Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 8718 4443543 4031337 2024-11-03T08:18:17Z Д.Ильин 688474 /* Formation */ 4443543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeneralChemTOC|prev=Electronegativity|next=Covalent bonds}} ==What are ions?== '''Ions''' are atoms or molecules which are electrically charged. '''Cations''' are positively charged and '''anions''' carry a negative charge. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, an atom that loses one or more electrons will become positively charged; an atom that gains one or more electrons becomes negatively charged. ==Description of Ionic Bonding== '''Ionic bonding''' is the attraction between positively- and negatively-charged '''ions'''. These oppositely charged ions attract each other to form ionic networks (or lattices). Electrostatics explains why this happens: opposite charges attract and like charges repel. When many ions attract each other, they form large, ordered, crystal lattices in which each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge. Generally, when metals react with non-metals, electrons are transferred from the metals to the non-metals (this is because metals tend to have relatively low ionization energy and non-metals tend to have high electron affinity). The metals form positively-charged ions and the non-metals form negatively-charged ions. The smallest unit of an ionic compound is the '''formula unit''', but this unit merely reflects that ratio of ions that leads to neutrality of the whole crystal, e.g. NaCl or MgCl₂. One cannot distinguish individual NaCl or MgCl₂ molecules in the structure. It is however possible that the stacking consists of molecular ions like NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in ammonium nitrate. In such structures, the ions are charged molecules rather than charged atoms. {|style="float:right" |- |[[Image:Sodium_chloride_crystal.png|center|frame|The ions arrange themselves into a lattice where each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite type.]]||[[File:Lithium-nitrate-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|thumb|250px|An example of both atomic (Li⁺) and molecular (NO₃^-) ions]] |} <br clear="all"> Ionic bonding may also be referred to as '''electrovalent bonding'''. ==Characteristics== Example ionic compounds: Sodium chloride (<math>NaCl</math>), potassium nitrate (<math>KNO_3</math>). Ionically bonded substances typically have the following characteristics. *High melting point (solid at room temperature) *Hard but brittle (can shatter) *Many dissolve in water *Conductors of electricity when dissolved or melted In general the forces keeping the lattice together depend on the product of the charges of the ions it consists of. A comparison e.g. of NaCl (+1)*(-1) to MgO (+2)*(-2) shows that magnesium oxide is kept together much more strongly -roughly 4 times- than sodium chloride. This is why sodium chloride has a much lower melting point and also dissolves much more easily in a solvent like water than magnesium oxide does. == Solubility == [[File:Ionic compound dissolving in a polar solvent.png|thumb|Ionic compound dissolved in a polar solvent, in this case water. (not to scale)]] Most ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents. Polar solvents are simply solvents that have molecules with positive and negative poles. The most common example of a polar solvent is water ('''H₂O'''). The reason that they are soluble in polar solvents is because the positive ions are attracted to the negative pole of the solvent and the negative ions are attracted to the positive pole of the solvent. Due to this, the ionic compound dissociates or splits in the solvent into its constituent ions. For example, '''H₂O''' is composed of relatively more positive hydrogen atoms and relatively more negative oxygen atoms. When an ionic compound like '''NaCl''' is added to the water, the positive ions will be attracted to the more negative oxygen atoms and negative ions will be attracted to the more positive hydrogen atoms. This is a very useful property of many ionic compounds, but not all, as there are exceptions where certain compounds cannot be dissolved in certain polar solvents. == Conduction == For a substance to conduct electricity, there must be some carrier of charge. For example, in [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|metals]], what transports the charge is the mobile electrons surrounding the positive ions. However, in the solid state, ionic compounds lack any mobile particle capable of carrying charge as the ions cannot move within the lattice because the electrostatic force holding them in place is extremely strong. This changes when the compound is dissolved or molten. When dissolved, the ions dissociate and are capable of moving around. The same is true for molten ionic compounds. Which is why molten and dissolved ionic compounds can conduct electricity, while solid ionic compounds cannot. ==Formation== [[Image:NaCl Formation Lewis.svg|thumb|The electron transfer between Na and Cl.]] Ionic bonding occurs when metals and non-metals chemically react. As a result of its low ionization energy, a metal atom is not destabilized very much if it loses electrons to form a complete valence shell and becomes positively charged. As its affinity is rather large, a non-metal is stabilized rather strongly by gaining electrons to complete its valence shell and become negatively charged. When metals and non-metals react, the metals lose electrons by transferring them to the non-metals, which gain them. The total process -a small loss plus a large gain- leads to a net lowering of the energy. Consequently, ions are formed, which instantly attract each other leading to ionic bonding. For instance, in the reaction of Na (sodium) and Cl (chlorine), each Cl atom takes one electron from a Na atom. Therefore each Na becomes a Na⁺ cation and each Cl atom becomes a Cl^- anion. Due to their opposite charges, they attract each other and are joined by millions and millions of other ions to form an ionic lattice. The lattice energy that results from this massive collective stacking further stabilizes the new compound. The formula (ratio of positive to negative ions) in the lattice is '''NaCl''', i.e. there are equal numbers of positive and negative charges ensuring neutrality. The charges ''must'' balance because otherwise the repulsion between the majority charges would become prohibitive. In the case of magnesium chloride, the magnesium atom gives up two electrons to become stable. Note that it is in the second group, so it has two valence electrons. The chlorine atom can only accept one electron, so there must be two chlorine ions for each magnesium ion. Therefore, the formula for magnesium chloride is '''MgCl₂'''. If magnesium oxide were forming, the formula would be '''MgO''' because oxygen can accept both of magnesium's electrons. {{TextBox|1= ;Exercise for the reader Try figuring out what the formula for [[w:Magnesium_nitride|magnesium nitride]] would be. Use the [[General_Chemistry/Periodic_Table|periodic table]] to help.}} It should also be noted that some atoms can form more than one ion. This usually happens with the transition metals. For instance Fe (iron) can become Fe²⁺ (called iron(<tt>II</tt>) or -by an older name- ferrous). Fe can ''also'' become Fe³⁺ (called iron(<tt>III</tt>) or -sometimes still- ferric). ==Common Ions== Ionic bonding typically occurs in reactions between a metal and non-metal, but there are also certain molecules called ''polyatomic ions'' that undergo ionic bonding. Within these polyatomic ions, there can be covalent (or polar) bonding, but as a unit it undergoes ionic bonding. There are countless polyatomic ions, but you should be familiar with the most common ones. You would be well advised to memorize these ions. <center> {|border=1px !Name !Formula !Name !Formula |- |Ammonium |NH₄⁺ |Hydronium |H₃O⁺ |- |Peroxide |O₂^2- |Hydroxide |OH^- |- |Nitrite |NO₂^- |Nitrate |NO₃^- |- |Sulfite |SO₃^2- |Sulfate |SO₄^2- |- |Hydrogen sulfite |HSO₃^- |Phosphate |PO₄^3- |- |Hypochlorite |ClO^- |Chlorite |ClO₂^- |- |Chlorate |ClO₃^- |Perchlorate |ClO₄^- |- |Carbonate |CO₃^2- |Hydrogen carbonate |HCO₃^- |} </center> {{BookCat}} [[pt:Introdução à Química/Ligação iônica]] lwg9wmnzl5mlouh7kuoe2f9cwgc5uvr 0 8808 4443536 3603212 2024-11-03T05:53:52Z Д.Ильин 688474 /* The Sigma Bond */ 4443536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GeneralChemTOC|prev=Ionic bonding|next=Metallic bonds}} Covalent bonds create '''molecules''', which can be represented by a '''molecular formula'''. For chemicals such as a basic sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆), the ratios of atoms have a common multiple, and thus the '''empirical formula''' is CH₂O. Note that a molecule with a certain empirical formula is not necessarily the same as one with the same molecular formula. == Formation of Covalent Bonds == Covalent bonds form between two atoms which have incomplete octets — that is, their outermost shells have fewer than eight electrons. They can share their electrons in a ''covalent bond''. The simplest example is water (H₂O). Oxygen has six valence electrons (and needs eight) and the hydrogens have one electron each (and need two). The oxygen shares two of its electrons with the hydrogens, and the hydrogens share their electrons with the oxygen. The result is a covalent bond between the oxygen and each hydrogen. The oxygen has a complete octet and the hydrogens have the two electrons they each need. When atoms move closer, their orbitals change shape, letting off energy. However, there is a limit to how close the atoms get to each other—too close, and the nuclei repel each other. [[File:Argon dimer potential.png|center|400 px]] One way to think of this is a ball rolling down into a valley. It will settle at the lowest point. As a result of this potential energy "valley", there is a specific '''bond length''' for each type of bond. Also, there is a specific amount of energy, measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) that is required to break the bonds in one mole of the substance. Stronger bonds have a shorter bond length and a greater bond energy. == The Valence Bond Model == One useful model of covalent bonding is called the ''Valence Bond'' model. It states that covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons with each other in order to complete their valence (outer) electron shells. They are mainly formed between non-metals. An example of a covalently bonded substance is hydrogen gas (H₂). A hydrogen atom on its own has one electron—it needs two to complete its valence shell. When two hydrogen atoms bond, each one shares its electron with the other so that the electrons move about both atoms instead of just one. Both atoms now have access to two electrons: they become a stable H₂ molecule joined by a '''single covalent bond'''. <center>[[File:Covalent_bond_h.png|Diagram of a covalent bond between hydrogen atoms]]</center> === Double and Triple Bonds === Covalent bonds can also form between other non-metals, for example chlorine. A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its valence shell—it needs 8 to complete it. Two chlorine atoms can share 1 electron each to form a single covalent bond. They become a Cl₂ molecule. Oxygen can also form covalent bonds, however, it needs a further 2 electrons to complete its valence shell (it has 6). Two oxygen atoms must share 2 electrons each to complete each other's shells, making a total of 4 shared electrons. Because twice as many electrons are shared, this is called a 'double covalent bond'. Double bonds are much stronger than single bonds, so the bond length is shorter and the bond energy is higher. Furthermore,, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons (it needs a further 3). Two nitrogen atoms can share 3 electrons each to make a N₂ molecule joined by a 'triple covalent bond'. Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds. They have the shortest bond lengths and highest bond energies. == Electron Sharing and Orbitals == Carbon, contrary to the trend, does not share four electrons to make a quadruple bond. The reason for this is that the fourth pair of electrons in carbon cannot physically move close enough to be shared. The valence bond model explains this by considering the '''orbitals''' involved. Recall that electrons orbit the nucleus within a cloud of electron density (orbitals). The valence bond model works on the principle that orbitals on different atoms must '''overlap''' to form a bond. There are several different ways that the orbitals can overlap, forming several distinct kinds of covalent bonds. === The Sigma Bond === The first and simplest kind of overlap is when two s orbitals come together. It is called a '''sigma''' bond (sigma, or &sigma;, is the Greek equivalent of 's'). Sigma bonds can also form between two p orbitals that lie pointing towards each other. Whenever you see a single covalent bond, it exists as a sigma bond. When two atoms are joined by a sigma bond, they are held close to each other, but they are free to rotate like beads on a string. [[File:Ligatio-covalens.svg|center|thumb|The electron density is in between the two atoms in an &sigma; bond.]] === The Pi Bond === The second, and equally important kind of overlap is between two parallel p orbitals. Instead of overlapping head-to-head (as in the sigma bond), they join side-to-side, forming two areas of electron density above and below the molecule. This type of overlap is referred to as a '''pi''' (&pi;, from the Greek equivalent of p) bond. Whenever you see a double or triple covalent bond, it exists as one sigma bond and one or two pi bonds. Due to the side-by-side overlap of a pi bond, there is no way the atoms can twist around each other as in a sigma bond. Pi bonds give the molecule a rigid shape. Pi bonds are weaker than sigma bonds since there is less overlap. Thus, two single bonds are stronger than a double bond, and more energy is needed to break two single bonds than a single double bond. [[File:Pi-Bond.svg|center|thumb|The electron density lies above and below the atoms in a &pi; bond.]] === Hybridization === {{Wikipedia|Orbital hybridisation}} Consider a molecule of methane: a carbon atom attached to four hydrogen atoms. Each atom is satisfying the octet rule, and each bond is a single covalent bond. Now look at the electron configuration of carbon: 1s²2s²2p². In its valence shell, it has two s electrons and two p electrons. It would not be possible for the four electrons to make equal bonds with the four hydrogen atoms (each of which has one s electron). We know, by measuring bond length and bond energy, that the four bonds in methane are equal, yet carbon has electrons in two different orbitals, which should overlap with the hydrogen 1s orbital in different ways. To solve the problem, '''hybridization''' occurs. Instead of a s orbital and three p orbital, the orbitals mix, to form four orbitals, each with 25% s character and 75% p character. These hybrid orbitals are called '''sp³''' orbitals, and they are identical. Observe: <center> <math>C\quad \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}\;\; \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{2s}\; \frac{\uparrow\,}{2p_x}\; \frac{\uparrow\,}{2p_y}\; \frac{\,\,}{2p_z}</math> <math>C^{*}\quad \frac{\uparrow\downarrow}{1s}\;\; \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3} \frac{\uparrow\,}{sp^3}</math></center> Now these orbitals can overlap with hydrogen 1s orbitals to form four equal bonds. Hybridization may involve d orbitals in the atoms that have them, allowing up to a '''sp³d²''' hybridization. {{TextBox|1= ;Exercise for the reader Predict the hybridized electron configuration of carbon in ''ethene''. How many sigma bonds are there? How many pi bonds? [[File:Ethene-2D-flat.png|150px|center]] ''Hint: Hybridized electrons form only sigma bonds. Pi bonds form only between p electrons.''}} {{BookCat}} laupr7pt9c9u7kqd794dcdc4e1kz8ql 0 11457 4443544 4361432 2024-11-03T08:18:46Z Д.Ильин 688474 4443544 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction to Bonding== Put simply, '''chemical bonding''' joins atoms together to form more complex structures (like molecules or crystals). Bonding can occur between atoms of the same element, or between atoms of different elements. There are several types of chemical bonding which have different properties and give rise to different structures. '''[[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|Ionic bonding]]''' occurs between positive and negative ions (charged atoms). This type of bonding seldom occurs between just two atoms, but typically leads to the formation of an ionic solid, in which the ions arrange themselves into a rigid crystal lattice. NaCl (common salt) is an example of an ionic substance. '''[[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|Covalent bonding]]''' occurs when atoms share electrons with each other. This gives rise to two types of structures: molecules and covalent network solids. Methane (CH₄) is a covalent molecule and glass is a covalent network solid. In molecules we can distinguish individual covalent bonds between pairs of atoms. Whether the interaction between two atoms has a covalent or ionic character can be predicted from the atoms' electronegativities: {| !Type of bond !Difference in atoms' electronegativities !Example |- |Non-polar covalent bond: |0.0-0.4 |F₂, CH₄ |- |Slightly polar bond: |0.5-0.9 |Cl₂O, NH₃ |- |Moderately polar bond: |1-1.3 |CO₂, SiCl₄ |- |Highly polar bond: |1.4-1.7 |H₂O, Al₂Cl₆ |- |Slightly ionic bond: |1.8-2.2 |NaCl, Al₂O₃ |- |Ionic Bond: |2.3+ |Na₂O, CsF |} '''[[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|Metallic bonding]]''' occur between metal atoms. In a metallically bonded substance, the atoms' outer electrons are able to freely move around - they are delocalised. In principle, all electrons can behave like delocalized waves, but in substances with covalent or ionic bonding the number of accessible energy states equals the number of electrons and that makes this wave character less apparent. In metals there are far more accessible states than electrons and that leaves the electrons free to move and conduct electrically. Aluminum, tin, lead, silver are all metallically bonded elements, but there are also compounds with metallic bonding, such as alloys and intermetallic compounds. Chemical bonding is one of the most crucial concepts in the study of Chemistry. In fact, the properties of materials are basically defined by the type and number of atoms they contain and how they are bonded together. == 4.1 Ionic Bonding == 4.1.1 : Ionic bonding - +ve (cations) and -ve (anions) ions are attracted to each other and form a continuous ionic lattice. === What are ions? === '''Ions''' are atoms or molecules which are electrically charged. '''Cations''' are positively charged and '''anions''' are negatively charged. Ions form when atoms gain or lose electrons. Since electrons are negatively charged, an atom that loses an electron will become positively charged (similarly an atom that gains one or more electrons becomes negatively charged). === Description of Ionic Bonding === Ionic bonding occurs between positive and negatively charged '''ions'''. These oppositely charged ions attract each other and remain close together - they become ionically bonded. The ''law of electrostatic'' explains why this happens: opposite charges attract and like charges repel. When many ions attract each other, they form into large, orderly crystal lattices in which each ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge. When a metal forms an ionic bond with a non-metal, electrons are transferred from metal element to non-metal. When Ions are formed it is called ''Ionization'' ''A diagram of an ionic solid should go here'' === Formation of Ions=== [[File:NaCl Formation Lewis.svg|thumb|The electron transfer from Na to Cl leading to the formation of ions.]] Ions result when metals and non-metals chemically react. Due to its low ionization energy, a metal atom is destabilized only a little if it loses electrons to form a complete valence shell and becomes positively charged. Likewise, a non-metal is stabilized strongly by gaining electrons to complete its valence shell and become negatively charged. When a metal and a non-metal come into contact, the metal loses electrons by transferring them to the non-metal, which gains them. Consequently, ions are formed, which instantly attract each other. An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions due to Coulombic forces. The process of attraction typically does not stop with two ions, but proceeds to involve a great many of them that stack in a solid lattice structure, in which individual 'bonds' or individual molecules cannot be distinguished. 4.1.2 : Group 1 metals form +1 ions, group 2 metals form +2 ions, metals in group 3 form +3 ions. Examples : Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺...Greater ease of ionisation Li->Cs is due to the increased electron shielding of the nuclear attraction caused by additional inner shells of electrons. The easier atoms are to ionise, the more reactive they will be because less energy is required to ionise them, and so they react more easily. 4.1.3 : Group 6 ions will form 2- ions, Group 7 ions will form 1- ions. Examples : O^2-, Cl^-... 4.1.4 : The transitions metals (elements from Ti to Cu, ignore Sc and Zn) can form multiple ions (ie Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺) (due to proximity of 4s and 3d shells) 4.1.5 : The ionic or covalent nature of the bonding in a binary compound is a result in the difference between their electronegativity...NaCl_(s) is ionic, HCl_(g) is (polar) covalent (also, covalent molecules tend to be gases/liquids, ionic tends to be solid...except network covalent which will be solid). In general, if the difference between electronegativities is greater than 1.7, the bond will be more than 50% ionic. 4.1.6 : Take the name of the group 1,2, or 3 metal and add...fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide etc , oxide, sulfide, nitride or phosphide... == 4.2 Covalent Bond == One useful model of covalent bonding is called the ''Valence Bond'' model. It states that covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons with each other in order to complete their valence (outer) electron shells. They are mainly formed between non-metals (i.e. chlorine, sulfur, carbon etc.). === The Valence Bond Model === An example of a covalently bonded substance is hydrogen gas (H₂). A hydrogen atom on its own has one electron – there is room for two to complete its valence shell. When two hydrogen atoms bond, each one shares its electron with the other, i.e. the electrons are attracted by two nuclei instead of just one and so releasing energy. Both atoms now have access to two electrons: they become a stable H₂ molecule joined by a '''single covalent bond'''. <center>[[File:Covalent_bond_h.png|Diagram of a covalent bond between hydrogen atoms]]</center> === Double and Triple Bonds === Covalent bonds can also form between other non-metals, for example chlorine. A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its valence shell — it needs 8 to complete it. Two chlorine atoms can share 1 electron each to form a single covalent bond. They become a Cl₂ molecule. Oxygen can also form covalent bonds; however, it needs a further 2 electrons to complete its valence shell (it has 6). Two oxygen atoms must share 2 electrons each to complete each other's shells, making a total of 4 shared electrons. Because twice as many electrons are shared, this is called a '''double covalent bond'''. Furthermore, nitrogen has 5 valence electrons (it needs a further 3). Two nitrogen atoms can share 3 electrons each (6 in total) to make a N₂ molecule joined by a '''triple covalent bond'''. === Electron Sharing and Orbitals === Carbon, contrary to the trend, does not share four electrons to make a quadruple bond. The reason for this is that the fourth pair of electrons in carbon cannot physically move close enough to be shared. The valence bond model explains this by considering the '''orbitals''' involved. Also more energy can be released by making 4 single bonds to 4 other carbon atoms to form a '''diamond''' structure. Recall that electrons exist as clouds of electron density (orbitals) in atoms. The valence bond model works on the principle that orbitals on different atoms must '''overlap''' to form a bond. There are several different ways that the orbitals can overlap, forming several distinct kinds of covalent bonds. === The Sigma Bond === The first, and simplest kind of overlap is when two s orbitals come together. It is called a '''sigma''' bond (sigma, or 'σ', is the greek equivalent of 's'). Sigma bonds can also form between two p orbitals that lie pointing towards each other. ''picture of sigma bonds- please press the no.1''[http://burgaz.mit.edu/RESEARCHTOPICS/IMG/Fe O sigma bond.jpg] === The Pi Bond === The second, and equally important kind of overlap is between two parallel p orbitals. Instead of overlapping, head-to-head (as in the sigma bond), they join side-to-side, forming two areas of electron density above and below the molecule(delocalization). This type of overlap is referred to as a '''pi''' ('π', from the greek equivalent of p) bond. 4.2.1 : Covalent bonds are where two atoms each donate 1 electron to form a pair held between the two atoms...Such bonds are generally formed by atoms with little difference in electronegativity...ie C, H and O in organic chemistry. 4.2.2 : All electrons must be paired...Lewis diagrams are the element symbol with the outer (valence) shell of electrons left over and spare electrons pair up...in general C forms 4 bonds, N forms 3, O forms 2, halogens form 1, H forms 1...(Li would form 1, Be 2, and B 3 but they don't usually...metallic or ionic bonding) 4.2.3 : Electronegativity values range from 0.7 to 4...from bottom left to top right respectively (hydrogen falls B and C with a electronegativity of 2.1... 4.2.4 : When covalent molecules have a difference in electronegativity (between the two bonding atoms) then the pair will be held closer to the more electronegative atom...resulting in a small -ve charge on the more electronegative atom, and a small +ve charge on the other...results in polar bonds 4.2.5 : Shape of molecule with 4 electron pairs depends on number of lone pairs. 3 lone pairs -> linear, 2 lone pairs -> bent, 1 lone pair -> trigonal pyramid, No lone pairs -> tetrahedral 4.2.6 : The polarity of a molecule depends on both the shape and the polarity of the bonds...1) if there are no polar bonds, it's not polar. 2) if there are polar bonds, but the shape is symmetrical, it's not polar (think about it like 3D vector addition...if they add to zero, then it's not polar). 3) if there are polar bonds, and it's not symmetric, then the molecule is polar == 4.3 Intermolecular forces == 4.3.1 : van der Waal's forces -- Electrons will not be evenly spread around an atom/molecule at any given time, meaning the molecule will have a slight positive charge on one end, and a negative at the other. This temporary state may cause attraction between two molecules, pulling them together (also known as London Dispersion Forces). Polar molecules, when properly oriented, will attract each other as a result of Dipole-Dipole forces. Dipole-Dipole forces are stronger than van der Waal's forces. Hydrogen bonding is when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, and a very strong dipole is formed, making the hydrogen very strongly positive. This hydrogen is then attracted to the lone pairs on other similar molecules--nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine all have lone pairs--forming a hydrogen bond, which is stronger than van der Waal's or dipole-dipole forces, but weaker than covalent bonding. 4.3.2 : Structural features -- Nonpolar molecules have van der Waal's forces only. This is also present in all other molecules, though its strength is often insignificant compared to the others. Polar molecules have dipole-dipole forces, which arise from polar bonds and asymmetry in molecules. Hydrogen bonds result from strongly delta positive hydrogen. This results in molecules with hydrogen bonding exhibiting stronger intermolecular forces, i.e. higher boiling/melting points etc. For example, H₂O has a higher bp then H₂S due to hydrogen bonding. Neutral molecules don't conduct electricity but some polar molecules exchange protons to form ions e.g. 2H₂O makes H₃O⁺ and OH^- == 4.4 Metallic bonding == 4.4.1 : The metal atoms lose their outer electrons which then become delocalized, and free to move throughout the entire metal. These -ve delocalized electrons hold the metal cations together strongly. Since these electrons can flow, atoms with metallic bonding exhibit high electrical conductivity. The number of valence electrons involved in the bonding and the strength of the nucleus charge determines the strength. Unlike ionic bonding, distorting the atoms does not cause repulsion so metallic substances are ductile (can be stretched into wires) and malleable (can be made into flat sheets). The free moving electrons also allow for high thermal conductivity, and the electrons can carry the heat energy rather than it being transferred slowly through atoms vibrating. Metallic bonds occur among metal atoms. A sea of valence electrons surrounds positive metal ions. The electrons are free to move throughout the resulting crystal. The delocalized nature of the electrons explains a number of unique characteristics of metals: they are good conductors of electricity, they are ductile, meaning they can be made into wires, and they are malleable, meaning they can easily be hammered into thin sheets. == 4.5 Physical Properties == Melting and Boiling point: High with Ionic, Metallic Bonding and Network Covalent. Low with Covalent Molecular Bonding. Volatility: Covalent Molecular Substances are volatile, others are not. Conductivity: Metallic substances conduct. Polar molecular substances conduct, non-polar ones don't. Ionic substances do conduct when molten or dissolved in water but never when solid. Solubility: Ionic substances --> generally dissolve in polar solvents (like water). Metallic substances --> soluble in liquid metal. Non-polar molecules are generally soluble in non-polar solvents, and polar in polar. Organic molecules with a polar head --> Short chain molecules are solubility in polar solvents but long chains can eventually outweigh the polar 'head' and will dissolve in non-polar solvents. === Characteristics === <math>NaCl</math>. <math>KNO_3</math> Ionically bonded substances typically have the following characteristics. * High melting point (solid at room temp) * Hard * Brittle (can shatter) * Some dissolve in water * Conduct electricity when dissolved or melted * Typically stronger than covalent bonds. = HL Material = Topic 14 is the additional HL material for Topic 4. {{BookCat}} elb5yapumen7rmw1906bqsn4kl2yb42 3 41265 4443505 4357026 2024-11-02T17:31:09Z 98.186.192.160 4443505 wikitext text/x-wiki 4443506 4443505 2024-11-02T17:31:24Z Tanbiruzzaman 3419451 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/98.186.192.160|98.186.192.160]] ([[User talk:98.186.192.160|talk]]) to last version by 41.121.17.19 4357026 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__{{User:Whiteknight/Nav}}{{User:Whiteknight/Message|{{User:Whiteknight/Stat}}}} {| width="100%" class="WKBackground" |- | class="PrettyTextBox plainlinks" style="margin: 0px;"| <big><center>[http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Whiteknight&action=edit&section=new '''Leave a new message''']</center></big> | width="40%" | *Old messages will be removed, not archived. *Please sign and timestamp all messages. |}{{User:Whiteknight/Remotetalk Gadget|Whiteknight@en.wikipedia, Whiteknight@en.wikiversity, Whiteknight@meta.wikimedia}}{{User:MiszaBot/config |algo = old(28d) |archive = }}<!--Write Messages Below This Line--> == java package save & compile process == :<small>This message will be archived normally</small><!-- ~~<includeonly>~~</includeonly>~ --> when a package contain three class then which type we can compile it? == Watching books == :<small>This message will be archived normally</small><!-- ~~<includeonly>~~</includeonly>~ --> Is there a way to automatically watch all chapters in a book? I just started a new one (Training the Search and Rescue Dog) and want to watch as it expands. Sorry to bug again, but you mentioned having links in the TOC to all pages in the book. So far, I've only been able to have the TOC link to the subheadings on the first page. I created some chapters, but these aren't listed in the TOC, which seems kinda backwards to me. Is there some documentation somewhere about getting chapters to show in the TOC? == Gre preparation merge == Hello Whiteknight, Sorry for the late response. Even I had been thinking about the Merge with the GRE book. But the thought we had was, we are going to cover information much more than just GRE, like TOEFL, application process, university selection process. Is it okay that we change the name of the book to something suitable at an later date? == RE: Glossary of terms == Hello, I am a 78 yearold former programmer/analyst and I find I have been passed by in the field of computers. When I pick up a book to read or for instruction in the new systems I am constantly trying to figure out what is meant by some of the abbreviations and acronyms they use. It gets very confusing. Where can I get a book or list of these things as an aid to understanding what is written. Thank you, Ed Burdick == Thanks! (and a couple questions) == Thanks for the info about printable books and locking pages from edits. You are a lifesaver, and I really appreciate all your patience as we all try to ride the learning curve. Last year, I thought about trying to be an admin, but I stopped short because I wondered how it would look for me to volunteer for a site I researched so much. Do you have any thoughts on that? Girl never give up on something okay and I was thinking about our relationship can we be friends by the way my name is kitty what is your name Finally, I was wondering if you'd be willing to post some more rating buttons in our third edition's [[Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Edition 3/Assessment Table of Contents |Instructional Assessment section]]. We have posted the first one on [[Foundations of Education and Instructional Assessment/Edition 3/Assessment Table of Contents/Assessment Chapter 1/A1.1.1|A1.1.1]], and this rating button is number 271. As a reminder, the complete rating button looks like this: == Deleting an inactive user (usurping) == Hi,<br \> I am contributing mainly to the [[w:Hebrew Wikipedia|Hebrew Wikipedia]] and I merged my username on most wiki projects to [[User:Daniel1]]. I noticed that this user is taken on this project. However, it has almost made no contributions and the ones that have been made are very old. Would it be possible to delete / move this username so I can use my merged name on this project too?<br \> Thanks,<br \> Daniel. == Concurrent Engineering == Hello, White Knight I appreciate your comment that "Concurrent Engineering" is coming along nicely. I am a retired engineer back to college as an instructor, teaching from my background in product development. This is my first experience with 21st century wiki collaboration, and I have yet to learn all the navigation tools that come with. Some of my students are keen and helpful, but not all. The justifiable mantra of "Do your own work, and earn your own grade!" is hard to throw off in the name of cooperation. Further advice from you will be appreciated Peter Burke Sure, who knows what collaboration will arise? Peter Burke, Instructor Oregon State University, Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Corvallis, Oregon www.engr.oregonstate.edu Concurrent Engineering wikibook will be undergoing many deliberate changes over the next three weeks. What is the approval process? What does Xania have to do with it? Peter Burke professor trying to get students to create a useful wikibook == signpost story == Hi Andrew! I saw your post about going to Norfolk to meet with [http://wikibooks.blogspot.com/2009/04/wittie-grant.html these people]. Would you be able to write up a Signpost story about the grant? I'd love to promote it, and you're the most knowledgeable. It could be a whole story or a short piece to go into news & notes. Best, -- [[:w:user:phoebe|phoebe]] == EXIT TICKET == HI MY NAME IS JARON ROBERTSON AND I'M HERE FOR LEARNING HOW THINGS ARE WORKING . == Advertising the LaTeX wikibook == The LaTeX wikibook needs quite a few fixing. Over the years, code got obsolete and some of the advice given even wrong. I'll try to apply some fixes over the next months, but i think for now, any advertisement should be deferred. Who to reach out for? Johannes Böttcher LaTeX-community.org ==[[:Engineering Tables]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Whiteknight, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Engineering Tables|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Engineering Tables|Engineering Tables]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. <span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span> 13:57, 9 April 2017 (UTC)}} ==Speedy deletion nomination of "Practical Electronics/Outputs"== [[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] [[:Practical Electronics/Outputs]], a page you created, has been tagged for [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion]], as it meets one or more of the [[Wikibooks:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]]; specifically, it needs to be deleted for uncontroversial maintenance reasons. You are welcome to contribute content that complies with our [[Wikibooks:List of policies#Content|content policies]] and any applicable [[Wikibooks:Notability|inclusion guidelines]]. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content, or remove the speedy deletion tag from the page. You can contest the deletion by clicking the "Contest this speedy deletion" button inside the speedy deletion tag. You may also wish to read our [[Wikibooks:Introduction|introduction to editing]] and [[Wikibooks:Your first article|guide to writing your first article]]. Thank you. {{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}} 02:57, 16 August 2017 (UTC), ==Speedy deletion nomination of "Practical Electronics/Inputs"== [[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] [[:Practical Electronics/Inputs]], a page you created, has been tagged for [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy|deletion]], as it meets one or more of the [[Wikibooks:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]]; specifically, it needs to be deleted for uncontroversial maintenance reasons. You are welcome to contribute content that complies with our [[Wikibooks:List of policies#Content|content policies]] and any applicable [[Wikibooks:Notability|inclusion guidelines]]. However, please do not simply re-create the page with the same content, or remove the speedy deletion tag from the page. You can contest the deletion by clicking the "Contest this speedy deletion" button inside the speedy deletion tag. You may also wish to read our [[Wikibooks:Introduction|introduction to editing]] and [[Wikibooks:Your first article|guide to writing your first article]]. Thank you. {{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}}|Wikibooks=[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]|#default=<span style="font-variant: small-caps" class="vcard"><span class="fn n nickname">[[User:PokestarFan|PokestarFan]]{{*}}[[User talk:PokestarFan|Talk]]{{*}}[[Special:Contributions/PokestarFan|Contributions]]</span></span>}} 18:40, 19 August 2017 (UTC), == [[Think Python/Lists]] == Which specifc version of this did you import? I'm finding differences between this and the earliest HTML version I can find in archive.org. The differences seem to include material from the PDF copy which is under an incompatible CC-NC license. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 06:51, 29 April 2022 (UTC) == Social studies == I love this subject so o o much how about you 🌄 [[Special:Contributions/41.77.91.202|41.77.91.202]] ([[User talk:41.77.91.202|discuss]]) 17:50, 8 June 2022 (UTC)social studies is about life what do you think about it Good == I like it very much ❤️ == @[[User:Whiteknight|Whiteknight]] [[Special:Contributions/41.121.17.19|41.121.17.19]] ([[User talk:41.121.17.19|discuss]]) 10:05, 10 January 2024 (UTC) jfydxza7uamk4qrq6xvwhxytpa6r6pk 0 77556 4443533 4441653 2024-11-03T03:37:35Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Basketball_game.jpg with [[File:Army_vs_Navy_Basketball_game,_2004.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · Adding name). 4443533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Rfd}}[[Image:Army vs Navy Basketball game, 2004.jpg|thumb]] Basketball is a sport enjoyed by millions of people around the world. Children and adults of many nations are fascinated by the high speed action and hype that surrounds the sport. It started in America, but has spread to other countries around the world who have shown us that everyone can compete. There are big players and small players, skinny and heavy players, and people of many nations playing. If they can do it, so can you. Some players have even come to America to compete in the NBA (National Basketball Association). Some of these players are Dirk Nowitzki (Germany), Steve Nash (Canada), Yao Ming (China, figure 0.1), and Manu Ginobili (Argentina). So become part of the hype and learn the history, rules, and sport of basketball!! American college basketball rules can be found at [http://www.ncaapublications.com/Uploads/PDF/2008_m_w_basketball_rulesed71624b-af81-422d-80d8-4da5977ca70b.pdf 2008 NCAA MEN’S AND WOMEN’S BASKETBALL RULES AND INTERPRETATIONS] ==Basic Play== [[Image:Basketball.jpeg |thumb|left|100px|1.1 A basketball.]] [[Image:Basketball clipart hoop.gif|thumb|150px|1.2 A basketball hoop.]] [[File:Basketball court metric en.svg|thumb|175px|1.3 Basketball Court]] Basketball's basic concept is easily understood. The objective is for your team of five put a basketball (figure 1.1) through a hoop (figure 1.2) on the opposite side of the court. While trying to score on this hoop you are also trying to defend your hoop on your side of the court (figure 1.3). You must dribble or pass (not walk with) the ball to your team mates to get down the court (see Skills chapter) and must try to put the ball in the basket before twenty-four seconds has passed. If you don't the other team will receive the ball. You can refresh the twenty-four seconds if you miss the shot and your team gets the rebound. The missed shot must hit the rim to reset the twenty-four second shot clock. There are three types of shots you can make for points. The first type is a two-point shot. If you shoot the ball inside the three point line, it is worth two points. The second type is a three-point shot, if you shoot beyond the three point line your team gets three points. The third type is a foul shot, if you are fouled when going up for a shot you shoot the number of free throws (from the free throw line) for the number of points you could have received if you made the shot. For example, if you are shooting a three point shot and get fouled you get three shots from the foul line. If you were shooting a two point shot, you get two shots. If you go up for a shot, get fouled, and make the basket, you get the points regularly received for making the shot, plus one free throw. Free throws are worth one point each. If someone is fouled, the person who fouled them gets one more ''personal'' foul, and the team gets one more ''team'' foul. You are eliminated from the game when you have 6 fouls. If you foul somebody when they are not shooting, it counts as one more personal and team foul. If your team commits more than three fouls, the person fouled gets to shoot two from the line. The game is played out in quarters (12 minutes each), and every quarter your number of team fouls goes back to zero. You also cannot go outside the court boundaries (yellow in the diagram), or the ball is given to the other team. Another general rule is once you go over center court, you cannot go back over (this is called ''over-and-back'' or a ''backcourt violation''). Do not stay in the box below the basket for more than three seconds, this is called ''three in the key'' and will result in your team giving the ball up. You must be past center court after eight seconds, or you will turn the ball over (these eight seconds are also counted on shot clock). Stepping out-of-bounds, backcourt violations, three in the key, and the ball being stolen (taken away from you by the other team) are all forms of turnovers (giving the other team the ball). When on defense, you cannot touch or hit another player (this will result in foul shots). Be careful not to stay in the square below the basket for more than three seconds (not illustrated). This is called ''Defensive Three Seconds'' and will result in the other team shooting a free throw and receiving the ball. This is the basic way of playing basketball so make sure you know these rules. Some of the topics (such as free throws) will be covered more in depth later. ==History== Now that you know a little bit about the game itself, you should hear the history of how the game came to be. What would you do if you had to invent an indoor game for the harsh New England winter? Dr. James Naismith (figure 2.1) was faced with this predicament when the Head of Physical Education told him to make a game for a class of eighteen men. The original game was a nine-on-nine version of basketball using peach baskets on sticks as hoops, and soccer balls as basketballs. Naismith's liked his game because it focused less on brute force and more on skill, so that anyone could have a chance and become good at it. He devised the following set of thirteen rules: # The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. # The ball can be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist. # A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it. # The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it. # No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping an opponent. # A foul is striking at the ball with the fist. # If a side makes three consecutive fouls it counts a goal for the opponents. # A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and stays there. # When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. # The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. # The referee shall be the judge of the ball and decide when it is in play in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. # The time shall be four 12-minute quarters with a five minute rest between. # The side scoring the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. The first game was believed to have been played on December 21, 1891 in the Springfield, Massachusetts YMCA and the first official game was in the same place January 20, 1892. From humble beginnings in a YMCA gymnasium, the game has come to reach a huge audience of hundreds of millions of people. ==Contributors== * [[User:Witerhawk|Witerhawk]] ==Sources== *[http://about.com About.com] *[http://athleticscholarships.net/history-of-basketball.htm AtheleticScholarships.net] *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball#Early_basketball Wikipedia] {{Shelves|Athletic games}} {{alphabetical|B}} {{status|0%}} [[he:כדורסל]] [[ja:バスケットボール]] gcnw003jhj3eibfu0tjf7aqxumghzee 0 95581 4443528 3250951 2024-11-03T03:07:46Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Fallopia_japonica_MdE_2.jpg with [[File:Reynoutria_japonica_MdE_2.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]:). 4443528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{honor_header|2|1929|Outdoor Industries|General Conference}} ==1. List the components of soil. Why is soil important to plants?== ===Soil Components=== Soil has three components: '''solid''', '''liquid''', and '''gas'''. The solid phase is a mixture of mineral and organic matter. Soil particles pack loosely, forming a soil structure filled with voids. The solid phase occupies about half of the soil volume. The remaining void space contains water (liquid) and air (gas). Soil texture refers to '''sand''', '''silt''' and '''clay''' composition. Sand and silt are the product of physical weathering while clay is the product of chemical weathering. Clay content is particularly influential on soil behavior due to a high retention capacity for nutrients and water. ===Importance to Plants=== Soil provides minerals and water to plants. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later thus preventing floods and drought. Soil cleans the water as it percolates. Soil is the habitat for many organisms. ==2. Explain the difference between clay, sand, and loam soils. List three crops that grow well in each.== ;Clay: Clayey soils are made from very fine particles which stick together easily. Water does not easily soak through clayey soils, but once it penetrates, the clay holds it well. It must be broken up before it can be used for agriculture. This can be done by mixing it with sand, sawdust, wood chips, lime, or manure. Crops that grow well in clayey soils include '''celery''', '''wheat''', '''oats''', '''beans''', and '''clover'''. ;Sand: Sandy soils are made from coarse particles. Water soaks into sand quickly, but will not remain there for very long. This can be addressed by adding clayey soil to it. Crops that grow well in sandy soil include '''melons''', '''cucumbers''', '''peaches''', '''peanuts''', and '''beans'''. ;Loam: Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, manure, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-10-10% concentration respectively). Loams are gritty, plastic when moist, and retain water easily. They generally contain more nutrients than sandy soils. In addition to the term loam, different names are given to soils with slightly different proportions of sand, silt, manure and clay: sandy loam, silty loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and manural loam. Loam soil is ideal for growing crops because it retains nutrients well and retains water while still allowing the water to flow freely. This soil is found in a majority of successful farms in regions around the world known for their fertile land. Crops that do well in loamy soil include '''barley''', '''turnips''', and '''potatoes'''. ==3. Test the germination of three varieties of seeds, 100 seeds in each variety. Record germination percentage after three, four, and five days.== First, wrap each variety seeds in a paper towel. Then dampen the paper towels and place them each inside their own clear plastic bag (such as a sandwich bag or a freezer bag) so that they retain moisture. Do not seal the bags. Place the bags in a warm place. After three days, carefully remove the paper towel from each bag, open it, and count the number of seeds that have sprouted. If you started with 100 seeds as per this requirement, the germination percentage will equal the number of seeds that have sprouted. Write this percentage down for each variety. Do not remove the sprouted seeds. Rewrap the seeds in the paper towels, place the paper towels back in the bags, and return them to the warm place. Repeat after day four and day five. ==4. Explain how plants obtain nutrients and convert them to food. Explain the differences between primary, secondary, and micronutrients.== Fertilizers can be divided into macronutrients or micronutrients based on their concentrations in plant dry matter. There are six macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, often termed "primary macronutrients" because their availability is usually managed with NPK fertilizers, and the "secondary macronutrients" — calcium, magnesium, and sulfur — which are required in roughly similar quantities but whose availability is often managed as part of liming and manuring practices rather than fertilizers. The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and normally present as a whole number or tenths of percentages in plant tissues (on a dry matter weight basis). There are many micronutrients (such as boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum), required in concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 parts per million (ppm) by mass. The uptake of nutrients by plants is accomplished through both the roots and the leaves. These nutrients are then used in the process of photosynthesis, which is a complex chemical reaction that converts light, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars. ==5. Name and identify ten common weeds of your community and tell how to best eliminate them, using cultural or chemical methods.== ===Chenopodium album=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Fat hen | latin_name = Chenopodium album | image =ChenopodiumAlbum001.JPG | range = Worldwide | description = ''Chenopodium album'' is a fast-growing weedy annual plant in the genus ''Chenopodium''. The standard English name is Fat-hen; other names include white goosefoot, lamb's quarters, pigweed or dungweed, or more ambiguously as just goosefoot. | control = It may be controlled by dark tillage, rotary hoeing, or flaming when the plants are small. Crop rotation of small grains will suppress an infestation. It is, however, difficult to control with chemical means. }} === Stellaria=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Chickweed | latin_name =Stellaria | image =StellariaMedia001.JPG | range =Europe, North America | description =Stellaria is a genus of about 90-120 species flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Common names include stitchwort and chickweed. | control =Control is difficult due to the heavy seed sets, although herbicides are effective when the plants are small. Common Chickweed is very competitive with small grains, and can produce up to 80% yield losses among barley. }} ===Ranunculus ficaria === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Lesser celandine | latin_name =Ranunculus ficaria | image =Ranunculus ficaria LC0016.jpg | range =The plant is found throughout Europe and west Asia and is now introduced in North America. | description = The window of opportunity for controlling lesser celandine is very short, due to its life cycle. In order to have the greatest negative impact to celandine and the least impact to desirable native wildflower species, herbicide should be applied in late winter-early spring (March through May). Apply a 1.5% rate of a 39 to 41% glyphosate isopropylamine salt (e.g., Rodeo® for wetland areas) mixed with water and a non-ionic surfactant to foliage, avoiding application to anything but the celandine. Glyphosate is systemic; that is, the active ingredient is absorbed by the plant and translocated to the roots, eventually killing the entire plant. The full effect on the plant may take 1-2 weeks. Applications can be made during the winter season as long as the temperature is above about 50 degrees Fahrenheit, and no rain is anticipated within 12 hours. Because glyphosate is non-specific, spray should be controlled such that it touches only lesser celandine and does not drift onto desirable plants. To minimize impacts to sensitive-skinned frogs and salamanders, some experts recommend applying herbicide in March and then switching to manual methods. }} ===Oxalis === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Wood sorrel | latin_name = Oxalis | image =Oxalis acetosella jfg.jpg | caption =''Oxalis acetosella'' (Common woodsorrel) | range =The genus occurs throughout most of the world, except for the polar areas; species diversity is particularly rich in tropical Brazil and Mexico and in South Africa. | description =Oxalis is the largest genus in the wood sorrel family Oxalidaceae. Of the approximately 900 known species in the Oxalidaceae, 800 belong to Oxalis. Many of the species are known as Wood Sorrel or Woodsorrel. These plants are annual or perennial. The leaves are divided into three to ten or more round, heart-shaped or lanceolate leaflets, arranged in a whorl with all the leaflets of roughly equal size. The majority of species have three leaflets; in these species, the leaves are superficially similar to those of some clovers, though clovers differ in having the leaflets not in a whorl, and of unequal size with two smaller side leaflets and one larger central leaflet. | control = Diuron has potential for use as an over-the-top application for postemergence oxalis control, and timely irrigation has the potential to reduce injury to sensitive crops. }} === Elytrigia repens=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Couch Grass | latin_name =Elytrigia repens | image =Kweek Elytrigia repens.jpg | range =''Elytrigia repens'' is a very common species of grass native to most of Europe, Asia, and northwest Africa. | description =Other names include twitch, quick grass, quitch grass, dog grass, and quackgrass. It has creeping rhizomes which enable it to grow rapidly across grassland. The stems ('culms') grow to 40–150 cm tall; the leaves are linear, 15–40 cm long and 3–10 mm broad at the base of the plant, with leaves higher on the stems 2–8.5 mm broad. The flower spike is 10–30 cm long, with spikelets 1–2 cm long, 5–7 mm broad and 3 mm thick with three to eight florets. The glumes are 7–12 mm long, usually without an awn or with only a short one. | control =Couch Grass is very difficult to remove from garden environments. One method is to dig deep into the ground in order to remove as much of the grass as possible. The area should then be covered with a thick layer of woodchips. To further prevent re-growth cardboard can be placed underneath the woodchips. The long, white rhizomes will, however, dry out and die if left on the surface. }} === Ranunculus repens=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Creeping Buttercup | latin_name =Ranunculus repens | image =Creeping butercup close 800.jpg | range =Native to Europe, Asia and northwestern Africa. Introduced to North America. | description =Creeping Buttercup is a herbaceous, stoloniferous perennial plant growing to 50 cm tall. It has both prostrate running stems, which produce roots and new plants at the nodes, and more or less erect flowering stems. The basal leaves are divided into three broad leaflets 1.5–8 cm long, shallowly to deeply lobed, borne on a 4–20 cm long petiole; leaves higher on the stems are smaller, with narrower leaflets. Both the stems and the leaves are finely hairy. The flowers are bright golden yellow, 2–3 cm diameter, usually with five petals. The fruit is a cluster of achenes 2.5–4 mm long. Creeping buttercup has three-lobed dark green, white-spotted leaves that grow out of the node. It grows in fields and pastures and prefers wet soil. | control = From [http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=177020 the USDA] <br> Chemical control is probably the best strategy to employ to eliminate the buttercup. Your local Cooperative Extension office can provide information on which pasture herbicides are most effective for controlling buttercup. Additionally, there is probably a large quantity of buttercup seed in the soil seedbank that may emerge after your initial control. Following best management practices can reduce future buttercups from emerging. Also, adding desirable pasture seed to the soil where the buttercup was growing will help fill in the bare areas. }} ===Sinapis arvensis === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Charlock | latin_name =Sinapis arvensis | image =Herik 17-10-2005 13.59.40.JPG | range = A native of Europe, it has also become naturalized throughout much of North America. | description = Charlock, also known as wild mustard, is an annual or winter annual up to 1 m tall. The stems are erect with coarse spreading hairs near the base. The basal leaves are pinnatifid to dentate. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping. The inflorescence is a raceme made up of yellow flowers having four petals. The fruit is a silique 3-5 cm long with a beak 1-2 cm long that is flattened-quadrangular. The valves of the silique are glabrous or rarely bristly, three to five nerved. The seeds are smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter. | control = Can be controlled by tilling the affected areas. }} ===Senecio vulgaris === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Common groundsel | latin_name =Senecio vulgaris | image =Common Groundsel-first fruits.jpg | caption = | range =Common groundsel is a tenacious deciduous annual whose presence now encompasses the globe in a wide area of easy to somewhat difficult growing conditions. | description =Standing only between 4 and 16 inches (10 to 41 cm) tall, bright florets mostly hidden by the characteristic bract giving it the appearance of never opening flowers and with a life span of 5-6 weeks, the self fertilizing Senecio vulgaris lives humbly among and occasionally under the other weeds and is easy to not notice. | control =The ragwort flea beetle and ragwort seed fly have been approved and released for Senecio control in California, Australia and elsewhere. }} === Galium aparine=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Cleavers, Bedstraw | latin_name =Galium aparine | image =Flowers February 2008-4.jpg | range = Native to North America and Eurasia. | description = The long stems of this climbing plant sprawl over the ground and other plants, reaching heights of 1-1.5 m, occasionally 2 m. The leaves are simple and borne in whorls of six to eight. Both leaves and stem have fine hairs tipped with tiny hooks, making them cling to clothes and fur much like velcro. The white to greenish flowers are 2-3 mm across, with four petals. | control = Cleavers, or Bedstraw, tends to grow in uncultivated areas, such as beneath fencelines and at the edges of fields. The main problem it presents to agriculture is that it clogs harvesting machinery. It is best controlled before it is allowed to propagate into cultivated fields by mechanical means, or by livestock. }} === Cardamine hirsuta=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Hairy bittercress | latin_name =Cardamine hirsuta | image =Cardamine hirsuta.jpg | caption = | range = Native to Europe and Asia, but also present in North America as an invasive weed. | description =The plant is a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), and is edible as a bitter herb. It flowers from quite early in the Spring until the Autumn. The small white flowers are borne in a corymb on wiry green stems, soon followed by the seeds and often continuing to flower as the first seeds ripen. The seed will burst explosively, often when touched, sending the seeds flying far from the parent plant. Seeds germinate in the Autumn, and the plants are green throughout the winter months. | control =<br> *Cultivation is effective on young plants that have not yet flowered. *Mulching in late summer will prevent germination. *Pulled plants should be placed directly into a container, as the seeds will continue to ripen even after the plant is pulled up. *Flameweeding is effective. }} === Rumex=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Dock | latin_name =Rumex | image =Rumex-britannica2.jpg | caption = | range = Members of this family are very common perennial herbs growing in acidic, sour soils mainly in the northern hemisphere, but have been introduced almost everywhere. | description =These are erect plants with long tap roots. The fleshy to leathery leaves form a basal rosette at the root. The basal leaves may be different from those near the inflorescence. They may or may not have stipules. There are minor leaf veins. The leaf blade margins are entire or crenate. | control = Keeping fields well drained will help control dock. Young plants may be controlled by cultivation, but because mature plants send tap roots deep into the soil, it is difficult to eradicate them this way. Chemical controls include applying a combination of glyphosate and dicamba via a wiper when the plants are at least 30cm higher than the crops in which they grow. }} ===Taraxacum=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Dandelion | latin_name =Taraxacum | image =DandelionTatebayashiJapan.JPG | caption = | range =Dandelions are native to Africa, Asia and Europe, and have been widely introduced elsewhere. Away from their native regions, dandelions have become established in the Americas, Australia and New Zealand and are now common throughout all temperate regions. | description =The leaves are 5-25 cm long, simple and basal, entire or lobed, forming a rosette above the central taproot. As the leaves grow outward they push down the surrounding vegetation, such as grass in a lawn, which kills other plants by cutting off their access to sunlight. A bright yellow flower head (which is open in the daytime but closes at night) is borne singly on a hollow stem (scape) which rises 4-30 cm above the leaves and exudes a milky sap (latex) when broken. A rosette may produce several flowering stems at a time. The flower head is 2-5 cm in diameter and consists entirely of ray florets. The flower head matures into a spherical "clock" containing many single-seeded fruits (achenes). Each achene is attached to a pappus of fine hairs, which enable wind-dispersal over long distances. | control = Dandelion seeds are windborn, so it is difficult to prevent an infestation. If possible, dig the plants up at the edge of a field before they produce seeds. Otherwise, chemicl controls may be necessary. Glyphosate, mecoprop, and other herbicides can be applied to young plants. 2, 4-D is effective against established infestations. }} ===Calystegia === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Bindweed, Morning Glory | latin_name =Calystegia | image =Calystegia sepium ssp sepium bluete.jpeg | caption = | range = The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and subtropical regions, but with half of the species endemic to California | description = Bindweed are annual or herbaceous perennial twining vines growing to 1-5 m tall, with spirally arranged leaves. The flowers are trumpet shaped, 3-10 cm diameter, white or pink, with a sometimes inflated basal calyx. Some of the species, notably ''C. silvatica'', are problematic weeds, which can swamp other more valuable plants by climbing over them, but some are also deliberately grown for their attractive flowers. | control = Bindweed is difficult to control once it becomes established. It is a very persistent weed, so control methods must necessarily be more persistent. Bindweed should be tilled under about eight days following emergence. It will re-emerge, so it will need to be retilled several times during the growing season. A systemic herbicide can also be used, such as 2,4-D or glyphosate. These herbicides must move in sufficient amounts through the roots, stems, and leaves in order to be effective. }} === Urtica=== {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Nettle | latin_name =Urtica | image =Urtica_dioica_(Blüten).jpg | caption = | range = ''Urtica'' has a cosmopolitan though mainly temperate distribution. The most prominent member of the genus is the stinging nettle ''Urtica dioica'', native to Europe, north Africa, Asia, and North America. | description =This species have spiny hairs, or stinging trichomes, whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that will inject a cocktail of poisons: acetylcholine, histamine, 5-HT and possibly formic acid. This mix of poisons cause a sting or paresthesia from which the species derives its common name, as well as the colloquial name "7 minute itch". | control = Nettles should be trimmed to the ground and then sprayed with glyphosate. If the re-emerge, they should quickly be hit with glyphosate a second time. }} ===Polygonum cuspidatum === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Japanese knotweed | latin_name =Polygonum cuspidatum | image =Reynoutria japonica MdE 2.jpg | caption = | range = Japanese knotweed is native to eastern Asia in Japan, China and Korea. In the U.S.A. and Europe the species is very successful and has been classified as invasive in several countries. | description =A member of the family Polygonaceae, Japanese knotweed has hollow stems with distinct raised nodes that give it the appearance of bamboo, though it is not related. While stems may reach a maximum height of 3–4 m each growing season, it is typical to see much smaller plants in places where they sprout through cracks in the pavement or are repeatedly cut down. The leaves are broad oval with a truncated base, 7–14 cm long and 5–12 cm broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are small, creamy white, produced in erect racemes 6–15 cm long in late summer and early autumn. | control =The success of the species has been partially attributed to its tolerance of a very wide range of soil types, pH and salinity.