversource-joint-venture-takes-final-investment-decision |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=us.orsted.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 13, 2024, Eversource Energy announced the execution of a definitive agreement to sell their fifty-percent ownership of the South Fork Wind Farms to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eversource Offshore Wind |url=https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/about/sustainability/renewable-generation/offshore-wind |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Eversource |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The South Fork Wind Farm also received a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) from the Long Island Power Authority, for the original 90 megawatts project, which was later updated to include an additional 40 megawatts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL |url=https://www.lipower.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Long Island Power Authority - LIPA}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{BookCat}}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>py8ystu3fgima5zu43vx2akrowjo5qg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...d5/2. c4/2...e6/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. Nf3/4...Be7/4. Bf4</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="kte337tuy696ftlxoww5fnjssng1a67" xml:space="preserve">Delete this page please.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Category:Recipes using fruit preserves</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>create cat</comment>
      <origin>4443345</origin>
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      <text bytes="77" sha1="8c7662tplyqcyqcq2eugyioqgtn2i93" xml:space="preserve">{{cooknav}}

[[Category:Recipes using condiments]]
[[Category:Fruit recipes]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4443346</id>
      <parentid>4443345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Kittycataclysm moved page [[Category:Fruit preserve recipes]] to [[Category:Recipes using fruit preserves]] without leaving a redirect</comment>
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[[Category:Recipes using condiments]]
[[Category:Fruit recipes]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Recipes for fruit preserves</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>470256</id>
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      <id>4443348</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-01T03:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>create cat</comment>
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[[Category:Recipes for condiments]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3/3...Nf6/4. e5/4...Nfd7</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Added Page</comment>
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      <text bytes="1144" sha1="m2pbnfuhqvl275zxhkr45sypmt4rifg" xml:space="preserve">{{Chess Opening Theory/Position|=
|Classical variation|
  |rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd|=
  |pd|pd|pd|nd| |pd|pd|pd|=
  | | | | |pd| | | |=
  | | | |pd|pl| | | |=
  | | | |pl| | | | |=
  | | |nl| | | | | |=
  |pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|=
  |rl| |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl|=
||
}}
= Classical Defence/Steinitz Variation =
Black retreats their Knight to d7, and now it is up to white to decide how to continue. White's most common response by far is 5. f4, gaining a significant space advantage whilst opening the e1-h4 diagonal to White's King. Black then typically responds with 5... c5, striking back in the center against White's strong pawn front. 

Other uncommon moves here by white include Nf3, Nce2 and Be3.

== Theory table ==
{{Chess Opening Theory/Table}}.

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align &quot;center&quot;&gt;1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. e5 Nfd7&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th&gt;&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;5&lt;/th&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;th align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;Main Line&lt;/th&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;[[/5._f4|f4]]&lt;br&gt;c5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td&gt;=&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;/table&gt;
{{ChessMid}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Wikipedia|French Defence}}
{{BCO2}}
{{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Internal Medicine/Peripheral Blood Smears</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>470258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4443370</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;* Normal blood smear [[File:Normal Adult Blood Smear.JPG|360px]] * Iron-deficiency Anemia [[File:Iron-deficiency Anemia, Peripheral Blood Smear (4422704616).jpg|360px]] * Polychromatophilia [[File:Polychromasie-3.JPG|360px]] * Macrocytosis [[File:Macrocytosis.jpg|360px]] * Hypersegmented neutrophils [[File:Hypersegmented neutrophil.png|360px]] * Spherocytosis [[File:Hereditary Spherocytosis smear 2010-03-17.JPG|360px]] * Rouleaux formation File:Rouleaux formation.jpg|3...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1259" sha1="k8t6yai32ew9p3kuegm637axp035ggn" xml:space="preserve">* Normal blood smear
[[File:Normal Adult Blood Smear.JPG|360px]]
* Iron-deficiency Anemia
[[File:Iron-deficiency Anemia, Peripheral Blood Smear (4422704616).jpg|360px]]
* Polychromatophilia
[[File:Polychromasie-3.JPG|360px]]
* Macrocytosis
[[File:Macrocytosis.jpg|360px]]
* Hypersegmented neutrophils
[[File:Hypersegmented neutrophil.png|360px]]
* Spherocytosis
[[File:Hereditary Spherocytosis smear 2010-03-17.JPG|360px]]
* Rouleaux formation
[[File:Rouleaux formation.jpg|360px]]
* Red cell agglutination
[[File:Red cell agglutination.jpg|360px]]
* Sickle cells
[[File:Sickle cells.jpg|360px]]
* Target cells
[[File:Target cells.jpg|360px]]
* Elliptocytosis
[[File:Elliptocytosis.jpg|360px]]
* Stomatocytosis
[[File:Stomatocytosis.jpg|360px]]
* Acanthocytosis
[[File:Acanthocytosis.jpg|360px]]
* Howell-Jolly bodies
[[File:Howell-Jolly body.png|360px]]
* Teardrop cells
[[File:Tear Drop Cells in PBS Microscopy.jpg|360px]]
* Nucleated red blood cells
[[File:Nucleated red blood cell (RBC) in a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear (PBS) microscopy of an aplastic anemia patient.jpg|360px]]
* Lead poisoning
[[File:Lead poisoning - blood film.jpg|360px]]
* Pelger-Hüet anomaly
[[File:Pelger-Huet anomaly-1.JPG|360px]]

[[Category:Book:Internal Medicine]]</text>
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