[2] Its rhizomes can survive temperatures of −35 °C (−30 °F) and can extend 7 meters (23 ft) horizontally and 3 meters (9.8 ft) deep, making removal by excavation difficult. The most effective method of control is by herbicide application close to the flowering stage in late summer or autumn. In some cases it is possible to eradicate Japanese knotweed in one growing season using only herbicides. }} ===Cirsium arvense === {{Argicultural pest | common_name = Creeping thistle | latin_name =Cirsium arvense | image =Cirsium arvense bluete.jpeg | caption = | range =Native throughout Europe and northern Asia, and widely introduced elsewhere. | description =It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant, forming extensive clonal colonies from an underground root system that sends up numerous erect stems each spring, reaching 1–1.2 m tall (occasionally more); the stems often lie partly flat by summer but can stay erect if supported by other vegetation. The leaves are very spiny, lobed, up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem). The inflorescence is 10–22 mm diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). | control = This plant is extremely difficult to control, as it can regrow from fairly small root fragments and is resistant to many herbicides. *Pre-emergents can help prevent the plant from becoming established, but it is generally more often encountered as a perennial problem. *Contact herbicides are only partially effective. Glyphosate in particular needs to be repeatedly applied. *Mowing is effective over time, if done regularly. *Goldenrods are allelopathic to this plant. Smothercropping of buckwheat and winter rye will also weaken the plant considerably. *Pulling must be done repeatedly over a long period, but will eventually kill the plant. Gloves should be worn. *Smothering techniques such as paper mulch barriers are quite effective. *Canada thistle should never be added to a cold-composting system. All parts of the plant should be burned, thrown away, or put into high-temperature composting systems. }} ==6. Identify six common insect pests or diseases. Tell what plants they usually affect and how to eliminate or prevent their occurrence.== === Slug === {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Great Grey Slug | latin_name =Limax maximus | image =DSCF8715 slug curled up lg.jpg | caption = | crop = Lettuce and cabbage are their favorites, but they will eat about anything. | range = Native to Europe, the slugs have been introduced to Northern America and occur along the East and West sides of that continent. The slugs are almost always found near human habitation — usually in lawns, gardens, cellars or in other damp areas. | description =The Great Grey Slug, ''Limax maximus'' (literally, "great slug"), also known as the Tiger slug or the Spotted leopard slug, is one of the largest kinds of keeled slug (second only to ''Limax cinereoniger''). The species is noted for its dark-spotted pale-grey body and the short keel on its tail. These nocturnal animals can grow to be as long as 8 inches (20 cm), feeding mostly on rotting plant matter and fungi. They live for up to three years and are inactive during the winter. | control = Diatomite is a naturally occurring, soft, chalk-like sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It is sometimes used as an insecticide, due to its physico-sorptive properties. The fine powder absorbs lipids from the cuticle, the waxy outer layer of insects' exoskeletons, causing them to dehydrate. This also works against gastropods and is commonly employed in gardening to defeat slugs. However, since slugs inhabit humid environments, efficacy is very low. It is sometimes mixed with an attractant or other additives to increase its effectiveness. Among the disadvantages of using diatomaceous earth for pest control include the health risk to humans (see below), and that it is harmful to the many insects that are beneficial to gardens, including predatory beetles and bugs and many detritivores (such as earthworms). One mechanical control is to cut a soda bottle in half and place it around the plants to keep slugs out. This is obviously labor intensive, and is therefore not practical for large crops. }} === Colorado potato beetle=== {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Colorado potato beetle | latin_name =Leptinotarsa decemlineata | image =Colorado potato beetle.jpg | crop = Potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper | caption = | range = [[Image:Kartoffelkaefer fg01e.jpg|thumb|300px|Range of ''Leptinotarsa decemlineata'']] Native to the Southwestern USA and Mexico, the Colorado potato beetle spread through the rest of the country, and into much of Canada. It then spread to continental Europe and Asia. | description =The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, also known as the Colorado beetle, ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle) is an important pest of potato crops. It is approximately 10 mm (0.4 inches) long, with a bright yellow/orange body and 5 bold brown stripes along the length of each of its elytra, and it can easily be confused with its close cousin and look-alike, the false potato beetle | control = Insecticides are often unsuccessful when used against Leptinotarsa because of the beetle's resistance to toxins and ability to rapidly develop resistance to them. The Colorado beetle has developed resistance to all major insecticide classes. In areas where the CPB has not developed resistance to pesticides, it is crucially important to not repeated reuse the same type of chemical control, or the CPB will develop resistance to it. The CPB can be hand picked from the plants. Crop rotation is another effective strategy, the key being to put next year's potato crop as far as possible from last year's crop. Plants can also be covered with ''floating row covers'' - a thin fabric which allows moisture and air to circulate, but prevents access to the plants by the beetle. }} ===Japanese beetle === {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Japanese beetle | latin_name =Popillia japonica | image =Jbeetle.jpg | caption = | range = [[Image:Jbmap.gif|thumb|200px|Map showing the parts of the United States currently infested by Japanese beetles.]] As the name suggests, the Japanese beetle is native to Japan. The insect was first found in the United States in 1916 in a nursery near Riverton, New Jersey. It is thought that beetle larvae entered the United States in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities entering the country began. | description =The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is a beetle about 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) long and 1 cm (0.4 inches) wide (smaller in Canada), with shiny copper-colored elytra and a shiny green top of the thorax and head. It is not very destructive in Japan, where it is controlled by natural enemies, but in America it is a serious pest. | crop = Rose bushes, grapes, canna, crape myrtles, squash, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, grapes, plums, pears, peaches, raspberries, blackberries, corn, peas and other plants. | control = During the larval stage, the Japanese beetle lives in lawns and other grasslands, where it eats the roots of grass. During that stage, it is susceptible to a fatal disease called milky spore disease, caused by a bacterium called milky spore, Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) popilliae. The USDA developed this biological control and it is commercially available in powder form for application to lawn areas. Standard applications (low density across a broad area) take from one to five years to establish maximal protection against larval survival (depending on climate), expanding through the soil through repeated rounds of infection, in-host multiplication, release from killed host, and infection. Typically proper application can lead to a 15-20 year period of protection. On field crops such as squash, floating row covers can be used to exclude the beetles, however this may necessitate hand pollination of flowers. Kaolin sprays can also be used as barriers. Research performed by many US extension service branches has shown that pheromone traps may attract more beetles than they catch, and so they have fallen out of favor. Natural repellents include catnip, chives, garlic, and tansy, as well as the remains of dead beetles. }} ===European corn borer === {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = European corn borer | latin_name =Ostrinia nubilalis | image =Corn borer.jpg | caption = | crop = Corn | range = Native to Europe although it is found in North America as well | description =The European Corn Borer (''Ostrinia nubilalis'') is a pest of corn. Female corn borer moths lay clusters of eggs on corn leaves, usually on the underside of the leaf. The egg masses, or clusters, are laid in an overlapping configuration and are whitish-yellow in color. As the larvae develop inside their eggs, the eggs become more and more transparent and the immature caterpillar's black head is eventually visible. The caterpillars hatch by chewing their way out of the eggs. European corn borer caterpillars damage the ears of corn, as well as the stalks, chewing tunnels which cause the plants to fall over. | control = Biological control agents of corn borers include the hymenopteran parasitoid Trichogramma. }} ===Boll weevil === {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Boll weevil | latin_name =Anthonomus grandis | image =Boll weevil.jpg | caption = | crop = Cotton | range = Thought to be native to Central America, it migrated into the US from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all US cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working there and traumatizing the people of the American south. During the late 20th century it became a serious pest in South America as well. | description =The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters, which feeds on cotton buds and flowers. | control = The Boll Weevil Eradication Program is a program sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that has sought to eradicate the boll weevil in the cotton-growing areas of the United States. It is one of the world's most successful implementations of integrated pest management. Three main techniques are employed over a 3- to 5-year period: pheromone traps for detection, cultural practices to reduce the weevil’s food supply, and malathion treatments. During the first year, applications of malathion are made every five to seven days starting in late summer. The frequency is reduced to every 10 days during the later part of the growing season until the first frost. The cotton stalks are shredded and plowed into the ground to eliminate their use as a winter shelter. During years 2 through 5, the automatic spraying is supplemented by an intensive trapping program (one trap per 1-2 acres), and malathion applications are made only in those fields where weevils are detected. This phase begins in late spring and continues until the first killing frost. The final phase of the program involves monitoring and trapping at a density of one trap per 10 acres, with spot spraying as required. The program has become more high-tech in recent years, employing GPS mapping technology and bar code readers that transmit trap data electronically. }} === Cutworm === {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Cutworm | latin_name =Noctuidae | image =Spodoptera exigua.png | caption =The beet armyworm (''Spodoptera exigua'') | crop = Most often tomato, pepper, pea, or bean | range = Their distribution is worldwide. | description =The term cutworm is used for the larvae of many species of moth. Most cutworms are in the moth family Noctuidae, however, many noctuid larvae are not cutworms. Cutworms are notorious agricultural and garden pests. They are voracious leaf, bud, and stem feeders and can destroy entire plants. They get their name from their habit of "cutting" off a seedling at ground level by chewing through the stem. Some species are subterranean and eat roots. Cutworms are usually green, brown, or yellow soft-bodied caterpillars, often with longitudinal stripes, up to one inch in length. There are many variations across the genera. | control = While there are pesticides which can control these insects, the non-industrial gardener can protect threatened plants by simply impeding the ground-hiding cutworm caterpillar from climbing the plant; they hide in the soil near the plants and climb them at night. To prevent this, one can: * Place a "cutworm ring" around the plant. It can be a can with both ends cut off, or anything similar, even a ring made of cardboard. It should be at least four inches high above the soil and go one inch below the surface. Some even use five gallon buckets with the bottom cut out, planting the seedling and bucket at the same time. * Wrap the stem of the plant in aluminium foil, wax paper, coloured paper, cardboard, or plastic. * Reputedly as reliable as anything: simply brace both sides of the stem with popsicle sticks, toothpicks, or even sticks from the yard. If they run smoothly up the side of the plant several inches, this apparently stops the cutworm from "wrapping itself around" the plant, necessary for its evolved method of cutting it off. In fact, cutworms do not chew through stems by "wrapping" themselves, so the efficacy of this method is highly doubtful. }} === Brown marmorated stink bug=== {{Argicultural pest |color=tan | common_name = Brown marmorated stink bug | latin_name =Halyomorpha halys | image =BMSB 05.jpg | caption = | crop = Fruits, vegetables, soybeans | range = The brown marmorated stink bug is believed to have "hitched a ride" to the United States as a stowaway in packing crates from Asia; it was accidentally introduced there from China or Japan. Its native range also includes Korea and Taiwan. | description = Looks similar in appearance to other native species of shield bugs including ''Acrosternum'', ''Euschistus'', and ''Podisus'', except that several of the abdominal segments protrude from beneath the wings and are alternatively banded with black and white (visible along the edge of the bug even when wings are folded) and a white stripe or band on the next to last (4th) antennal segment. The adults are approximately 5/8 inch long and the underside is white or pale tan, sometimes with grey or black markings. The legs are brown with faint white banding. | control = Infestations should be reported to your local county Cooperative Extension office as this is a fairly new species to invade the United States. They will be able to help you control them. }} ==7. Locate two sources of agricultural weather information. How is this information helpful to the farmer?== # [http://www.usda.gov/oce/weather/pubs/Weekly/Wwcb/index.htm USDA's Weekly Weather and Climate Bulletin] # [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climateresearch.html U.S. National Climate Data Center] Climate is what to expect. Weather is what you get. Climate is basically a long-term average of what the weather has done in the past. Knowing the climate helps the farmer plan agricultural activities such as planting and harvesting, as well as assisting in crop selection. Crops need to be in the ground early enough that they will be able to produce their yield before the first frost, but late enough to avoid springtime frosts. The climate tells the farmer how many growing days to expect, and that can be compared to the number of growing days required by various crops. Some crops also need to be harvested before the weather gets too hot, and other crops may allow multiple plantings and harvestings per season. Weather also plays a hand in timing agricultural activities. A field needs to dry out before it is plowed, and then it may need to dry out for a few more days before it is disced. Dry weather is also needed to allow hay time to cure between mowing and bailing, and it is sometimes important when applying fertilizers or pesticides. ==8. Assist in planting, cultivating, and harvesting at least four different crops. Maintain a log of work done and problems encountered from seeding to harvest.== Your log need not be any more complicated than a notebook and pen. You could include information such as: *Plowing/Discing ** When was it done? ** What was the condition of the soil? ** Cost *Planting **Date **Amount of seed used **Method (how was the planting done?) **Cost *Fertilizer **When applied **What kind was applied **Cost *Pest Control **Dates and types of pesticides and herbicides **Cultivation dates **Mechanical/cultural controls applied **Cost *Irrigation **Dates **Rainfall dates **Cost *Harvest **Date **Yield ==9. Know the purpose of the following: a. Plowing b. Disking c. Cultivating d. Irrigation e. Harvesting== ===a. Plowing=== The primary purpose of plowing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface, while burying weeds and the remains of previous crops, allowing them to break down. It also aerates the soil, and allows it to hold moisture better. In modern use, a plowed field is typically left to dry out, and is then harrowed before planting. ===b. Disking=== Disking is often carried out on fields to follow the rough finish left by plowing operations. The purpose of this is generally to break up clods and lumps of soil and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is suitable for seeding and planting operations. ===c. Cultivating=== A cultivator is a farm implement for stirring and pulverizing the soil, either before planting or to remove weeds and to aerate and loosen the soil after the crop has begun to grow. ===d. Irrigation=== Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect plants against frost. ===e. Harvesting=== The purpose of harvesting is to collect the salable product grown in a field when it reaches maturity. ==10. Name and identify ten common birds of your locality, and state their value to the farmer.== The greatest benefit birds provide to farmers is their voracious appetites for insects. Please consult Wikibooks' [[Field Guide/Birds|Field Guide to Birds]] to help you identify ten birds in your area. As of this writing, this field guide is still in its infancy, so you might be well served to purchase a more thorough field guide. Field guides are generally tailored to a specific area of the world, so be sure to consult one that covers your area. ==11. What is erosion? How can it be prevented?== Erosion is the displacement of soil by wind, water, or ice by downward or down-slope movement. It can occur quickly on steep ground - especially if there is nothing growing there. It can be slowed by minimizing the amount of time the land has nothing growing on it. When plowing, discing, or planting, it is best to make furrows perpendicular to the slope of the ground. Plowing straight uphill will cause furrows to act as ever-widening ditches that channel the water quickly away, carrying soil with it. Plowing across a hill instead slows the descent of rainwater and allows it to drop the sediments it picks up rather than carrying it off. ==12. Visit your local cooperative extension service and find out how the organization helps the farmer. Write a one-page report of your visit.== The Cooperative Extension Service, also known as the Extension Service of the USDA, is a non-formal educational program implemented in the United States designed to help people use research-based knowledge to improve their lives. The service is provided by the state's designated land-grant universities. In most states the educational offerings are in the areas of agriculture and food, home and family, the environment, community economic development, and youth and 4-H. The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service of the USDA administers funding for Smith Lever Act services in cooperation with state and county governments and land-grant universities. This table summarizes the cooperative extension programs in each state. (Under the 1890 amendment to the Morrill Act, if a state's land-grant university was not open to all races, a separate land-grant university had to be established for each race. Hence, some states have more than one land-grant university.) {| class="wikitable" |+ Cooperative Extension<ref>http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/partners/partners_list.pdf Retrieve 2007-10-22.</ref> !State!!University!!Extension Website |- |Alabama ||Alabama A&M University<br>Auburn University<br>Tuskegee University<ref>Although Tuskeegee University has been a private university, it began to receive Cooperative Extension funding in 1972.</ref> ||[http://www.aces.edu/ Alabama Cooperative Extension System] |- |Alaska ||University of Alaska ||[http://www.uaf.edu/ces/ University of Alaska Cooperative Extension] |- |Arizona ||University of Arizona ||[http://ag.arizona.edu/extension/ Arizona Cooperative Extension] |- |Arkansas ||University of Arkansas<br>University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff ||[http://www.uaex.edu/ University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service] |- |California ||University of California ||[http://ucanr.org/ University of California Cooperative Extension] |- |Colorado ||Colorado State University ||[http://www.ext.colostate.edu/ Colorado State Cooperative Extension] |- |Connecticut ||University of Connecticut ||[http://www.lib.uconn.edu/CANR/ces/ Connecticut Cooperative Extension System] |- |Delaware ||University of Delaware<br>Delaware State University ||[http://ag.udel.edu/extension/ Delaware Cooperative Extension]<br>[http://cars.desu.edu/extension/extension.html DSU Cooperative Extension] |- |District of Columbia ||University of the District of Columbia ||[http://www.udc.edu/cooperative_extension/coop_ext.htm University of the District of Columbia Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Florida ||University of Florida<br>Florida A&M University ||[http://solutionsforyourlife.ufl.edu/ University of Florida IFAS Extension] |- |Georgia ||University of Georgia<br>Fort Valley State University ||[http://ugaextension.com/ University of Georgia Cooperative Extension] |- |Hawaii ||University of Hawaii ||[http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/extout/extout.asp University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Idaho ||University of Idaho ||[http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/extension/ University of Idaho Extension] |- |Illinois ||University of Illinois ||[http://www.extension.uiuc.edu/ University of Illinois Extension] |- |Indiana ||Purdue University ||[http://www.ces.purdue.edu/ Purdue University Extension] |- |Iowa ||Iowa State University ||[http://www.exnet.iastate.edu/ Iowa State University Extension] |- |Kansas ||Kansas State University ||[http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/ Kansas State University Research & Extension] |- |Kentucky ||University of Kentucky ||[http://www.ca.uky.edu/ces/index.htm University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Louisiana ||Louisiana State University<br>Southern University and A&M College ||[http://www.lsuagcenter.com/nav/extension/extension.asp Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Maine ||University of Maine ||[http://www.umext.maine.edu/ University of Maine Extension] |- |Maryland ||University of Maryland<br>University of Maryland Eastern Shore ||[http://www.agnr.umd.edu/MCE/index.cfm Maryland Cooperative Extension] |- |Massachusetts ||University of Massachusetts ||[http://www.umassextension.org/ University of Massachusetts Extension] |- |Michigan ||Michigan State University ||[http://www.msue.msu.edu/ Michigan State University Extension] |- |Minnesota ||University of Minnesota ||[http://www.extension.umn.edu/ Minnesota Extension Service] |- |Mississippi ||Mississippi State University<br>Alcorn State University ||[http://msucares.com Mississippi State University Extension] |- |Missouri ||University of Missouri<br>Lincoln University ||[http://muextension.missouri.edu/index.htm University of Missouri Extension] |- |Montana ||Montana State University ||[http://extn.msu.montana.edu/ Montana State University Extension Service] |- |Nebraska ||University of Nebraska ||[http://www.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/coopext/coopext.htm University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension] |- |Nevada ||University of Nevada ||[http://www.unce.unr.edu/ University of Nevada Cooperative Extension] |- |New Hampshire ||University of New Hampshire ||[http://extension.unh.edu/ University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension] |- |New Jersey ||Rutgers University ||[http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/ Rutgers Cooperative Extension] |- |New Mexico ||New Mexico State University ||[http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/ces/ New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service] |- |New York ||Cornell University ||[http://www.cce.cornell.edu/ Cornell Cooperative Extension] |- |North Carolina ||North Carolina State University<br>North Carolina A&T State University ||[http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/ North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service]<br>[http://www.ag.ncat.edu/extension/ North Carolina A&T State University Cooperative Extension Program] |- |North Dakota ||North Dakota State University ||[http://www.ext.nodak.edu/ North Dakota State University Extension Service] |- |Ohio ||Ohio State University ||[http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/ The Ohio State University Extension] |- |Oklahoma ||Oklahoma State University ||[http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/oces/ Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Oregon ||Oregon State University ||[http://extension.oregonstate.edu/ Oregon State University Extension Service] |- |Pennsylvania ||Penn State ||[http://www.extension.psu.edu/ Penn State Cooperative Extension] |- |Rhode Island ||University of Rhode Island ||[http://www.uri.edu/ce/ University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension] |- |South Carolina ||Clemson University<br>South Carolina State University || [http://www.clemson.edu/extension/ Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service] |- |South Dakota ||South Dakota State University ||[http://sdces.sdstate.edu/ South Dakota State University Cooperative Extension Service] |- |Tennessee ||University of Tennessee<br>Tennessee State University ||[http://www.utextension.utk.edu/ University of Tennessee Extension]<br>[http://www.tnstate.edu/cep/ Tennessee State University Cooperative Extension Program] |- |Texas ||Texas A&M University<br>Prairie View A&M University ||[http://texasextension.tamu.edu/ Texas AgriLife Extension Service] |- |Utah ||Utah State University ||[http://www.ext.usu.edu/ Utah State University Extension] |- |Vermont ||University of Vermont ||[http://www.uvm.edu/extension/ University of Vermont Extension System] |- |Virginia ||Virginia Tech<br>Virginia State University ||[http://www.ext.vt.edu/ Virginia Cooperative Extension] |- |Washington ||Washington State University ||[http://ext.wsu.edu/ Washington State University Extension] |- |West Virginia ||West Virginia University ||[http://www.wvu.edu/~exten/ West Virginia University Extension Service] |- |Wisconsin ||University of Wisconsin-Extension ||[http://www.uwex.edu/ces/ University of Wisconsin Extension] |- |Wyoming ||University of Wyoming ||[http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/UWces/ University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service] |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] ogwckm522vqabd8h6msqqmsf3dbmgz0 4 112405 4443542 4443477 2024-11-03T08:10:31Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 60 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2024/September]] 4443542 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. 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More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 18:58, 27 September 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. 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[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 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For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:30, 22 October 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> 2j09766l0k52ts3vg3v654dbq1itskm 0 142006 4443489 4443176 2024-11-02T12:13:00Z Vard 57 3408170 /* List of Many WMIs */ 4443489 wikitext text/x-wiki ==World Manufacturer Identifier== The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. ===WMI Regions=== The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/ | title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780 | publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI ! Region ! Notes |- | A-C | Africa | AA-AH = South Africa<br />BF-BG = Kenya<br />BU = Uganda<br />CA-CB = Egypt<br />DF-DK = Morocco |- | H-R | Asia | H = China<br />J = Japan<br />KF-KH = Israel<br />KL-KR = South Korea<br />L = China<br />MA-ME = India<br />MF-MK = Indonesia<br />ML-MR = Thailand<br />MS = Myanmar<br />MX = Kazakhstan<br />MY-M0 = India<br />NF-NG = Pakistan<br />NL-NR = Turkey<br />NS-NT = Uzbekistan<br />PA-PC = Philippines<br />PF-PG = Singapore<br />PL-PR = Malaysia<br />PS-PT = Bangladesh<br />RF-RK = Taiwan<br />RL-RN = Vietnam<br />R1-R7 = Hong Kong |- | S-Z | Europe | SA-SM = United Kingdom<br />SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)<br />SU-SZ = Poland<br />TA-TH = Switzerland<br />TJ-TP = Czech Republic<br />TR-TV = Hungary<br />TW-T2 = Portugal<br />UH-UM = Denmark<br />UN-UR = Ireland<br />UU-UX = Romania<br />U1-U2 = North Macedonia<br />U5-U7 = Slovakia<br />VA-VE = Austria<br />VF-VR = France<br />VS-VW = Spain<br />VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)<br />V3-V5 = Croatia<br />V6-V8 = Estonia<br /> W = Germany (formerly West Germany)<br />XA-XC = Bulgaria<br />XF-XH = Greece<br />XL-XR = The Netherlands<br />XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)<br />XX-XY = Luxembourg<br />XZ-X0 = Russia<br />YA-YE = Belgium<br />YF-YK = Finland<br />YS-YW = Sweden<br />YX-Y2 = Norway<br />Y3-Y5 = Belarus<br />Y6-Y8 = Ukraine<br />ZA-ZU = Italy<br />ZX-ZZ = Slovenia<br />Z3-Z5 = Lithuania<br />Z6-Z0 = Russia |- | 1-5 | North America | 1, 4, 5 = United States<br />2 = Canada<br />3 = Mexico<br /> |- | 6-7 | Oceania | 6A-6W = Australia<br />7A-7E = New Zealand |- | 8-9 | South America | 8A-8E = Argentina<br />8F-8G = Chile<br />8L-8N = Ecuador<br />8S-8T = Peru<br />8X-8Z = Venezuela<br />82 = Bolivia<br />84 = Costa Rica<br />9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil<br />9F-9G = Colombia<br />9S-9V = Uruguay |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''A''' || colspan="8" | South Africa || colspan="2" | Ivory Coast || colspan="2" | Lesotho || colspan="2" | Botswana || colspan="2" | Namibia || colspan="2" | Madagascar || colspan="2" | Mauritius || colspan="2" | Tunisia || colspan="2" | Cyprus || colspan="2" | Zimbabwe || colspan="2" | Mozambique || colspan="5" | ''Africa'' |- | '''B''' || colspan="2" | Angola || colspan="1" | Ethiopia || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Kenya || colspan="1" | Rwanda || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Nigeria || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Algeria || colspan="1" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Swaziland || colspan="1" | Uganda || colspan="7" | ''Africa''|| colspan="2" | Libya || colspan="6" | ''Africa'' |- | '''C''' || colspan="2" | Egypt || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Morocco || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Zambia || colspan="21" | ''Africa'' |- | '''D''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |- | '''E''' || colspan="33" | Russia |- | '''F''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |- | '''G''' |- | '''H''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''J''' || colspan="33" | Japan |- | '''K''' || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | Israel || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | South Korea || colspan="2" | Jordan || colspan="6" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | South Korea || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kyrgyzstan || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' |- | '''L''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''M''' || colspan="5" | India || colspan="5" | Indonesia || colspan="5" | Thailand || colspan="1" | Myanmar || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Mongolia || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kazakhstan || colspan="12" | India |- | '''N''' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="2" | Pakistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Iraq || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Turkey || colspan="2" | Uzbekistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Azerbaijan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Tajikistan || colspan="1" | Armenia || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Turkey || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' |- | '''P''' || colspan="3" | Philippines || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Singapore || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Malaysia || colspan="2" | Bangladesh || colspan="10" | ''Asia'' || colspan="6" | India |- | '''R''' || colspan="2" | UAE || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Taiwan || colspan="3" | Vietnam || colspan="1" | Laos || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Saudi Arabia || colspan="3" | Russia || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="7" | Hong Kong || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''S''' || colspan="12" | United Kingdom || colspan="5" | Germany <small>(former East Germany)</small> || colspan="6" | Poland || colspan="2" | Latvia || colspan="1" | Georgia || colspan="1" | Iceland || colspan="6" | ''Europe'' |- | '''T''' || colspan="8" | Switzerland || colspan="6" | Czech Republic || colspan="5" | Hungary || colspan="6" | Portugal || colspan="3" | Serbia || colspan="1" | Andorra || colspan="2" | Netherlands || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''U''' || colspan="3" | Spain || colspan="4" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Denmark || colspan="3" | Ireland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="4" | Romania || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="2" | North Macedonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovakia || colspan="3" | Bosnia & Herzogovina |- | '''V''' || colspan="5" | Austria || colspan="10" | France || colspan="5" | Spain || colspan="5" | France <small>(formerly Yugoslavia & Serbia)</small> || colspan="3" | Croatia || colspan="3" | Estonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''W''' || colspan="33" | Germany |- | '''X''' || colspan="3" | Bulgaria || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="3" | Greece || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="5" | Netherlands || colspan="5" | Russia <small>(former USSR)</small> || colspan="2" | Luxembourg || colspan="11" | Russia |- | '''Y''' || colspan="5" | Belgium || colspan="5" | Finland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="1" | Malta || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Sweden || colspan="5" | Norway || colspan="3" | Belarus || colspan="3" | Ukraine || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''Z''' || colspan="18" | Italy || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovenia || colspan="1" | San Marino|| colspan="1" | ''Europe''|| colspan="3" | Lithuania || colspan="5" | Russia |- | '''1''' || colspan="33" | United States |- | '''2''' || colspan="28" | Canada || colspan="5" | ''North America'' |- | '''3''' || colspan="21" | Mexico || colspan="5" | ''North America'' || colspan="1" | Nicaragua || colspan="1" | Dom. Rep. || colspan="1" | Honduras || colspan="1" | Panama || colspan="2" | Puerto Rico || colspan="1" | ''North America'' |- | '''4''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | United States |- | '''5''' |- | '''6''' || colspan="21" | Australia || colspan="3" | New Zealand || colspan="9" | ''Oceania'' |- | '''7''' || colspan="5" | New Zealand || colspan="28" | United States |- | '''8''' || colspan="5" | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Ecuador || colspan="2" | ''South America'' || colspan="2" | Peru || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Venezuela || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Bolivia || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Costa Rica || colspan="6" | ''South America'' |- | '''9''' || colspan="5" | Brazil || colspan="2" | Colombia || colspan="8" | ''South America'' || colspan="4" | Uruguay || colspan="4" | ''South America'' || colspan="10" | Brazil |- | '''0''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |} ===List of Many WMIs=== The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html | title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code | date=October 2009 | publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned. {| class="wikitable x" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI !! Manufacturer |- | AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa |- | AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd. |- | AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck & Bus) |- |AAP |VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number) |- | AAV|| Volkswagen South Africa |- | AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | ABJ|| Mitsubishi Colt & Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011 |- | ABJ|| Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks & Buses Southern Africa |- | ABM|| BMW Southern Africa |- | ACV|| Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018- |- | AC5|| [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa |- | ADD|| UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADM|| General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018) |- | ADN|| Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADR|| Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADX|| Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd. |- | AFA|| Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa & Samcor |- | AFB|| Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- | AHH|| Hino South Africa |- | AHM|| Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000 |- | AHT|| Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd. |- | BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya |- | BUK|| Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda |- | BR1|| Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB) |- | EBZ || Nizhekotrans (bus, Russia) |- | DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco) |- | HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray) |- | HA6 || Niu Technologies |- | HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd. |- | HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) |- | HGL || Farizon Auto van (Geely) |- | HGX || Wuling Motors van (Geely) |- | HJR || Jetour (Chery) |- | HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. <br />(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.) |- | HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. |- | HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden made by Isuzu |- | JAB || Isuzu car |- | JAC || Isuzu SUV |- | JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu |- | JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks & <br /> Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ & <br /> Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle) |- | JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle) |- | JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America) |- | JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) |- | JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America) |- | JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda |- | JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda |- | JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda |- | JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu |- | JD1 || Daihatsu car |- | JD2 || Daihatsu SUV |- | JD4 || Daihatsu truck |- | JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors |- | JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car |- | JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV |- | JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck |- | JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru |- | JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki |- | JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki |- | JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada |- | JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck) |- | JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck) |- | JHA || Hino truck |- | JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHD || Hino |- | JHF || Hino |- | JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,<br/>JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] |- | JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV |- | JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car |- | JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck |- | JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV |- | JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV |- | JH4 || Acura car |- | JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki |- | JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki |- | JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMF || Mitsubishi Motors (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault) |- | JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) |- | JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) |- | JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America & Middle East |- | JMZ || Mazda for Europe export |- | JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export |- | JM1 || Mazda car |- | JM2 || Mazda truck |- | JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV |- | JM4 || Mazda |- | JM6 || Mazda |- | JM7 || Mazda |- | JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks truck |- | JNK || Infiniti car |- | JNR || Infiniti SUV |- | JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle |- | JN1 || Nissan car & Infiniti car |- | JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle |- | JN6 || Nissan truck/van & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van |- | JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV & Infiniti SUV |- | JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda |- | JSA || Suzuki ATV & '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America) |- | JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki |- | JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota |- | JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle & Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JS2 || Suzuki car |- | JS3 || Suzuki SUV |- | JS4 || Suzuki truck |- | JTB || Toyota bus |- | JTD || Toyota car |- | JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JTF || Toyota van/truck |- | JTG || Toyota MPV/bus |- | JTH || Lexus car |- | JTJ || Lexus SUV |- | JTK || Toyota car |- | JTL || Toyota SUV |- | JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota |- | JTN || Toyota car |- | JTP || Toyota SUV |- | JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van |- | JT2 || Toyota car |- | JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JT4 || Toyota truck/van |- | JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle |- | JT6 || Lexus SUV |- | JT7 || Toyota bus/van |- | JT8 || Lexus car |- | JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid 2003) |- | JYA || Yamaha motorcycles |- | JYE || Yamaha snowmobile |- | JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV |- | JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV |- | J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu |- | J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada |- | J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu |- | KF3 || Merkavim (Israel) |- | KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel) |- | KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel) |- | KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea |- | KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)<br /> from Bupyeong & Kunsan plants |- | KLP || CT&T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles) |- | KLT || Tata Daewoo |- | KLU || Tata Daewoo |- | KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant |- | KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car) |- | KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac) |- | KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden) |- | KL4 || GM Korea (Buick) |- | KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki) |- | KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC) |- | KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000)) |- | KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000)) |- | KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car (Spark)) |- | KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] |- | KMC || Hyundai commercial truck |- | KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor) |- | KMF || Hyundai van & commercial truck & Bering Truck |- | KMH || Hyundai car |- | KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus |- | KMT || Genesis Motor car |- | KMU || Genesis Motor SUV |- | KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV |- | KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM8 || Hyundai SUV |- | KNA || Kia car |- | KNC || Kia truck |- | KND || Kia MPV/SUV & Hyundai Entourage |- | KNE || Kia for Europe export |- | KNF || Kia, special vehicles |- | KNG || Kia minibus/bus |- | KNJ || Ford Festiva & Aspire made by Kia |- | KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung |- | KN1 || Asia Motors |- | KN2 || Asia Motors |- | KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup |- | KPB || SsangYong car |- | KPH || Mitsubishi Precis |- | KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV |- | LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle |- | LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle |- | LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang) |- | LA6 || King Long |- | LA8 || Anhui Ankai |- | LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely) |- | LA9/LC0 || BYD |- | LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray |- | LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli) |- | LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang) |- | LBM || Zongshen Piaggio |- | LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBV || BMW Brilliance |- | LB1 || Fujian Benz |- | LB2 || Geely Motorcycles |- | LB3 || Geely Automobile (Geely, Kandi) |- | LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd. |- | LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO) |- | LCR || Gonow |- | LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza) |- | LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco) |- | LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA) |- | LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile |- | LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway) |- | LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd. |- | LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast |- | LDP || Voyah, Dongfeng |- | LDY || Zhongtong Bus, China |- | LD3 || GuangDong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle) |- | LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW) |- | LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC) |- | LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China |- | LE4 || Beijing Benz & Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) |- | LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFB || FAW Group |- | LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd. |- | LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing |- | LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton) |- | LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz) |- | LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus) |- | LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) |- | LFT || FAW (trailers) |- | LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Kaili) |- | LFW || FAW JieFang |- | LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory |- | LFZ || Leapmotor |- | LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle |- | LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks |- | LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Venucia) |- | LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. buses |- | LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor |- | LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) |- | LGL || Guilin Daewoo |- | LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey) |- | LGX || BYD Auto |- | LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus |- | LHA || Shuanghuan Auto |- | LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding |- | LHG || Guangzhou Honda |- | LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LH1 || FAW-Haima, China |- | LJC || Jincheng Corporation |- | LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) |- | LJD || Human Horizons - HiPhi (made by Yueda Kia) |- | LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan |- | LJS || Yaxing Coach |- | LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile & Kandi |- | LJU || Lotus/Geely (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.) |- | LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LJX || JMC Ford |- | LJ1 || JAC, China |- | LJ1 || Nio, Inc. |- | LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LJ8 || Zotye Auto |- | LKC || Changhe |- | LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LKH || Hafei Motor |- | LKL || Higer Bus |- | LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles |- | LK6 || Wuling (quadricycle) |- | LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV) |- | LLC || Loncin |- | LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd. |- | LLN || Qoros |- | LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi |- | LLV || Lifan |- | LLX || Yudo Auto |- | LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd. |- | LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng) |- | LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles) |- | LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell) |- | LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMG || GAC Trumpchi |- | LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader) |- | LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima |- | LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]] |- | LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) |- | LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LM6 || SWM (automobiles) |- | LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), Seres Aito |- | LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LNB || BAIC Motor, Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC |- | LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.) |- | LNP || NAC MG UK Limited & Nanjing Fiat Automobile |- | LNN || Chery Automobile (Omoda) |- | LNY || Yuejin |- | LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles) |- | LPE || BYD Auto |- | LPS || Polestar |- | LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LRB || SAIC General Motors Buick |- | LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks |- | LRE || SAIC General Motors Cadillac |- | LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai) |- | LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck) |- | LSF || SAIC Maxus & Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation |- | LSG || SAIC General Motors Chevrolet, Buick |- | LSH || SAIC Maxus van |- | LSJ || SAIC MG & SAIC Roewe & IM Motors |- | LSK || SAIC Maxus |- | LSV || SAIC Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Tantus) |- | LSY || Brilliance (Zhonghua) & Jinbei GM |- | LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV) |- | LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) & Changan Suzuki |- | LS6 || Changan Automobile & Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. & Avatr Technology Co., Ltd. |- | LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. |- | LTA || ZX Auto |- | LTN || Soueast built Chrysler & Dodge vehicles |- | LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin) |- | LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) |- | LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China) |- | LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd. |- | LUG || Qiantu Motor |- | LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd. |- | LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta) |- | LVA || Foton Motor |- | LVB || Foton Motor |- | LVC || Foton Motor |- | LVF || Changhe Suzuki |- | LVG || GAC Toyota |- | LVH || Dongfeng Honda |- | LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LVR || Changan Mazda |- | LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] & Changan Ford Mazda |- | LVT || Chery Automobile (Exeed) |- | LVU || Chery Automobile (Jetour) |- | LVV || Chery Automobile (Omoda, Jaecoo) |- | LVX || Landwind (discontinued in 2021) |- | LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd |- | LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory |- | LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LV3 || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. |- | LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd. |- | LWL || Qingling Isuzu |- | LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler (Fiat) |- | LW4 || Li Auto |- | LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG) |- | LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXN || Link Tour |- | LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd. |- | LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd. |- | LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor & Yinxiang Group) |- | LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory & Luqiao factory |- | LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China |- | LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan |- | LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group Shacman Bus |- | LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus |- | LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd. |- | LZM || MAN China |- | LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian) |- | LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen |- | LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus |- | LZW || SAIC GM Wuling |- | LZY || Yutong Zhengzhou, China |- | LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak) |- | LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd. |- | LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd. |- | LZ9/LZX || Raysince |- | L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | L1N || XPeng Motors |- | L10 || Geely Emgrand |- | L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover |- | L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles) |- | L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd. |- | L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs) |- | L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. |- | L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle |- | L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV & motorcycles) |- | L5Y || Merato Motorcycle Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen) |- | L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd. |- | L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV) |- | L6T || Geely, Lynk & Co, Zeekr |- | L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. |- | L82 || Baotian |- | L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance |- | L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle |- | L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd. |- | MAB || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAC || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India |- | MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India |- | MAL || Hyundai Motor India |- | MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix |- | MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover |- | MA1 || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic & export) |- | MA6 || GM India |- | MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd & Mitsubishi Motors & Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors |- | MBF || Royal Enfield |- | MBH || Suzuki (for export) & Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited |- | MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBL || Hero MotoCorp |- | MBR || Mercedes-Benz India |- | MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited |- | MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd. |- | MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape) |- | MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd. |- | MB1 || Ashok Leyland |- | MB2 || Hyundai Motor India |- | MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company |- | MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited |- | MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MCB || GM India |- | MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers |- | MCG || Atul Auto |- | MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd. |- | MC1 || Force Motors Ltd. |- | MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd. |- | MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd. |- | MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited |- | MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. |- | MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited |- | MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. & KTM and Husqvarna models built by Bajaj |- | MD6 || TVS Motor Company |- | MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella |- | MD9 || Shuttle Cars India |- | MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz) |- | MEE || Renault India Private Limited |- | MEG || Harley-Davidson India |- | MER || Benelli India |- | MET || Piaggio India (Vespa) |- | MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on |- | ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | ME3 || Royal Enfield |- | ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India |- | MYH || Ather Energy |- | MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa |- | MZZ || Citroen India |- | MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. |- | M3G || Isuzu Motors India |- | M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited |- | MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International |- | MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu) |- | MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia |- | MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car) |- | MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV) |- | MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle) |- | MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg. |- | MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia |- | MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle) |- | MJB || GM Indonesia |- | MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK) |- | MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia |- | MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling) |- | MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd. |- | MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand |- | ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Attitude made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand) |- | MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP) |- | MMM || Chevrolet Thailand |- | MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd. |- | MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car) |- | MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMU || Holden Thailand |- | MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) |- | MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export |- | MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets |- | MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets |- | MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd. |- | MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant) |- | MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand |- | MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car) |- | MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. |- | MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups & Fortuner SUV) |- | MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand |- | MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars & CUVs) |- | MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab) |- | MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Star Motors]] Myanmar |- | MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MXL || Yutong buses made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan) |- | MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan) |- | MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan) |- | NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran) |- | NAC || Mammut (truck trailers) |- | NAD || Škoda |- | NAP || Pars Khodro |- | NAS || SAIPA |- | NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NC9/ || VIRA Diesel |- | NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd. |- | NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation |- | NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars |- | NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S. |- | NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck |- | NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (trailer) |- | NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV |- | NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van |- | NLN || Karsan |- | NLR || Otokar |- | NLT || Temsa |- | NLZ || Tezeller |- | NL1 || TOGG |- | NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş. |- | NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses |- | NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. |- | NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle |- | NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey |- | NM0 || Ford Otosan |- | NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. |- | NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS) |- | NNA || Anadolu Isuzu |- | NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio) |- | NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer) |- | NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) |- | NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus) |- | NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) |- | NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyle (truck trailer) |- | NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect |- | NP9/300 || TCV (bus) |- | NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) |- | NRC || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer) |- | NRE || Bozankaya |- | NRX || Musoshi |- | NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv |- | NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer) |- | NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan) |- | NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan |- | PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation |- | PAD || Honda Cars Philippines |- | PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS) |- | PL1 || Proton, Malaysia |- | PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai |- | PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia |- | PMH || Honda Malaysia (car) |- | PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle) |- | PML || Hicom |- | PMN || Modenas |- | PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle) |- | PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PM1 || BMW & Mini/Inokom |- | PM2 || Perodua |- | PM9/ || Bufori |- | PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot |- | PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot) |- | PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia |- | PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PPP || Suzuki |- | PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) |- | PP1 || Mazda/Inokom |- | PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom |- | PRA || Sinotruk |- | PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant) |- | PRX || Kia/Inokom |- | PR8 || Ford |- | RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE |- | LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation |- | LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) |- | LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) |- | LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) |- | LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation |- | RFB || Kymco, Taiwan |- | RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee |- | RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation |- | RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan |- | RFL || Adly, Taiwan |- | RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan |- | RFV || PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO |- | RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan |- | RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen) |- | RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco |- | RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation |- | RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan |- | RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) |- | RKM || China Motor Corporation |- | RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation |- | RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. |- | RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | RK3 || Honda Taiwan |- | RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation |- | RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi |- | RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co. |- | RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLL || VinFast SUV |- | RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam |- | RLN || VinFast |- | RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 & DS 90) |- | RL0 || Ford Vietnam |- | RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam |- | RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | R1J || Jiayuan Electric Vehicles (Hong Kong) |- | R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd. |- | R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong) |- | R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. |- | SAA || Austin |- | SAB || Optare |- | SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987) |- | SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace) |- | SAF || ERF trucks |- | SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group |- | SAJ || Jaguar passenger car & Daimler passenger car (after April 1987) |- | SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]] |- | SAM || Morris |- | SAR || Rover & MG Rover Group |- | SAT || Triumph car |- | SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars |- | SAY || Norton Motorcycles |- | SAZ || Freight Rover |- | SA3 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/ || OX Global |- | SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA) |- | SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA) |- | SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars) |- | SA9/005 || Panther |- | SA9/010 || Invicta S1 |- | SA9/019 || TVR |- | SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars |- | SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys |- | SA9/038 || DAX Cars |- | SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars |- | SA9/048 || McLaren F1 |- | SA9/088 || Spectre Angel |- | SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering |- | SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace) |- | SA9/074 || Ascari |- | SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd. |- | SA9/113 || Noble |- | SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing |- | SA9/141 || Wrightbus |- | SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3 |- | SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars |- | SA9/211 || BAC |- | SA9/231 || Peel Engineering |- | SA9/337 || Ariel |- | SA9/341 || Zenos |- | SA9/438 || Charge Cars |- | SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive |- | SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car) |- | SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace) |- | SBB || Leyland Vehicles |- | SBC || Iveco Ford Truck |- | SBJ || Leyland Bus |- | SBL || Leyland Motors & Leyland DAF |- | SBM || McLaren |- | SBS || Scammell |- | SBV || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks made by Leyland Trucks |- | SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK |- | SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car |- | SCB || Bentley passenger car |- | SCC || Lotus Cars |- | SCD || Reliant Motors |- | SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK) |- | SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car & '21 DBX SUV |- | SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers |- | SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove |- | SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company & London Taxi Company & London Taxis International |- | SCV || Volvo Truck & Bus Scotland |- | SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020) |- | SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV |- | SDB || Talbot |- | SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984 |- | SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992 |- | SDK || Caterham Cars |- | SDL || TVR |- | SDP || NAC MG UK & MG Motor UK Ltd. |- | SD7 || Aston Martin SUV |- | SD8 || Moke International Ltd. |- | SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) |- | SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd. |- | SEY || LDV Group Ltd. |- | SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK |- | SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis |- | SFE || Alexander Dennis UK |- | SFR || General Trailers (truck trailer) |- | SFN || Foden Trucks |- | SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus |- | SGA || Avondale (caravans) |- | SGB || Bailey (caravans) |- | SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans) |- | SGE || Elddis (caravans) |- | SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd. |- |SG4 |Coachman (caravans) |- | SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car |- | SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV |- | SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck |- | SJA || Bentley SUV |- | SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti |- | SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan |- | SJ1 || Ree Automotive |- | SKA || Vauxhall |- | SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers & Trucks |- | SKF || Bedford Vehicles |- | SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd |- | SLA || Rolls Royce SUV |- | SLC || Thwaites Dumpers |- | SLG || McMurtry Automotive |- | SLN || Niftylift |- | SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. |- | SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SNE || Wartburg (East Germany) |- | SNT || Trabant (East Germany) |- | SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany) |- | SUA || Autosan |- | SUD || Wielton (truck trailers) |- | SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat) |- | SUJ || Jelcz (Poland) |- | SUL || FSC (Poland) |- | SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland) |- | SUU || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) |- | SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) - until 2004 |- | SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer) |- | SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer) |- | SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland) |- | SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer) |- | SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer) |- | SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer) |- | SWH || Temared (trailers) |- | SWV || TA-NO (Poland) |- | SWZ || Zremb (trailers) |- | SW9/BA1 || Solbus |- | SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer) |- | SXE || Neptun Trailers |- | SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o. |- | SX9/KT1 || SZA - Kutno (bus) |- | SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer) |- | SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer) |- | SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer) |- | SZA || Scania Poland |- | SZL || Boro Trailers |- | SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) |- | SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer) |- | SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer) |- | S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia) |- | TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon AG (Switzerland) |- | TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland) |- | TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland) |- | TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland) |- | TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (Switzerland) |- | TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland) |- | TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland) |- | TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland) |- | TKP ||Panav a.s. (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic) |- | TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic) |- | TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic) |- | TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic) |- | TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia |- | TNE || TAZ |- | TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody) |- | TNT || Tatra trucks |- | TNU || Tatra trucks |- | TN9 || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TRA || Ikarus Bus |- | TRC || Csepel |- | TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary) |- | TRR/CC0 || Rába Bus (Hungary) |- | TRU || Audi Hungary |- | TSB || Ikarus Bus |- | TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary) |- | TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary) |- | TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru G3X Justy made by Suzuki |- | TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary) |- | TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/156 || Ikarus / Auto Rad Controlle Kft. (Hungary) |- | TS9/167|| Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary) |- | TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary) |- | TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary) |- | TWG || CeatanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series) |- | TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal) |- | TW4 || UMM (Portugal) |- | TW6 || Citroën (Portugal) |- | TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland & Austin Rover Portugal |- | TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili) |- | TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive) |- | TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive) |- | T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia) |- | T49/V16 || MAZ / BIK (Serbia, bus) |- | T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands) |- | UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain) |- |UCY |Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain) |- | UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium) |- | UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark) |- | UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) |- | UH9/HF1|| HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) |- | UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) |- | UJG || Garia ApS (Denmark) |- | UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland |- | UU1 || Dacia (Romania) |- | UU2 || Oltcit |- | UU3 || ARO |- | UU4 || Roman SA |- | UU5 || Rocar |- | UU6 || Daewoo Romania |- | UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond |- | UU9 || Astra Bus |- | UV9 || ATP Bus |- | UWR || Robus Reșița |- | UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov) |- | U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia) |- | U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G & Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer |- | VAH || Hangler (truck trailer) |- | VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik |- | VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks |- | VAV || Schwarzmüller |- | VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf & Stift |- | VA4 || KSR |- | VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer) |- | VBK || KTM |- | VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles & Gas Gas under KTM ownership |- | VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr |- | VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA |- | VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers) |- | VFN || Trailor (truck trailers) |- | VF1 || Renault, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX & Colt made by Renault |- | VF2 || Renault Trucks |- | VF3 || Peugeot |- | VF4 || Talbot |- | VF5 || Iveco Unic |- | VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. |- | VF7 || Citroën |- | VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra) |- | VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer) |- | VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer) | | VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer) |- | VF9/300 || EvoBus France |- | VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] |- | VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus |- | VGA || Peugeot Motocycles |- | VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers) |- | VGY || Lohr (truck trailers) |- | VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) & Yamaha Motor |- | VG6 || Renault Trucks & Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks |- | VG7 || Renault Trucks |- | VG8 || Renault Trucks |- | VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle) |- | VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus) |- | VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain |- | VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer) |- | VH8 || Microcar |- | VJR || Ligier |- | VJY || Gruau |- | VJ1 || Heuliez Bus |- | VJ2 || Mia Electric |- | VJ4 || Gruau |- | VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer) |- | VK1 || SEG (truck trailer) |- | VK2 || Grandin Automobiles |- | VK8 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VLG || Aixam-Mega |- | VLU || Scania France |- | VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari |- | VMK || Renault Sport Spider |- | VMS || Automobiles Chatenet |- | VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55 |- | VM3 || Lamberet (trailer) |- | VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB |- | VN4 || Voxan |- | VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France) |- | VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France |- | VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault |- | VRW || Goupil |- | VR1 || DS Automobiles |- | VR3 || Peugeot |- | VR7 || Citroën |- | VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S |- | VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers) |- | VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van |- | VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) |- | VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV |- | VYF || Fiat van (Fiat Doblo '23-) |- | VYS || Renault made by Ampere at Eletricity Douai (Renault 5 E-Tech) |- | UA2 || Iveco Massif & Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain |- | VSC || Talbot |- | VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) & Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, & Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350) |- | VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup & Ford Maverick 1993–1999 |- | VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers) |- | VSS || SEAT/Cupra |- | VSX || Opel Spain |- | VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus) |- | VS1 || Pegaso |- | VS5 || Renault Spain |- | VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain |- | VS7 || Citroën Spain |- | VS8 || Peugeot Spain |- | VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain) |- | VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana |- | VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain) |- | VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain) |- | VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) |- | VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain) |- | VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica |- | VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain) |- | VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models) |- | VTH || Derbi (motorcycles) |- | VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles) |- | VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models) |- | VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles) |- | VTR || Gas Gas |- | VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles) |- | VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers) |- | VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers) |- | VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain |- | VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain) |- | VV9/130 ||Vectia Mobility bus (Spain) |- | VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza |- | VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles |- | VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers) |- | VWV || Volkswagen Spain |- | VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia) |- | VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia) |- | V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia) |- | V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia) |- | V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia) |- | V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia) |- | V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia) |- | V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia) |- | V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia) |- | WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant |- | WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer) |- | WAG || Neoplan |- | WAP || Alpina |- | WAU || Audi car |- | WA1 || Audi SUV |- | WBA || BMW car |- | WBJ || Bitter Cars |- | WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH |- | WBS || BMW M car |- | WBU || Bürstner (caravans) |- | WBX || BMW SUV |- | WBY || BMW i car |- | WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers) |- | WB1 || BMW Motorrad |- | WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS |- | WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin |- | WB5 || BMW i SUV |- | WCD || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019 |- | WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] & Maybach |- | WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car |- | WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French & Spanish built models – Citan & Vito & X-Class) |- | WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019 |- | WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDT || Dethleffs (caravans) |- | WDW || Dodge Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009 |- | WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009 |- | WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDZ || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle |- | WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck |- | WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle |- | WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses) |- | WEL || e.GO Mobile AG |- | WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH |- | WFC || Fendt (caravans) |- | WFD || Fliegl Trailer |- | WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany |- | WF1 || Merkur |- | WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH |- | WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer) |- | WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles) |- | WHD || Humbaur GmbH (trailers) |- | WHW || Hako GmbH |- | WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles) |- | WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus |- | WJR || Irmscher |- | WKE || Krone (truck trailers) |- | WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer) |- | WKN || Knaus (caravans) |- | WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers) |- | WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers) |- | WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers |- | WMA || MAN Truck & Bus |- | WME || smart (from 5/99) |- | WMM || Karl Müller GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailers) |- | WMW || MINI car |- | WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG & Mercedes-AMG GT (not used in North America) |- | WMZ || MINI SUV |- | WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE |- | WP0 || Porsche car |- | WP1 || Porsche SUV |- | WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers) |- | WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers) |- | WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers) |- | WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group |- | WS5 || StreetScooter |- | WS7 || Sono Motors |- | WTA || Tabbert (caravans) |- | WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car |- | WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV |- | WVG || Volkswagen SUV & Touran |- | WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN |- | WVP || Viseon Bus |- | WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan |- | WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok) |- | WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus) |- | WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab) |- | WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok made by Ford) |- | WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation) |- | W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer) |- | W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall & Holden |- | W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall & Holden (since 2017) |- | W04 || Buick Regal & Buick Cascada |- | W06 || Cadillac Catera |- | W08 || Saturn Astra |- | W09/A71 || Apollo |- | W09/B09 || Bitter Cars |- | W09/B16 || Brabus |- | W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer) |- | W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/D05 || Drögmöller |- | W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer) |- | W09/F57 || Twike |- | W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/G64 || Gumpert |- | W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau |- | W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/H49 || H&W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer) |- | W09/R06 || RUF |- | W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus) |- | W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer) |- | W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer) |- | W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailer) |- | W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/W59 || Wiesmann |- | W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/004|| ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W1A || smart |- | W1H || Freightliner Econic |- | W1K || Mercedes-Benz car |- | W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck |- | W1V || Mercedes-Benz van |- | W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | W1Z || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle |- | W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece |- | XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece |- | XLA || DAF Bus International |- | XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars) |- | XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands |- | XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V. |- | XLE || Scania Netherlands |- | XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer) |- | XLR || DAF Trucks & Leyland DAF |- | XLV || DAF Bus |- | XLW || Terberg Benschop BV |- | XL3 || Ebusco |- | XL4 ||Lightyear |- | XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV |- | XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer) |- | XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks |- | XL9/017 || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) |- | XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars |- | XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen |- | XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers) |- | XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter) |- | XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes |- | XL9/320 || VDL Bova |- | XL9/355|| Berdex (truck trailer) |- | XL9/363 || Spyker |- | XL9/530 || Ebusco |- | XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD) |- | XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD) |- | XMG || VDL Bus International |- | XMR || Nooteboom Trailers |- | XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. |- | XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - RHD) |- | XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - LHD) |- | XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer) |- | XNL || VDL Bus & Coach |- | XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XPN || Knapen Trailers |- | XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg) |- | XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia) |- | XTC || KAMAZ (Russia) |- | XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTF || GolAZ (Russia) |- | XTH || GAZ (Russia) |- | XTK || IzhAvto (Russia) |- | XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997 |- | XTP || Ural (Russia) |- | XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia) |- | XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia) |- | XTW || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTY || LiAZ (Russia) |- | XTZ || ZiL (Russia) |- | XUF || General Motors Russia |- | XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia) |- | XUU || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD) |- | XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia |- | XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia |- | XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan) |- | XWE || AvtoTor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD) |- | XWF || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD) |- | XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg) |- | XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus) |- | X1D|| RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) |- | X1E || KAvZ (Russia) |- | X1F || NefAZ (Russia) |- | X1M || PAZ (Russia) |- | X4X || AvtoTor (Russia, BMW SKD) |- | X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (Russia) |- | X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] & Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia) |- | X89/ || ВМЗ (VMZ) trolleybus |- | X89/FY1 || Sherp |- | X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles |- | X8U || Scania Russia |- | X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO |- | X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ |- | X9N || Samoltor (minibus) |- | X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO Volvo Trucks |- | X9X || Great Wall Motors |- | X96 || GAZ |- | X99/000 || Marussia |- | YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers) |- | YAM || Faymonville (truck trailers) |- | YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce & Toyota ProAce City made by PSA/Stellantis |- | YA2 || Atlas Copco Group |- | YA5 || Renders (truck trailers) |- | YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers) |- | YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer) |- | YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer) |- | YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet |- | YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers) |- | YA9/195 || Denolf & Depla (minibus) |- | YBD || Addax Motors |- | YBW || Volkswagen Belgium |- | YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck) |- | YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis) |- | YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle) |- | YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer) |- | YB6 || Jonckheere |- | YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK |- | YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle) |- | YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) |- | YE2 || Van Hool (buses) |- | YE6 || STAS (truck trailer) |- | YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer) |- | YF3 || NTM truck trailer (Finland) |- | YH1 || Solifer (caravans) |- | YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles) |- | YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive |- | YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland |- | YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto |- | YK9/016 || Linkker (bus) |- | YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab) |- | YSM || Polestar cars |- | YSP || Volta Trucks AB |- | YSR || Polestar SUV |- | YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) |- | YS3 || Saab cars |- | YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory) |- | YTN || Saab NEVS |- | YT7 || Kabe (caravans) |- | YT9/007 || Koenigsegg |- | YT9/034 || Carvia |- | YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer) |- | YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles) |- | YVV || WiMa 442 EV |- | YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars |- | YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks |- | YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis |- | YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV |- | YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle |- | YYC || Think Nordic (Norway) |- | Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway) |- | Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus) |- | Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus) |- | Y3M || MAZ (Belarus) |- | Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus |- | Y4K || Geely (Belarus) |- | Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y6L || Bogdan group, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine) |- | Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine) |- | Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine) |- | Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7D || GAZ Sobol made by (Ukraine) |- | Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (Ukraine) |- | Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9Z || Lada, Renault made by ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | ZAA || Autobianchi |- | ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet |- | ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter) |- | ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles |- | ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]] |- | ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera |- | ZAR || Alfa Romeo |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud & Sprint through 1989 |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018- |- | ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer) |- | ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid 2003 |- | ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System |- | ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena bus |- | ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper) |- | ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL |- | ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]] |- | ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l. |- | ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus) |- | ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A. |- | ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus) |- | ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer) |- | ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l. |- | ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali |- | ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale |- | ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina |- | ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer) |- | ZBB || Bertone |- | ZBD || InBus |- | ZBN || Benelli |- | ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum |- | ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy) |- | ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta |- | ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership |- | ZCM || Menarinibus - IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) / BredaMenariniBus |- | ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A. |- | ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. |- | ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati |- | ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA |- | ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino |- | ZDJ || ACM Biagini |- | ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA |- | ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA |- | ZDY || Cacciamali |- | ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA & Belgarda SpA |- | ZD3 || Beta Motor |- | ZD4 || Aprilia |- | ZD5 || Casalini |- | ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis & Mobilvetta recreational vehicles |- | ZES || Bimota |- | ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer) |- | ZFA || Fiat |- | ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV & Ram Promaster City |- | ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200) |- | ZFE || KL Motorcycle |- | ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] |- | ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer) |- | ZFM || Fantic Motor |- | ZFR || Pininfarina |- | ZF4 || Qvale |- | ZGA || Iveco Bus |- | ZGU || Moto Guzzi |- | ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership |- | ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] Mid 2003- |- | ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle) |- | ZJM || Malaguti |- | ZJN || Innocenti |- | ZJT || Italjet |- | ZKC || Ducati Energia (quadricycle) |- | ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership |- | ZLA || Lancia |- | ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA |- | ZLM || Moto Morini srl |- | ZLV || Laverda |- | ZNN || Energica |- | ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l. |- | ZN3 || Iveco Defence |- | ZN6 || Maserati SUV |- | ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV |- | ZPY || DR Automobiles |- | ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA |- | ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV |- | ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia) |- | ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia) |- | Z2Z || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia) |- | Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia) |- | Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan) |- | Z8M || Marussia (Russia) |- | Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z8T || PCMA Rus (Russia) |- | Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia) |- | Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia) |- | Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z07 || Volgabus (Russia |- | 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only |- | 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. |- | 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC) |- | 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 1AF || American LaFrance truck |- | 1AM || American Motors Corporation car & Renault Alliance 1983 only |- | 1BN || Beall Trailers |- | 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002 |- | 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid 1995 |- | 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers |- | 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles |- | 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles |- | 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles |- | 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus |- | 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV |- | 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle |- | 1BL || Balko, Inc. |- | 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005 |- | 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012– |- | 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/291 || CX Automotive |- | 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer) |- | 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation |- | 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation) |- | 1CY || Crane Carrier Company |- | 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009 |- | 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only |- | 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only |- | 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus |- | 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre & Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus) |- | 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries) |- | 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle) |- | 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ |- | 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford |- | 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle |- | 1FG || Freightliner Unimog (works machine) |- | 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 1FU || Freightliner |- | 1FV || Freightliner |- | 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009) |- | 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC |- | 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. |- | 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes |- | 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp. |- | 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1F9/SX2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA |- | 1G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984 |- | 1G0 || Opel car 2007–2017 |- | 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010 |- | 1G9/495 || Google & Waymo |- | 1GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck |- | 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 1GF || Flxible bus |- | 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM |- | 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986 |- | 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004 |- | 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020 |- | 1GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV |- | 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck |- | 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV |- | 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International |- | 1HD || Harley-Davidson |- | 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV |- | 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 1HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks truck |- | 1HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks & Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD incomplete vehicle |- | 1HV || IC Bus incomplete bus |- | 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JU || Marmon Motor Company |- | 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- | 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car |- | 1LV || Lectra Motors |- | 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers |- | 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine |- | 1L9/155 || LA Exotics |- | 1L9/234 || Laforza |- | 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co. |- | 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 1MR || Continental Mark VI & VII 1981–1985 & Continental sedan 1982–1985 |- | 1M0 || John Deere Gator |- | 1M1 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M2 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M3 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M4 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles |- | 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive |- | 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019 |- | 1N4 || Nissan car |- | 1N6 || Nissan truck |- | 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA |- | 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California) |- | 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation |- | 1NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 1NN || Monon (truck trailer) |- | 1NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI |- | 1P3 || Plymouth car |- | 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV |- | 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp |- | 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles) |- | 1P9/213 || Panoz |- | 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1PY || John Deere USA |- | 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation |- | 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles) |- | 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT) |- | 1S9/842 || Saleen S7 |- | 1S9/944 || SSC North America |- | 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer) |- | 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer) |- | 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA |- | 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper |- | 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC |- | 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation |- | 1UJ || Jayco, Inc. |- | 1UT || Jeep DJ made by AM General |- | 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1VH || Orion Bus Industries |- | 1VW || Volkswagen car |- | 1V1 || Volkswagen truck |- | 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV |- | 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive |- | 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc |- | 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 1WT || Winnebago Industries |- | 1WU || White Motor Company truck |- | 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries |- | 1WX 1WY || White Motor Company incomplete vehicle |- | 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars |- | 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation |- | 1XK || Kenworth truck |- | 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987 |- | 1XP || Peterbilt truck |- | 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI |- | 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc. |- | 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider |- | 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]] |- | 10R || E-Z-GO |- | 10T || Oshkosh Corporation |- | 12A || Avanti |- | 137 || AM General Hummer & Hummer H1 |- | 15G || Gillig bus |- | 16C || Clenet Coachworks |- | 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome |- | 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 2A3 || Imperial |- | 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only |- | 2AY 2AZ || Hino |- | 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2BP || Ski-Doo |- | 2BV || Can-Am & Bombardier ATV |- | 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV |- | 2BX || Can-Am Spyder |- | 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder |- | 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries |- | 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002 |- | 2B5 || Dodge "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002 |- | 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005 |- | 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia & VW) 2012- |- | 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005 |- | 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors |- | 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles |- | 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only |- | 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only |- | 2CM || American Motors Corporation car |- | 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only |- | 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only |- | 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003 |- | 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003 |- | 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2DN ||Dynasty Electric Car Corporation |- | 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager) |- | 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle) |- | 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 2FU || Freightliner |- | 2FV || Freightliner |- | 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle) |- | 2FY || New Flyer |- | 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada |- | 2G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 2G5 || GMC MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 2G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 2G8 || Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 2GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus & GM Classic series bus |- | 2GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 2GT || GMC truck |- | 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HM || Hyundai Canada |- | 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HS || International Trucks truck |- | 2HT || International Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo |- | 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse |- | 2LM || Lincoln SUV |- | 2LN || Lincoln car |- | 2M1 || Mack Trucks |- | 2M2 || Mack Trucks |- | 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on) |- | 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV |- | 2M9/06 || Motor Coach Industries |- | 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 2NV || Nova Bus |- | 2P3 || Plymouth car |- | 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000 |- | 2P5 || Plymouth "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983 |- | 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995 |- | 2PC || Prevost 1996- |- | 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC |- | 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2WK || Western Star truck |- | 2WL || Western Star incomplete vehicle |- | 2WM || Western Star incomplete vehicle |- | 2XK || Kenworth truck |- | 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2XP || Peterbilt truck |- | 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only |- | 3AK || Freightliner Trucks |- | 3AL || Freightliner Trucks |- |3AX |Scania Mexico |- |3BE |Scania Mexico (buses) |- | 3BJ || Western Star 3700 truck made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993 |- | 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012– |- | 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico |- | 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V. |- | 3CZ || Honda SUV |- | 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009 |- | 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009 |- | 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011 |- | 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011 |- | 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont) |- | 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford & IMMSA |- | 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico |- | 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck) |- | 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 3F6 || Sterling Bullet |- | 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico |- | 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011 |- | 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020 |- | 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV |- | 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV |- | 3GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 3GK || GMC SUV |- | 3GM || Holden Suburban |- | 3GN || Chevrolet SUV |- | 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM |- | 3GS || Saturn SUV |- | 3GT || GMC truck |- | 3GY || Cadillac SUV |- | 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV |- | 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers) |- | 3HA || International Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 3HC || International Trucks truck |- | 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Mexico car |- | 3HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks truck |- | 3HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV & Can-Am Ryker) |- | 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX |- | 3LN || Lincoln car |- | 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995) |- | 3MD || Mazda Mexico car |- | 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011) |- | 3MF || BMW M car |- | 3MV || Mazda SUV |- | 3MW || BMW car |- | 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation |- | 3MZ || Mazda Mexico car |- | 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car |- | 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck & Chevrolet City Express |- | 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV |- | 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV |- | 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV |- | 3P3 || Plymouth car |- | 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS |- | 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC |- | 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT |- | 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV |- | 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car |- | 3WK || Kenworth truck |- | 3WP || Peterbilt truck |- | 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car |- | 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV |- | 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4B9/038 || BYD Coach & Bus LLC |- | 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle) |- | 4C9/561 || Czinger |- | 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc. |- | 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 4DR || IC Bus |- | 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck) |- | 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford |- | 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford |- | 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM |- | 4G5 || General Motors EV1 |- | 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM |- | 4GD || Opel Sintra |- | 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle |- | 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM |- | 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV |- | 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer) |- | 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by Isuzu Motors |- | 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by Isuzu Motors |- | 4KE || U.S. Electricar Consulier |- | 4KL || Isuzu commercial truck built by GM |- | 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV |- | 4MB || Mitsubishi Motor |- | 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division |- | 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company |- | 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford |- | 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM |- | 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA |- | 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994 |- | 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only |- | 4RK || Nova Bus & Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc. |- | 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car |- | 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV |- | 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 4S9/197|| Smith Electric Vehicles |- | 4S7/419 || Spartan Motors truck |- | 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars) |- | 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.) |- | 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi) |- | 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI |- | 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive |- | 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc. |- | 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors |- | 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc. |- | 4US || BMW car |- | 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation & <br /> gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis & <br /> Thomas Built Buses FS-65 & Saf-T-Liner C2 |- | 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles) |- | 4V1 || WhiteGMC truck |- | 4V2 || WhiteGMC incomplete vehicle |- | 4V3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck |- | 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4V6 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck |- | 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only |- | 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales |- | 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM |- | 4XA || Polaris Inc. |- | 4X4 || Forest River |- | 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc. |- | 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck |- | 43C || Consulier |- | 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle |- | 46J || Federal Motors Inc |- | 478 || Honda ATV |- | 480 || Sterling Trucks |- | 49H || Sterling Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011 |- | 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer) |- | 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc. |- | 5BP || Solectria |- | 5BZ || Nissan "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA) |- | 5CX || Shelby Series 1 |- | 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC |- | 5DF || Terex Advance Mixer |- | 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle |- | 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles) |- | 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FT || Feeling Trailers |- | 5FY || New Flyer |- | 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV |- | 5GD || Daewoo G2X |- | 5GN || Hummer H3T |- | 5GR || Hummer H2 |- | 5GT || Hummer H3 |- | 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV |- | 5G8 || Holden Volt |- | 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets |- | 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5KJ || Western Star Trucks truck |- | 5KK || Western Star Trucks truck |- | 5KT || Karavan Trailers |- | 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009) |- | 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle |- | 5LD || Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014) |- | 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV |- | 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck |- | 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets |- | 5N1 || Nissan & Infiniti SUV |- | 5N3 || Infiniti SUV |- | 5NH || Forest River |- | 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA |- | 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA |- | 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA |- | 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA |- | 5S3 || Saab 9-7X |- | 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV) |- | 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor) |- | 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI |- | 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV made by TMMI |- | 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI |- | 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX |- | 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer) |- | 5UM || BMW M car |- | 5UX || BMW SUV |- | 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle |- | 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5VP || Victory Motorcycles |- | 5WE || IC Bus incomplete vehicle |- | 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG |- | 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG |- | 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC) |- | 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS |- | 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021) |- | 5YM || BMW M SUV |- | 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc. |- | 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI |- | 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV) |- | 5ZT || Forest River |- | 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan |- | 50E || Lucid Motors |- | 50G || Karma Automotive |- | 516 || Autocar truck |- | 51R || Brammo Motorcycles |- | 523 || VPG |- | 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc. |- | 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric |- | 538 || Zero Motorcycles |- | 53G || Coda Automotive |- | 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN |- | 546 || EBR |- | 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer |- | 54D || Isuzu & Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group |- | 55S || Mercedes-Benz car |- | 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary) |- | 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 57R || Oreion Motors |- | 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles) |- | 57W || Mobility Ventures |- | 57X || Polaris Slingshot |- | 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES) |- | 6AB || MAN Australia |- | 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs) |- | 6F1 || Ford |- | 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd. |- | 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia |- | 6F5 || Kenworth Australia |- | 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia |- | 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia |- | 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) & Chevrolet |- | 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO & G8) |- | 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet 2014-2017 |- | 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002) |- | 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia |- | 6MP || Mercury Capri |- | 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia |- | 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 7AB || MAN New Zealand |- | 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009 |- | 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand |- | 7A3 || Honda New Zealand |- | 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand |- | 7A5 || Ford New Zealand |- | 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand |- | 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009 |- | 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 7FC || Rivian truck |- | 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. |- | 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International |- | 7G0 || Faraday Future |- | 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks & Texas-built Cybertruck) |- | 7H4 || Hino truck |- | 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle |- | 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV |- | 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car |- | 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on |- | 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck |- | 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles |- | 7NA || Navistar Defense |- | 7NY || Lordstown Motors |- | 7PD || Rivian SUV |- | 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions |- | 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y)) |- | 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group |- | 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX |- | 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022- |- | 7SY || Polestar SUV |- | 7TN || Canoo |- | 7VV || Ree Automotive |- | 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 7Z0 || Zoox |- | 8AB || Mercedes Benz trucks (Argentina) |- | 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America) |- | 8AD || Peugeot Argentina |- | 8AE || Peugeot van |- | 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina |- | 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina |- | 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina |- | 8AK || Suzuki Argentina |- | 8AN || Nissan Argentina |- | 8AP || Fiat Argentina |- | 8AT || Iveco Argentina |- | 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina |- | 8A1 || Renault Argentina |- | 8A3 || Scania Argentina |- | 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A. |- | 8BC || Citroën Argentina |- | 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | 8BR || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | 8CH || Honda motorcycle |- | 8C3 || Honda car/SUV |- | 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault |- | 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot |- | 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile |- | 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador |- | 8LF || Maresa (Mazda) |- | 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor & Kia) |- | 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto) |- | 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela |- | 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A. |- | 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A. |- | 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A. |- | 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia) |- | 9BD || Fiat Brazil, Ram made by Fiat Brasil |- | 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil |- | 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil |- | 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil |- | 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV & commercial truck |- | 9BN || Mafersa |- | 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 9BS || Scania Brazil |- | 9BV || Volvo Trucks |- | 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil |- | 9BY || Agrale S.A. |- | 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil |- | 9DF || Puma |- | 9DW || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks made by Volkswagen do Brasil |- | 92H || Origem Brazil |- | 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 935 || Citroën Brazil |- | 936 || Peugeot Brazil |- | 937 || Dodge |- | 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Montana] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil) |- | 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV |- | 93K || Volvo Trucks |- | 93P || Volare |- | 93S || Navistar International |- | 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006 |- | 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016 |- | 93V || Navistar International |- | 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny |- | 93Y || Renault Brazil |- | 93Z || Iveco |- | 94D || Nissan Brazil |- | 94N || RWM Brazil |- | 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais |- | 95P || CAOA Hyundai & CAOA Chery |- | 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) & Ducati, KTM, & MV Agusta assembled by Dafra |- | 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016 |- | 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 953 || VW Truck & Bus / MAN Truck & Bus |- | 96P || Kawasaki |- | 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. |- | 988 || Jeep and Fiat (made at the Goiana plant) |- | 98M || BMW car/SUV |- | 98P || DAF Trucks |- | 98R || Chery |- | 99A || Audi 2016- |- | 99H || Shineray |- | 99J || Jaguar Land Rover |- | 99K || Haojue & Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos |- | 99L || BYD |- | 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-) |- | 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa) |- | 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda) |- | 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.) |- | 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay) |- | 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay) |- | 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo) |- | 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy) |- | 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 856s5jdqr7ekk82pebz68nx7u1zk4wj 4443496 4443489 2024-11-02T15:14:17Z Vard 57 3408170 /* List of Many WMIs */ added some more from BE and DK mainly 4443496 wikitext text/x-wiki ==World Manufacturer Identifier== The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. ===WMI Regions=== The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/ | title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780 | publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI ! Region ! Notes |- | A-C | Africa | AA-AH = South Africa<br />BF-BG = Kenya<br />BU = Uganda<br />CA-CB = Egypt<br />DF-DK = Morocco |- | H-R | Asia | H = China<br />J = Japan<br />KF-KH = Israel<br />KL-KR = South Korea<br />L = China<br />MA-ME = India<br />MF-MK = Indonesia<br />ML-MR = Thailand<br />MS = Myanmar<br />MX = Kazakhstan<br />MY-M0 = India<br />NF-NG = Pakistan<br />NL-NR = Turkey<br />NS-NT = Uzbekistan<br />PA-PC = Philippines<br />PF-PG = Singapore<br />PL-PR = Malaysia<br />PS-PT = Bangladesh<br />RF-RK = Taiwan<br />RL-RN = Vietnam<br />R1-R7 = Hong Kong |- | S-Z | Europe | SA-SM = United Kingdom<br />SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)<br />SU-SZ = Poland<br />TA-TH = Switzerland<br />TJ-TP = Czech Republic<br />TR-TV = Hungary<br />TW-T2 = Portugal<br />UH-UM = Denmark<br />UN-UR = Ireland<br />UU-UX = Romania<br />U1-U2 = North Macedonia<br />U5-U7 = Slovakia<br />VA-VE = Austria<br />VF-VR = France<br />VS-VW = Spain<br />VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)<br />V3-V5 = Croatia<br />V6-V8 = Estonia<br /> W = Germany (formerly West Germany)<br />XA-XC = Bulgaria<br />XF-XH = Greece<br />XL-XR = The Netherlands<br />XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)<br />XX-XY = Luxembourg<br />XZ-X0 = Russia<br />YA-YE = Belgium<br />YF-YK = Finland<br />YS-YW = Sweden<br />YX-Y2 = Norway<br />Y3-Y5 = Belarus<br />Y6-Y8 = Ukraine<br />ZA-ZU = Italy<br />ZX-ZZ = Slovenia<br />Z3-Z5 = Lithuania<br />Z6-Z0 = Russia |- | 1-5 | North America | 1, 4, 5 = United States<br />2 = Canada<br />3 = Mexico<br /> |- | 6-7 | Oceania | 6A-6W = Australia<br />7A-7E = New Zealand |- | 8-9 | South America | 8A-8E = Argentina<br />8F-8G = Chile<br />8L-8N = Ecuador<br />8S-8T = Peru<br />8X-8Z = Venezuela<br />82 = Bolivia<br />84 = Costa Rica<br />9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil<br />9F-9G = Colombia<br />9S-9V = Uruguay |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''A''' || colspan="8" | South Africa || colspan="2" | Ivory Coast || colspan="2" | Lesotho || colspan="2" | Botswana || colspan="2" | Namibia || colspan="2" | Madagascar || colspan="2" | Mauritius || colspan="2" | Tunisia || colspan="2" | Cyprus || colspan="2" | Zimbabwe || colspan="2" | Mozambique || colspan="5" | ''Africa'' |- | '''B''' || colspan="2" | Angola || colspan="1" | Ethiopia || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Kenya || colspan="1" | Rwanda || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Nigeria || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Algeria || colspan="1" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Swaziland || colspan="1" | Uganda || colspan="7" | ''Africa''|| colspan="2" | Libya || colspan="6" | ''Africa'' |- | '''C''' || colspan="2" | Egypt || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Morocco || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Zambia || colspan="21" | ''Africa'' |- | '''D''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |- | '''E''' || colspan="33" | Russia |- | '''F''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |- | '''G''' |- | '''H''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''J''' || colspan="33" | Japan |- | '''K''' || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | Israel || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | South Korea || colspan="2" | Jordan || colspan="6" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | South Korea || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kyrgyzstan || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' |- | '''L''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''M''' || colspan="5" | India || colspan="5" | Indonesia || colspan="5" | Thailand || colspan="1" | Myanmar || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Mongolia || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kazakhstan || colspan="12" | India |- | '''N''' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="2" | Pakistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Iraq || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Turkey || colspan="2" | Uzbekistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Azerbaijan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Tajikistan || colspan="1" | Armenia || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Turkey || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' |- | '''P''' || colspan="3" | Philippines || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Singapore || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Malaysia || colspan="2" | Bangladesh || colspan="10" | ''Asia'' || colspan="6" | India |- | '''R''' || colspan="2" | UAE || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Taiwan || colspan="3" | Vietnam || colspan="1" | Laos || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Saudi Arabia || colspan="3" | Russia || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="7" | Hong Kong || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''S''' || colspan="12" | United Kingdom || colspan="5" | Germany <small>(former East Germany)</small> || colspan="6" | Poland || colspan="2" | Latvia || colspan="1" | Georgia || colspan="1" | Iceland || colspan="6" | ''Europe'' |- | '''T''' || colspan="8" | Switzerland || colspan="6" | Czech Republic || colspan="5" | Hungary || colspan="6" | Portugal || colspan="3" | Serbia || colspan="1" | Andorra || colspan="2" | Netherlands || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''U''' || colspan="3" | Spain || colspan="4" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Denmark || colspan="3" | Ireland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="4" | Romania || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="2" | North Macedonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovakia || colspan="3" | Bosnia & Herzogovina |- | '''V''' || colspan="5" | Austria || colspan="10" | France || colspan="5" | Spain || colspan="5" | France <small>(formerly Yugoslavia & Serbia)</small> || colspan="3" | Croatia || colspan="3" | Estonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''W''' || colspan="33" | Germany |- | '''X''' || colspan="3" | Bulgaria || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="3" | Greece || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="5" | Netherlands || colspan="5" | Russia <small>(former USSR)</small> || colspan="2" | Luxembourg || colspan="11" | Russia |- | '''Y''' || colspan="5" | Belgium || colspan="5" | Finland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="1" | Malta || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Sweden || colspan="5" | Norway || colspan="3" | Belarus || colspan="3" | Ukraine || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''Z''' || colspan="18" | Italy || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovenia || colspan="1" | San Marino|| colspan="1" | ''Europe''|| colspan="3" | Lithuania || colspan="5" | Russia |- | '''1''' || colspan="33" | United States |- | '''2''' || colspan="28" | Canada || colspan="5" | ''North America'' |- | '''3''' || colspan="21" | Mexico || colspan="5" | ''North America'' || colspan="1" | Nicaragua || colspan="1" | Dom. Rep. || colspan="1" | Honduras || colspan="1" | Panama || colspan="2" | Puerto Rico || colspan="1" | ''North America'' |- | '''4''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | United States |- | '''5''' |- | '''6''' || colspan="21" | Australia || colspan="3" | New Zealand || colspan="9" | ''Oceania'' |- | '''7''' || colspan="5" | New Zealand || colspan="28" | United States |- | '''8''' || colspan="5" | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Ecuador || colspan="2" | ''South America'' || colspan="2" | Peru || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Venezuela || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Bolivia || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Costa Rica || colspan="6" | ''South America'' |- | '''9''' || colspan="5" | Brazil || colspan="2" | Colombia || colspan="8" | ''South America'' || colspan="4" | Uruguay || colspan="4" | ''South America'' || colspan="10" | Brazil |- | '''0''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |} ===List of Many WMIs=== The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html | title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code | date=October 2009 | publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned. {| class="wikitable x" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI !! Manufacturer |- | AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa |- | AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd. |- | AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck & Bus) |- |AAP |VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number) |- | AAV|| Volkswagen South Africa |- | AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | ABJ|| Mitsubishi Colt & Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011 |- | ABJ|| Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks & Buses Southern Africa |- | ABM|| BMW Southern Africa |- | ACV|| Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018- |- | AC5|| [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa |- | ADD|| UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADM|| General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018) |- | ADN|| Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADR|| Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADX|| Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd. |- | AFA|| Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa & Samcor |- | AFB|| Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- | AHH|| Hino South Africa |- | AHM|| Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000 |- | AHT|| Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd. |- | BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya |- | BUK|| Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda |- | BR1|| Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB) |- | EBZ || Nizhekotrans (bus, Russia) |- | DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco) |- | HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray) |- | HA6 || Niu Technologies |- | HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd. |- | HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) |- | HGL || Farizon Auto van (Geely) |- | HGX || Wuling Motors van (Geely) |- | HJR || Jetour (Chery) |- | HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. <br />(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.) |- | HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. |- | HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden made by Isuzu |- | JAB || Isuzu car |- | JAC || Isuzu SUV |- | JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu |- | JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks & <br /> Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ & <br /> Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle) |- | JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle) |- | JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America) |- | JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) |- | JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America) |- | JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda |- | JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda |- | JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda |- | JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu |- | JD1 || Daihatsu car |- | JD2 || Daihatsu SUV |- | JD4 || Daihatsu truck |- | JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors |- | JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car |- | JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV |- | JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck |- | JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru |- | JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki |- | JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki |- | JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada |- | JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck) |- | JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck) |- | JHA || Hino truck |- | JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHD || Hino |- | JHF || Hino |- | JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,<br/>JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] |- | JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV |- | JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car |- | JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck |- | JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV |- | JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV |- | JH4 || Acura car |- | JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki |- | JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki |- | JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMF || Mitsubishi Motors (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault) |- | JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) |- | JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) |- | JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America & Middle East |- | JMZ || Mazda for Europe export |- | JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export |- | JM1 || Mazda car |- | JM2 || Mazda truck |- | JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV |- | JM4 || Mazda |- | JM6 || Mazda |- | JM7 || Mazda |- | JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks truck |- | JNK || Infiniti car |- | JNR || Infiniti SUV |- | JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle |- | JN1 || Nissan car & Infiniti car |- | JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle |- | JN6 || Nissan truck/van & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van |- | JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV & Infiniti SUV |- | JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda |- | JSA || Suzuki ATV & '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America) |- | JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki |- | JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota |- | JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle & Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JS2 || Suzuki car |- | JS3 || Suzuki SUV |- | JS4 || Suzuki truck |- | JTB || Toyota bus |- | JTD || Toyota car |- | JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JTF || Toyota van/truck |- | JTG || Toyota MPV/bus |- | JTH || Lexus car |- | JTJ || Lexus SUV |- | JTK || Toyota car |- | JTL || Toyota SUV |- | JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Solterra made by Toyota |- | JTN || Toyota car |- | JTP || Toyota SUV |- | JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van |- | JT2 || Toyota car |- | JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JT4 || Toyota truck/van |- | JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle |- | JT6 || Lexus SUV |- | JT7 || Toyota bus/van |- | JT8 || Lexus car |- | JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid 2003) |- | JYA || Yamaha motorcycles |- | JYE || Yamaha snowmobile |- | JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV |- | JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV |- | J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu |- | J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada |- | J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle) |- | J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu |- | KF3 || Merkavim (Israel) |- | KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel) |- | KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel) |- | KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea |- | KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)<br /> from Bupyeong & Kunsan plants |- | KLP || CT&T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles) |- | KLT || Tata Daewoo |- | KLU || Tata Daewoo |- | KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant |- | KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car) |- | KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac) |- | KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden) |- | KL4 || GM Korea (Buick) |- | KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki) |- | KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC) |- | KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000)) |- | KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000)) |- | KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car (Spark)) |- | KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] |- | KMC || Hyundai commercial truck |- | KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor) |- | KMF || Hyundai van & commercial truck & Bering Truck |- | KMH || Hyundai car |- | KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus |- | KMT || Genesis Motor car |- | KMU || Genesis Motor SUV |- | KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV |- | KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM8 || Hyundai SUV |- | KNA || Kia car |- | KNC || Kia truck |- | KND || Kia MPV/SUV & Hyundai Entourage |- | KNE || Kia for Europe export |- | KNF || Kia, special vehicles |- | KNG || Kia minibus/bus |- | KNJ || Ford Festiva & Aspire made by Kia |- | KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung |- | KN1 || Asia Motors |- | KN2 || Asia Motors |- | KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup |- | KPB || SsangYong car |- | KPH || Mitsubishi Precis |- | KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV |- | LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle |- | LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle |- | LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang) |- | LA6 || King Long |- | LA8 || Anhui Ankai |- | LA7 || Radar Auto (Geely) |- | LA9/LC0 || BYD |- | LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray |- | LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli) |- | LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang) |- | LBM || Zongshen Piaggio |- | LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBV || BMW Brilliance |- | LB1 || Fujian Benz |- | LB2 || Geely Motorcycles |- | LB3 || Geely Automobile (Geely, Kandi) |- | LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd. |- | LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO) |- | LCR || Gonow |- | LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza) |- | LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco) |- | LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA) |- | LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile |- | LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway) |- | LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd. |- | LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast |- | LDP || Voyah, Dongfeng |- | LDY || Zhongtong Bus, China |- | LD3 || GuangDong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle) |- | LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW) |- | LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC) |- | LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China |- | LE4 || Beijing Benz & Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) |- | LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFB || FAW Group |- | LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd. |- | LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing |- | LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton) |- | LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz) |- | LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus) |- | LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) |- | LFT || FAW (trailers) |- | LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Kaili) |- | LFW || FAW JieFang |- | LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory |- | LFZ || Leapmotor |- | LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle |- | LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks |- | LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Venucia) |- | LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. buses |- | LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor |- | LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) |- | LGL || Guilin Daewoo |- | LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey) |- | LGX || BYD Auto |- | LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus |- | LHA || Shuanghuan Auto |- | LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding |- | LHG || Guangzhou Honda |- | LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LH1 || FAW-Haima, China |- | LJC || Jincheng Corporation |- | LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) |- | LJD || Human Horizons - HiPhi (made by Yueda Kia) |- | LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan |- | LJS || Yaxing Coach |- | LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile & Kandi |- | LJU || Lotus/Geely (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.) |- | LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LJX || JMC Ford |- | LJ1 || JAC, China |- | LJ1 || Nio, Inc. |- | LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LJ8 || Zotye Auto |- | LKC || Changhe |- | LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LKH || Hafei Motor |- | LKL || Higer Bus |- | LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles |- | LK6 || Wuling (quadricycle) |- | LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV) |- | LLC || Loncin |- | LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd. |- | LLN || Qoros |- | LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi |- | LLV || Lifan |- | LLX || Yudo Auto |- | LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd. |- | LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng) |- | LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles) |- | LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell) |- | LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMG || GAC Trumpchi |- | LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader) |- | LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima |- | LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]] |- | LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) |- | LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LM6 || SWM (automobiles) |- | LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), Seres Aito |- | LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LNB || BAIC Motor, Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC |- | LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.) |- | LNP || NAC MG UK Limited & Nanjing Fiat Automobile |- | LNN || Chery Automobile (Omoda) |- | LNY || Yuejin |- | LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles) |- | LPE || BYD Auto |- | LPS || Polestar |- | LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LRB || SAIC General Motors Buick |- | LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks |- | LRE || SAIC General Motors Cadillac |- | LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai) |- | LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck) |- | LSF || SAIC Maxus & Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation |- | LSG || SAIC General Motors Chevrolet, Buick |- | LSH || SAIC Maxus van |- | LSJ || SAIC MG & SAIC Roewe & IM Motors |- | LSK || SAIC Maxus |- | LSV || SAIC Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Tantus) |- | LSY || Brilliance (Zhonghua) & Jinbei GM |- | LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV) |- | LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) & Changan Suzuki |- | LS6 || Changan Automobile & Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. & Avatr Technology Co., Ltd. |- | LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. |- | LTA || ZX Auto |- | LTN || Soueast built Chrysler & Dodge vehicles |- | LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin) |- | LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) |- | LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China) |- | LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd. |- | LUG || Qiantu Motor |- | LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd. |- | LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta) |- | LVA || Foton Motor |- | LVB || Foton Motor |- | LVC || Foton Motor |- | LVF || Changhe Suzuki |- | LVG || GAC Toyota |- | LVH || Dongfeng Honda |- | LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LVR || Changan Mazda |- | LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] & Changan Ford Mazda |- | LVT || Chery Automobile (Exeed) |- | LVU || Chery Automobile (Jetour) |- | LVV || Chery Automobile (Omoda, Jaecoo) |- | LVX || Landwind (discontinued in 2021) |- | LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd |- | LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory |- | LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LV3 || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. |- | LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd. |- | LWL || Qingling Isuzu |- | LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler (Fiat) |- | LW4 || Li Auto |- | LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG) |- | LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXN || Link Tour |- | LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd. |- | LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd. |- | LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor & Yinxiang Group) |- | LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory & Luqiao factory |- | LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China |- | LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan |- | LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group Shacman Bus |- | LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus |- | LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd. |- | LZM || MAN China |- | LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian) |- | LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen |- | LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus |- | LZW || SAIC GM Wuling |- | LZY || Yutong Zhengzhou, China |- | LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak) |- | LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd. |- | LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd. |- | LZ9/LZX || Raysince |- | L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | L1N || XPeng Motors |- | L10 || Geely Emgrand |- | L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover |- | L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles) |- | L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd. |- | L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs) |- | L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. |- | L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle |- | L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV & motorcycles) |- | L5Y || Merato Motorcycle Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen) |- | L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd. |- | L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV) |- | L6T || Geely, Lynk & Co, Zeekr |- | L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. |- | L82 || Baotian |- | L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance |- | L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle |- | L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd. |- | MAB || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAC || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India |- | MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India |- | MAL || Hyundai Motor India |- | MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix |- | MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover |- | MA1 || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic & export) |- | MA6 || GM India |- | MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd & Mitsubishi Motors & Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors |- | MBF || Royal Enfield |- | MBH || Suzuki (for export) & Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited |- | MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBL || Hero MotoCorp |- | MBR || Mercedes-Benz India |- | MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited |- | MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd. |- | MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape) |- | MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd. |- | MB1 || Ashok Leyland |- | MB2 || Hyundai Motor India |- | MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company |- | MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited |- | MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MCB || GM India |- | MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers |- | MCG || Atul Auto |- | MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd. |- | MC1 || Force Motors Ltd. |- | MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd. |- | MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd. |- | MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited |- | MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. |- | MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited |- | MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. & KTM and Husqvarna models built by Bajaj |- | MD6 || TVS Motor Company |- | MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella |- | MD9 || Shuttle Cars India |- | MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz) |- | MEE || Renault India Private Limited |- | MEG || Harley-Davidson India |- | MER || Benelli India |- | MET || Piaggio India (Vespa) |- | MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on |- | ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | ME3 || Royal Enfield |- | ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India |- | MYH || Ather Energy |- | MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa |- | MZZ || Citroen India |- | MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. |- | M3G || Isuzu Motors India |- | M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited |- | MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International |- | MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu) |- | MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia |- | MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car) |- | MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV) |- | MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle) |- | MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg. |- | MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia |- | MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle) |- | MJB || GM Indonesia |- | MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK) |- | MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia |- | MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling) |- | MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd. |- | MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand |- | ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Attitude made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand) |- | MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP) |- | MMM || Chevrolet Thailand |- | MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd. |- | MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car) |- | MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMU || Holden Thailand |- | MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) |- | MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export |- | MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets |- | MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets |- | MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd. |- | MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant) |- | MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand |- | MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car) |- | MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. |- | MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups & Fortuner SUV) |- | MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand |- | MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars & CUVs) |- | MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab) |- | MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Star Motors]] Myanmar |- | MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MXL || Yutong buses made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan) |- | MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan) |- | MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan) |- | NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran) |- | NAC || Mammut (truck trailers) |- | NAD || Škoda |- | NAP || Pars Khodro |- | NAS || SAIPA |- | NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NC9/ || VIRA Diesel |- | NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd. |- | NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation |- | NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars |- | NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S. |- | NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck |- | NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (trailer) |- | NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV |- | NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van |- | NLN || Karsan |- | NLR || Otokar |- | NLT || Temsa |- | NLZ || Tezeller |- | NL1 || TOGG |- | NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş. |- | NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses |- | NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. |- | NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle |- | NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey |- | NM0 || Ford Otosan |- | NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. |- | NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS) |- | NNA || Anadolu Isuzu |- | NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio) |- | NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer) |- | NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) |- | NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus) |- | NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) |- | NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyle (truck trailer) |- | NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect |- | NP9/300 || TCV (bus) |- | NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) |- | NRC || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer) |- | NRE || Bozankaya |- | NRX || Musoshi |- | NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv |- | NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer) |- | NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan) |- | NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan |- | PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation |- | PAD || Honda Cars Philippines |- | PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS) |- | PL1 || Proton, Malaysia |- | PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai |- | PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia |- | PMH || Honda Malaysia (car) |- | PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle) |- | PML || Hicom |- | PMN || Modenas |- | PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle) |- | PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PM1 || BMW & Mini/Inokom |- | PM2 || Perodua |- | PM9/ || Bufori |- | PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot |- | PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot) |- | PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia |- | PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor |- | PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PPP || Suzuki |- | PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) |- | PP1 || Mazda/Inokom |- | PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom |- | PRA || Sinotruk |- | PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant) |- | PRX || Kia/Inokom |- | PR8 || Ford |- | RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE |- | LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation |- | LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) |- | LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) |- | LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) |- | LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation |- | RFB || Kymco, Taiwan |- | RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee |- | RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation |- | RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan |- | RFL || Adly, Taiwan |- | RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan |- | RFV || PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO |- | RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan |- | RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen) |- | RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco |- | RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation |- | RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan |- | RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) |- | RKM || China Motor Corporation |- | RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation |- | RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. |- | RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | RK3 || Honda Taiwan |- | RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation |- | RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi |- | RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co. |- | RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLL || VinFast SUV |- | RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam |- | RLN || VinFast |- | RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 & DS 90) |- | RL0 || Ford Vietnam |- | RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam |- | RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | R1J || Jiayuan Electric Vehicles (Hong Kong) |- | R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd. |- | R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong) |- | R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. |- | SAA || Austin |- | SAB || Optare |- | SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987) |- | SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace) |- | SAF || ERF trucks |- | SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group |- | SAJ || Jaguar passenger car & Daimler passenger car (after April 1987) |- | SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]] |- | SAM || Morris |- | SAR || Rover & MG Rover Group |- | SAT || Triumph car |- | SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars |- | SAY || Norton Motorcycles |- | SAZ || Freight Rover |- | SA3 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/ || OX Global |- | SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA) |- | SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA) |- | SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars) |- | SA9/005 || Panther |- | SA9/010 || Invicta S1 |- | SA9/019 || TVR |- | SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars |- | SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys |- | SA9/038 || DAX Cars |- | SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars |- | SA9/048 || McLaren F1 |- | SA9/088 || Spectre Angel |- | SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering |- | SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace) |- | SA9/074 || Ascari |- | SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd. |- | SA9/113 || Noble |- | SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing |- | SA9/141 || Wrightbus |- | SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3 |- | SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars |- | SA9/211 || BAC |- | SA9/231 || Peel Engineering |- | SA9/337 || Ariel |- | SA9/341 || Zenos |- | SA9/438 || Charge Cars |- | SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive |- | SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car) |- | SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace) |- | SBB || Leyland Vehicles |- | SBC || Iveco Ford Truck |- | SBJ || Leyland Bus |- | SBL || Leyland Motors & Leyland DAF |- | SBM || McLaren |- | SBS || Scammell |- | SBV || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks made by Leyland Trucks |- | SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK |- | SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car |- | SCB || Bentley passenger car |- | SCC || Lotus Cars |- | SCD || Reliant Motors |- | SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK) |- | SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car & '21 DBX SUV |- | SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers |- | SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove |- | SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company & London Taxi Company & London Taxis International |- | SCV || Volvo Truck & Bus Scotland |- | SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020) |- | SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV |- | SDB || Talbot |- | SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984 |- | SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992 |- | SDK || Caterham Cars |- | SDL || TVR |- | SDP || NAC MG UK & MG Motor UK Ltd. |- | SD7 || Aston Martin SUV |- | SD8 || Moke International Ltd. |- | SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) |- | SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd. |- | SEY || LDV Group Ltd. |- | SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK |- | SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis |- | SFE || Alexander Dennis UK |- | SFR || General Trailers (truck trailer) |- | SFN || Foden Trucks |- | SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus |- | SGA || Avondale (caravans) |- | SGB || Bailey (caravans) |- | SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans) |- | SGE || Elddis (caravans) |- | SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd. |- |SG4 |Coachman (caravans) |- | SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car |- | SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV |- | SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck |- | SJA || Bentley SUV |- | SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd |- | SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti |- | SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan |- | SJ1 || Ree Automotive |- | SKA || Vauxhall |- | SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers & Trucks |- | SKF || Bedford Vehicles |- | SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd |- | SLA || Rolls Royce SUV |- | SLC || Thwaites Dumpers |- | SLG || McMurtry Automotive |- | SLN || Niftylift |- | SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. |- | SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SNE || Wartburg (East Germany) |- | SNT || Trabant (East Germany) |- | SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany) |- | SUA || Autosan |- | SUD || Wielton (truck trailers) |- | SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat) |- | SUJ || Jelcz (Poland) |- | SUL || FSC (Poland) |- | SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland) |- | SUU || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) |- | SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) - until 2004 |- | SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer) |- | SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer) |- | SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland) |- | SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer) |- | SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer) |- | SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer) |- | SWH || Temared (trailers) |- | SWV || TA-NO (Poland) |- | SWZ || Zremb (trailers) |- | SW9/BA1 || Solbus |- | SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer) |- | SXE || Neptun Trailers |- | SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o. |- | SX9/KT1 || SZA - Kutno (bus) |- | SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer) |- | SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer) |- | SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer) |- | SZA || Scania Poland |- | SZL || Boro Trailers |- | SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) |- | SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer) |- | SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer) |- | S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia) |- | TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon AG (Switzerland) |- | TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland) |- | TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland) |- | TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland) |- | TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (Switzerland) |- | TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland) |- | TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland) |- | TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland) |- | TKP ||Panav a.s. (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic) |- | TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic) |- | TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic) |- | TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic) |- | TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia |- | TNE || TAZ |- | TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody) |- | TNT || Tatra trucks |- | TNU || Tatra trucks |- | TN9 || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TRA || Ikarus Bus |- | TRC || Csepel |- | TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary) |- | TRR/CC0 || Rába Bus (Hungary) |- | TRU || Audi Hungary |- | TSB || Ikarus Bus |- | TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary) |- | TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary) |- | TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru G3X Justy made by Suzuki |- | TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary) |- | TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/156 || Ikarus / Auto Rad Controlle Kft. (Hungary) |- | TS9/167|| Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary) |- | TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary) |- | TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary) |- | TWG || CeatanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series) |- | TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal) |- | TW4 || UMM (Portugal) |- | TW6 || Citroën (Portugal) |- | TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland & Austin Rover Portugal |- | TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili) |- | TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive) |- | TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive) |- | T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia) |- | T49/V16 || MAZ / BIK (Serbia, bus) |- | T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands) |- | UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain) |- |UCY |Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain) |- | UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium) |- | UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark) |- | UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UJG || Garia ApS (Denmark) |- | UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark) |- | UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland |- | UU1 || Dacia (Romania) |- | UU2 || Oltcit |- | UU3 || ARO |- | UU4 || Roman SA |- | UU5 || Rocar |- | UU6 || Daewoo Romania |- | UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond |- | UU9 || Astra Bus |- | UV9 || ATP Bus |- | UWR || Robus Reșița |- | UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov) |- | U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia) |- | U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G & Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer |- | VAH || Hangler (truck trailer) |- | VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik |- | VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks |- | VAV || Schwarzmüller |- | VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf & Stift |- | VA4 || KSR |- | VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer) |- | VBK || KTM |- | VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles & Gas Gas under KTM ownership |- | VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr |- | VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA |- | VFG || Caravelair (caravans) |- | VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers) |- | VFN || Trailor (truck trailers) |- | VF1 || Renault, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX & Colt made by Renault |- | VF2 || Renault Trucks |- | VF3 || Peugeot |- | VF4 || Talbot |- | VF5 || Iveco Unic |- | VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. |- | VF7 || Citroën |- | VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra) |- | VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer) |- | VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer) | | VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer) |- | VF9/300 || EvoBus France |- | VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] |- | VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus |- | VGA || Peugeot Motocycles |- | VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers) |- | VGY || Lohr (truck trailers) |- | VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) & Yamaha Motor |- | VG6 || Renault Trucks & Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks |- | VG7 || Renault Trucks |- | VG8 || Renault Trucks |- | VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle) |- | VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus) |- | VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain |- | VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer) |- | VH8 || Microcar |- | VJR || Ligier |- | VJY || Gruau |- | VJ1 || Heuliez Bus |- | VJ2 || Mia Electric |- | VJ4 || Gruau |- | VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer) |- | VK1 || SEG (truck trailer) |- | VK2 || Grandin Automobiles |- | VK8 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VLG || Aixam-Mega |- | VLU || Scania France |- | VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari |- | VMK || Renault Sport Spider |- | VMS || Automobiles Chatenet |- | VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55 |- | VM3 || Lamberet (trailer) |- | VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB |- | VN4 || Voxan |- | VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France) |- | VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France |- | VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault |- | VRW || Goupil |- | VR1 || DS Automobiles |- | VR3 || Peugeot |- | VR7 || Citroën |- | VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S |- | VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers) |- | VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van |- | VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) |- | VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV |- | VYF || Fiat van (Fiat Doblo '23-) |- | VYS || Renault made by Ampere at Eletricity Douai (Renault 5 E-Tech) |- | UA2 || Iveco Massif & Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain |- | VSC || Talbot |- | VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) & Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, & Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350) |- | VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup & Ford Maverick 1993–1999 |- | VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers) |- | VSS || SEAT/Cupra |- | VSX || Opel Spain |- | VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus) |- | VS1 || Pegaso |- | VS5 || Renault Spain |- | VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain |- | VS7 || Citroën Spain |- | VS8 || Peugeot Spain |- | VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain) |- | VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana |- | VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain) |- | VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain) |- | VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) |- | VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain) |- | VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica |- | VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain) |- | VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models) |- | VTH || Derbi (motorcycles) |- | VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles) |- | VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models) |- | VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles) |- | VTR || Gas Gas |- | VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles) |- | VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers) |- | VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers) |- | VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain |- | VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain) |- | VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers) |- | VV9/130 ||Vectia Mobility bus (Spain) |- | VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza |- | VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles |- | VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers) |- | VWV || Volkswagen Spain |- | VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia) |- | VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia) |- | V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia) |- | V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia) |- | V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia) |- | V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia) |- | V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia) |- | V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia) |- | V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia) |- | WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant |- | WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer) |- | WAG || Neoplan |- | WAP || Alpina |- | WAU || Audi car |- | WA1 || Audi SUV |- | WBA || BMW car |- | WBJ || Bitter Cars |- | WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH |- | WBS || BMW M car |- | WBU || Bürstner (caravans) |- | WBX || BMW SUV |- | WBY || BMW i car |- | WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers) |- | WB1 || BMW Motorrad |- | WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS |- | WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin |- | WB5 || BMW i SUV |- | WCD || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019 |- | WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] & Maybach |- | WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car |- | WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French & Spanish built models – Citan & Vito & X-Class) |- | WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019 |- | WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDT || Dethleffs (caravans) |- | WDW || Dodge Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009 |- | WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009 |- | WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDZ || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle |- | WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck |- | WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle |- | WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses) |- | WEL || e.GO Mobile AG |- | WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH |- | WFC || Fendt (caravans) |- | WFD || Fliegl Trailer |- | WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany |- | WF1 || Merkur |- | WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH |- | WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer) |- | WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles) |- | WHD || Humbaur GmbH (trailers) |- | WHW || Hako GmbH |- | WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles) |- | WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus |- | WJR || Irmscher |- | WKE || Krone (truck trailers) |- | WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer) |- | WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans) |- | WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers) |- | WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers) |- | WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers |- | WMA || MAN Truck & Bus |- | WME || smart (from 5/99) |- | WMM || Karl Müller GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailers) |- | WMW || MINI car |- | WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG & Mercedes-AMG GT (not used in North America) |- | WMZ || MINI SUV |- | WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE |- | WP0 || Porsche car |- | WP1 || Porsche SUV |- | WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers) |- | WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers) |- | WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers) |- | WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group |- | WS5 || StreetScooter |- | WS7 || Sono Motors |- | WTA || Tabbert (caravans) |- | WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car |- | WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV |- | WVG || Volkswagen SUV & Touran |- | WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN |- | WVP || Viseon Bus |- | WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan |- | WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok) |- | WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus) |- | WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab) |- | WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok made by Ford) |- | WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation) |- | W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer) |- | W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall & Holden |- | W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall & Holden (since 2017) |- | W04 || Buick Regal & Buick Cascada |- | W06 || Cadillac Catera |- | W08 || Saturn Astra |- | W09/A71 || Apollo |- | W09/B09 || Bitter Cars |- | W09/B16 || Brabus |- | W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer) |- | W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/D05 || Drögmöller |- | W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer) |- | W09/F57 || Twike |- | W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/G64 || Gumpert |- | W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau |- | W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/H49 || H&W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles) |- | W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer) |- | W09/R06 || RUF |- | W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus) |- | W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer) |- | W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer) |- | W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailer) |- | W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/W59 || Wiesmann |- | W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/004|| ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W1A || smart |- | W1H || Freightliner Econic |- | W1K || Mercedes-Benz car |- | W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck |- | W1V || Mercedes-Benz van |- | W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | W1Z || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle |- | W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece |- | XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece |- | XLA || DAF Bus International |- | XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars) |- | XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands |- | XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V. |- | XLE || Scania Netherlands |- | XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer) |- | XLR || DAF Trucks & Leyland DAF |- | XLV || DAF Bus |- | XLW || Terberg Benschop BV |- | XL3 || Ebusco |- | XL4 ||Lightyear |- | XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV |- | XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer) |- | XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks |- | XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer) |- | XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars |- | XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen |- | XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers) |- | XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter) |- | XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes |- | XL9/320 || VDL Bova |- | XL9/355|| Berdex (truck trailer) |- | XL9/363 || Spyker |- | XL9/530 || Ebusco |- | XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD) |- | XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD) |- | XMG || VDL Bus International |- | XMR || Nooteboom Trailers |- | XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. |- | XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - RHD) |- | XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - LHD) |- | XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer) |- | XNL || VDL Bus & Coach |- | XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XPN || Knapen Trailers |- | XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg) |- | XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia) |- | XTC || KAMAZ (Russia) |- | XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTF || GolAZ (Russia) |- | XTH || GAZ (Russia) |- | XTK || IzhAvto (Russia) |- | XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997 |- | XTP || Ural (Russia) |- | XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia) |- | XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia) |- | XTW || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTY || LiAZ (Russia) |- | XTZ || ZiL (Russia) |- | XUF || General Motors Russia |- | XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia) |- | XUU || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD) |- | XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia |- | XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia |- | XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan) |- | XWE || AvtoTor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD) |- | XWF || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD) |- | XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg) |- | XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus) |- | X1D|| RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) |- | X1E || KAvZ (Russia) |- | X1F || NefAZ (Russia) |- | X1M || PAZ (Russia) |- | X4X || AvtoTor (Russia, BMW SKD) |- | X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (Russia) |- | X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] & Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia) |- | X89/ || ВМЗ (VMZ) trolleybus |- | X89/FY1 || Sherp |- | X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles |- | X8U || Scania Russia |- | X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO |- | X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ |- | X9N || Samoltor (minibus) |- | X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO Volvo Trucks |- | X9X || Great Wall Motors |- | X96 || GAZ |- | X99/000 || Marussia |- | YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers) |- | YAM || Faymonville (truck trailers) |- | YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce & Toyota ProAce City made by PSA/Stellantis |- | YA2 || Atlas Copco Group |- | YA5 || Renders (truck trailers) |- | YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers) |- | YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer) |- | YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer) |- | YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet |- | YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers) |- | YA9/195 || Denolf & Depla (minibus) |- | YBD || Addax Motors |- | YBW || Volkswagen Belgium |- | YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck) |- | YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis) |- | YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle) |- | YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer) |- | YB6 || Jonckheere |- | YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK |- | YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle) |- | YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) |- | YE2 || Van Hool (buses) |- | YE6 || STAS (truck trailer) |- | YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer) |- | YF3 || NTM truck trailer (Finland) |- | YH1 || Solifer (caravans) |- | YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles) |- | YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive |- | YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland |- | YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto |- | YK9/016 || Linkker (bus) |- | YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab) |- | YSM || Polestar cars |- | YSP || Volta Trucks AB |- | YSR || Polestar SUV |- | YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) |- | YS3 || Saab cars |- | YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory) |- | YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles) |- | YTN || Saab NEVS |- | YT7 || Kabe (caravans) |- | YT9/007 || Koenigsegg |- | YT9/034 || Carvia |- | YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer) |- | YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles) |- | YVV || WiMa 442 EV |- | YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars |- | YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks |- | YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis |- | YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV |- | YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle |- | YYC || Think Nordic (Norway) |- | Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway) |- | Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus) |- | Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus) |- | Y3M || MAZ (Belarus) |- | Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus |- | Y4K || Geely (Belarus) |- | Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y6L || Bogdan group, Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine) |- | Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine) |- | Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine) |- | Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7D || GAZ Sobol made by (Ukraine) |- | Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (Ukraine) |- | Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9Z || Lada, Renault made by ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | ZAA || Autobianchi |- | ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet |- | ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter) |- | ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles |- | ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]] |- | ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera |- | ZAR || Alfa Romeo |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud & Sprint through 1989 |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018- |- | ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer) |- | ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid 2003 |- | ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System |- | ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena bus |- | ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper) |- | ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL |- | ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]] |- | ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l. |- | ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus) |- | ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A. |- | ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus) |- | ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer) |- | ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l. |- | ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali |- | ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale |- | ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina |- | ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer) |- | ZBB || Bertone |- | ZBD || InBus |- | ZBN || Benelli |- | ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum |- | ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy) |- | ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta |- | ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership |- | ZCM || Menarinibus - IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) / BredaMenariniBus |- | ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A. |- | ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. |- | ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati |- | ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA |- | ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino |- | ZDJ || ACM Biagini |- | ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA |- | ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA |- | ZDY || Cacciamali |- | ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA & Belgarda SpA |- | ZD3 || Beta Motor |- | ZD4 || Aprilia |- | ZD5 || Casalini |- | ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis & Mobilvetta recreational vehicles |- | ZES || Bimota |- | ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer) |- | ZFA || Fiat |- | ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV & Ram Promaster City |- | ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200) |- | ZFE || KL Motorcycle |- | ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] |- | ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer) |- | ZFM || Fantic Motor |- | ZFR || Pininfarina |- | ZF4 || Qvale |- | ZGA || Iveco Bus |- | ZGU || Moto Guzzi |- | ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership |- | ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] Mid 2003- |- | ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle) |- | ZJM || Malaguti |- | ZJN || Innocenti |- | ZJT || Italjet |- | ZKC || Ducati Energia (quadricycle) |- | ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership |- | ZLA || Lancia |- | ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA |- | ZLM || Moto Morini srl |- | ZLV || Laverda |- | ZNN || Energica |- | ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l. |- | ZN3 || Iveco Defence |- | ZN6 || Maserati SUV |- | ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV |- | ZPY || DR Automobiles |- | ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA |- | ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV |- | ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia) |- | ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia) |- | Z2Z || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia) |- | Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia) |- | Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan) |- | Z8M || Marussia (Russia) |- | Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z8T || PCMA Rus (Russia) |- | Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia) |- | Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia) |- | Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Russia) |- | Z07 || Volgabus (Russia |- | 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only |- | 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. |- | 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC) |- | 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 1AF || American LaFrance truck |- | 1AM || American Motors Corporation car & Renault Alliance 1983 only |- | 1BN || Beall Trailers |- | 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002 |- | 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid 1995 |- | 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers |- | 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles |- | 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles |- | 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles |- | 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus |- | 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV |- | 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle |- | 1BL || Balko, Inc. |- | 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005 |- | 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012– |- | 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/291 || CX Automotive |- | 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer) |- | 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation |- | 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation) |- | 1CY || Crane Carrier Company |- | 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009 |- | 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only |- | 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only |- | 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus |- | 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre & Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus) |- | 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries) |- | 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle) |- | 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ |- | 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford |- | 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle |- | 1FG || Freightliner Unimog (works machine) |- | 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 1FU || Freightliner |- | 1FV || Freightliner |- | 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009) |- | 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC |- | 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. |- | 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes |- | 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp. |- | 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1F9/SX2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA |- | 1G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984 |- | 1G0 || Opel car 2007–2017 |- | 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010 |- | 1G9/495 || Google & Waymo |- | 1GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck |- | 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 1GF || Flxible bus |- | 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM |- | 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986 |- | 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004 |- | 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020 |- | 1GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV |- | 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck |- | 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV |- | 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International |- | 1HD || Harley-Davidson |- | 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV |- | 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 1HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks truck |- | 1HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks & Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD incomplete vehicle |- | 1HV || IC Bus incomplete bus |- | 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JU || Marmon Motor Company |- | 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- | 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car |- | 1LV || Lectra Motors |- | 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers |- | 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine |- | 1L9/155 || LA Exotics |- | 1L9/234 || Laforza |- | 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co. |- | 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 1MR || Continental Mark VI & VII 1981–1985 & Continental sedan 1982–1985 |- | 1M0 || John Deere Gator |- | 1M1 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M2 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M3 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M4 || Mack Truck USA |- | 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles |- | 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive |- | 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019 |- | 1N4 || Nissan car |- | 1N6 || Nissan truck |- | 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA |- | 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California) |- | 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation |- | 1NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 1NN || Monon (truck trailer) |- | 1NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI |- | 1P3 || Plymouth car |- | 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV |- | 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp |- | 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles) |- | 1P9/213 || Panoz |- | 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1PY || John Deere USA |- | 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation |- | 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles) |- | 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT) |- | 1S9/842 || Saleen S7 |- | 1S9/944 || SSC North America |- | 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer) |- | 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer) |- | 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA |- | 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper |- | 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC |- | 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation |- | 1UJ || Jayco, Inc. |- | 1UT || Jeep DJ made by AM General |- | 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1VH || Orion Bus Industries |- | 1VW || Volkswagen car |- | 1V1 || Volkswagen truck |- | 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV |- | 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive |- | 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc |- | 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 1WT || Winnebago Industries |- | 1WU || White Motor Company truck |- | 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries |- | 1WX 1WY || White Motor Company incomplete vehicle |- | 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars |- | 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation |- | 1XK || Kenworth truck |- | 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987 |- | 1XP || Peterbilt truck |- | 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI |- | 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc. |- | 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider |- | 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]] |- | 10R || E-Z-GO |- | 10T || Oshkosh Corporation |- | 12A || Avanti |- | 137 || AM General Hummer & Hummer H1 |- | 15G || Gillig bus |- | 16C || Clenet Coachworks |- | 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome |- | 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 2A3 || Imperial |- | 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only |- | 2AY 2AZ || Hino |- | 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2BP || Ski-Doo |- | 2BV || Can-Am & Bombardier ATV |- | 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV |- | 2BX || Can-Am Spyder |- | 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder |- | 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries |- | 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002 |- | 2B5 || Dodge "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002 |- | 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005 |- | 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia & VW) 2012- |- | 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005 |- | 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors |- | 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles |- | 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only |- | 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only |- | 2CM || American Motors Corporation car |- | 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only |- | 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only |- | 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003 |- | 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003 |- | 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2DN ||Dynasty Electric Car Corporation |- | 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager) |- | 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle) |- | 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 2FU || Freightliner |- | 2FV || Freightliner |- | 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle) |- | 2FY || New Flyer |- | 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada |- | 2G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 2G5 || GMC MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 2G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 2G8 || Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles |- | 2GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles |- | 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus & GM Classic series bus |- | 2GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 2GT || GMC truck |- | 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HM || Hyundai Canada |- | 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HS || International Trucks truck |- | 2HT || International Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo |- | 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse |- | 2LM || Lincoln SUV |- | 2LN || Lincoln car |- | 2M1 || Mack Trucks |- | 2M2 || Mack Trucks |- | 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on) |- | 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV |- | 2M9/06 || Motor Coach Industries |- | 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 2NV || Nova Bus |- | 2P3 || Plymouth car |- | 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000 |- | 2P5 || Plymouth "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983 |- | 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995 |- | 2PC || Prevost 1996- |- | 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC |- | 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2WK || Western Star truck |- | 2WL || Western Star incomplete vehicle |- | 2WM || Western Star incomplete vehicle |- | 2XK || Kenworth truck |- | 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2XP || Peterbilt truck |- | 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only |- | 3AK || Freightliner Trucks |- | 3AL || Freightliner Trucks |- |3AX |Scania Mexico |- |3BE |Scania Mexico (buses) |- | 3BJ || Western Star 3700 truck made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993 |- | 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012– |- | 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico |- | 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V. |- | 3CZ || Honda SUV |- | 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009 |- | 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009 |- | 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011 |- | 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011 |- | 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont) |- | 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford & IMMSA |- | 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico |- | 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck) |- | 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 3F6 || Sterling Bullet |- | 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico |- | 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011 |- | 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020 |- | 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV |- | 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV |- | 3GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 3GK || GMC SUV |- | 3GM || Holden Suburban |- | 3GN || Chevrolet SUV |- | 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM |- | 3GS || Saturn SUV |- | 3GT || GMC truck |- | 3GY || Cadillac SUV |- | 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV |- | 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers) |- | 3HA || International Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 3HC || International Trucks truck |- | 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Mexico car |- | 3HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks truck |- | 3HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV & Can-Am Ryker) |- | 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX |- | 3LN || Lincoln car |- | 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995) |- | 3MD || Mazda Mexico car |- | 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011) |- | 3MF || BMW M car |- | 3MV || Mazda SUV |- | 3MW || BMW car |- | 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation |- | 3MZ || Mazda Mexico car |- | 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car |- | 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck & Chevrolet City Express |- | 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV |- | 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV |- | 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV |- | 3P3 || Plymouth car |- | 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS |- | 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC |- | 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT |- | 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV |- | 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car |- | 3WK || Kenworth truck |- | 3WP || Peterbilt truck |- | 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car |- | 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV |- | 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4B9/038 || BYD Coach & Bus LLC |- | 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle) |- | 4C9/561 || Czinger |- | 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc. |- | 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 4DR || IC Bus |- | 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck) |- | 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford |- | 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford |- | 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM |- | 4G5 || General Motors EV1 |- | 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM |- | 4GD || Opel Sintra |- | 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle |- | 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM |- | 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV |- | 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer) |- | 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by Isuzu Motors |- | 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only) made by Isuzu Motors |- | 4KE || U.S. Electricar Consulier |- | 4KL || Isuzu commercial truck built by GM |- | 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV |- | 4MB || Mitsubishi Motor |- | 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division |- | 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company |- | 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford |- | 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM |- | 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA |- | 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994 |- | 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only |- | 4RK || Nova Bus & Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc. |- | 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car |- | 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV |- | 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 4S9/197|| Smith Electric Vehicles |- | 4S7/419 || Spartan Motors truck |- | 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars) |- | 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.) |- | 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi) |- | 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI |- | 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive |- | 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc. |- | 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors |- | 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc. |- | 4US || BMW car |- | 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation & <br /> gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis & <br /> Thomas Built Buses FS-65 & Saf-T-Liner C2 |- | 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles) |- | 4V1 || WhiteGMC truck |- | 4V2 || WhiteGMC incomplete vehicle |- | 4V3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck |- | 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4V6 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck |- | 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America truck |- | 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle |- | 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only |- | 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales |- | 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM |- | 4XA || Polaris Inc. |- | 4X4 || Forest River |- | 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc. |- | 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck |- | 43C || Consulier |- | 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle |- | 46J || Federal Motors Inc |- | 478 || Honda ATV |- | 480 || Sterling Trucks |- | 49H || Sterling Trucks incomplete vehicle |- | 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011 |- | 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer) |- | 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc. |- | 5BP || Solectria |- | 5BZ || Nissan "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA) |- | 5CX || Shelby Series 1 |- | 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC |- | 5DF || Terex Advance Mixer |- | 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle |- | 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles) |- | 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FT || Feeling Trailers |- | 5FY || New Flyer |- | 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV |- | 5GD || Daewoo G2X |- | 5GN || Hummer H3T |- | 5GR || Hummer H2 |- | 5GT || Hummer H3 |- | 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV |- | 5G8 || Holden Volt |- | 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets |- | 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5KJ || Western Star Trucks truck |- | 5KK || Western Star Trucks truck |- | 5KT || Karavan Trailers |- | 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009) |- | 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle |- | 5LD || Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014) |- | 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV |- | 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck |- | 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets |- | 5N1 || Nissan & Infiniti SUV |- | 5N3 || Infiniti SUV |- | 5NH || Forest River |- | 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA |- | 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA |- | 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA |- | 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA |- | 5S3 || Saab 9-7X |- | 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV) |- | 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor) |- | 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI |- | 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV made by TMMI |- | 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI |- | 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX |- | 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer) |- | 5UM || BMW M car |- | 5UX || BMW SUV |- | 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle |- | 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5VP || Victory Motorcycles |- | 5WE || IC Bus incomplete vehicle |- | 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG |- | 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG |- | 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC) |- | 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS |- | 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021) |- | 5YM || BMW M SUV |- | 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc. |- | 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI |- | 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV) |- | 5ZT || Forest River |- | 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan |- | 50E || Lucid Motors |- | 50G || Karma Automotive |- | 516 || Autocar truck |- | 51R || Brammo Motorcycles |- | 523 || VPG |- | 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc. |- | 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric |- | 538 || Zero Motorcycles |- | 53G || Coda Automotive |- | 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN |- | 546 || EBR |- | 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer |- | 54D || Isuzu & Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group |- | 55S || Mercedes-Benz car |- | 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary) |- | 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 57R || Oreion Motors |- | 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles) |- | 57W || Mobility Ventures |- | 57X || Polaris Slingshot |- | 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES) |- | 6AB || MAN Australia |- | 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs) |- | 6F1 || Ford |- | 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd. |- | 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia |- | 6F5 || Kenworth Australia |- | 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia |- | 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia |- | 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) & Chevrolet |- | 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO & G8) |- | 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet 2014-2017 |- | 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002) |- | 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia |- | 6MP || Mercury Capri |- | 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia |- | 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 7AB || MAN New Zealand |- | 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009 |- | 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand |- | 7A3 || Honda New Zealand |- | 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand |- | 7A5 || Ford New Zealand |- | 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand |- | 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009 |- | 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 7FC || Rivian truck |- | 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. |- | 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International |- | 7G0 || Faraday Future |- | 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks & Texas-built Cybertruck) |- | 7H4 || Hino truck |- | 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle |- | 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV |- | 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car |- | 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on |- | 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck |- | 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles |- | 7NA || Navistar Defense |- | 7NY || Lordstown Motors |- | 7PD || Rivian SUV |- | 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions |- | 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y)) |- | 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group |- | 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX |- | 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022- |- | 7SY || Polestar SUV |- | 7TN || Canoo |- | 7VV || Ree Automotive |- | 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 7Z0 || Zoox |- | 8AB || Mercedes Benz trucks (Argentina) |- | 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America) |- | 8AD || Peugeot Argentina |- | 8AE || Peugeot van |- | 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina |- | 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina |- | 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina |- | 8AK || Suzuki Argentina |- | 8AN || Nissan Argentina |- | 8AP || Fiat Argentina |- | 8AT || Iveco Argentina |- | 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina |- | 8A1 || Renault Argentina |- | 8A3 || Scania Argentina |- | 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A. |- | 8BC || Citroën Argentina |- | 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | 8BR || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | 8CH || Honda motorcycle |- | 8C3 || Honda car/SUV |- | 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault |- | 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot |- | 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile |- | 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador |- | 8LF || Maresa (Mazda) |- | 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor & Kia) |- | 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto) |- | 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela |- | 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A. |- | 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A. |- | 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A. |- | 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia) |- | 9BD || Fiat Brazil, Ram made by Fiat Brasil |- | 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil |- | 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil |- | 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil |- | 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car & SUV & commercial truck |- | 9BN || Mafersa |- | 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 9BS || Scania Brazil |- | 9BV || Volvo Trucks |- | 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil |- | 9BY || Agrale S.A. |- | 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil |- | 9DF || Puma |- | 9DW || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks made by Volkswagen do Brasil |- | 92H || Origem Brazil |- | 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 935 || Citroën Brazil |- | 936 || Peugeot Brazil |- | 937 || Dodge |- | 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Montana] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil) |- | 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV |- | 93K || Volvo Trucks |- | 93P || Volare |- | 93S || Navistar International |- | 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006 |- | 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016 |- | 93V || Navistar International |- | 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny |- | 93Y || Renault Brazil |- | 93Z || Iveco |- | 94D || Nissan Brazil |- | 94N || RWM Brazil |- | 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais |- | 95P || CAOA Hyundai & CAOA Chery |- | 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) & Ducati, KTM, & MV Agusta assembled by Dafra |- | 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016 |- | 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 953 || VW Truck & Bus / MAN Truck & Bus |- | 96P || Kawasaki |- | 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. |- | 988 || Jeep and Fiat (made at the Goiana plant) |- | 98M || BMW car/SUV |- | 98P || DAF Trucks |- | 98R || Chery |- | 99A || Audi 2016- |- | 99H || Shineray |- | 99J || Jaguar Land Rover |- | 99K || Haojue & Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos |- | 99L || BYD |- | 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-) |- | 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa) |- | 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda) |- | 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.) |- | 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay) |- | 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay) |- | 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo) |- | 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy) |- | 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} 56pefuu8x2cnlmpsb7ktk0s6dko6du8 0 152384 4443529 3456191 2024-11-03T03:16:39Z 2001:48F8:4083:336:38FA:5522:A71:40EB Underbelly 4443529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|History of Spain}} [[File:El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid.jpg|400px|thumb|Goya's ''Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukyhdhvrzfvobh I've. Gig. es'']] # [[/Ancient Spain/]] - The arrival of Cro-Magnons to Augustus' conquest of Hispania (35,000 BCE - 17 BCE) # [[/Roman Spain/]] - The Roman conquest to the creation of an independent Gothic kingdom (17 BCE - 475 CE) # [[/Visigoths/]] - The rise and fall of Rome's most powerful successor state (475 - 711) # [[/Spain Divided/]] - The invasion of the Moors to the ascension of Charles I (711 - 1516) # [[/Habsburg Spain/]] - The ascension of Charles I to the end of the Habsburg dynasty (1516 - 1700) # [[/Bourbon Spain/]] - The death of Charles II to the invasion of Napoleon (1700 - 1808) # [[/Napoleonic Wars/]] - The rise and fall of the House of Bonaparte (1808 - 1814) # [[/First Restoration/]] - The Bourbon Restoration to the Spanish Revolution (1814 - 1868) # [[/First Republic/]] - The abdication of Isabella II to the ascension of Alfonso XII (1868 - 1874) # [[/Second Restoration/]] - Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII (1874 - 1931) # [[/Second Republic/]] - The 1931 Constitution to the end of the Civil War (1931 - 1939) # [[/Francoism/]] - The dictatorship under Franco (1939 - 1975) # [[/Third Republic/]] - The death of Franco to the present day (1975 - {{CURRENTYEAR}}) {{Shelves|European history}} {{alphabetical|H}} {{status|0%}} [[es:Historia de España]] 8pr8bjxwvnm0cp4pqmpdex0nv7kw1w1 4443530 4443529 2024-11-03T03:17:17Z MathXplore 3097823 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/2001:48F8:4083:336:38FA:5522:A71:40EB|2001:48F8:4083:336:38FA:5522:A71:40EB]] ([[User talk:2001:48F8:4083:336:38FA:5522:A71:40EB|talk]]) to last version by Pi zero: reverting vandalism 3456191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{book title|History of Spain}} [[File:El dos de mayo de 1808 en Madrid.jpg|400px|thumb|Goya's ''Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes'']] # [[/Ancient Spain/]] - The arrival of Cro-Magnons to Augustus' conquest of Hispania (35,000 BCE - 17 BCE) # [[/Roman Spain/]] - The Roman conquest to the creation of an independent Gothic kingdom (17 BCE - 475 CE) # [[/Visigoths/]] - The rise and fall of Rome's most powerful successor state (475 - 711) # [[/Spain Divided/]] - The invasion of the Moors to the ascension of Charles I (711 - 1516) # [[/Habsburg Spain/]] - The ascension of Charles I to the end of the Habsburg dynasty (1516 - 1700) # [[/Bourbon Spain/]] - The death of Charles II to the invasion of Napoleon (1700 - 1808) # [[/Napoleonic Wars/]] - The rise and fall of the House of Bonaparte (1808 - 1814) # [[/First Restoration/]] - The Bourbon Restoration to the Spanish Revolution (1814 - 1868) # [[/First Republic/]] - The abdication of Isabella II to the ascension of Alfonso XII (1868 - 1874) # [[/Second Restoration/]] - Alfonso XII and Alfonso XIII (1874 - 1931) # [[/Second Republic/]] - The 1931 Constitution to the end of the Civil War (1931 - 1939) # [[/Francoism/]] - The dictatorship under Franco (1939 - 1975) # [[/Third Republic/]] - The death of Franco to the present day (1975 - {{CURRENTYEAR}}) {{Shelves|European history}} {{alphabetical|H}} {{status|0%}} [[es:Historia de España]] 2pfdfnjj2zds681wr88h5g3xh2i4jnv 0 165886 4443532 4238008 2024-11-03T03:26:48Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Nautilus_profile.jpg with [[File:Nautilus_belauensis_profile.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]]). 4443532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{honor_header|3|1949|Nature|General Conference}} ==1. Have the Shell Honor. == {{Ay prerequisite|Nature|Shells}} ==2. Define the term "mollusca" or "mollusk." == The word ''mollusc'' is derived from the French ''mollusque'', which originated from the Latin ''molluscus'', meaning thin-shelled, from ''mollis'', soft. The body of a mollusc consists of three sections; a head, with eyes or tentacles; a muscular foot; and a visceral mass housing the organs. Both "mollusc" and "mollusk" are considered correct spelling, but ''mollusc'' seems to be the preferred spelling in scientific publications. We therefore use the spelling ''"mollusc"'', though we leave spelling in requirements alone. ==3. Learn the classification terms of mollusks, know the distinguishing characteristics of each, and become acquainted with several species under each class. == There are ten classes of molluscs; eight of the classes have living representatives, the other two classes are known only from fossils. More than 250,000 species of mollusc are recognized and named. Snails (Gastropoda) account for about 80% of living mollusc diversity. <center> {| border=1 cellpadding=5 |width="110" | '''Class''' |width="300" | '''Major organisms''' |width="120" | '''Extant species''' |width="120" | '''Distribution''' |- | Caudofoveata || worm-like organisms || 70 || deep ocean |- | Aplacophora || solenogasters, worm-like organisms || 250 || deep ocean |- | Polyplacophora || chitons || 600 || rocky marine shorelines |- | Monoplacophora || limpet-like organisms || 11 || deep ocean |- | Gastropoda || abalone, limpets, conch, nudibranchs, sea hares, sea butterfly, snails, slugs || 150,000<ref>Ponder, Winston F. and Lindberg, David R. (Eds.) (2008) [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10802.php ''Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca'']. Berkeley: University of California Press. 481 pp. {{ISBN|978-0520250925}}.</ref> || marine, freshwater, land |- | Cephalopoda || squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus || 786 || marine |- | Bivalvia || clams, oysters, scallops, mussels || 8000 || marine, freshwater |- | Scaphopoda || tusk shells || 350 || marine |- | Rostroconchia † || fossils; probable ancestors of bivalves || extinct || — |- | Helcionelloida † || fossils; snail-like organisms such as ''Latouchella'' || extinct || — |- |} </center> ==4 Distinguish between univalve and bivalve mollusks from the following considerations == ===a. Shell === The terms ''univalve'' and ''bivalve'' refer to the configuration of the shells of the molluscs. Univalves, such as snails, have shells consisting of one (thus ''uni-'') piece. Bivalves, such as mussels, have shells consisting of two (thus ''bi-'') pieces hinged together. ===b. Mollusk body === ;Univalves: Univalve bodies could almost be described as ''folded'' such that the mouth and anus both appear the shell's opening. ;Bivalves: Bivalves on the other hand, have flattened bodies. ===c. Reproduction=== ;Univalves: All land snails are hermaphrodites, producing both spermatozoa and ova. In other words, each individual is both male and female. Some freshwater snails, such as Apple Snails, and marine species, such as periwinkles, have separate sexes; they are male and female. Most snails can mate when they are around 1 year old. :Prior to reproduction, most land snails perform a ritual courtship before mating. This may last anywhere between two and twelve hours. Prolific breeders, pulmonate land snails inseminate each other in pairs to internally fertilize their ova. Each brood may consist of up to 100 eggs. :Pulmonate land snails and slugs have a reproductive opening on one side of the body, near the front, through which the outer reproductive organs are extruded so that exchange of sperm can take place. After this, fertilization occurs and the eggs develop. :Garden snails bury their eggs in shallow topsoil primarily while the weather is warm and damp, usually 5 to 10 cm down, digging with their foot. Egg sizes differ between species, from a 3 mm diameter in the grove snail to a 6 cm diameter in the Giant African Land Snail. After 2 to 4 weeks of favorable weather, these eggs hatch and the young emerge. Snails may lay eggs as often as once a month. ;Bivalves: In bivalves, the sexes are usually separate, but some hermaphroditism is known. Bivalves practice external fertilization. External fertilization is a form of fertilization in which a zilo cell is united with an egg cell external to the body of the female. Thus, the fertilization is said to occur "externally". This is distinct from internal fertilization where the union of the egg and sperm occur inside the female after insemination through copulation. :In sexual reproduction, there must be some way of getting the sperm to the egg. Since sperm are designed to be mobile in a watery environment, aquatic molluscs can make use of the water in which they live. Eggs and sperm are simultaneously shed into the water, and the sperm swim through the water to fertilize the egg in a process known as broadcast fertilization. ===d. Movements=== [[Image:Snail climbing grass SMC 07.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Snail climbing a blade of grass]] ;Univalves: Most snails move by gliding along on their muscular foot, which is lubricated with mucus. This motion is powered by succeeding waves of muscular contraction which move down the undersurface of the foot. This muscular action is clearly visible when a snail is crawling on the glass of a window or aquarium. Snails move at a proverbially low speed (1&nbsp;mm/s is a typical speed for adult ''Helix lucorum''). They produce mucus in order to aid locomotion by reducing friction, and the mucus also helps reduce the snail's risk of mechanical injury from sharp objects. This means that they can 'walk' over sharp objects like razors without being injured. ;Bivalves: Razor shells (''Ensis spp.'') can dig themselves into the sand with great speed to escape predation. Scallops can swim to escape an enemy, clapping their valves together to create a jet of water. Cockles can use their foot to leap from danger. However these methods can quickly exhaust the animal. In the razor shells the siphons can break off only to grow back later. {{clear}} ===e. Securing food=== ;Bivalves: Bivalves are unique among the molluscs for lacking a radula; they feed by siphoning and filtering large particles from water. ;Univalves: Univalves include some that are herbivores, detritus feeders, predatory carnivores, scavengers, parasites, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the radula is reduced or absent. The radula of a univalve is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The simplest univalves are the limpets and abalones, herbivores that use their hard radulas to rasp at seaweeds on rocks. Many marine univalves are burrowers, and have soft siphons or tubes that extend from the mantle. Sometimes the shell has a siphonal canal to accommodate this structure. A siphon enables the animal to draw a small flow of water into their bodies. The siphon is used primarily to "taste" the water, in order to detect prey from a distance. Univalves with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers. ===f. Self-preservation=== ;Univalves: When retracted into their shells, many snails with gills (including many marine, some freshwater and some terrestrial species) are able to protect themselves with a door-like anatomical structure called an operculum. Some snails hibernate during the winter (typically October through April in the Northern Hemisphere). They may also estivate in the summer in drought conditions. To stay moist during hibernation, a snail seals its shell opening with a dry layer of mucus called an epiphragm. ;Bivalves: The radical structure of the bivalves affects their behaviour in several ways. the most significant is the use of the closely-fitting valves as a defence against predation and, in intertidal species such as mussels, drying out. The entire animal can be contained within the shell, which is held shut by the powerful adductor muscles. This defence is difficult to overcome except by specialist predators such as the Starfish and Oystercatcher. The file shells (''Limidae'') can produce a noxious secretion when threatened, and the fan shells of the same family have a unique, acid-producing organ. ==5. Identify from shells or drawings and know the meaning of the following concho logical terms == ===a. Valve === ''Valve'' is another word for ''shell''. This is the hard covering protecting most molluscs. ===b. Apex === The apex is a word most often used to mean the tip of the spire of the shell of a gastropod. It is the first-formed, and therefore the oldest, part of the shell. To be more precise, the apex would usually be where the tip of the embryonic shell or protoconch is situated, if that is still present in the adult shell. The word apex can also be used to refer to a similar part in other molluscan shells, however, the apex of bivalves is more usually known as the umbos, beaks or prodissoconch. The apex of tusk shells is the small, open posterior end, and the opening itself is usually called the apical aperture. The phrase apical whorls, or protoconch, means the whorls of the embryonic shell at the apex of the shell, especially when this is clearly distinguishable from the later whorls of the shell, otherwise known as the teleoconch. The space under the apex of a patellate gastropod is called the apical cavity. ===c. Aperture === [[Image:Semicassis pyrum (base).JPG|thumb|250px|''Semicassis pyrum'', which has a large aperture.]] The aperture is the main (or only) opening in the shell of a gastropod or snail. It is where the soft parts of the animal emerge. In some prosobranch gastropods, the aperture is able to be closed, and even completely sealed, with a sort of door or operculum. The aperture of many snail shells is round, rounded, elliptical or oval. This shape corresponds roughly to the cross-section of the body whorl of the shell. The aperture of a snail shell can have many other forms: semicircular, trilobate or auriculate. In some gastropods, the aperture is narrowed by protruding shell folds or "bacon", which help make the soft parts of the animal less vulnerable to predation. For convenience of reference, the apertural edge or margin of a gastropod shell is divided into three areas or walls: * The parietal wall: the area next to the penultimate whorl of the shell * The columellar wall: the wall next to the columella * The palatal wall: the outer free wall of the final whorl of the shell ===d. Byssus === [[Image:Zebra mussel GLERL 1.jpg|left|thumb|byssus threads on ''Dreissena polymorpha'']] Mussels use byssus to attach to rocks and other surfaces. When a mussel's foot encounters a crevice, it creates a vacuum chamber by forcing out the air and arching up, similar to a plumber's plunger unclogging a drain. The byssus, made of keratin and other proteins, is spewed into this chamber, and bubbles into a sticky foam. By curling its foot into a tube and pumping the foam, the mussel produces sticky threads about the size of a human hair. It varnishes the threads with another protein, resulting in an adhesive. Byssus is a remarkable adhesive that is neither degraded nor deformed by water as are synthetic adhesives. This has spurred genetic engineers to insert mussel DNA into yeast cells for translating the genes into the appropriate proteins. ===e. Foot === The foot is an organ that can be extended outside the shell, and is used as a means of locomotion. It is most common in univalves. ===f. Mantle === [[Image:Loligo vulgaris.jpg|250px|thumb|European Squid (''Loligo vulgaris''). The mantle is all that is visible behind the head.]] The mantle is an important part of the anatomy of molluscs. It is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass. In many, but by no means all, species of molluscs, the epidermis of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and creates a shell. The word "mantle" (a old word, meaning cloak) is used for this anatomical structure because in many kinds of molluscs, the edge of the mantle extends beyond the main part of the body, forming flaps or double-folded structures. {{clear}} ===g. Operculum=== [[Image:Viviparus contectus met operculum2.JPG|right|thumb|Gastropod shell of ''Viviparus contectus'' with operculum]] The operculum, meaning little lid, (plural: opercula or operculums) is a corneous or calcareous structure which exists in some groups of marine, freshwater, and land snails or gastropods. It is present in most but not all gastropods that have shells and gills. Pulmonate snails do not have opercula, but some terrestrial species are capable of secreting an epiphragm. In its most typical condition, an operculum serves to close the opening or aperture of the shell when the soft parts of the animal are withdrawn into the shell. An operculum can vary in shape greatly from one family of gastropods to another, but an operculum is fairly often circular, or more or less oval in shape. In species where the operculum fits snugly, its outline corresponds exactly to the shape of the aperture of the shell. {{clear}} ===h. Mother of pearl=== [[Image:NautilusCutawayLogarithmicSpiral.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The iridescent nacre inside a Nautilus shell]] Nacre, also known as mother of pearl, is an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is exceptionally strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some bivalves, some gastropods and some cephalopods. The inner shell layer in most molluscs however is merely porcellaneous, in other words shiny like a china plate, not iridescent. Pearls and the inside layer of the pearl oyster shells and the freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of molluscs also have an inner shell layer which is nacreous, including gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. {{clear}} ===i. Epidermis=== The epidermis is the outermost layer of the mantle. In many, but by no means all, species of molluscs, the epidermis of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and creates a shell. ===j. Ribs=== Ribs are strong, well-defined ridges on the surface of the shell. ===k. Teeth=== The radula is a toothed chitinous ribbon which is present in the mouth of most but not all classes of molluscs. It does not exist in any phyla other than the Mollusca. The radula is usually used for scraping, cutting and chewing food before it enters the esophagus. It is present in all classes of molluscs except the bivalves. ===l. Concentric lines=== Concentric lines are circular growth rings on the outside of a shell. Concentric rings are circles of different diameters having a common center. Characteristics of the concentric lines (spacing, definition, etc.) can be used as an aid to identifying a mollusc. ===m. Canal=== [[Image:Penion maximus (Tryon, 1881).jpg|thumb|250px|''Penion cuvieranus cuvieranus'', showing its '''siphonal canal''' to the left.]] In some sea snails, (marine gastropod molluscs in the infraorder Neogastropoda), the animal has an anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon, through which water is drawn into the mantle and over the gill. This siphon is a soft fleshy tube which also serves to "smell" or "taste" the water in order to locate a possible source of food. In many (but not all) neogastropods where the siphon is particularly long, the structure of the shell has been modified in order to house and protect the soft structure of the siphon. Thus the siphonal canal is a semitubular extension of the aperture of the shells of some marine gastropods, through which the siphon is extended when the animal is active. {{clear}} ===n. Spines=== [[Image:Haeckel Murex pectens.jpg|thumb|130px|Venus Comb Murex, ''Murex pectens''. From Ernst Haeckel's ''Kunstformen der Natur'', 1904.]] Spines are sharply pointed spurs protruding from a mollusc's shell. Murexes and conches have prominent spines. ===o. Whorls=== A whorl is a single, complete 360° turn in the spiral growth of a mollusc shell. A mollusc shell is basically a long tube, usually coiled in a spiral for strength and compactness. The number of whorls in the shell depend on various factors in the geometric growth. The number of whorls differs in various groups, with the family ''Turritellidae'' having very high spired shells with a large number of whorls and hence a relatively small aperture. * Apical whorls—those whorls near the apex or tip of the shell. * Body whorl—The most recently formed whorl of a spiral shell. * Nuclear whorl(s)—small, generally smooth whorls formed within the egg and constituting the apex of the shell. * Protoconch—a larval shell of a mollusc; also refers to protoconch whorls of an adult shell. * Teleoconch—all the whorls of a shell after the protoconch whorls. ===p. Lips=== Lips are the curled section of shell surrounding the aperture. Lips can curl outward, as with the conch, or inward, as with the cowrie. {{clear}} ==6. Explain the development of a shell. How long do mollusks live?== <gallery perrow=3 widths=200> Image:Cypraea chinensis with partially extended mantle.jpg|The marine gastropod ''Cypraea chinensis'', the Chinese Cowry, showing partially extended mantle Image:Giant_clam_or_Tridacna_gigas.jpg|The giant clam (''Tridacna gigas'') is the largest extant bivalve Image:A fossil shell with calcite.jpg|Fossil shell covered in calcite crystals </gallery> In those molluscs which have a shell, the shell grows gradually over the lifetime of the mollusc by the addition of calcium carbonate to the leading edge or opening, and thus the shell gradually becomes longer and wider, in an increasing spiral shape, to better accommodate the growing animal inside. The animal also thickens the shell as it grows, so that the shell stays proportionately strong for its size. A mollusc shell is formed, repaired and maintained by a part of the anatomy called the mantle. Any injuries to or abnormal conditions of the mantle are usually reflected in the shape and form and even color of the shell. When the animal encounters harsh conditions which limit its food supply, or otherwise cause it to become dormant for a while, the mantle often ceases to produce the shell substance. When conditions improve again and the mantle resumes its task, a "growth line" which extends the entire length of the shell is produced, and the pattern and even the colors on the shell after these dormant periods are sometimes quite different from previous colors and patterns. Interestingly, within some species of mollusc there is often a surprising degree of variation in the exact shape, pattern, ornamentation, and color of the shell. The longest lived mollusc is the ''Arctica islandica'' (Ocean Quahog). Animals of this species close to 400 years old are not uncommon. ==7. Give some facts about the life of a ''Strombus pugilis'' (fighting conch) and explain why this shell is so named. == The West Indian Fighting Conch is an aggressive sea snail with a nasty sting which it uses to defend itself against marine predators. These shells are best collected when the tide goes out, as great numbers of them suddenly emerge from the sand and retreat to the surf. If one is flipped over, it can right itself using its sharp operculum. ==8. Explain the activities of the shipworm. == {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Shipworm}} ==9. What accounts for the distribution of mollusks.== molluscs have few requirements in order for them to thrive. They need moisture, but if they find themselves in a dry environment, they are able to seal themselves (and their moisture) inside their shells until external moisture becomes available again. Thus, molluscs can be found in nearly every habitat on Earth - even deserts! ==10. Name two mollusks that have no shells. == <gallery> Image:Arion rufus on rhubarb.jpg|<center>Slug</center> Image:Octopus in sea life Helsinki.jpg|<center>Octopus</center> Image:Cuttlefish.jpg|<center>Cuttlefish</center> Image:Mastigoteuthis flammea.jpg|<center>Squid</center> </gallery> ==11. Find answers for the following interesting questions == ===a. How are bivalve and univalve animals fastened to their shells? === The muscles of both types of molluscs attach directly to the shell. These animals (including snails) cannot leave their shells and return any more than a turtle can leave its shell. The shell serves as the animal's skeleton. ===b. How is shell color controlled? === The outer edge of a mollusc's mantle contains glands that secrete color pigments during shell formation. These pigments control the colors on the ''outside'' of the shell. The iridescence on the inside of the shell is caused by alternating layers of calcite and aragonite refracting different wavelengths of light by different amounts depending on the viewing angle. [[Image:Nautilus belauensis profile.jpg|thumb|300px|The Nautilus, a mollusc with four gills]] ===c. What mollusk has four gills? === The '''Nautilus'' has two pairs of gills (that's four!). ===d. From what sea animal was India ink formerly made? === Cuttlefish have ink, like squid and octopuses. This ink was formerly an important dye, called sepia. Today artificial dyes have replaced natural sepia. ===e. What mollusk spins a silken thread? === Several molluscs spin a ''byssus'' which is used to anchor them to a substrate. These include mussels in the family ''Mytilidae'' and the zebra mussel (''Dreissena polymorpha''). However, the mollusc with perhaps the most extensive byssus is the '''rigid pen shell''' (''Atrina rigida''). Like most pen shells, ''A. rigida'' lives in soft bottoms, with the majority of the shell buried, point down, leaving only a few inches exposed, held in place by an extensive net of byssal threads. ===f. What shells were used for money by ancient tribes? === Many people find the very rounded, shiny, porcelain-like shells of '''cowries''' pleasing to look at and to handle. Shells of certain species have historically been used as currency in several parts of the world, as well as being used, in the past and present, very extensively in jewelry, and for other decorative and ceremonial purposes. ===g. What shell is considered sacred by the Tibetans? === Tibetan Buddhists make use of a particular set of eight auspicious symbols, ''ashtamangala'', in household and public art. The '''chank shell''' or '''conch''' is one of these eight symbols: # Conch # Knot # Fish # Banner # Lotus # Parasol # Urn # Wheel ===h. Purple dye of ancient times came from the secretion of what mollusk? === ''Hexaplex trunculus'' (also known as ''Murex trunculus'' or the '''banded dye-murex''') is a medium-sized species of sea snail. This species of sea snail is important historically because its hypobranchial gland secretes a mucus that the ancient Canaanites/Phoenicians used as a distinctive purple-blue indigo dye. One of the dye's main chemical ingredients is indigotin, and if left in the sun for a few minutes before becoming fast, its color turns to a blue indigo (like blue jeans). ===i. What is the source of pearls? How are they formed? === Nacre, also known as mother of pearl, is an important part of the shell structure in many gastropod and bivalve molluscs especially the more ancient families such as top shells and pearl oysters. Like the other calcareous layers of the shell, the nacre is created by the epithelial cells (formed by the germ layer ectoderm) of the mantle tissue. mollusc blood is rich in dissolved calcium, and during shell deposition, the calcium is concentrated out from the blood and crystallized as calcium carbonate. Nacre is continually deposited onto the inner surface of the animal's shell (the iridescent nacreous layer or mother of pearl). This is done both as a means to thicken, strengthen and smooth the inner surface of the shell itself and as a defense against parasitic organisms and damaging detritus. When a mollusc is invaded by a parasite or is irritated by a foreign object that the animal cannot eject, a process known as encystation entombs the offending entity in successive, concentric layers of inner shell material, which in some cases is nacre. This process eventually forms what we call pearls and continues for as long as the mollusc lives. Almost any species of bivalve or gastropod is capable of producing "pearls", even molluscs which have no inner nacreous layer. However, only a few species, such as the famous pearl oysters, can create pearls which are highly prized. ==12. Name six commercial uses for shells. == ;Musical Instruments: Key touches and various decorations on musical instruments such as saxophones, trumpets, violins, banjos, tamburitzas and guitars are sometimes made of mother of pearl. It is used as inlays on many guitar fretboards. ;Clothing: Mother of pearl buttons can be found on a variety of clothing such as shirts, skirts and coats. ;Decorative Inlays: Nacre is also used as a decorative feature of watch faces, knives, guns and jewelry. ;Building Material: Instead of using a marble or tile base, the mother of pearl tesserae can be glued to a fiberglass mesh. The result is a lightweight material that offers a seamless installation, and there is no limit to the sheet size. Mother of pearl sheets may be used on interior floors, exterior and interior walls, countertops, doors and ceilings. Insertion into architectural elements, such as columns or furniture is easily accomplished. Conch shells are occasionally used as a building material, either in place of bricks or as bulk for landfill. ;Jewelry: Pearls are highly prized jewelry components. ;Souvenirs: In some countries, cleaned Queen Conch (''Strombus gigas'') shells or polished fragments are sold, mainly to tourists, as souvenirs or in jewelry. Without a permit, however, export is a breach of CITES regulations and may lead to arrest. This is most likely to occur on return to the tourist's home country while clearing customs. In the UK conch shells are the ninth most seized import. ;Pets: Snails are often kept in aquariums along with fish. ==13. Do one of the following: a. Personally find and collect 40 species of shells representing the five classifications. List each shell as to the place and date it was found, common name, scientific name, and class. b. Make a collection of 50 species of shells you have found, received, or purchased representing the five classifications. List each shell collected as follows: if personally found, give the information called for under letter "a" above; if received or purchased, give the name of the person from whom the shell was received, the habitat of the shell, the date of its acquisition, and its common name, scientific name, and class.== The best approach here is to get a good field guide and then try to identify the shells you have found. The five classifications of seashells are: ;Gastropoda: (snails, conches, etc.) ;Cephalapoda: Such as ''Spirula spirula''. Although the whole animal is rarely seen, the internal shell is very light and commonly floats ashore on beaches. The internal shell of this animal is known as the "ram's horn shell". ;Bivalvia: (clams, mussels, etc.) ;Polyplacophora: (chitons) ;Scaphopoda: (tusk shells) If you opt to purchase your collection, one possibility is to start with a kit containing specimens from all five of these classes. [http://www.seashells.com Seashells.com] carries a such a kit, reasonably-priced. ==References== {{Reflist}} * http://depts.washington.edu/natmap/mollusks/glossary.html * http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a793157051~db=all~jumptype=rss * http://web.archive.org/web/20080919023611/http://seachestsecret.questacon.edu.au/assets/Delve_Deep_-_Pearl_Oysters.pdf [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] 2u4rfpds0hghst9r04gqx6tn7t0trzr 0 173710 4443545 4220268 2024-11-03T08:19:21Z Д.Ильин 688474 4443545 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== Atoms form bonds by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. Typically, they seek to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. Bonding occurs because it lowers the energy of a system and makes the atom more stable. Atoms also a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons and an equal in number to the number of nuclear protons. The entire structure having an approximate diameter of 10-8 centimeter and characteristically remaining undivided in chemical reactions except for limited removal, transfer, or exchange of certain electrons. An atom cannot be broken down further without changing the chemical nature of the substance. For example, if you have 1 ton, 1 gram or 1 atom of oxygen, all of these units have the same properties. We can break down the atom of oxygen into smaller particles, however, when we do the atom looses its chemical properties. For example, if you have 100 watches, or one watch, they all behave like watches and tell time. You can dismantle one of the watches: take the back off, take the batteries out, peer inside and pull things out. However, now the watch is no longer behaves like a watch. Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. Each of these particle has different properties. Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a negative electrical charge (-). Protons are much larger and heavier than electrons and have the opposite charge. So, protons have a positive charge (+). Neutrons are large and heavy like protons, however, neutrons have no electrical charge. Anyway, each atom is made up of a combination of these particles. The proton and electron stay together just like the two magnets (the opposite electrical charges attract each other). The electron that is constantly spinning around the center of the atom (called the nucleus). The centrigugal force of the spinning electron keeps the two particles from coming into contact with each other much as the earth's rotation keeps it from plunging into the sun. In an electrically neutral atom, the positively charged protons are always balanced by an equal number of negatively charged electrons. As we have seen, hydrogen is the simplest atom with only one proton and one electron. Helium is the 2nd simplest atom. It has two protons in its nucleus and two electrons spinning around the nucleus. With helium though, we have to introduce another particle. Because the two protons in the nucleus have the same charge on them, they would tend to repel each other, and the nucleus would fall apart. To keep the nucleus from pushing apart, helium has two neutrons in its nucleus. Neutrons have no electrical charge on them and they act as a sort of nuclear glue, holding the protons, and thus the nucleus together. As you add more electrons, protons and neutrons, then the size of the atom increases. We can measure an atom's size in two ways: 1) By using the atomic number (Z) or using the atomic mass (A, also known as the mass number). The atomic number describes the number of protons in an atom. For hydrogen, the atomic number (Z) is equal to 1. For helium Z = 2. Since the number of protons equals the number of electrons in the neutral atom, Z also tells you the number of electrons in the atom. The atomic mass tells you the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom. Therefore, the atomic mass, A, of hydrogen is 1. For helium A = 4. Electrically neutral atoms are the atoms that have no positive or negative charge on them. Atoms, however, can have electrical charges. Some atoms can either gain or lose electrons (the number of protons never changes in an atom). If an atom gains electrons, then the atom becomes negatively charged. If the atom loses electrons, then the atom becomes positively charged (because the number of positively charged protons will exceed the number of electrons). An atom that carries an electrical charge is called an ion. While the number of protons for a given atom never changes, the number of neutrons can change. Two atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, an isotope of hydrogen exists in which the atom contains 1 neutron (commonly called deuterium). Since the atomic mass is the number of protons plus neutrons, two isotopes of an element will have different atomic masses (however the atomic number, Z, will remain the same). The quantum mechanical basis for the formation of chemical bonds is an overlap in the probability densities of two or more wavefunctions; this means that electrons have a non-zero chance of being found in a region of space that is forbidden by classical physics. ==Ionic Bonds== [[File:NaCl Formation Lewis.svg|thumb|right]] An [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Ionic interaction|ionic bond]] is the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal. An example of an ionic bond is that between sodium and chlorine atoms. The sodium atom transfers its lone electron in the 3s state to the chlorine atom. After the electron transfer, the sodium atom bears a +1 charge while the chlorine atom now bears a -1 charge. With this transfer of electrons, the sodium now has the electron configuration of the noble gas neon, while chlorine now has that of the noble gas argon. Ionic bonding will occur only if the overall energy change for the reaction is favorable – when the bonded atoms have a lower energy than the free ones. The larger the resulting energy change the stronger the bond. The low electronegativity of metals and high electronegativity of non-metals means that the energy change of the reaction is most favorable when metals lose electrons and non-metals gain electrons. Pure ionic bonding is not known to exist. All ionic compounds have a degree of covalent bonding, which means, ionic bond could be consider as a special type of covalent bond. The larger the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more ionic the bond. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in solution. They generally have a high melting point and tend to be soluble in water. ==Covalent Bonds== [[File:Covalent.svg|thumb|left]] [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Covalent bonds|Covalent bonds]] are another type of chemical bond used to achieve a noble gas configuration, or an octet of electrons. Covalent bonds are formed between nonmetals, usually from the Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Halogen families. Metals are rarely involved in covalent bonds. Each covalent bond consists of two electrons, one usually from each atom involved in the bond. The atoms form enough covalent bonds that when the electrons in the bonds are added with the valence electrons, they will have an octet. The key difference between ionic and covalent bonds lies in how the electrons are distributed between the two atoms. In ionic bonds, the electrons are transferred from one atom to the other, giving the atoms effective +1 and -1 charges. However, in covalent bonds, the valence electrons from both of the two atoms are shared between two atoms. Thus, neither atom is given a full positive or negative charge. Instead, the electrons shared between the two atoms - whether it be 2, 4, or 6 electrons - varies from molecule to molecule. There are two types of covalent bonds: pure covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. Pure covalent bonds exist when there is no difference between the two atoms sharing the electrons. The electronegativity of the two atoms is identical. Because the electronegativity values do not differ, they pull the electrons that are being shared between them with the same force. Thus, the electrons are shared equally and none of the atoms bears a partial positive or negative charge. An example of a pure covalent bond is a Cl-Cl or a Br-Br bond. Pure covalent bonds rarely exist for bonds that are not between identical atoms. Another example would be the covalent bonds between the carbons in long alkane chains. Polar covalent bonds are those that exist between atoms of different electronegativities. The electrons in the bond are still being shared, but not equally between the two atoms. Though the exact ratio of the electron density that each atom bears cannot be determined easily, it is very easy to determine which atom pulls more electron density towards itself. The more electronegative atom will pull the shared electrons more, causing it to now bear a slightly negative charge. Because charge has to be conserved, the less electronegative atom must now bear a slight positive charge, equal in magnitude to the negative charge. As an example, consider a bond between carbon and chlorine. Chlorine is much more electronegative than carbon, thus it pulls more of the electrons towards itself. This gives the chlorine a slightly negative charge and the carbon a slightly positive charge. If the difference between the two atoms is so great causing one of the two atoms to posess a lot of the electron density, the bond becomes increasingly ionic and less covalent. For this reason, though H-Cl is considered a covalent bond, it is classified as a very strong acid, meaning it dissociates completely. Because the electronegativity difference is so vast, the chlorine molecule pulls all the electron density towards itself, thereby dissociating into H+ and Cl- ions in the presence in water. However, it is important to note that a molecule that contains polar bonds can be nonpolar. For example, take the molecule carbon tetrachloride. This molecule has four polar C-Cl bonds. However, due to the orientation of the polar bonds, they cancel out and the molecule as a whole is nonpolar. ==Hydrogen Bonds== [[File:Hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2D.svg|thumb|right]] A [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Hydrogen bonds|hydrogen bond]] is a bond created by the [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Dipole interaction|dipole-dipole interaction]] of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom such as an oxygen or nitrogen atom due to dipole dipole interactions. A common example of this is water where the electronegativity of the oxygen allows it to have a slight negative charge while the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge. The negative charge on the oxygen forms a weak bond with the slight positive charge of another water molecule's hydrogen. This type of bonding is also present in organic fluorine compounds between C and F groups. This force is weaker than [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Covalent bonds|covalent bond]] and [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Ionic interaction|ionic bonds]], but stronger than [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Van der Waals interaction|Van der Waals interactions]]. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C), or most of the solutions that use water as the solvent. This is because of the strong hydrogen bond, as opposed to other group 16 hydrides. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. ==Role of Noncovalent Interactions in Macromolecules== In macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, noncovalent interactions are essential. Noncovalent interactions include hydrogen, ionic, hydrophobic, and Van Der Waals bonding. These interactions are described in more specificity in the list that follows this group. When compared to [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Covalent bonds|covalent bonds]], noncovalent bonds are weak and continuously form and break bonds. However, when several noncovalent bonds are formed, there is a net increase in bond strength. Their combined participation in a macromolecule makes a difference (i.e. substrate binding to enzyme and the lipid bilayer's role in transport). With several hydrogen bonds, ionic, and [[Structural Biochemistry/Chemical Bonding/Hydrophobic interaction|hydrophobic interactions]] existent at the same time, it is unlikely that these several weak interactions will break the substrate and enzyme without external energy. This property is the reason why enzymes have specific catalytic power. Protein folding and the unique properties and structures of proteins also depend on these noncovalent interactions. {{BookCat}} ==Metallic Bonding== Metallic bonding is the bonding between metal and metal. The bonding involves electron pooling and metallic bonding. Since metal atoms are larger and can easily lose their valence electrons, the electrons on their outer shell can be pooled and be distributed evenly with other metal atoms. Differently from the covalent bonding, electrons in the metallic bonding are delocalized which means that the electrons can move freely through the metal. [[File:Metallic bond Cu.svg|thumbnail|Metallic Bonding]] <ref>Silberberg, Martin S.(2010). Principles of General Chemistry (2nd Edition).McGraw Hill Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-07-351108-05</ref> 1) Metallic bonding in sodium: Metals tend to have high melting points and boiling points suggesting strong bonds between the atoms. Even a metal like sodium (melting point 97.8°C) melts at a considerably higher temperature than the element (neon) which precedes it in the periodic table. Sodium has the electronic structure 1s22s22p63s1. When sodium atoms come together, the electron in the 3s atomic orbital of one sodium atom shares space with the corresponding electron on a neighbouring atom to form a molecular orbital. This is the same sort of way that a covalent bond is formed. The difference, however, is that each sodium atom is being touched by eight other sodium atoms, the sharing occurs between the central atom and the 3s orbitals on all of the eight other atoms. And each of these eight is in turn being touched by eight sodium atoms, which in turn are touched by eight atoms and so on, until you have taken in all the atoms in that lump of sodium. All of the 3s orbitals on all of the atoms overlap to give a vast number of molecular orbitals, which extend over the whole piece of metal. There have to be huge numbers of molecular orbitals, because each orbital can only hold two electrons. The electrons can move freely within these molecular orbitals. Each electron becomes detached from its parent atom. The electrons are said to be delocalized. The metal is held together by the strong forces of attraction between the positive nuclei and the delocalized electrons. 2) Metallic bonding in magnesium: Magnesium has the outer electronic structure 3s2. Both of these electrons become delocalized, so the "sea" has twice the electron density as it does in sodium. The remaining ions also have twice the charge and so there will be more attraction between ions and sea. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons in the nucleus compared with sodium's 11. In both cases, the nucleus is screened from the delocalized electrons by the same number of inner electrons,the 10 electrons in the 1s2 2s2 2p6 orbitals. That means that there will be a net pull from the magnesium nucleus of 2+, but only 1+ from the sodium nucleus. So not only will there be a greater number of delocalized electrons in magnesium, but there will also be a greater attraction for them from the magnesium nuclei. Magnesium atoms also have a slightly smaller radius than sodium atoms, and so the delocalized electrons are closer to the nuclei. Each magnesium atom also has twelve near neighbors rather than sodium's eight. Both of these factors increase the strength of the bond. 3)Metallic bonding in transition elements: Transition metals tend to have particularly high melting points and boiling points. The reason is because they can involve in the 3d electrons in the delocalization as well as the 4s. The more electrons can involve, the stronger the attraction. 4) The metallic bond in molten metals: In a molten metal, the metallic bond is still present, although the ordered structure has been broken down. The metallic bond is not fully broken until the metal boils. That means that boiling point is actually a better guide for the strength of the metallic bond than melting point. In melting, the bond is loosened and is not broken. ==Relative Strength of Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces== All the bonds known to chemistry can be described the various dissociation energies needed to break the bonds. It is these dissociation energies that rank the strength of the various bonds found in chemistry. Ionic bonds, being the strongest bonds, have a dissociation energy of >400 kcal/mol. Covalent bonds where are the second strongest bonds have a dissociation energy of about 400 kcal/mol. Hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, and london (van der waals) dispersion bonds are in a sub category of bonds labeled intermolecular forces. These forces are significantly weaker than ionic and covalent bonds because of their nature of being interactive forces between compounds rather than physical bonds. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of said forces and overall third strongest in all bond interactions with a dissociation energy of 12-16 kcal/mol. Dipole Dipole interactions are the second strongest intermolecular force but the fourth strongest bond interaction with a dissociation energy of 0.5-2 kcal/mol. Lastly comes the london vander waal forces that the weakest interaction in chemical bonding with a dissociation energy of <1 kcal/mol. ==References== Berg, Jeremy M. Biochemistry. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman, 2007. p1zmffwfa8tnbysov52i1ow1jjqrqhg 0 190925 4443546 3444219 2024-11-03T08:20:15Z Д.Ильин 688474 4443546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Helium atom QM.svg|thumb|250px|right|An illustration of the helium atom, depicting the nucleus (pink) and the electron cloud distribution (black).]] ==Introduction== All '''matter''' is made up of very small particles called '''atoms'''. The name atom comes from the Greek meaning ''uncuttable'', something that cannot be divided further. Atoms are the basic components of '''elements'''. ==Subatomic Particles== [[Image:Simple_atom_(lithium).png|right|200px]] Atoms have three subatomic particles: *'''protons''' (+): positively charged *'''electrons''' (-): negatively charged *'''neutrons''' (0): no charge The can sometimes be written as '''<math>p</math>''' (protons), '''<math>e</math>''' (electrons) and '''<math>n</math>''' (neutrons) Normally, atoms have no overall charge (are '''neutral''') because ''the number of positively charged protons equals the number of negatively charged electrons''. The number of neutrons tends to vary and in the case of hydrogen, there are no neutrons. Atoms with the same number of protons but different masses are called '''isotopes'''. [[Image:Helium_Nucleus.svg|thumb|The nucleus of a helium atom|180px|right]] Neutrons play a very important role in the functions of an atom. In the nucleus, several protons stay clumped together. As opposite charges attract and like charges repel, normally the protons would repel and scatter the nucleus. However, there is a ''strong nuclear force'' that holds the nucleus together. This incredible force causes nucleons (protons and neutrons) to attract each other with much greater strength than the electric force can repel them, but only over extremely short distances. [[File:Electron shell 019 Potassium.svg|thumb|left|150px|Potassium has many core electrons; the lone outer electron can easily be lost due to the "shielding" effect.]] A delicate balance exists between the number of protons and neutrons. Protons, which are attracted to one another via the strong force but simultaneously repelled by their electromagnetic charges, cannot exist in great numbers within the nucleus without the stabilizing action of neutrons, which are attracted via the strong force but are not charged. Oppositely, neutrons lend their inherent instability to the nucleus and too many will destabilize it. The ''shielding'' (or ''screening'') ''effect'' is similar to effective nuclear charge. The ''core electrons'' repel the valence electrons (electrons on the outer shell) to a certain degree. The more electron shells there are (a new shell for each row in the periodic table), the greater the shielding effect is. Essentially, the core electrons ''shield'' the valence electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. [[Image:Stylised atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png|thumb|200px|width|The red dots are protons and the blue dots are neutrons.]] ===Atomic Number=== The '''atomic number''' is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number determines what element the atom is. Elements on the '''periodic table''' are listed based on their atomic number. Each individual element has a unique identifying symbol. If a heavy metal is bombarded with neutrons or a charged particle in an accelerometer and if there is an increase in the number of protons, then atomic number will increase also. This is the method of creating new artificial elements called the ''transuranic elements'' which are elements greater than 92 on the periodic table. ===Mass Number=== The '''mass number''' is the sum of protons plus neutrons in an atom. {{Yellow Warning|There is a difference between an atom's mass number and an element's atomic mass. The mass number measures the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of a ''particular atom''. The atomic mass measures the ''average mass of all atoms for an element''. For example, a carbon atom might have a mass number of 12 or 14 (or something else), but carbon in general has a mass of 12.011 amu.}} Magnesium’s atomic mass is 24.3051 but its mass number is 24. ==Electron Arrangements== An '''element''' is a substance that contains only the same type of atom. That is, the atoms with the same number of protons. Inside the nucleus, there are protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus arranged in different energy levels or '''shells'''. For the first 20 elements, the maximum electron configuration for each shell is: *1^st shell: 2 *2^nd shell: 8 *3^rd shell: 8 *4^th shell: 2 (the remaining electrons) The electron arrangement tells us how many electrons can fit onto each shell. {{TextBox|1= ; Examples K (Potassium; atomic number: 19) has an electron configuration of 2,8,8,1.}} This tells us that there are 2 electrons on the 1^st shell, 8 on the 2^nd, 8 on the 3^rd and 1 on the 4^th Another way to calculate the electron configuration for the first 20 elements is by looking at the periodic table. The rows on the periodic table are called ''periods'' while the columns are called ''groups''. {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Periodic Table}} {{Info|To view a more complete periodic table, take a look at [[/Periodic Table|this periodic table]].}} To calculate the electron arrangement, we can safely assume for the first 20 elements that the periods in which an element is found is equal to the number of '''shells''' it has. We can also assume that the number of elements in each period up to that shell is the number of electrons in each shell. {{TextBox|1= ; Examples Cl (Chlorine; atomic number: 17) is found on '''group''' 7 or 17 and is in '''period''' three. Thus it has 3 shells and 7 electrons on its last shell. Also, its electron configuration is 2,8,7.}} ==Group 1, 2, 16, 17== ===Reactivity=== [[Image:NaCl Formation Lewis.svg|right|200px]] The ''group'' (column) in which an element is located can determine its reactivity. Elements in group 18 have full valence electrons thus they are ''unreactive'' or ''stable''. These will not form ''compounds'' such as O₂ or CO₂. On the other hand, group 1 and 17 are ''very'' reactive because they have only one valence electron which is easily lost, thus group 1 and 17 elements are never found alone in nature - they will always be in compounds ie. H₂ and Cl₂. Group 2 and 16 are ''mildly'' reactive and are also naturally found as compounds. ===Ions=== {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Table of Ions}} ''Ions'' are atoms or groups of atoms that have gained or lost electrons. The result is that they have become charge particles. The ''periodic table'' is divided into two groups: ''metals'' and ''non-metals''. Metals are found on the left while non-metals are found on the right. The elements in the center are metals but they are called ''transition metals''. Metals become positive charged and are called ''cations''. Non-metals become negatively charge and are called ''anions''. Metals that lose one electrons will have more protons than electrons, so they form positive ions, e.g. H⁺ and Al³⁺. Whereas, non-metals that gain electrons will have more electrons than protons, so they form negative ions, eg. Cl^- and HCO₃^-. :*In a chemical reaction, a hydrogen atoms loses its only electron to form an ion of 1 proton and 0 electrons. This Hydrogen ion (H⁺) has a charge of +1 because there is 1 proton while no electrons to balance the charge. :*A chlorine (2,8,7) atom gains an electron to form an ion of 17 protons and 18 electrons. This chloride ion (Cl^-) has a charge of -1 because there are 17 protons while there are 18 electrons. The number of electrons is greater than the number of protons by one. :*Normally, a sodium atom (2,8,1) has 1 electron on its outer shell. In a chemical reaction, it will lose this electron to form a Na⁺ ion (2,8). :*Oxygen (2,6) in a chemical reaction will gain 2 electrons to complete its outer shell. It will form the ion O²⁺. Atoms desire to have full ''valence'' energy level so it becomes unreactive and ''stable''. This is done by gaining or losing electrons in a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction does not only occur in science labs. Group 1 and 17 are not naturally found in nature. Exposing a group 1 element like sodium to the atmosphere (which contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and 0.03% carbon dioxide) or specifically oxygen would create an immediate oxidisation reaction. <center> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ '''Rule of Ions''' ! Lose electrons !! Positive ion |- | Gain electrons|| Negative ion |} </center> ===Ions and the Periodic Table=== The reactivity and charge of an ions can be linked to its position on the periodic table. *Group 1 metals have 1 electron on their outer shell therefore they are highly reactive and will lose this electron to form positive +1 ions, eg. Li⁺ and Na ⁺. *Group 2 metals have 2 electrons in their outer shell therefore they are mildly reactive and will lose these 2 electrons to form positive +2 ions, eg. Be²⁺ and Mg²⁺ *Group 16 non-metals have 6 electrons in their outer shell therefore they are mildly reactive and will gain 2 electrons to form a negative -2 ion, eg. O^2-, S^2- *Group 17 non-metals have 7 electrons on their outer shell. They are highly reactive and will gain 1 electron to form a negative -1 ion, eg. F^- , Cl^- *Group 18 non-metals have full outer shells. They are unreactive and do not form ions, eg. He, Ne, Ar <center> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ '''Charge of Ions''' ! Element !! Electron Arrangement !! Charge |- | Hydrogen || <center>1</center> || H +1 |- | Helium || <center>2</center> || He 0 |- | Lithium || <center>2,1</center> || Li +1 |- | Beryllium || <center>2,2</center> || Be +2 |- | Oxygen || <center>2,6</center> || O -2 |- | Fluorine || <center>2,7</center> || F -1 |- | Neon || <center>2,8</center> || Ne O |} </center> ===Ionic Compounds=== [[Image:Ionic_bonding_animation.gif|thumb|400px|Sodium and Chlorine ions bonding]] An ionic compound forms when a positive ion (metals) and a negative ion (non-metals) combine chemically. The process is reactant → product. There are two types of equations: *Word equation *Chemical equation A word equation involves identifying the reactants and the products. Chemical equations involve using words and symbols to write your equation. In the exam, be sure to read your question properly and write down the type of equation that is asked. {{TextBox|1= ; Examples *'''Word equation''': Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide *'''Chemical Equation''': Mg²⁺ + O^2- → MgO}} ==Naming and Writing Formulae== [[Image:Sodium-chloride-3D-ionic.png|thumb|200px|The crystal structure of sodium chloride, NaCl, a typical ionic compound. The purple spheres are sodium cations, Na⁺, and the green spheres are chloride anions, Cl⁻.]] To write ionic compounds, the ''drop and swap'' rule can be utilised. '''Steps''': 1. Find the ions on the table of ions, then remove the + and – signs 2. If the numbers are the same, they cancel each other out. 3. If the numbers are different, bring them across and drop them. 4. If a number is dropped to a compound, then brackets need to be inserted. {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+ '''Examples of the ''Swap and Drop'' rule''' ! Name of compound!! Finding ionic charges !! Numbers swapped and dropped |- | Magnesium Oxide || Mg²⁺ + O^2- || MgO |- | Aluminium Hydroxide || Al³⁺ + OH^- || (Al(OH))₃ [Unbalanced] |- | Potassium Nitrate || K⁺ + NO₃^- || KNO₃ |- | Calcium Chloride || Ca²⁺ + Cl^- || CaCl₂ [Unbalanced] |- | Zinc Nitrate || Zn²⁺ + NO₃^- || Zn[(NO₃)]₂ [Unbalanced] |- | Sodium Sulfate || Na⁺ + SO₄^2- || Na₂SO₄ [Unbalanced] |} ===Compounds=== [[Image:Copper(II)-sulfate-3D-vdW.png|thumb|150px|Crystal structure of copper sulfate, or CuSO₄]] Compounds form when two or more elements combine together eg. CaCl₂. Subscripted numbers within the formula tell you how many atoms of each element are present. {{TextBox|1= ; Examples :* Ca(Cl)₂ - 1 Ca, 2 Cl :* Mg(OH)₂ - 1 Mg, 2 H, 2 O }} Coefficients tell you how many molecules of that compound there are. To calculate the number of atoms of each element present, you multiply the coefficient by the atom number. {{TextBox|1= ; Examples :* 3Cu(SO)₄ - 3 Cu, 3 S, 12 O :* 2CO₂ - 2 C, 4 O :* 5H₂SO₄ - 10 H, 5 S and 20 O :* 3Cu(OH)₂ - 3 Cu, 6 O, 6 H }} <noinclude>{{TODO|Add balancing chemical equations section|NCEA Level 1 Science}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} j5skb1qxaxhjqs8bhirkl1sqz9z3ry9 0 226982 4443540 4443473 2024-11-03T07:43:11Z Conan 3188 /* Time */ ndash 4443540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Multitasking functionality}} {| style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; margin:auto;" cellpadding="5pc" ! bgcolor="#ffc" |multitasking |- | bgcolor="#eeb" |[[#Processes|processes]] |- | bgcolor="#dda" |[[#Threads_or_tasks|threads or tasks]] |- | bgcolor="#cc9" |[[#Synchronization|synchronization]] |- | bgcolor="#bb8" |[[#Scheduler|Scheduler]] |- | bgcolor="#aa8" |[[#Interrupts|interrupts core]] |- style="" | bgcolor="#997" |[[#CPU_specific|CPU specific]] |} Linux kernel is a preemptive {{w|Computer multitasking|multitasking}} operating system. As a multitasking OS, it allows multiple processes to share processors (CPUs) and other system resources. Each CPU executes a single task at a time. However, multitasking allows each processor to switch between tasks that are being executed without having to wait for each task to finish. For that, the kernel can, at any time, temporarily interrupt a task being carried out by the processor, and replace it by another task that can be new or a previously suspended one. The operation involving the swapping of the running task is called ''{{w|context switch}}''. == Processes == '''Process''' is a running user space program. Kernel starts the first process '''/sbin/init''' in function {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_init_process}}using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_execve}}. Processes occupy system resources, like memory, CPU time. System calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_fork}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_execve}} are used to create new processes from user space. The process exit with an {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_exit}} system call. Linux inherits from Unix its basic process management system calls (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} creates a new process by {{w|Prototype_pattern|duplicating}} the process invoking it. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|_exit}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_exit}} terminates the calling process "immediately". Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_waitid}} suspends the execution of the calling process until one of its children processes terminates. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|execve}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_execve}} runs an executable file in the context of current process, replacing the previous executable. This system call is used by family of functions of libc {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|exec}} Linux enhances the traditional Unix process API with its own system calls {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}}. Clone creates a child process that may share parts of its execution context with the parent. It is often used to implement threads (though programmers will typically use a higher-level interface such as {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pthreads}}, implemented on top of clone). PID - {{w|Process identifier}} defined as {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_t}} is unique sequential number. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -A lists current processes. Syscall {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_tgid_vnr}} return PID of the current process which internally is called TGID - thread group id. A process can contain many threads. {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|gettid}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_pid_vnr}} returns thread id. Which internal historically is called PID. ⚠️ Warning: confusion. User space PID ≠ kernel space PID. {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|ps}} -AF lists current processes and thread as {{w|Light-weight process|LWP}}. For a single thread process all these IDs are equal. ⚲ API : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/unistd.h.0p.html unistd.h] : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_types.h.0p.html sys/types.h] : [https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/sys_wait.h.0p.html sys/wait.h] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|pid_type}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/fork.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|set_tid_address}} &ndash; set pointer to thread ID :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fork}} &ndash; create a child process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vfork}} &ndash; create a child process and block parent :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|clone}} &ndash; create a child process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|unshare}} &ndash; disassociate parts of the process execution context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sys.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|prctl}} &ndash; operations on a process or thread : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/pid.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_open}} &ndash; obtain a file descriptor that refers to a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pidfd_getfd}} &ndash; obtain a duplicate of another process's file descriptor : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/exit.c}} :: syscalls: :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit}} &ndash; terminate the calling process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|exit_group}} &ndash; exit all threads in a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitid}} &ndash; wait for process to change state :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|waitpid}} &ndash; wait for process to change state : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/exec.c}} 📖 References : {{w|fork (system call)}} : {{w|exit (system call)}} : {{w|wait (system call)}} : {{w|exec (system call)}} === Inter-process communication === Inter-process communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances. Linux inherited from Unix the following IPC mechanisms: Signals (⚲ API ↪ ⚙️ implementations): : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|kill}} sends signal to a process : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tgkill}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tkill}} sends a signal to a thread : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|process_vm_readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_vm_rw}} - zero-copy data transfer between process address spaces 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaction}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|signal}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigaltstack}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigpending}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigprocmask}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigsuspend}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigwaitinfo}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sigtimedwait}} {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/signal.c}} : [[../Storage#Zero-copy|Anonymous pipes]] and named pipes (FIFOs) {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mknod}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mknodat}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|S_IFIFO}} : {{w|Express Data Path}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_XDP}} : {{w|Unix domain socket}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_UNIX}} : Memory-mapped files {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mmap}} ⤑ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_mmap_pgoff}} : Sys V IPC: :: Message queues :: Semaphores :: Shared memory: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmget}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmctl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmat}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|shmdt}} 📖 References : {{w|Inter-process communication}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}} == Threads or tasks == In Linux kernel "thread" and "task" are almost synonyms. 💾 ''History: Till 2.6.39, kernel mode has only one thread protected by {{w|big kernel lock}}.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} - the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/current.h}} ::{{Linux ident|current}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}} () return current {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/taskstats.h}} per-task statistics : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/thread_info.h}} :: function&nbsp;{{The Linux Kernel/id|current_thread_info}}() returns {{The Linux Kernel/id|thread_info}} :{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/task.h}} - interface between the scheduler and various task lifetime (fork()/exit()) functionality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/kthread.h}} - simple interface for creating and stopping kernel threads without mess. ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} creates and wake a thread ::{{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run}} ↯ hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_thread}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_clone}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/kthread.c}} ==Scheduler== The ''{{w|Scheduling_(computing)#Linux|scheduler}}'' is the part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process. Active processes are placed in an array called a ''{{w|run queue}}'', or ''runqueue'' - {{The Linux Kernel/id|rq}}. The run queue may contain priority values for each process, which will be used by the scheduler to determine which process to run next. To ensure each program has a fair share of resources, each one is run for some time period (quantum) before it is paused and placed back into the run queue. When a program is stopped to let another run, the program with the highest priority in the run queue is then allowed to execute. Processes are also removed from the run queue when they ask to ''sleep'', are waiting on a resource to become available, or have been terminated. Linux uses the {{w|Completely Fair Scheduler}} (CFS), the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system. CFS uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called "fair queuing" originally invented for packet networks. The CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of O(log N), where N is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires O(log N) operations, because the run queue is implemented as a {{w|red–black tree}}. In contrast to the previous {{w|O(1) scheduler}}, the CFS scheduler implementation is not based on run queues. Instead, a red-black tree implements a "timeline" of future task execution. Additionally, the scheduler uses nanosecond granularity accounting, the atomic units by which an individual process' share of the CPU was allocated (thus making redundant the previous notion of timeslices). This precise knowledge also means that no specific heuristics are required to determine the interactivity of a process, for example. Like the old O(1) scheduler, CFS uses a concept called "sleeper fairness", which considers sleeping or waiting tasks equivalent to those on the runqueue. This means that interactive tasks which spend most of their time waiting for user input or other events get a comparable share of CPU time when they need it. The data structure used for the scheduling algorithm is a red-black tree in which the nodes are scheduler specific structures, entitled {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_entity}}. These are derived from the general <tt>task_struct</tt> process descriptor, with added scheduler elements. These nodes are indexed by processor execution time in nanoseconds. A maximum execution time is also calculated for each process. This time is based upon the idea that an "ideal processor" would equally share processing power amongst all processes. Thus, the maximum execution time is the time the process has been waiting to run, divided by the total number of processes, or in other words, the maximum execution time is the time the process would have expected to run on an "ideal processor". When the scheduler is invoked to run a new processes, the operation of the scheduler is as follows: # The left most node of the scheduling tree is chosen (as it will have the lowest spent execution time), and sent for execution. # If the process simply completes execution, it is removed from the system and scheduling tree. # If the process reaches its maximum execution time or is otherwise stopped (voluntarily or via interrupt) it is reinserted into the scheduling tree based on its new spent execution time. # The new left-most node will then be selected from the tree, repeating the iteration. If the process spends a lot of its time sleeping, then its spent time value is low and it automatically gets the priority boost when it finally needs it. Hence such tasks do not get less processor time than the tasks that are constantly running. An alternative to CFS is the {{w|Brain Fuck Scheduler}} (BFS) created by Con Kolivas. The objective of BFS, compared to other schedulers, is to provide a scheduler with a simpler algorithm, that does not require adjustment of heuristics or tuning parameters to tailor performance to a specific type of computation workload. Con Kolivas also maintains another alternative to CFS, the MuQSS scheduler.<ref name="malte" /> The Linux kernel contains different scheduler classes (or policies). The Completely Fair Scheduler used nowadays by default is {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}} scheduler class aka SCHED_OTHER. The kernel also contains two additional classes {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}}, and another two real-time scheduling classes named {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_FIFO}} (realtime first-in-first-out) and {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_RR}} (realtime round-robin), with a third realtime scheduling policy known as {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_DEADLINE}} that implements the {{w|Earliest deadline first scheduling|earliest deadline first algorithm (EDF)}} added later. Any realtime scheduler class takes precedence over any of the "normal" &mdash;i.e. non realtime&mdash; classes. The scheduler class is selected and configured through the {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sched_setscheduler}} system call. Properly balancing latency, throughput, and fairness in schedulers is an open problem.<ref name="malte" > Malte Skarupke. [https://probablydance.com/2019/12/30/measuring-mutexes-spinlocks-and-how-bad-the-linux-scheduler-really-is/ "Measuring Mutexes, Spinlocks and how Bad the Linux Scheduler Really is"]. </ref> ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|renice}} &ndash; priority of running processes : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|nice}} &ndash; run a program with modified scheduling priority : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|chrt}} &ndash; manipulate the real-time attributes of a process :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getattr}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sys_sched_getattr}} &ndash; get scheduling policy and attributes : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched.h}} &ndash; the main scheduler API :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getpriority}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|setpriority}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getscheduler}} ⚙️ Internals :{{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_init}} is called from {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_kernel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__schedule}} is the main scheduler function. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|runqueues}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_rq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/core.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/fair.c}} implements {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_NORMAL}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_BATCH}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SCHED_IDLE}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setscheduler}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}::{{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_priority}} and other members with less unique identifiers 🛠️ Utilities : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}}] : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pcp-pidstat}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|perf-sched}} : [https://opensource.googleblog.com/2019/10/understanding-scheduling-behavior-with.html Understanding Scheduling Behavior with SchedViz] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduling|scheduler}} : CFS :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completely Fair Scheduler|scheduler/sched-design-CFS.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CFS Bandwidth Control|scheduler/sched-bwc.html}} :: [https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/cha-tuning-taskscheduler.html Tuning the task scheduler] :: [https://home.robusta.dev/blog/stop-using-cpu-limits stop using CPU limits on Kubernetes] : [https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scheduler-Completely_fair_scheduler Completely fair scheduler LWN] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline Task Scheduler|scheduler/sched-deadline.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|sched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setparam}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_getscheduler}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sched_setscheduler}} 📚 Further reading about the scheduler : [https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/blob/master/docs/tutorial_one_liners.md#lesson-10-scheduler-tracing Scheduler tracing] : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] === Preemption === Preemption refers to the ability of the system to interrupt a running task to switch to another task. This is essential for ensuring that high-priority tasks receive the necessary CPU time and for improving the system's responsiveness. In Linux, preemption models define how and when the kernel can preempt tasks. Different models offer varying trade-offs between system responsiveness and throughput. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/Kconfig.preempt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE}} &ndash; no forced preemption for servers :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY}} &ndash; voluntary preemption for desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT}} &ndash; preemptible except for critical sections for low-latency desktops :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} &ndash; real-time preemption for [[Embedded_Systems/Linux#Real-time|highly responsive applications]] :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_DYNAMIC}}, see /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt === Wait queues === A ''wait queue'' in the kernel is a data structure that allows one or more processes to wait (sleep) until something of interest happens. They are used throughout the kernel to wait for available memory, I/O completion, message arrival, and many other things. In the early days of Linux, a wait queue was a simple list of waiting processes, but various scalability problems (including the {{w|thundering herd problem}}) have led to the addition of a fair amount of complexity since then. ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/wait.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} consists of double linked list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_entry}} and a spinlock. Waiting for simple events: : Use one of two methods for {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} initialization: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|init_waitqueue_head}} initializes {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in function context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD}} - actually defines {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head}} in global context : Wait alternatives: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible}} - preferable wait :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event_interruptible_timeout}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_event}} - uninterruptible wait. Can cause deadlock ⚠ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up}} etc 👁 For example usage see references to unique {{The Linux Kernel/id|suspend_queue}}. Explicit use of add_wait_queue instead of simple wait_event for complex cases: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|DECLARE_WAITQUEUE}} actually defines wait_queue_entry with {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_wake_function}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_wait_queue}} inserts process in the first position of a wait queue : {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_wait_queue}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|___wait_event}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__add_wait_queue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|__wake_up_common}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|try_to_wake_up}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/wait.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Wait queues and Wake events|driver-api/basics.html#wait-queues-and-wake-events}} : [https://www.halolinux.us/kernel-reference/handling-wait-queues.html Handling wait queues] == Synchronization == Thread synchronization is defined as a mechanism which ensures that two or more concurrent processes or threads do not simultaneously execute some particular program segment known as {{w|mutual exclusion}} (mutex). When one thread starts executing the critical section (serialized segment of the program) the other thread should wait until the first thread finishes. If proper synchronization techniques are not applied, it may cause a race condition where, the values of variables may be unpredictable and vary depending on the timings of context switches of the processes or threads. === User space synchronization === ==== Futex ==== A {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|futex}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_futex}} (short for "fast userspace mutex") is a kernel system call that programmers can use to implement basic locking, or as a building block for higher-level locking abstractions such as semaphores and POSIX mutexes or condition variables. A futex consists of a kernelspace ''wait queue'' that is attached to an aligned integer in userspace. Multiple processes or threads operate on the integer entirely in userspace (using atomic operations to avoid interfering with one another), and only resort to relatively expensive system calls to request operations on the wait queue (for example to wake up waiting processes, or to put the current process on the wait queue). A properly programmed futex-based lock will not use system calls except when the lock is contended; since most operations do not require arbitration between processes, this will not happen in most cases. The basic operations of futexes are based on only two central operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wait}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|futex_wake}} though implementation has a more operations for more specialized cases. : WAIT (''addr'', ''val'') checks if the value stored at the address ''addr'' is ''val'', and if it is puts the current thread to sleep. : WAKE (''addr'', ''val'') wakes up ''val'' number of threads waiting on the address ''addr''. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/futex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/futex.h}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/futex.c}} 📖 References : {{w|Futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|futex}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Futex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#futex-api-reference}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|futex}} ==== File locking ==== ⚲ API: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} ==== Semaphore ==== 💾 ''History: Semaphore is part of System V IPC {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|sysvipc}}'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|semget}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/source|ipc/sem.c}} === Kernel space synchronization === For kernel mode synchronization Linux provides three categories of locking primitives: sleeping, per CPU local locks and spinning locks. ==== Sleeping locks ==== ===== Read-Copy-Update ===== Common mechanism to solve the readers–writers problem is the {{w|read-copy-update}} (''RCU'') algorithm. Read-copy-update implements a kind of mutual exclusion that is wait-free (non-blocking) for readers, allowing extremely low overhead. However, RCU updates can be expensive, as they must leave the old versions of the data structure in place to accommodate pre-existing readers. 💾 ''History: RCU was added to Linux in October 2002. Since then, there are thousandths uses of the RCU API within the kernel including the networking protocol stacks and the memory-management system. The implementation of RCU in version 2.6 of the Linux kernel is among the better-known RCU implementations.'' ⚲ The core API in {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rcupdate.h}} is quite small: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_lock}} marks an RCU-protected data structure so that it won't be reclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_read_unlock}} is used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|synchronize_rcu}} blocks until all pre-existing RCU read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. Note that <code>synchronize_rcu</code> will ''not'' necessarily wait for any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. 👁 For example, consider the following sequence of events:<pre> CPU 0 CPU 1 CPU 2 ----------------- ------------------------- --------------- 1. rcu_read_lock() 2. enters synchronize_rcu() 3. rcu_read_lock() 4. rcu_read_unlock() 5. exits synchronize_rcu() 6. rcu_read_unlock() </pre> [[File:Rcu api.jpg|thumb|upright=2|RCU API communications between the reader, updater, and reclaimer]] :Since <code>synchronize_rcu</code> is the API that must figure out when readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>'s overhead must also be quite small. :Alternatively, instead of blocking, synchronize_rcu may register a callback to be invoked after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. This callback variant is called {{The Linux Kernel/id|call_rcu}} in the Linux kernel. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_assign_pointer}} - The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns the new value, and also executes any [[memory barrier]] instructions required for a given CPU architecture. Perhaps more importantly, it serves to document which pointers are protected by RCU. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rcu_dereference}} - The reader uses this function to fetch an RCU-protected pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely dereferenced. It also executes any directives required by the compiler or the CPU, for example, a volatile cast for gcc, a memory_order_consume load for C/C++11 or the memory-barrier instruction required by the old DEC Alpha CPU. The value returned by <code>rcu_dereference</code> is valid only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. As with <code>rcu_assign_pointer</code>, an important function of <code>rcu_dereference</code> is to document which pointers are protected by RCU. The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of <code>rcu_read_lock</code>, <code>rcu_read_unlock</code>, <code>synchronize_rcu</code>, and <code>call_rcu</code> invocations in order to determine when (1) <code>synchronize_rcu</code> invocations may return to their callers and (2) <code>call_rcu</code> callbacks may be invoked. Efficient implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/rcu}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Avoiding Locks: Read Copy Update|kernel-hacking/locking.html?#avoiding-locks-read-copy-update}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|RCU concepts|RCU}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-9.html RCU initialization] ===== Mutexes ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/mutex.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/completion.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}} has owner and usage constrains, more easy to debug then semaphore :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}} blocking mutual exclusion locks with priority inheritance (PI) support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}} Wound/Wait mutexes: blocking mutual exclusion locks with deadlock avoidance : {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}} readers–writer semaphores : {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|completion}} - use completion for synchronization task with ISR and task or two tasks. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_for_completion}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|complete}} 💾 ''Historical'' : {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}} - use mutex instead semaphore if possible : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/semaphore.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/rwsem.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Completions - “wait for completion” barrier APIs|scheduler/completion.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Mutex API reference|kernel-hacking/locking.html#mutex-api-reference}} : [http://lwn.net/Articles/23993/ LWN: completion events] ==== per CPU local lock ==== : {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_lock_irqsave}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} : etc On normal preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_disable}}. On RT preemptible kernel local_lock calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|spin_lock}}. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/local_lock.h}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Proper locking under a preemptive kernel|locking/preempt-locking.html}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/828477/ Local locks in the kernel] 💾 ''History: Prior to kernel version 2.6, Linux disabled interrupt to implement short critical sections. Since version 2.6 and later, Linux is fully preemptive.'' ==== Spinning locks ==== ===== {{w|Spinlock}}s ===== a ''spinlock'' is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (that which holds the lock) blocks, or "goes to sleep". Spinlocks are commonly used inside kernels because they are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. 👁 For example {{The Linux Kernel/id|kobj_kset_join}} uses spinlock to protect assess to the linked list. Enabling and disabling of kernel preemption replaced spinlocks on uniprocessor systems (disabled {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}). Most spinning locks becoming sleeping locks in the {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT}} kernels. 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/id|spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_spinlock_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|bit_spin_lock}} : : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-1.html Introduction to spinlocks] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-2.html Queued spinlocks] ===== {{w|Seqlock}}s ===== A ''seqlock'' (short for "sequential lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. It is a special solution to the readers–writers problem when the number of writers is small. It is a reader-writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} consists of storage for saving a sequence counter {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}}/seqcount_spinlock_t in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence counter, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence counter before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence counter is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence counters are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence counter before and after. 💾 ''History: The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_SEQLOCK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqlock_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqlock_excl}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqlock}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|seqcount_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|read_seqcount_retry}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_begin}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_seqcount_end}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/seqlock.h}} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mount_lock}}, defined in {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Sequence counters and sequential locks|locking/seqlock.html}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/linux-sync-6.html SeqLock] ==== Spinning or sleeping locks ==== :{| class="wikitable" ! !! on server !! on preempt RT |- | spinlock_t, || raw_spinlock_t || rt_mutex_base, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |- | rwlock_t || spinning || sleeping |- | local_lock || preempt_disable|| migrate_disable, rt_spin_lock, sleeping |} ==== Low level ==== The compiler might optimize away or reorder writes to variables leading to unexpected behavior when variables are accessed concurrently by multiple threads. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/rwonce.h}} &ndash; prevent the compiler from merging or refetching reads or writes. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/compiler.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|barrier}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from reordering instructions around the barrier : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} &ndash; generic barrier definitions : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &ndash; force strict CPU ordering :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}} &ndash; ensures that all memory operations before the barrier are completed before any memory operations after the barrier are started ==== ... ==== 📚 Further reading : {{w|Volatile_(computer_programming)#In_C_and_C++|volatile}} &ndash; prevents the compiler from optimizations : {{w|Memory barrier}} &ndash; enforces an ordering constraint on memory operations === Time === ⚲ UAPI : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timeval}} &ndash; microsecond resolution :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timezone}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/time_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kernel_timespec}} &ndash; nanosecond resolution, used in syscalls :: ... ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tm}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/ktime.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_t}} &ndash; nanosecond scalar representation for kernel time values :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_sub}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timekeeping.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_ns}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_get_real}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/time64.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|time64_t}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ns_to_timespec64}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timespec64_sub}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ktime_to_timespec64}} :: ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/rtc.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jiffies.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ktime accessors|core-api/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Clock sources, Clock events, sched_clock() and delay timers|timers/timekeeping.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}} : {{w|Year 2038 problem}} === ... === ⚙️ Locking internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/lockdep.h}} &ndash; runtime locking correctness validator : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/debug_locks.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|wait_queue_head_t}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Atomics|driver-api/basics.html#atomics}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/atomic.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|atomic_dec_and_test}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/locking/locktorture.c}} &ndash; module-based torture test facility for locking 📚 Locking references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|locking|locking}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|sleeping locks|locking/locktypes.html#sleeping-locks}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rt_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rw_semaphore}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ww_mutex}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|percpu_rw_semaphore}} :::: on preempt RT: local_lock, spinlock_t, rwlock_t ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|spinning locks|locking/locktypes.html#spinning-locks}}: :::: raw_spinlock_t, bit spinlocks :::: on non preempt RT: spinlock_t, rwlock_t : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Unreliable Guide To Locking|kernel-hacking/locking.html}} : {{w|Synchronization (computer science)}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/SyncPrim/ Synchronization primitives] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless (Full dynticks)], {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} == Interrupts == An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts. Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system. For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position. Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming. The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_IRQ}}). A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed. The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself. For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message. Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers. For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk. Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler. The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts. ⚲ API : /proc/interrupts : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information : [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system : There are many ways to request ISR, two of them : {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &ndash; preferable function to allocate an interrupt line for a managed device with a threaded ISR : {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}} &ndash; old and common functions to add and remove a handler for an interrupt line : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &ndash; main interrupt support header :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &ndash; contains handler functions : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/irqflags.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}} : Structure of structures: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}} ::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} : ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts] 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} === IRQ affinity === ⚲ API : /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity : /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list Common types and functions: : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}} : struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs ===== ... ===== 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}} : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML] : [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML] 📚 Further reading : IDT &ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}} == Deferred works == === Scheduler context === ==== Threaded IRQ ==== ⚲ API {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}} ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}} ==== Work ==== work is a workqueue wrapper ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}}, : {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|schedule_delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}} 👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_wq}} ==== Workqueue ==== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}} === Interrupt context === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &ndash; framework for enqueueing and running callbacks from hardirq context :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}} ==== Timers ==== ===== softirq timer ===== This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|del_timer}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} 👁 Examples : {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}} ===== High-resolution timer ===== ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &mdash; callback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 👁 Example {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} ''' 📚 HR timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}} ===== ... ===== 📚 Timers references : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}} : [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration] ==== Tasklet ==== tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations ⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}} ⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ ==== Softirq ==== softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly. Use tasklet or threaded IRQs ⚲ API : cat /proc/softirqs : {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} 📖 References : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)] : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues] :[https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management] : [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work] ==CPU specific== 🖱️ GUI : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &ndash; program for tuning running processes ⚲ API : cat /proc/cpuinfo : /sys/devices/system/cpu/ : /sys/cpu/ : /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/ : grep -i cpu /proc/self/status : [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR) : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &ndash; display information about the CPU architecture : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &ndash; arch specific cpu topology information : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &ndash; generic cpu definition : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} &ndash; a generic framework for CPU idle power management : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &ndash; Interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &ndash; cputime accounting APIs ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} === Cache === : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}} : https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}} === {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} === This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|muti-core}} aspects of Linux kernel. Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include: * Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s. * Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized. * Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads. * Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization. * Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently. * NUMA &ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory. * Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores. * Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise. * Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation. 🗝️ Key terms : '''Affinity''' refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores. This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores. It can be managed using system calls or commands. Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}. ⚲ API : <code>ps -PLe</code> &ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR). : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &ndash; configure CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets : grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask :: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &ndash; cpuset interface : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}} :: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}} : /sys/bus/cpu : [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]] ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU : {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} – affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}} : IPI &ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} : smpboot :: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} 🛠️ Utilities : [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}} :: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, domain, and managed_irq in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}} 📚 Further reading : [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23] : [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning] : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain : [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML] : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML] : [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin] ==== CPU hotplug ==== CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot. This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively. ⚲ API : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online : /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/linux/cpu.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &ndash; CPU hotplug states :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &ndash; CPU hotplug locking :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ... :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ... ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}} :: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ... : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &ndash; CPU subsystem support :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}} ::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}} 📚 Further reading : {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between "offline" and "online" states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions. :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}} : [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug cpuhotplug @LKML] === {{w|Memory barrier}}s === Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors. MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}} ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}} === Architectures === Linux CPU architectures refer to the different types of central processing units (CPUs) that are compatible with the Linux operating system. Linux is designed to run on a wide range of CPU architectures, which allows it to be utilized on various devices, from smartphones to servers and supercomputers. Each architecture has its own unique features, advantages, and design considerations. Architectures are classified by family (e.g. x86, ARM), {{w|Word (computer architecture)|word}} or {{w|Integer_(computer_science)#Long_integer|long int}} size (e.g. {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_32BIT}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_64BIT}}). Some functions with different implementations for different CPU architectures: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_boot_cpu}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_secondary}} > {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_init}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_arch}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|start_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_current}}, {{Linux ident|current}} ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/id|BITS_PER_LONG}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__BITS_PER_LONG}}, ⚙️ Arch internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch}} :: '''x86''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_X86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/platform/x86}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-x86 :: '''ARM''' ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_ARM}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM Architecture|arch/arm}} ::: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Architectures-ARM ::: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/arm64}}, {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ARM64 Architecture|arm64}} : [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Initialization/linux-initialization-5.html architecture-specific initialization] 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Architectures|arch}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86-specific|arch/x86}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86_64 Support|arch/x86/x86_64}} 📚 Further reading about multitasking, scheduling and CPU : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#cpu-and-scheduler-tools bcc/ebpf CPU and scheduler tools] {{BookCat}} b2bv569pf07hkqoreurwpxq52772zv0 0 226984 4443535 4442939 2024-11-03T05:53:44Z Conan 3188 /* Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing */ null_blk 4443535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Storage functionality}} {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor=#cef | storage |-style="" | bgcolor=#aef | [[#Files_and_directories|files & directories access]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8df | [[#Virtual File System|Virtual File System]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8ce |[[#Page_cache|page cache]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#7ac |[[#Logical file systems|logical file systems]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#69a |[[#Block_device_layer|block devices]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#689 |[[#Storage_drivers|storage drivers]] |} Storage functionality provides access to various storage devices via files and directories of files. Most of the storage is persistent as flash memory, SSD and legacy hard disks. Another kind of storage is temporary. The ''file system'' provides an abstraction to organize the information into separate pieces of data (called ''files'') identified by a unique name. Each file system type defines their own structures and logic rules used to manage these groups of information and their names. Linux supports a plethora or different file system types, local and remote, native and from other operating systems. To accommodate such disparity the kernel defines a common top layer, the ''virtual file system'' (VFS) layer. [[File:The Linux Storage Stack Diagram.svg|Summary of the Linux kernel's storage stack|right|800x800px]] == Files and directories == Four basic files access system calls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|open}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_open}} - opens a file by name and returns a {{w|file descriptor}} (<big>fd</big>). Below functions operates on a fd. : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|close}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|close_fd}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|read}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|write}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_write}} File in Linux and UNIX is not only physical file on persistent storage. File interface is used to access pipes, sockets and other pseudo-files. 🔧 TODO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|symlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|link}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|readdir}} ⇾ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getdents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|path_resolution}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor ⚙️ Files and directories internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/open.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namei.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/read_write.c}} 📚 Files and directories references : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Overview.html Input/Output, The GNU C Library] : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] : {{w|Unix file types}} === File locks === File locks are mechanisms that allow processes to coordinate access to shared files. These locks help prevent conflicts when multiple processes or threads attempt to access the same file simultaneously. 💾 ''Historical: [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.14/K/ident/CONFIG_MANDATORY_FILE_LOCKING Mandatory locking] feature is no longer supported at all in Linux 5.15 and above because the implementation is unreliable.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lslocks}} &ndash; list local system locks : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|lockf}} &ndash; apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} &ndash; apply or remove an advisory BSD lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_SETLK}} &ndash; advisory record lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_OFD_SETLK}} &ndash; Open File Description Lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|flock}} &ndash; lock parameters ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/filelock.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/locks.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/filelock.h}} === Asynchronous I/O === 🚀 advanced features '''AIO''' : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Asynchronous_IO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_submit}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_cancel}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_destroy}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_getevents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/aio_abi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/aio.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|io/aio}} '''{{w|io_uring}}''' 🌱 ''New since release 5.1 in May 2019'' : https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/an-introduction-to-the-io_uring-asynchronous-io-framework : https://thenewstack.io/how-io_uring-and-ebpf-will-revolutionize-programming-in-linux/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_enter}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/.c}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#io_uring :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/ The rapid growth of io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/815491/ Automatic buffer selection for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/826053/ Operations restrictions for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/803070/ Redesigned workqueues for io_uring] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|io_uring}} === {{w|Asynchronous_I/O#Forms|Non-blocking I/O}} === Allow non-blocking access to multiple file descriptors. '''Efficient event polling {{w|epoll}}''' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/eventpoll.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|epoll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_create}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_ctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_ctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_wait}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/eventpoll.c}} '''{{w|Select (Unix)|select}} and {{w|poll (Unix)|poll}}''' 💾 ''Historical: Select and poll system calls are derived from UNIX'' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|poll}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_poll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|select}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kern_select}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/select.c}} === Vectored I/O === 🚀 advanced feature {{w|Vectored I/O}}, also known as scatter/gather I/O, is a method of input and output by which a single procedure call sequentially reads data from multiple buffers and writes it to a single data stream, or reads data from a data stream and writes it to multiple buffers, as defined in a vector of buffers. Scatter/gather refers to the process of gathering data from, or scattering data into, the given set of buffers. Vectored I/O can operate synchronously or asynchronously. The main reasons for using vectored I/O are efficiency and convenience. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iovec}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|writev}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writev}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iov_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_readv}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|import_iovec}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_file_read_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/iov_iter.c}} 📚 References : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatter_002dGather.html Fast Scatter-Gather I/O, The GNU C Library] : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Vectored_IO : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scattergather_chaining == Virtual File System == The {{w|virtual file system}} (VFS) is an abstract layer on top of a concrete logical file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of logical file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] devices transparently without the client application noticing the difference. It can be used to bridge the differences in Windows, classic Mac OS/macOS and Unix filesystems, so that applications can access files on local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they are accessing. A VFS specifies an interface (or a "contract") between the kernel and a logical file system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel simply by fulfilling the contract. 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfsmount}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_create}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_read}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_write}} 📚 VFS References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|VFS|filesystems/#core-vfs-documentation}} : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Logical file systems == A {{w|file system}} (or ''filesystem'') is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into individual pieces, and giving each piece a name, the information is easily separated and identified. Each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system". There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs. File systems can be used on many different kinds of storage devices. Each storage device uses a different kind of media. The most common storage device in use today is a {{w|SSD}}. Other media that was used are hard disk, magnetic tape, optical disc, and . In some cases, the computer's main memory (RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use. Raw storage is called a block device. Linux supports many different file systems, but common choices for the system disk on a block device include the ext* family (such as {{w|ext2}}, {{w|ext3}} and {{w|ext4}}), {{w|XFS}}, {{w|ReiserFS}} and {{w|btrfs}}. For raw Flash without a {{w|flash translation layer}} (FTL) or {{w|Memory Technology Device}} (MTD), there is {{w|UBIFS}}, {{w|JFFS2}}, and {{w|YAFFS}}, among others. {{w|SquashFS}} is a common compressed read-only file system. NFS and another network FS are described further in paragraph [[../Networking#Network_storage|Network storage]]. ⚲ Shell interfaces: : cat /proc/filesystems : ls /sys/fs/ : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|umount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|findmnt}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|mountpoint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|df}} Infrastructure ⚲ API function {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_filesystem}} registers structs {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_system_type}} and stores them in linked list ⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_systems}}. Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_init_fs}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_fs_type}}. Operation of ''file system opening'' is called mounting: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_mount}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mount}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/buffer_head.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|super_block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sb_bread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/ext4/ext4.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_sb_bread}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|filesystems|filesystems/#filesystems}} : Kernel wikis: [https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/ EXT4], [https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/ btrfs], [https://reiser4.wiki.kernel.org/ Reiser4], [https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ RAID], [https://xfs.wiki.kernel.org/ XFS] == Page cache == A page cache or disk cache is a transparent cache for the memory pages originating from a secondary storage device such as a hard disk drive. The operating system keeps a page cache in otherwise unused portions of the main memory, resulting in quicker access to the contents of cached pages and overall performance improvements. The page cache is implemented by the kernel, and is mostly transparent to applications. Usually, all physical memory not directly allocated to applications is used by the operating system for the page cache. Since the memory would otherwise be idle and is easily reclaimed when applications request it, there is generally no associated performance penalty and the operating system might even report such memory as "free" or "available". The page cache also aids in writing to a disk. Pages in the main memory that have been modified during writing data to disk are marked as "dirty" and have to be flushed to disk before they can be freed. When a file write occurs, the page backing the particular block is looked up. If it is already found in the page cache, the write is done to that page in the main memory. Otherwise, when the write perfectly falls on page size boundaries, the page is not even read from disk, but allocated and immediately marked dirty. Otherwise, the page(s) are fetched from disk and requested modifications are done. Not all cached pages can be written to as program code is often mapped as read-only or copy-on-write; in the latter case, modifications to code will only be visible to the process itself and will not be written to disk. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fsync}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fsync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sync_file_range}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_sync_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syncfs}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sync_filesystem}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wb_workfn}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|address_space}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writepages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/writeback.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page-writeback.c}} : {{w|Page cache}} More : [https://lwn.net/Articles/717953/ The future of DAX ] - direct access bypassing the cache : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-4.html Linux Page Cache in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Zero-copy == 🚀 advanced features Writing data to storage and reading are very resource consuming operations. Copying memory is time and CPU consuming operation too. Set of methods to avoid copying operations is called {{w|zero-copy}}. The goal of zero-copy methods is a fast and efficient data transfer within the system. The first and simplest method is {{w|Pipeline (Unix)|Pipeline}}, invoked by operator "|" in shells. Instead of writing data into temporary file and reading, the data is passed efficiently via a pipe bypassing a storage. The second method is {{w|Tee_(command)|tee}}. ⚲ Syscalls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|tee}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}} ⚲ API and ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_pipe2}} - creates pipe :: uses {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipe_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipefifo_fops}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tee}}- duplicates pipe content :: calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|link_pipe}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sendfile}} - transfers data between file descriptors, the output can be a socket. Used in [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] and servers. :: Calls: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_direct_to_actor}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_copy_file_range}} - transfers data between files :: calls custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs42_remap_file_range}} :: or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|fuse_copy_file_range}} :: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice}} - splices data to/from a pipe. :: There are three cases regarding which end being a pipe: :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_from}} - only input is a pipe :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|iter_file_splice_write}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_write}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_write}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_pipe_buf}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|splice_from_pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__splice_from_pipe}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_to}} - only output is a pipe. :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|generic_file_splice_read}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_read}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_read}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_readv}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_pipe_to_pipe}} - both are pipes : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}}''' ↪ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_pipe}} &ndash; splices user pages to a pipe :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_user}} &ndash; splices a pipe to user pages ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/splice.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/pipe.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/splice.c}} 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|zerocopy_sg_from_iter}} builds a zerocopy skb datagram from an iov_iter. Used in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tap_get_user}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|tun_get_user}}. {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy_iter_dgram}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pipe}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|fifo}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|splice and pipes|filesystems/splice.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Pipes API|filesystems/splice.html#pipes-api}} : {{w|splice (system call)}} : LTP: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe2}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sendfile}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|copy_file_range}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|splice}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|vmsplice}} == Block device layer == The block device layer in Linux provides an abstraction for accessing storage devices, such as and USB drives, by presenting them as a series of fixed-size blocks. It sits between the hardware and the file system, allowing applications and file systems to perform read and write operations efficiently without needing to know the specifics of the underlying hardware. Key components include block drivers, the I/O scheduler, and buffer management, which work together to handle requests, optimize access patterns, and ensure data integrity. This layer supports essential features like caching, partition management, and queueing mechanisms to balance performance and reliability. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/genhd.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bio}} &ndash; main unit of I/O for the block layer and lower layers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_disk_node}} allocates {{The Linux Kernel/id|gendisk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_disk}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device_operations}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blkdev.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_blkdev}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_queue}} ⚙️ Internals. : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/brd.c}} - small RAM backed block device driver : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} === Device mapper === The ''device mapper'' is a framework provided by the kernel for mapping physical block devices onto higher-level "virtual block devices". It forms the foundation of LVM2, software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots. Device mapper works by passing data from a virtual block device, which is provided by the device mapper itself, to another block device. Data can be also modified in transition, which is performed, for example, in the case of device mapper providing disk encryption. User space applications that need to create new mapped devices talk to the device mapper via the <code>libdevmapper.so</code> shared library, which in turn issues ioctls to the <code>/dev/mapper/control</code> device node. Functions provided by the device mapper include linear, striped and error ''mappings,'' as well as crypt and multipath ''targets.'' For example, two disks may be concatenated into one logical volume with a pair of ''linear'' mappings, one for each disk. As another example, ''crypt'' target encrypts the data passing through the specified device, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API. The following mapping targets are available: : ''cache'' - allows the creation of hybrid volumes, by using solid-state drives (SSDs) as caches for hard disk drives (HDDs) : ''crypt'' - provides data encryption, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API : ''delay'' - delays reads and/or writes to different devices (used for testing) : ''era'' - behaves in a way similar to the linear target, while it keeps track of blocks that were written to within a user-defined period of time : ''error'' - simulates I/O errors for all mapped blocks (used for testing) : ''flakey'' - simulates periodic unreliable behaviour (used for testing) : ''linear'' - maps a continuous range of blocks onto another block device : ''mirror'' - maps a mirrored logical device, while providing data redundancy : ''multipath'' - supports the mapping of multipathed devices, through usage of their path groups : ''raid'' - offers an interface to the Linux kernel's software RAID driver (md) : ''snapshot'' and ''snapshot-origin'' - used for creation of LVM snapshots, as part of the underlining copy-on-write scheme : ''striped'' - strips the data across physical devices, with the number of stripes and the striping chunk size as parameters : ''zero'' - an equivalent of <code>/dev/zero</code>, all reads return blocks of zeros, and writes are discarded 📚 References : {{w|Device mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device mapper|admin-guide/device-mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device-mapper.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/md}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Device_mapper === Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing === The blk-mq API enhances IO performance by leveraging multiple queues for parallel processing, addressing bottlenecks from traditional single-queue designs. It uses software queues for scheduling, merging, and reordering requests, and hardware queues to interface directly with devices. If hardware resources are limited, requests are temporarily queued for later dispatch. ⚲ Interfaces: : /sys/devices/.../mq/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_hw_ctx}} &ndash; hardware dispatch queue context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tag_set}} &ndash; shared between request queues 👁️ Example : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} &ndash; multi-queue aware block test driver ⚙️ Internals : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/hctx* : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ctx}} &ndash; software staging queue context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.c}} &ndash; block multi-queue core code : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq-tag.}} &ndash; tag allocation using scalable bitmaps : ... 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} === I/O scheduler === I/O scheduling (or disk scheduling) is the method chosen by the kernel to decide in which order the block I/O operations will be submitted to the storage volumes. I/O scheduling usually has to work with hard disk drives that have long access times for requests placed far away from the current position of the disk head (this operation is called a seek). To minimize the effect this has on system performance, most I/O schedulers implement a variant of the elevator algorithm that reorders the incoming randomly ordered requests so the associated data would be accessed with minimal arm/head movement. The particular I/O scheduler used with certain block device can be switched at run time by modifying the corresponding <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/scheduler</code> file in the sysfs filesystem. Some I/O schedulers also have tunable parameters that can be set through files in <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/iosched/</code>. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/elevator.h}} : Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|elv_register}} registers struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_type}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_queue}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/elevator.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/Kconfig.iosched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/bfq-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/kyber-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/mq-deadline.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/trace/events/block.h}} 📖 References: : {{w|I/O scheduling}} : {{w|Elevator algorithm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|deadline-iosched.html}} : https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/linux-io-scheduler-tuning/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/IOSchedulers === ... === 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block devices|block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|block/deadline-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kyber I/O scheduler tunables|block/kyber-iosched.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} 📚 Further reading : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/ : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Block_layer : [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/ block devices ML] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch16.pdf LDD3:Block Drivers] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch12.html LDD1:Loading Block Drivers] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-the-linux/0596005652/ch14.html ULK3 Chapter 14. Block Device Drivers] : [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/The Linux SCSI Generic (sg) Driver] :: [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/scsi_debug.html Scsi_debug adapter driver for Linux] :: https://github.com/doug-gilbert/sg3_utils == {{w|Computer data storage|Storage}} drivers == 🔧 TODO ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvmem}} &ndash; {{w|Non-volatile memory}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/sdio}} &ndash; {{w|Secure Digital#SDIO cards|Secure Digital Input Output}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/scsi}} &ndash; {{w|SCSI|Small Computer System Interface}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/virtio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/mtd}} &ndash; {{w|Memory Technology Device}} for 🤖 embedded devices === NVMe === {{w|NVM Express}} drivers provide accesses a computer's {{w|non-volatile storage}}. Local storage is attached via {{w|PCIe|PCI Express}} bus. PCI NVMe device driver entry point is {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}}. Remote storage driver is called target and local {{w|Proxy_pattern|proxy}} driver is called host. {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} connect remote targets with local host. A fabric can be based on {{w|Remote direct memory access|RDMA}}, {{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} or {{w|Fibre Channel}} protocols. ⚲ API: : [https://github.com/linux-nvme/nvme-cli nvme-cli] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/nvme_ioctl.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme.h}} ⚙️ '''Internals:''' : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme}} '''Host''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host}}: ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/nvme.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} initializes a NVMe controller structures {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl}} with operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl_ops}} ::: a subroutine of {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_scan_work}} adds a new disk with {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}} - local PCI nvme module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_probe}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} ... ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_pci_ctrl_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_core_init}} - module init '''Fabrics''' ⚲ interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/fabrics.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_register_transport}} resisters {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init ⚙️ internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_misc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_fops}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_write}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_create_ctrl}} binds {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} '''Target''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target}}: ⚲ Interfaces: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_register_transport}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fabrics_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_init}} - module init : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fcloop_init}} - loopback test module init which can be useful to test NVMe-FC transport interfaces. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! colspan="3" |NVMe over {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Layers</div> !{{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} ![[../Networking#RDMA|RDMA]] !{{w|Fibre Channel}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Host modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_tcp_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_rdma_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_fc_init_module}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Fabrics protocols</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-tcp.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-rdma.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc-driver.h}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Target modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_tcp_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_rdma_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fc_init_module}} |} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_init_module}} nvme loopback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_transport}} - fabrics operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_ctrl}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_io_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_ops}} - target operation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_add_port}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_queue_response}} == Appendices== 🚀 Advanced : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} &ndash; reports task statistics : /proc/self/io &ndash; I/O statistics for the process (see {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|proc}}) 💾 Historical storage drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/ata}} - {{w|Parallel ATA}} 📖 Further reading about storage : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#storage-and-filesystems-tools bcc/ebpf storage and filesystems tools] {{BookCat}} mqi2fuzk8jke4tipcnjrr392pk0bifi 4443537 4443535 2024-11-03T06:02:18Z Conan 3188 /* Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing */ blk_mq_ops, blk_mq_tags 4443537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Storage functionality}} {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor=#cef | storage |-style="" | bgcolor=#aef | [[#Files_and_directories|files & directories access]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8df | [[#Virtual File System|Virtual File System]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8ce |[[#Page_cache|page cache]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#7ac |[[#Logical file systems|logical file systems]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#69a |[[#Block_device_layer|block devices]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#689 |[[#Storage_drivers|storage drivers]] |} Storage functionality provides access to various storage devices via files and directories of files. Most of the storage is persistent as flash memory, SSD and legacy hard disks. Another kind of storage is temporary. The ''file system'' provides an abstraction to organize the information into separate pieces of data (called ''files'') identified by a unique name. Each file system type defines their own structures and logic rules used to manage these groups of information and their names. Linux supports a plethora or different file system types, local and remote, native and from other operating systems. To accommodate such disparity the kernel defines a common top layer, the ''virtual file system'' (VFS) layer. [[File:The Linux Storage Stack Diagram.svg|Summary of the Linux kernel's storage stack|right|800x800px]] == Files and directories == Four basic files access system calls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|open}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_open}} - opens a file by name and returns a {{w|file descriptor}} (<big>fd</big>). Below functions operates on a fd. : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|close}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|close_fd}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|read}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|write}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_write}} File in Linux and UNIX is not only physical file on persistent storage. File interface is used to access pipes, sockets and other pseudo-files. 🔧 TODO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|symlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|link}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|readdir}} ⇾ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getdents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|path_resolution}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor ⚙️ Files and directories internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/open.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namei.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/read_write.c}} 📚 Files and directories references : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Overview.html Input/Output, The GNU C Library] : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] : {{w|Unix file types}} === File locks === File locks are mechanisms that allow processes to coordinate access to shared files. These locks help prevent conflicts when multiple processes or threads attempt to access the same file simultaneously. 💾 ''Historical: [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.14/K/ident/CONFIG_MANDATORY_FILE_LOCKING Mandatory locking] feature is no longer supported at all in Linux 5.15 and above because the implementation is unreliable.'' ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lslocks}} &ndash; list local system locks : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|lockf}} &ndash; apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} &ndash; apply or remove an advisory BSD lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_SETLK}} &ndash; advisory record lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_OFD_SETLK}} &ndash; Open File Description Lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|flock}} &ndash; lock parameters ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/filelock.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/locks.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/filelock.h}} === Asynchronous I/O === 🚀 advanced features '''AIO''' : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Asynchronous_IO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_submit}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_cancel}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_destroy}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_getevents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/aio_abi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/aio.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|io/aio}} '''{{w|io_uring}}''' 🌱 ''New since release 5.1 in May 2019'' : https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/an-introduction-to-the-io_uring-asynchronous-io-framework : https://thenewstack.io/how-io_uring-and-ebpf-will-revolutionize-programming-in-linux/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_enter}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/.c}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#io_uring :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/ The rapid growth of io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/815491/ Automatic buffer selection for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/826053/ Operations restrictions for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/803070/ Redesigned workqueues for io_uring] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|io_uring}} === {{w|Asynchronous_I/O#Forms|Non-blocking I/O}} === Allow non-blocking access to multiple file descriptors. '''Efficient event polling {{w|epoll}}''' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/eventpoll.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|epoll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_create}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_ctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_ctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_wait}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/eventpoll.c}} '''{{w|Select (Unix)|select}} and {{w|poll (Unix)|poll}}''' 💾 ''Historical: Select and poll system calls are derived from UNIX'' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|poll}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_poll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|select}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kern_select}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/select.c}} === Vectored I/O === 🚀 advanced feature {{w|Vectored I/O}}, also known as scatter/gather I/O, is a method of input and output by which a single procedure call sequentially reads data from multiple buffers and writes it to a single data stream, or reads data from a data stream and writes it to multiple buffers, as defined in a vector of buffers. Scatter/gather refers to the process of gathering data from, or scattering data into, the given set of buffers. Vectored I/O can operate synchronously or asynchronously. The main reasons for using vectored I/O are efficiency and convenience. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iovec}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|writev}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writev}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iov_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_readv}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|import_iovec}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_file_read_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/iov_iter.c}} 📚 References : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatter_002dGather.html Fast Scatter-Gather I/O, The GNU C Library] : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Vectored_IO : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scattergather_chaining == Virtual File System == The {{w|virtual file system}} (VFS) is an abstract layer on top of a concrete logical file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of logical file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] devices transparently without the client application noticing the difference. It can be used to bridge the differences in Windows, classic Mac OS/macOS and Unix filesystems, so that applications can access files on local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they are accessing. A VFS specifies an interface (or a "contract") between the kernel and a logical file system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel simply by fulfilling the contract. 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfsmount}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_create}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_read}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_write}} 📚 VFS References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|VFS|filesystems/#core-vfs-documentation}} : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Logical file systems == A {{w|file system}} (or ''filesystem'') is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into individual pieces, and giving each piece a name, the information is easily separated and identified. Each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system". There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs. File systems can be used on many different kinds of storage devices. Each storage device uses a different kind of media. The most common storage device in use today is a {{w|SSD}}. Other media that was used are hard disk, magnetic tape, optical disc, and . In some cases, the computer's main memory (RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use. Raw storage is called a block device. Linux supports many different file systems, but common choices for the system disk on a block device include the ext* family (such as {{w|ext2}}, {{w|ext3}} and {{w|ext4}}), {{w|XFS}}, {{w|ReiserFS}} and {{w|btrfs}}. For raw Flash without a {{w|flash translation layer}} (FTL) or {{w|Memory Technology Device}} (MTD), there is {{w|UBIFS}}, {{w|JFFS2}}, and {{w|YAFFS}}, among others. {{w|SquashFS}} is a common compressed read-only file system. NFS and another network FS are described further in paragraph [[../Networking#Network_storage|Network storage]]. ⚲ Shell interfaces: : cat /proc/filesystems : ls /sys/fs/ : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|umount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|findmnt}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|mountpoint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|df}} Infrastructure ⚲ API function {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_filesystem}} registers structs {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_system_type}} and stores them in linked list ⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_systems}}. Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_init_fs}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_fs_type}}. Operation of ''file system opening'' is called mounting: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_mount}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mount}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/buffer_head.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|super_block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sb_bread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/ext4/ext4.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_sb_bread}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|filesystems|filesystems/#filesystems}} : Kernel wikis: [https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/ EXT4], [https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/ btrfs], [https://reiser4.wiki.kernel.org/ Reiser4], [https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ RAID], [https://xfs.wiki.kernel.org/ XFS] == Page cache == A page cache or disk cache is a transparent cache for the memory pages originating from a secondary storage device such as a hard disk drive. The operating system keeps a page cache in otherwise unused portions of the main memory, resulting in quicker access to the contents of cached pages and overall performance improvements. The page cache is implemented by the kernel, and is mostly transparent to applications. Usually, all physical memory not directly allocated to applications is used by the operating system for the page cache. Since the memory would otherwise be idle and is easily reclaimed when applications request it, there is generally no associated performance penalty and the operating system might even report such memory as "free" or "available". The page cache also aids in writing to a disk. Pages in the main memory that have been modified during writing data to disk are marked as "dirty" and have to be flushed to disk before they can be freed. When a file write occurs, the page backing the particular block is looked up. If it is already found in the page cache, the write is done to that page in the main memory. Otherwise, when the write perfectly falls on page size boundaries, the page is not even read from disk, but allocated and immediately marked dirty. Otherwise, the page(s) are fetched from disk and requested modifications are done. Not all cached pages can be written to as program code is often mapped as read-only or copy-on-write; in the latter case, modifications to code will only be visible to the process itself and will not be written to disk. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fsync}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fsync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sync_file_range}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_sync_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syncfs}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sync_filesystem}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wb_workfn}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|address_space}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writepages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/writeback.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page-writeback.c}} : {{w|Page cache}} More : [https://lwn.net/Articles/717953/ The future of DAX ] - direct access bypassing the cache : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-4.html Linux Page Cache in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Zero-copy == 🚀 advanced features Writing data to storage and reading are very resource consuming operations. Copying memory is time and CPU consuming operation too. Set of methods to avoid copying operations is called {{w|zero-copy}}. The goal of zero-copy methods is a fast and efficient data transfer within the system. The first and simplest method is {{w|Pipeline (Unix)|Pipeline}}, invoked by operator "|" in shells. Instead of writing data into temporary file and reading, the data is passed efficiently via a pipe bypassing a storage. The second method is {{w|Tee_(command)|tee}}. ⚲ Syscalls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|tee}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}} ⚲ API and ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_pipe2}} - creates pipe :: uses {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipe_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipefifo_fops}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tee}}- duplicates pipe content :: calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|link_pipe}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sendfile}} - transfers data between file descriptors, the output can be a socket. Used in [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] and servers. :: Calls: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_direct_to_actor}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_copy_file_range}} - transfers data between files :: calls custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs42_remap_file_range}} :: or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|fuse_copy_file_range}} :: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice}} - splices data to/from a pipe. :: There are three cases regarding which end being a pipe: :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_from}} - only input is a pipe :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|iter_file_splice_write}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_write}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_write}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_pipe_buf}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|splice_from_pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__splice_from_pipe}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_to}} - only output is a pipe. :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|generic_file_splice_read}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_read}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_read}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_readv}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_pipe_to_pipe}} - both are pipes : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}}''' ↪ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_pipe}} &ndash; splices user pages to a pipe :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_user}} &ndash; splices a pipe to user pages ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/splice.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/pipe.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/splice.c}} 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|zerocopy_sg_from_iter}} builds a zerocopy skb datagram from an iov_iter. Used in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tap_get_user}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|tun_get_user}}. {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy_iter_dgram}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pipe}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|fifo}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|splice and pipes|filesystems/splice.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Pipes API|filesystems/splice.html#pipes-api}} : {{w|splice (system call)}} : LTP: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe2}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sendfile}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|copy_file_range}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|splice}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|vmsplice}} == Block device layer == The block device layer in Linux provides an abstraction for accessing storage devices, such as and USB drives, by presenting them as a series of fixed-size blocks. It sits between the hardware and the file system, allowing applications and file systems to perform read and write operations efficiently without needing to know the specifics of the underlying hardware. Key components include block drivers, the I/O scheduler, and buffer management, which work together to handle requests, optimize access patterns, and ensure data integrity. This layer supports essential features like caching, partition management, and queueing mechanisms to balance performance and reliability. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/genhd.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bio}} &ndash; main unit of I/O for the block layer and lower layers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_disk_node}} allocates {{The Linux Kernel/id|gendisk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_disk}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device_operations}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blkdev.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_blkdev}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_queue}} ⚙️ Internals. : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/brd.c}} - small RAM backed block device driver : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} === Device mapper === The ''device mapper'' is a framework provided by the kernel for mapping physical block devices onto higher-level "virtual block devices". It forms the foundation of LVM2, software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots. Device mapper works by passing data from a virtual block device, which is provided by the device mapper itself, to another block device. Data can be also modified in transition, which is performed, for example, in the case of device mapper providing disk encryption. User space applications that need to create new mapped devices talk to the device mapper via the <code>libdevmapper.so</code> shared library, which in turn issues ioctls to the <code>/dev/mapper/control</code> device node. Functions provided by the device mapper include linear, striped and error ''mappings,'' as well as crypt and multipath ''targets.'' For example, two disks may be concatenated into one logical volume with a pair of ''linear'' mappings, one for each disk. As another example, ''crypt'' target encrypts the data passing through the specified device, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API. The following mapping targets are available: : ''cache'' - allows the creation of hybrid volumes, by using solid-state drives (SSDs) as caches for hard disk drives (HDDs) : ''crypt'' - provides data encryption, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API : ''delay'' - delays reads and/or writes to different devices (used for testing) : ''era'' - behaves in a way similar to the linear target, while it keeps track of blocks that were written to within a user-defined period of time : ''error'' - simulates I/O errors for all mapped blocks (used for testing) : ''flakey'' - simulates periodic unreliable behaviour (used for testing) : ''linear'' - maps a continuous range of blocks onto another block device : ''mirror'' - maps a mirrored logical device, while providing data redundancy : ''multipath'' - supports the mapping of multipathed devices, through usage of their path groups : ''raid'' - offers an interface to the Linux kernel's software RAID driver (md) : ''snapshot'' and ''snapshot-origin'' - used for creation of LVM snapshots, as part of the underlining copy-on-write scheme : ''striped'' - strips the data across physical devices, with the number of stripes and the striping chunk size as parameters : ''zero'' - an equivalent of <code>/dev/zero</code>, all reads return blocks of zeros, and writes are discarded 📚 References : {{w|Device mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device mapper|admin-guide/device-mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device-mapper.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/md}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Device_mapper === Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing === The blk-mq API enhances IO performance by leveraging multiple queues for parallel processing, addressing bottlenecks from traditional single-queue designs. It uses software queues for scheduling, merging, and reordering requests, and hardware queues to interface directly with devices. If hardware resources are limited, requests are temporarily queued for later dispatch. ⚲ Interfaces: : /sys/devices/.../mq/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_hw_ctx}} &ndash; hardware dispatch queue context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tag_set}} &ndash; shared between request queues ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ops}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tags}} 👁️ Example : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} &ndash; multi-queue aware block test driver ⚙️ Internals : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/hctx* : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ctx}} &ndash; software staging queue context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.c}} &ndash; block multi-queue core code : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq-tag.}} &ndash; tag allocation using scalable bitmaps : ... 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} === I/O scheduler === I/O scheduling (or disk scheduling) is the method chosen by the kernel to decide in which order the block I/O operations will be submitted to the storage volumes. I/O scheduling usually has to work with hard disk drives that have long access times for requests placed far away from the current position of the disk head (this operation is called a seek). To minimize the effect this has on system performance, most I/O schedulers implement a variant of the elevator algorithm that reorders the incoming randomly ordered requests so the associated data would be accessed with minimal arm/head movement. The particular I/O scheduler used with certain block device can be switched at run time by modifying the corresponding <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/scheduler</code> file in the sysfs filesystem. Some I/O schedulers also have tunable parameters that can be set through files in <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/iosched/</code>. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/elevator.h}} : Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|elv_register}} registers struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_type}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_queue}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/elevator.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/Kconfig.iosched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/bfq-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/kyber-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/mq-deadline.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/trace/events/block.h}} 📖 References: : {{w|I/O scheduling}} : {{w|Elevator algorithm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|deadline-iosched.html}} : https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/linux-io-scheduler-tuning/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/IOSchedulers === ... === 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block devices|block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|block/deadline-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kyber I/O scheduler tunables|block/kyber-iosched.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} 📚 Further reading : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/ : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Block_layer : [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/ block devices ML] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch16.pdf LDD3:Block Drivers] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch12.html LDD1:Loading Block Drivers] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-the-linux/0596005652/ch14.html ULK3 Chapter 14. Block Device Drivers] : [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/The Linux SCSI Generic (sg) Driver] :: [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/scsi_debug.html Scsi_debug adapter driver for Linux] :: https://github.com/doug-gilbert/sg3_utils == {{w|Computer data storage|Storage}} drivers == 🔧 TODO ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvmem}} &ndash; {{w|Non-volatile memory}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/sdio}} &ndash; {{w|Secure Digital#SDIO cards|Secure Digital Input Output}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/scsi}} &ndash; {{w|SCSI|Small Computer System Interface}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/virtio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/mtd}} &ndash; {{w|Memory Technology Device}} for 🤖 embedded devices === NVMe === {{w|NVM Express}} drivers provide accesses a computer's {{w|non-volatile storage}}. Local storage is attached via {{w|PCIe|PCI Express}} bus. PCI NVMe device driver entry point is {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}}. Remote storage driver is called target and local {{w|Proxy_pattern|proxy}} driver is called host. {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} connect remote targets with local host. A fabric can be based on {{w|Remote direct memory access|RDMA}}, {{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} or {{w|Fibre Channel}} protocols. ⚲ API: : [https://github.com/linux-nvme/nvme-cli nvme-cli] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/nvme_ioctl.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme.h}} ⚙️ '''Internals:''' : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme}} '''Host''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host}}: ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/nvme.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} initializes a NVMe controller structures {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl}} with operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl_ops}} ::: a subroutine of {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_scan_work}} adds a new disk with {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}} - local PCI nvme module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_probe}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} ... ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_pci_ctrl_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_core_init}} - module init '''Fabrics''' ⚲ interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/fabrics.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_register_transport}} resisters {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init ⚙️ internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_misc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_fops}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_write}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_create_ctrl}} binds {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} '''Target''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target}}: ⚲ Interfaces: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_register_transport}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fabrics_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_init}} - module init : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fcloop_init}} - loopback test module init which can be useful to test NVMe-FC transport interfaces. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! colspan="3" |NVMe over {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Layers</div> !{{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} ![[../Networking#RDMA|RDMA]] !{{w|Fibre Channel}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Host modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_tcp_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_rdma_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_fc_init_module}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Fabrics protocols</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-tcp.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-rdma.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc-driver.h}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Target modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_tcp_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_rdma_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fc_init_module}} |} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_init_module}} nvme loopback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_transport}} - fabrics operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_ctrl}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_io_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_ops}} - target operation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_add_port}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_queue_response}} == Appendices== 🚀 Advanced : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} &ndash; reports task statistics : /proc/self/io &ndash; I/O statistics for the process (see {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|proc}}) 💾 Historical storage drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/ata}} - {{w|Parallel ATA}} 📖 Further reading about storage : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#storage-and-filesystems-tools bcc/ebpf storage and filesystems tools] {{BookCat}} cdjewbg09aamjta7ott3ccjp96hem4b 4443539 4443537 2024-11-03T07:37:35Z Conan 3188 /* File locks */ flock and fcntl warning 4443539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Storage functionality}} {|style="width: 25%; float: right; text-align:center;border-spacing: 0; color:black; margin:auto;" cellpadding=5pc ! bgcolor=#cef | storage |-style="" | bgcolor=#aef | [[#Files_and_directories|files & directories access]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8df | [[#Virtual File System|Virtual File System]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#8ce |[[#Page_cache|page cache]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#7ac |[[#Logical file systems|logical file systems]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#69a |[[#Block_device_layer|block devices]] |-style="" | bgcolor=#689 |[[#Storage_drivers|storage drivers]] |} Storage functionality provides access to various storage devices via files and directories of files. Most of the storage is persistent as flash memory, SSD and legacy hard disks. Another kind of storage is temporary. The ''file system'' provides an abstraction to organize the information into separate pieces of data (called ''files'') identified by a unique name. Each file system type defines their own structures and logic rules used to manage these groups of information and their names. Linux supports a plethora or different file system types, local and remote, native and from other operating systems. To accommodate such disparity the kernel defines a common top layer, the ''virtual file system'' (VFS) layer. [[File:The Linux Storage Stack Diagram.svg|Summary of the Linux kernel's storage stack|right|800x800px]] == Files and directories == Four basic files access system calls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|open}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_open}} - opens a file by name and returns a {{w|file descriptor}} (<big>fd</big>). Below functions operates on a fd. : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|close}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|close_fd}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|read}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_read}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|write}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_write}} File in Linux and UNIX is not only physical file on persistent storage. File interface is used to access pipes, sockets and other pseudo-files. 🔧 TODO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|symlink}} , {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|link}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|readdir}} ⇾ {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getdents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|path_resolution}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor ⚙️ Files and directories internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/fs.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/open.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namei.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/read_write.c}} 📚 Files and directories references : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/I_002fO-Overview.html Input/Output, The GNU C Library] : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] : {{w|Unix file types}} === File locks === File locks are mechanisms that allow processes to coordinate access to shared files. These locks help prevent conflicts when multiple processes or threads attempt to access the same file simultaneously. ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|lslocks}} &ndash; list local system locks : {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|lockf}} &ndash; apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|flock}} &ndash; apply or remove an advisory BSD lock on an open file : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fcntl}} &ndash; manipulate file descriptor :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_SETLK}} &ndash; advisory record lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|F_OFD_SETLK}} &ndash; Open File Description Lock :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|flock}} &ndash; lock parameters : ⚠️ Avoid mixing flock and fcntl locks on the same file as they don’t interact with each other. ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/filelock.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/locks.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/filelock.h}} 💾 ''Historical: [https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.14/K/ident/CONFIG_MANDATORY_FILE_LOCKING Mandatory locking] feature is no longer supported at all in Linux 5.15 and above because the implementation is unreliable.'' === Asynchronous I/O === 🚀 advanced features '''AIO''' : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Asynchronous_IO : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_submit}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_cancel}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_destroy}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|io_getevents}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/aio_abi.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/aio.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel|io/aio}} '''{{w|io_uring}}''' 🌱 ''New since release 5.1 in May 2019'' : https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/an-introduction-to-the-io_uring-asynchronous-io-framework : https://thenewstack.io/how-io_uring-and-ebpf-will-revolutionize-programming-in-linux/ : {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_enter}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_setup}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|io_uring_register}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/io_uring.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/.c}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#io_uring :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/ The rapid growth of io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/815491/ Automatic buffer selection for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/826053/ Operations restrictions for io_uring] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/779472/ io_uring, SCM_RIGHTS, and reference-count cycles] :: [https://lwn.net/Articles/803070/ Redesigned workqueues for io_uring] : {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|io_uring}} === {{w|Asynchronous_I/O#Forms|Non-blocking I/O}} === Allow non-blocking access to multiple file descriptors. '''Efficient event polling {{w|epoll}}''' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/eventpoll.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|epoll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_create}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_create}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_ctl}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_ctl}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|epoll_wait}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_epoll_wait}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/eventpoll.c}} '''{{w|Select (Unix)|select}} and {{w|poll (Unix)|poll}}''' 💾 ''Historical: Select and poll system calls are derived from UNIX'' ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|poll}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sys_poll}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|select}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|kern_select}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/select.c}} === Vectored I/O === 🚀 advanced feature {{w|Vectored I/O}}, also known as scatter/gather I/O, is a method of input and output by which a single procedure call sequentially reads data from multiple buffers and writes it to a single data stream, or reads data from a data stream and writes it to multiple buffers, as defined in a vector of buffers. Scatter/gather refers to the process of gathering data from, or scattering data into, the given set of buffers. Vectored I/O can operate synchronously or asynchronously. The main reasons for using vectored I/O are efficiency and convenience. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/uio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iovec}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|readv}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|writev}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writev}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|iov_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_readv}} ↯ call hierarchy: :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_readv}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|import_iovec}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_file_read_iter}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/iov_iter.c}} 📚 References : [https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Scatter_002dGather.html Fast Scatter-Gather I/O, The GNU C Library] : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Vectored_IO : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Scattergather_chaining == Virtual File System == The {{w|virtual file system}} (VFS) is an abstract layer on top of a concrete logical file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of logical file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] devices transparently without the client application noticing the difference. It can be used to bridge the differences in Windows, classic Mac OS/macOS and Unix filesystems, so that applications can access files on local file systems of those types without having to know what type of file system they are accessing. A VFS specifies an interface (or a "contract") between the kernel and a logical file system. Therefore, it is easy to add support for new file system types to the kernel simply by fulfilling the contract. 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfsmount}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_create}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_read}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_write}} 📚 VFS References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|VFS|filesystems/#core-vfs-documentation}} : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-3.html VFS in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Logical file systems == A {{w|file system}} (or ''filesystem'') is used to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, information placed in a storage area would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into individual pieces, and giving each piece a name, the information is easily separated and identified. Each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system". There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designed specifically for optical discs. File systems can be used on many different kinds of storage devices. Each storage device uses a different kind of media. The most common storage device in use today is a {{w|SSD}}. Other media that was used are hard disk, magnetic tape, optical disc, and . In some cases, the computer's main memory (RAM) is used to create a temporary file system for short-term use. Raw storage is called a block device. Linux supports many different file systems, but common choices for the system disk on a block device include the ext* family (such as {{w|ext2}}, {{w|ext3}} and {{w|ext4}}), {{w|XFS}}, {{w|ReiserFS}} and {{w|btrfs}}. For raw Flash without a {{w|flash translation layer}} (FTL) or {{w|Memory Technology Device}} (MTD), there is {{w|UBIFS}}, {{w|JFFS2}}, and {{w|YAFFS}}, among others. {{w|SquashFS}} is a common compressed read-only file system. NFS and another network FS are described further in paragraph [[../Networking#Network_storage|Network storage]]. ⚲ Shell interfaces: : cat /proc/filesystems : ls /sys/fs/ : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|umount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|findmnt}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|mountpoint}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|df}} Infrastructure ⚲ API function {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_filesystem}} registers structs {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_system_type}} and stores them in linked list ⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|file_systems}}. Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_init_fs}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_fs_type}}. Operation of ''file system opening'' is called mounting: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_mount}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/namespace.c}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|mount}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_mount}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/buffer_head.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|super_block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sb_bread}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/ext4/ext4.h}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ext4_sb_bread}} 📚 References: : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|filesystems|filesystems/#filesystems}} : Kernel wikis: [https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/ EXT4], [https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/ btrfs], [https://reiser4.wiki.kernel.org/ Reiser4], [https://raid.wiki.kernel.org/ RAID], [https://xfs.wiki.kernel.org/ XFS] == Page cache == A page cache or disk cache is a transparent cache for the memory pages originating from a secondary storage device such as a hard disk drive. The operating system keeps a page cache in otherwise unused portions of the main memory, resulting in quicker access to the contents of cached pages and overall performance improvements. The page cache is implemented by the kernel, and is mostly transparent to applications. Usually, all physical memory not directly allocated to applications is used by the operating system for the page cache. Since the memory would otherwise be idle and is easily reclaimed when applications request it, there is generally no associated performance penalty and the operating system might even report such memory as "free" or "available". The page cache also aids in writing to a disk. Pages in the main memory that have been modified during writing data to disk are marked as "dirty" and have to be flushed to disk before they can be freed. When a file write occurs, the page backing the particular block is looked up. If it is already found in the page cache, the write is done to that page in the main memory. Otherwise, when the write perfectly falls on page size boundaries, the page is not even read from disk, but allocated and immediately marked dirty. Otherwise, the page(s) are fetched from disk and requested modifications are done. Not all cached pages can be written to as program code is often mapped as read-only or copy-on-write; in the latter case, modifications to code will only be visible to the process itself and will not be written to disk. ⚲ API: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|fsync}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_fsync}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sync_file_range}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|ksys_sync_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|syncfs}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sync_filesystem}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/id|wb_workfn}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|address_space}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_writepages}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/writeback.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|mm/page-writeback.c}} : {{w|Page cache}} More : [https://lwn.net/Articles/717953/ The future of DAX ] - direct access bypassing the cache : [https://tldp.org/LDP/lki/lki-4.html Linux Page Cache in Linux Kernel 2.4 Internals] == Zero-copy == 🚀 advanced features Writing data to storage and reading are very resource consuming operations. Copying memory is time and CPU consuming operation too. Set of methods to avoid copying operations is called {{w|zero-copy}}. The goal of zero-copy methods is a fast and efficient data transfer within the system. The first and simplest method is {{w|Pipeline (Unix)|Pipeline}}, invoked by operator "|" in shells. Instead of writing data into temporary file and reading, the data is passed efficiently via a pipe bypassing a storage. The second method is {{w|Tee_(command)|tee}}. ⚲ Syscalls: : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|tee}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}} ⚲ API and ⚙️ Internals: : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|pipe2}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_pipe2}} - creates pipe :: uses {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipe_fs_type}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pipefifo_fops}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|tee}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_tee}}- duplicates pipe content :: calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|link_pipe}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sendfile}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_sendfile}} - transfers data between file descriptors, the output can be a socket. Used in [[../Networking#Network_storage|network storage]] and servers. :: Calls: {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_direct_to_actor}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|copy_file_range}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|vfs_copy_file_range}} - transfers data between files :: calls custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|remap_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|nfs42_remap_file_range}} :: or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|copy_file_range}} like {{The Linux Kernel/id|fuse_copy_file_range}} :: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_direct}} : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|splice}}''' ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice}} - splices data to/from a pipe. :: There are three cases regarding which end being a pipe: :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_from}} - only input is a pipe :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|iter_file_splice_write}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_write}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_write}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|write_pipe_buf}}, {{The Linux_Kernel/id|splice_from_pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__splice_from_pipe}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_splice_to}} - only output is a pipe. :#: Calls {{The Linux Kernel/id|generic_file_splice_read}} or custom {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_read}} :#: or {{The Linux Kernel/id|default_file_splice_read}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kernel_readv}} :# {{The Linux Kernel/id|splice_pipe_to_pipe}} - both are pipes : '''{{The Linux Kernel/man|2|vmsplice}}''' ↪ :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_pipe}} &ndash; splices user pages to a pipe :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|vmsplice_to_user}} &ndash; splices a pipe to user pages ⚲ API : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/splice.h}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/pipe.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|fs/splice.c}} 🔧 TODO: {{The Linux Kernel/id|zerocopy_sg_from_iter}} builds a zerocopy skb datagram from an iov_iter. Used in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tap_get_user}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|tun_get_user}}. {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy}} {{The Linux Kernel/id|skb_zerocopy_iter_dgram}} 📚 References : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|pipe}} : {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|fifo}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|splice and pipes|filesystems/splice.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Pipes API|filesystems/splice.html#pipes-api}} : {{w|splice (system call)}} : LTP: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|pipe2}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|tee}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|sendfile}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|copy_file_range}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|splice}}, {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/syscalls|vmsplice}} == Block device layer == The block device layer in Linux provides an abstraction for accessing storage devices, such as and USB drives, by presenting them as a series of fixed-size blocks. It sits between the hardware and the file system, allowing applications and file systems to perform read and write operations efficiently without needing to know the specifics of the underlying hardware. Key components include block drivers, the I/O scheduler, and buffer management, which work together to handle requests, optimize access patterns, and ensure data integrity. This layer supports essential features like caching, partition management, and queueing mechanisms to balance performance and reliability. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/genhd.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk_types.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|bio}} &ndash; main unit of I/O for the block layer and lower layers : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/bio.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_disk_node}} allocates {{The Linux Kernel/id|gendisk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_disk}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_device_operations}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blkdev.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_blkdev}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_queue}} ⚙️ Internals. : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|block_class}} 👁 Examples: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/brd.c}} - small RAM backed block device driver : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} === Device mapper === The ''device mapper'' is a framework provided by the kernel for mapping physical block devices onto higher-level "virtual block devices". It forms the foundation of LVM2, software RAIDs and dm-crypt disk encryption, and offers additional features such as file system snapshots. Device mapper works by passing data from a virtual block device, which is provided by the device mapper itself, to another block device. Data can be also modified in transition, which is performed, for example, in the case of device mapper providing disk encryption. User space applications that need to create new mapped devices talk to the device mapper via the <code>libdevmapper.so</code> shared library, which in turn issues ioctls to the <code>/dev/mapper/control</code> device node. Functions provided by the device mapper include linear, striped and error ''mappings,'' as well as crypt and multipath ''targets.'' For example, two disks may be concatenated into one logical volume with a pair of ''linear'' mappings, one for each disk. As another example, ''crypt'' target encrypts the data passing through the specified device, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API. The following mapping targets are available: : ''cache'' - allows the creation of hybrid volumes, by using solid-state drives (SSDs) as caches for hard disk drives (HDDs) : ''crypt'' - provides data encryption, by using the Linux kernel's Crypto API : ''delay'' - delays reads and/or writes to different devices (used for testing) : ''era'' - behaves in a way similar to the linear target, while it keeps track of blocks that were written to within a user-defined period of time : ''error'' - simulates I/O errors for all mapped blocks (used for testing) : ''flakey'' - simulates periodic unreliable behaviour (used for testing) : ''linear'' - maps a continuous range of blocks onto another block device : ''mirror'' - maps a mirrored logical device, while providing data redundancy : ''multipath'' - supports the mapping of multipathed devices, through usage of their path groups : ''raid'' - offers an interface to the Linux kernel's software RAID driver (md) : ''snapshot'' and ''snapshot-origin'' - used for creation of LVM snapshots, as part of the underlining copy-on-write scheme : ''striped'' - strips the data across physical devices, with the number of stripes and the striping chunk size as parameters : ''zero'' - an equivalent of <code>/dev/zero</code>, all reads return blocks of zeros, and writes are discarded 📚 References : {{w|Device mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device mapper|admin-guide/device-mapper}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/device-mapper.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/md}} : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Device_mapper === Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing === The blk-mq API enhances IO performance by leveraging multiple queues for parallel processing, addressing bottlenecks from traditional single-queue designs. It uses software queues for scheduling, merging, and reordering requests, and hardware queues to interface directly with devices. If hardware resources are limited, requests are temporarily queued for later dispatch. ⚲ Interfaces: : /sys/devices/.../mq/ : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_hw_ctx}} &ndash; hardware dispatch queue context :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tag_set}} &ndash; shared between request queues ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ops}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_tags}} 👁️ Example : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/block/null_blk}} &ndash; multi-queue aware block test driver ⚙️ Internals : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/hctx* : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|blk_mq_ctx}} &ndash; software staging queue context : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq.c}} &ndash; block multi-queue core code : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/blk-mq-tag.}} &ndash; tag allocation using scalable bitmaps : ... 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} === I/O scheduler === I/O scheduling (or disk scheduling) is the method chosen by the kernel to decide in which order the block I/O operations will be submitted to the storage volumes. I/O scheduling usually has to work with hard disk drives that have long access times for requests placed far away from the current position of the disk head (this operation is called a seek). To minimize the effect this has on system performance, most I/O schedulers implement a variant of the elevator algorithm that reorders the incoming randomly ordered requests so the associated data would be accessed with minimal arm/head movement. The particular I/O scheduler used with certain block device can be switched at run time by modifying the corresponding <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/scheduler</code> file in the sysfs filesystem. Some I/O schedulers also have tunable parameters that can be set through files in <code>/sys/block/<block_device>/queue/iosched/</code>. ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/elevator.h}} : Function {{The Linux Kernel/id|elv_register}} registers struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_type}}. : {{The Linux Kernel/id|elevator_queue}} ⚙️ Internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/elevator.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/Kconfig.iosched}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/bfq-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/kyber-iosched.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|block/mq-deadline.c}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|include/trace/events/block.h}} 📖 References: : {{w|I/O scheduling}} : {{w|Elevator algorithm}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|deadline-iosched.html}} : https://www.cloudbees.com/blog/linux-io-scheduler-tuning/ : https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Reference/IOSchedulers === ... === 📖 References : {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Block devices|block}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Switching Scheduler|block/switching-sched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|BFQ - Budget Fair Queueing|block/bfq-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Deadline IO scheduler tunables|block/deadline-iosched.html}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kyber I/O scheduler tunables|block/kyber-iosched.html}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Queue Block IO Queueing Mechanism (blk-mq)|block/blk-mq.html}} 📚 Further reading : /sys/kernel/debug/block/*/ : https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Block_layer : [https://lore.kernel.org/linux-block/ block devices ML] : [http://lwn.net/images/pdf/LDD3/ch16.pdf LDD3:Block Drivers] : [http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/ch12.html LDD1:Loading Block Drivers] : [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/understanding-the-linux/0596005652/ch14.html ULK3 Chapter 14. Block Device Drivers] : [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/The Linux SCSI Generic (sg) Driver] :: [https://sg.danny.cz/sg/scsi_debug.html Scsi_debug adapter driver for Linux] :: https://github.com/doug-gilbert/sg3_utils == {{w|Computer data storage|Storage}} drivers == 🔧 TODO ⚙️ Internals : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvmem}} &ndash; {{w|Non-volatile memory}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/sdio}} &ndash; {{w|Secure Digital#SDIO cards|Secure Digital Input Output}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/scsi}} &ndash; {{w|SCSI|Small Computer System Interface}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/virtio}} : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/mtd}} &ndash; {{w|Memory Technology Device}} for 🤖 embedded devices === NVMe === {{w|NVM Express}} drivers provide accesses a computer's {{w|non-volatile storage}}. Local storage is attached via {{w|PCIe|PCI Express}} bus. PCI NVMe device driver entry point is {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}}. Remote storage driver is called target and local {{w|Proxy_pattern|proxy}} driver is called host. {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} connect remote targets with local host. A fabric can be based on {{w|Remote direct memory access|RDMA}}, {{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} or {{w|Fibre Channel}} protocols. ⚲ API: : [https://github.com/linux-nvme/nvme-cli nvme-cli] : {{The Linux Kernel/include|uapi/linux/nvme_ioctl.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme.h}} ⚙️ '''Internals:''' : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme}} '''Host''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host}}: ⚲ Interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/nvme.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} initializes a NVMe controller structures {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl}} with operations {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_ctrl_ops}} ::: a subroutine of {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_scan_work}} adds a new disk with {{The Linux Kernel/id|device_add_disk}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init}} - local PCI nvme module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_probe}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_init_ctrl}} ... ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_pci_ctrl_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_core_init}} - module init '''Fabrics''' ⚲ interfaces: : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/host/fabrics.h}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_register_transport}} resisters {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init ⚙️ internals: : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_init}} - fabrics module init :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_misc}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_fops}} :::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_dev_write}} ::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_create_ctrl}} binds {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmf_transport_ops}} '''Target''' {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target}}: ⚲ Interfaces: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/nvme/target/nvmet.h}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_register_transport}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fabrics_ops}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_init}} - module init : {{The Linux Kernel/id|fcloop_init}} - loopback test module init which can be useful to test NVMe-FC transport interfaces. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! colspan="3" |NVMe over {{w|Switched fabric|Fabrics}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Layers</div> !{{w|Transmission Control Protocol|TCP}} ![[../Networking#RDMA|RDMA]] !{{w|Fibre Channel}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Host modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_tcp_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_rdma_init_module}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_fc_init_module}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Fabrics protocols</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-tcp.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-rdma.h}} |{{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc.h}} {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nvme-fc-driver.h}} |- !<div style='text-align:left'>Target modules</div> |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_tcp_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_rdma_init}} |{{The Linux Kernel/id|nvmet_fc_init_module}} |} 👁 Example: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_init_module}} nvme loopback : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_transport}} - fabrics operations :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_ctrl}} ::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_create_io_queues}} : {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_ops}} - target operation :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_add_port}} :: {{The Linux Kernel/id|nvme_loop_queue_response}} == Appendices== 🚀 Advanced : {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|pidstat}} &ndash; reports task statistics : /proc/self/io &ndash; I/O statistics for the process (see {{The Linux Kernel/man|5|proc}}) 💾 Historical storage drivers : {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/ata}} - {{w|Parallel ATA}} 📖 Further reading about storage : [https://github.com/iovisor/bcc/blob/master/README.md#storage-and-filesystems-tools bcc/ebpf storage and filesystems tools] {{BookCat}} cltzro21l51gcapw3kebc4akyzyyxtb 0 237399 4443550 4442319 2024-11-03T09:18:20Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Web Application */ 4443550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Amiga OS3 (68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> p2f3i1au76si7lutm3o1sp77gcnisfj 4443551 4443550 2024-11-03T09:19:25Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Graphical Image Editing Art */ 4443551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Amiga OS3 (68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> 1rinaafzxmy76yrfawx42yus6by4jov 4443552 4443551 2024-11-03T09:22:05Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Audio */ 4443552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Amiga OS3 (68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> ia57ksx93n92cr1zy67ug553qxurczm 4443553 4443552 2024-11-03T09:23:17Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Video Creativity and Production */ 4443553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Amiga OS3 (68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> o88s89uvm95lvv2qyijku70pnujk9r3 4443554 4443553 2024-11-03T09:24:00Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Misc Application */ 4443554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> kouiabvj9hc1wdis1g9wrm9ck2tynqf 4443555 4443554 2024-11-03T09:24:53Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Misc Application 2 */ 4443555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey], [http://owb.mikendezign.com/ OWB 1.0x] [http://trac.webkit.org/ OWB Trac], |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->[ Odyssey from links but not from the Youtube Website], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software AmigaOS3] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 AmigaOS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/ ], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 ], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem ], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer ], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action ], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board ], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc ], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle ], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 ] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== ====Fab's Odyssey OWB ==== *Acid3.acidtests.org html5 100/100 *html5test.com 334 out of 555 points *July 2015 [https://github.com/deadw00d/OdysseyWebBrowser WebKit engine updated to webkitgtk-2.10.9 (2015.08) webkit 602.1 (r187682)] *August 2024 webkitgtk-2.24.4, webkit 605.1.15 Other versions of Webkit *Webkitgtk *WebkitLegacy api *Webkit2 If you have over 1gb of ram memory, copy the OWB browser drawer (directory) to RAM: and run the browser from there (ie. RAM:OWB) - saves hard disk wear and tear In Dopus4 or the desktop of choice, you could drag the OWB drawer (directory) from Extras:Internet/ to the RAM Disk icon on the desktop. Double click on the RAM Disk to open and again on the OWB icon. Right click on the OWB app Slow internet experience can sometimes be improved by deleting cookies.db Please backup your cookies file as it's quite difficult to log in anymore if you lose them... New CA certification file for MuiOWB/Odyssey needed from [https://curl.haxx.se/ca/rename cacert.pem but expects to be ca-bundle.crt] from https://curl.haxx.se/docs/caextract.html, obtained from https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/raw-file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt Youtube's main web page interface stopped working years ago but can sometimes work if you spoof the browser as IPad or use https://m.youtube.com/ instead. Sometimes m.youtube.com is unusable for AROS as Google likes breaking YouTube support often. Another solution might to add “&app=m&persist_app=1" behind the video URL in the address bar at the top of the screen. Now, your YouTube desktop version might display as a mobile version. AROS may need a new youtube.js script written to gain some access back again Downloading video used to be easy but no longer, add ezdownload.js to the scripts folder list just like youtube.js. YouTube HTML5 converter scripts have been useless for a while now, the Scripts drawer (folder), located within the Odyssey drawer/folder ... Certain versions of OWB allow you to download the video to hard/ram disk and watch it with MPlayer after. Just start playing a video and then open the Network Activity window, and right click the video stream and copy its url. Then paste the url in the OWB to get it displayed directly in the internal media player... and then right click over the video and select "Download media" option. This may sound complicated, but when you learn it, it's just few clicks and you can download almost any video to a file Also, Youtube HTML5 player needs the youtube_fullscreen_fix.js script for youtube, etc Around 2016, adding "?disable_polymer=true" to a YouTube url would disable the new web component called [https://github.com/Polymer/polymer polymer] which is possibly why embedded videos or youtube links sometimes work with Odyssey. Although playback is hit or miss even after first successful play though... Updating Mesa is "walk in the park" compared to updating WebKit 1 engine in Odyssey, updating a web browser is not a trivial matter even for experienced programmers. The os interface code is mostly separated from the webkit engine in a separate set of files, there is still enough, that is interwoven and one needs to know a lot about how these interface, so huge effort when debugging. OWB uses Webkit1 and should not be used for vital personal data handling unlike Webkit2 which added further security features. AROS has no Passkeys (public sent and private kept keys) policy support which are a type of FIDO2 protocol credential to replace passwords for secure website access. This consists of the W3C Web Authentication specification (WebAuthn API), the Client to Authentication Protocol (CTAP) and all need hardware authenticator like a phone, etc. Passwordless (single factor), two factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (PIN or biometric fingerprint, eye). Webkit2 has a multithreaded approach compared to Webkit1 and may never come to AROS. Change the Mime-Types in Odyssey (Settings -> Preferences -> Mime Types) check if you have "MIME Types -> video/flv" set as: <pre > Extension: flv Viewer: [your path to MPlayer here] -cache 8192 %l </pre > And the same for the other video filetypes. Also, on OWB's Settings Content tab, check "Allow plugins". If it still doesn't work, you can try to delete your OWB prefs/settings and start from scratch. ===Pictures=== ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> spldpfjlotapvho0q6x7fbzf7xg8xqv 4443560 4443555 2024-11-03T10:12:00Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 changed info about the web browser, reflecting the changes occurred due to the release of the new version 4443560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] ==Web Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0] |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019). This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> 4evc4s2ld965olegrapw136p6643agc 4443562 4443560 2024-11-03T10:15:19Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Web Application */ 4443562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0] |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019). This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> fpnm3ht5ouhsx6g5xwywf4ivfvnf5ak 4443563 4443562 2024-11-03T10:17:20Z Kogi Kabuto 3486031 /* Office Application */ 4443563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Introduction== * Web browser AROS - using Odyssey formerly known as OWB * Email AROS - using SimpleMAIL and YAM * Video playback AROS - mplayer * Audio Playback AROS - mplayer * Photo editing - ZunePaint, * Graphics edit - Lunapaint, * Games AROS - some ported games plus lots of emulation software and HTML5 Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Web Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |[http://forum.classicamiga.com/forum/showthread.php/1073-What-web-browser-you-use-in-Amiga Browsing] |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Odyssey 2.0] |IBrowse*, Voyager*, [ AWeb], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k Netsurf] |[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, |- |E-mailing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [http://trac.yam.ch/ YAM] |SimpleMail, YAM, |SimpleMail, YAM |- |YouTube Viewing |<!--AROS-->Odyssey 2.0 can show Youtube webpage [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [https://github.com/YePpHa/YouTubeCenter/releases or this one], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], |[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube],Odyssey (OWB), [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx |- |IRC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |Wookiechat, AmIRC |Wookiechat |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], |- |Instant Messaging IM like Facebook(TM) and Twitter (TM) and others |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], Bitlbee IRC Gateway |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, jabberwocky, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], | |CTorrent, Transmission |MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |FTP |<!--AROS-->Plugin included with Dopus Magellan, MarranoFTP, |[http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |Transfer |- |Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/newsrog/ NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |? |? |- |WYSIWYG Web Editor |<!--AROS--> | |? |? |- |Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |[http://www.modmancer.com/?p=143 MODMancer], |[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], |Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |? |? |- |Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |? |[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [http://time.is Time in a Browser Tab], [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS news feeds ('Really Simple Syndication') RSS, Atom and RDF aggregator [https://feedly.com/ Feedly free 80 accs], [[http://www.dailyrotation.com/ Daily Rotation], [https://www.newsblur.com/ NewsBlur free 64 accs], |<!--AROS--> [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Speed Tests |<!--AROS-->[http://testmy.net/ Test My], [https://sourceforge.net/speedtest/ Speed Test], [ ], [http://www.netmeter.co.uk/ NetMeter] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HTML5 WebGL tests |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/alexandersandberg/html5-elements-tester HTML5 elements tester], [https://www.antutu.com/html5/ Antutu HTML5 Test], [], [https://html5test.com/ HTML5 Test], [https://www.wirple.com/bmark WebGL bmark], [http://caniuse.com/webgl Can I?], [https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/sdk/tests/webgl-conformance-tests.html WebGL Test], [http://webglreport.com/ WebGL Report], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/steffest/DPaint-js DPaint.js], [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, DeluxePaint, [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |Photography retouching / Image Manipulation [https://www.picozu.com/editor/ PicoZu], [http://www.photopea.com/ PhotoPea], [http://lunapic.com/editor/ LunaPic], ImageMagick |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZunePaint], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], |[http://amigau.com/c-graphics/tvpaint.htm TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, |WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] | | |- |Thumbnail Generator [ figma], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] | | | |- |Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://www.xiconeditor.com/ X-Icon editor], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] | |- |Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, DPaint, Brilliance |? |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |2D SVG based MovieSetter type |<!--AROS--> |MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |? |? |- |Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |Xcad, MaxonCAD |? |? |- |3D Cad (OpenCascade->FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |XCad3d*, DynaCADD* |? |? |- |3D Rendering |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |3D Format Converter |<!--AROS--> | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [ ], [ ], |AmigaWriter*, WordWorth*, FinalWriter*, Excellence 3*, Protext, Rashumon, |AbiWord, [http://desler.be/ CinnamonWriter] |[http://desler.be/modules/wfchannel/ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |Spreadsheets [http://code.google.com/p/lua-calc/ LuaCalc], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [ Ignition], [ ], [ ], [ ], |Turbocalc*, [http://ignition.berlios.de/ Ignition], FinalCalc*, ProCalc 2, StarAmPlan, |Gnumeric, Ignition | [ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/s5/ S5], [https://github.com/bartaz/impress.js impress.js], [http://presentationjs.com/ presentation.js], [http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/#/ reveal.js], [https://github.com/LeaVerou/CSSS CSSS], [http://leaverou.github.io/CSSS/#intro CSSS intro], [http://code.google.com/p/html5slides/ HTML5 Slides], |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, MediaPoint, PointRider, Scala*, |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://sdb.freeforums.org/ SDB], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |BeeBase, Datastore, FinalData, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2, |BeeBase, SQLite, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://www.sejda.com/ Sedja], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], |APDF |AmiPDF |APDF, vPDF, |- |Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers and Ghostscript internal, [ GutenPrint], |[http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]* |(some native drivers), |early TurboPrint included, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking Rich Text support like joplin, OneNote, EverNote Notes etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |AOrganiser, |[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Home Accounts, Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |? |? |- |Project Management |<!--AROS--> |SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |? |? |- |System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], | | | |- |System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |DTP |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Page*, Saxon Publisher Publishing, |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], nowadays an Android smartphone will suffice for Scanning and OCR'ing documents |FxScan*, ScanQuix* |SCANdal (Sane) |SCANdal |- |OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] | | |[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Vim], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [http://shinkuro.altervista.org/amiga/software/nowined.htm NoWinEd], |Annotate, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Turbotext, Protext*, NoWinED, |Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [http://karrman.org/barfonts/generate.html Barcode fonts], [ ], |TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |? |? |- |Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG] |Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, |MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |Remote Desktop (client) |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing playback Audio |<!--AROS-->[ mp3Player], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], RNOTunes |AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, |TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |[http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], [http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/protrekkr/ Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, |MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |Editing Music [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bpdevel/?tab=s Midi via CAMD] |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes AROS], [ Audio Evolution], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX*, Deluxe Music*, [ Horny], HD-Rec, [http://www.camx.de/camx_amiga.htm Camouflague]*, [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit Horny], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.clusteruk.com/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=162 Quick Record], |<!--Amiga OS-->Audio Evolution 3, [http://samplitude.act-net.com/index.html Samplitude Opus Key], Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |CD/DVD burn |[https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |FryingPan, [http://www.estamos.de/makecd/#CurrentVersion MakeCD], |FryingPan, AmiDVD, |[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |CD/DVD audio rip |Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |Lame, |Lame, |Lame, |- |MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], | | | |- |Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[http://www.online-convert.com/ Online Convert], |[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming i.e. despotify |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [https://ftp.gnome.org/mirror/archive/ftp.sunet.se/pub/aminet/gfx/show/VAMP-AROS.lha VAMP], |Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |DvPlayer, MPlayer |MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |Streaming Video |<!--AROS-->Mplayer, |? |Mplayer, Gnash, Tubexx |Mplayer, OWB, Tubexx |- |Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |AMP2, Frogger |[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |Mplayer |- |Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |Screenrecorder, |- |Create and Edit Individual Video |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG |Mainactor Broadcast*, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster], Broadcaster Elite, MovieShop, Adorage, [http://www.sci.fi/~wizor/webcam/cam_five.html VHI studio]*, |FFMpeg/GUI |Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus, [ DOpus Magellan], [ Scalos], [ ], |DOpus, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/dopus5allamigas/files/?source=navbar DOpus Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://kazong.privat.t-online.de/archive.html DM2], [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, |DOpus, Filer, AmiDisk |DOpus |- |File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->md5 (works in linux compiling shell), [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), cksfv [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ from website], |? |? |Par2, |- |App Installer |<!--AROS-->[], [ InstallerNG], |InstallerNG, Grunch, |Jack |Jack |- |C/C++ IDE |<!--AROS-->Murks, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], Annotate, |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Annotate, |CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, Anontate, |- |Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[ MuiBuilder], | |? |[ MuiBuilder], |- |Catalog .cd .ct Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |? |Git | |- |Filesystem Backup |<!--AROS--> | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Filesystem Repair |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, | Quarterback Tools, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, | |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer |<!--AROS-->[ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |Yacas |Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Classroom Aids |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Assessments |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Reference |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Training |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Courseware |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Skills Builder |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |BASIC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], |? |sdlBasic |- |OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Reader |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Text to Speech, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |[http://www.text2speech.com translator], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Fractals |<!--AROS--> |ZoneXplorer, |? |? |- |Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |Vista Pro and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |[ WCS World Construction Set], |[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |Astronomy |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |[http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.syz.com/DU/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], |- |CAD [], [], |<!--AROS--> |XCad (GFACAD)*, MAXONcad)*, DynaCadd*, |? |? |- |PCB design |<!--AROS--> |[ ], [ ], [ ], |? |? |- | Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> | [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], | | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [http://www.mazze-online.de/files/gblanker.i386-aros.zip GarshneBlanker (can be buggy)], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some newer examples cannot be ported as they require SDL2 which AROS does not currently have Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |Games Emulation Amstrad CPC [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Html5 Online], [http://www.cpcbox.com/ CPC Box javascript], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Amstrad-CPC.42.html Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], | | [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], | | | |- |Games Emulation Arcade |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |Mame, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |Games Emulation Atari 2600 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 5200 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 7800 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Lynx |[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], | | | |- |Games Emulation Atari Jaguar | | | | |- |Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan | | | | |- |Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron |[https://bbc.xania.org/ Beebjs], [https://elkjs.azurewebsites.net/ elks-js], |[http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], | | |- |Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo |[], [], [], [https://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/online/ js], https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/ js-mocha[], |[http://www.6809.org.uk/dragon/xroar.shtml Xroar], | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 | | | | |- |Games Emulation Commodore C64 |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [https://c64emulator.111mb.de/index.php?site=pp_javascript&lang=en&group=c64 js], [https://github.com/luxocrates/viciious js], [], |Frodo, |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |Vice, |- |Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |n/a |[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], | [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |[http://jsmsx.sourceforge.net/ JS based MSX Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision | | | | |- |Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam | | | | |- |Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex |[http://www.portacall.org/downloads/vecxgl.lha Vectrex OpenGL], [http://www.twitchasylum.com/jsvecx/ JS based Vectrex Online], | | | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [https://gb.alexaladren.net/ gb-js], [https://github.com/juchi/gameboy.js/ js], [http://endrift.github.io/gbajs/ gbajs], [], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo NES |[ EmiNES], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] | |- |Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |? |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |Games Emulation Nintendo N64 [], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |? |? |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] | |- |Games Emulation Sega Saturn |? |[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], | | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [http://www.zx81stuff.org.uk/zx81/jtyone.html js], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] | |- |Games Emulation Sinclair QL |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] | | |- |Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, | |- |Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], | |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G] Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |Games Action like [https://github.com/XProger/OpenLara openlara], [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [], [], | | | |- |Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Aquaria.37.html Aquaria]*(openGL), [http://www.toolness.com/wp/category/interactive-fiction/ Infocom], [http://www.accardi-by-the-sea.org/ Zork Online]. [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [http://www.ucw.cz/draci-historie/index-en.html Dragon History for ScummVM], | | | |- |Games Board like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] | | | |- |Games Cards like |[http://andsa.free.fr/ Patience Online], |[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], | | |- |Games Misc |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [], | | | |- |Games FPS like [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], |Doom, Quake, [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [ Duke Nukem 3D], [ Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [ Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 (openGL)], [ Odamex (openGL doom)], |Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, |Doom, Quake, |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray] |- |Games MMORG like |[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |? |? |? |- |Games Platform like |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/mog.27.html# Maze of Galious], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Gish.38.html Gish]*(openGL), [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MegaMario.15.html Mega Mario], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [http://www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], | | | |- |Games Puzzle |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Cubosphere.41.html Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://www.portacall.org//downloads/BlastGuy.lha Blast Guy Bomberman clone], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], | | | |- |Games Racing (Trigger Rally, VDrift, [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], ) |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/supertuxkart.zip Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], | |[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |Games 1st first person RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [http://parpg.net/ PA RPG], [http://dnt.dnteam.org/cgi-bin/news.py DNT], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [], |Phantasie, Faery Tale, D&D ones, Dungeon Master, | | |- |Games 3rd third person RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [], | | | |- |Games Action RPG [http://gemrb.sourceforge.net/wiki/doku.php?id=installation GemRB], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], BOH, [], | | | |- |Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], |[http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/download/open_tyrian.rar Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/Alien-Blaster.20.html Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], | |[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], | |- |Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], | |SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://wargus.sourceforge.net/ Wargus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [], [], |[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO:AI (OpenGL)], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], | | |[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/UnknownShadow200/ClassiCube Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [SDL], [ SDL2], [ SDL3], [ SDL4], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [ Lua + LOVE], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [ ], [ ], [ Unity], [ Unreal Engine], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019). This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. ===E-mail=== ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [http://irc1.netsplit.de/channels/details.php?room=%23aros&net=freenode AROS channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://html5.grooveshark.com/ [http://forums.screamer-radio.com/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=14619 BBC Radio streams] http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://backinmyplay.com/ http://www.backinmyplay.com/podcast/bimppodcast.xml http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Spotlights - triange of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Free royalty pictures www.freeimages.com, http://imageshack.us/ , http://photobucket.com/ , http://rawpixels.net/, ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' i Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a blank song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software, and fader grouping *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation and so on. *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time. *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑and‑drop mouse selections. *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves. *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. ===Emulators=== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== What is the fix for the grey screen when trying to run the workbench screenmode to match the current AROS one? is it seamless, ie click on an ADF disk image and it loads it? With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops it hogging all the CPU time. old versions of UAE do not support hi-res p96 graphics ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== Open Sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock shortcut of first few functions of the menu. *Database *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are in the pull down menu but not the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible (FIG. 6). The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Try working with the already built file Tutorial-Canyon.project - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:Tutorial-Canyon.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included Loading scene parameters Tutorial-CanyonMIO.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As (.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud and wave editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso Audio * Open Source - PCM, AV1, * Licenced Paid - AAC, x264/h264, h265, Video * Y'PbPr is analogue component video * YUV is an intermediary step in converting Y'PbPr to S-Video (YC) or composite video * Y'CbCr is digital component video (not YUV) AV1 (AOMedia Video 1) is the next video streaming codec and planned as the successor to the lossy HEVC (H. 265) format that is currently used for 4K HDR video DTP Pagestream 3.2 3.3 Amiga Version <pre > Assign PageStream: "Work:PageStream3" Assign SoftLogik: "PageStream:SoftLogik" Assign Fonts: "PageStream:SoftLogik/Fonts" ADD </pre > Normally Pagestream Fonts are installed in directory Pagestream3:Fonts/. Next step is to mark the right fonts-path in Pagestream's Systemprefs (don't confuse softlogik.font - this is only a screen-systemfont). Installed them all in a NEW Pagestream/Fonts drawer - every font-family in its own separate directory and marked them in PageStream3/Systemprefs for each family entry. e.g. Project > System Preferences >Fonts. You simply enter the path where the fonts are located into the Default Drawer string. e.g. System:PageStream/Fonts Then you click on Add and add a drawer. Then you hit Update. Then you hit Save. The new font(s) are available. If everything went ok font "triumvirate-normal" should be chosen automatically when typing text. Kerning and leading Normally, only use postscript fonts (Adobe Type 1 - both metric file .afm or .pfm variant and outline file .pfb) because easier to print to postscript printers and these fonts give the best results and printing is fast! Double sided printing. CYMK pantone matching system color range support http://pagestream.ylansi.net/ For long documents you would normally prepare the body text beforehand in a text editor because any DTP package is not suited to this activity (i.e. slow). Cropping pictures are done outside usually. Wysiwyg Page setup - Page Size - Landscape or Portrait - Full width bottom left corner Toolbar - Panel General, Palettes, Text Toolbox and View Master page (size, borders margin, etc.) - Styles (columns, alley, gutter between, etc.) i.e. balance the weight of design and contrast with white space(s) - unity Text via two methods - click box for text block box which you resize or click I resizing text box frame which resizes itself Centre picture if resizing horizontally - Toolbox - move to next page and return - grid Structured vector clipart images - halftone - scaling Table of contents, Header and Footer Back Matter like the glossary, appendices, index, endnotes, and bibliography. Right Mouse click - Line, Fill, Color - Spot color Quick keyboard shortcuts <pre > l - line a - alignment c - colours </pre > Golden ratio divine proportion golden section mean phi fibonnaci term of 1.618 1.6180339887498948482 including mathematical progression sequences a+b of 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, etc. Used it to create sculptures and artwork of the perfect ideal human body figure, logos designs etc. for good proportions and pleasing to the eye for best composition options for using rgb or cmyk colours, or grayscale color spaces The printing process uses four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Different color spaces have mismatches between the color that are represented in RGB and CMYKA. Not implemented * HSV/HSB - hue saturation value (brightness) or HSVA with additional alpha transparent (cone of color-nonlinear transformation of RGB) * HSL - slightly different to above (spinning top shape) * CIE Lab - Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage based on brightness, hue, and colourfulness * CIELUV, CIELCH * YCbCr/YCC * CMYK CMJN (subtractive) profile is a narrower gamut (range) than any of the digital representations, mostly used for printing printshop, etc. * Pantone (TM) Matching scale scheme for DTP use * SMPTE DCI P3 color space (wider than sRGB for digital cinema movie projectors) Color Gamuts * sRGB Rec. 709 (TV Broadcasts) * DCI-P3 * Abode RGB * NTSC * Pointers Gamut * Rec. 2020 (HDR 4K streaming) * Visible Light Spectrum Combining photos (cut, resize, positioning, lighting/shadows (flips) and colouring) - search out photos where the subjects are positioned in similar environments and perspective, to match up, simply place the cut out section (use Magic Wand and Erase using a circular brush (varied sizes) with the hardness set to 100% and no spacing) over the worked on picture, change the opacity and resize to see how it fits. Clone areas with a soft brush to where edges join, Adjust mid-tones, highlights and shadows. A panorama is a wide-angled view of a physical space. It is several stable, rotating tripod based photographs with no vertical movement that are stitched together horizontally to create a seamless picture. Grab a reference point about 20%-30% away from the right side, so that this reference point allows for some overlap between your photos when getting to the editing phase. Aging faces - the ears and nose are more pronounced i.e. keep growing, the eyes are sunken, the neck to jaw ratio decreases, and all the skin shows the impact of years of gravity pulling on it, slim the lips a bit, thinner hairline, removing motion * Exposure triange - aperture, ISO and shutter speed - the three fundamental elements working together so you get the results you want and not what the camera appears to tell you * The Manual/Creative Modes on your camera are Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, and Manual Mode. On most cameras, they are marked “P, A, S, M.” These stand for “Program Mode, Aperture priority (A or Av), Shutter Priority (S or TV), and Manual Mode. * letters AV (for Canon camera’s) or A (for Nikon camera’s) on your shooting mode dial sets your digital camera to aperture priority - If you want all of the foreground and background to be sharp and in focus (set your camera to a large number like F/11 closing the lens). On the other hand, if you’re taking a photograph of a subject in focus but not the background, then you would choose a small F number like F/4 (opening the lens). When you want full depth-of-field, choose a high f-stop (aperture). When you want shallow depth of field, choose a lower fstop. * Letter M if the subjects in the picture are not going anywhere i.e. you are not in a hurry - set my ISO to 100 to get no noise in the picture - * COMPOSITION rule of thirds (imagine a tic-tac-toe board placed on your picture, whatever is most interesting or eye-catching should be on the intersection of the lines) and leading lines but also getting down low and shooting up, or finding something to stand on to shoot down, or moving the tripod an inch - * Focus PRECISELY else parts will be blurry - make sure you have enough depth-of-field to make the subject come out sharp. When shooting portraits, you will almost always focus on the person's nearest eye * landscape focus concentrate on one-third the way into the scene because you'll want the foreground object to be in extremely sharp focus, and that's more important than losing a tiny bit of sharpness of the objects far in the background. Also, even more important than using the proper hyperfocal distance for your scene is using the proper aperture - * entry level DSLRs allow to change which autofocus point is used rather than always using the center autofocus point and then recompose the shot - back button [http://www.ncsu.edu/viste/dtp/index.html DTP Design layout to impress an audience] Created originally on this [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=30859&forum=28&start=380&viewmode=flat&order=0#543705 thread] on amigaworld.net Commercial -> Open Source *Microsoft Office --> LibreOffice *Airtable --> NocoDB *Notion --> AppFlowy(dot)IO *Salesforce CRM --> ERPNext *Slack --> Mattermost *Zoom --> Jitsi Meet *Jira --> Plane *FireBase --> Convex, Appwrite, Supabase, PocketBase, instant *Vercel --> Coolify *Heroku --> Dokku *Adobe Premier --> DaVinci Resolve *Adobe Illustrator --> Krita *Adobe After Effects --> Blender <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> r8muc1k44hnzj5b25niikrvgb6y6pvn 0 243770 4443538 4443391 2024-11-03T07:06:18Z MarcGarver 134830 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/170.24.175.2|170.24.175.2]] ([[User talk:170.24.175.2|talk]]) to last version by Tanbiruzzaman 4435549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} Imagine a line passing through the center of Earth that goes through both the North Pole and the South Pole. This imaginary line is called an '''axis'''. Earth spins around its axis, just as a top spins around its spindle. This spinning movement is called Earth's rotation. At the same time that the Earth spins on its axis, it also orbits, or revolves around the Sun. This movement is called revolution. ==Lesson Objectives== * Describe Earth's rotation on its axis. * Describe Earth's revolution around the Sun. ==Earth's Rotation== [[File:Foucault pendulum at north pole accurate.PNG|frame|right|'''Figure 24.9''': A pendulum at the North Pole always swings in the same direction, but because of Earth's rotation its direction will appear to change to observers on Earth.]] In 1851, a French scientist named Léon Foucault took an iron sphere and swung it from a wire. He pulled the sphere to one side and then released it, letting it swing back and forth in a straight line. A ball swinging back and forth on a string is called a pendulum. A pendulum set in motion, will not change its motion, so it will not change the direction of the swinging. However, Foucault observed that his pendulum did seem to change direction. He knew that the pendulum itself could not change its motion, so he concluded that the Earth, underneath the pendulum was moving. Figure 24.9 shows how this might look. It takes 23 hours, 59 minutes and 4 seconds for the Earth to make one complete '''rotation''' on its axis, if we watch Earth spin from out in space. Because Earth is moving around the Sun at the same time that it is rotating, Earth has to turn just a little bit more to reach the same place relative to the Sun, so we experience each day on Earth as 24 hours. At the equator, the Earth rotates at a speed of about 1,700 kilometers per hour. Thankfully, we do not notice this movement, because it would certainly make us dizzy. ==Earth's Revolution== Earth's '''revolution''' around the Sun takes much longer than its rotation on its axis. One complete revolution takes 365.25 days, or one year. The Earth revolves around the Sun because gravity keeps it in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun. The Earth's orbital path is not a perfect circle, but rather an '''ellipse''', which means that it is like a slight oval in shape (Figure 24.10). This creates areas where the Earth is sometimes farther away from the Sun than at other times. We are closer to the Sun at perihelion (147 million kilometers) on about January 3rd and a little further from the Sun (152 million kilometers) at aphelion on July 4th. Students sometimes think our elliptical orbit causes Earth's seasons, but this is not the case. If it were, then the Northern Hemisphere would experience summer in January! [[File:Solarsys.svg|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 24.10''': Earth and the other planets in the solar system make regular orbits around the Sun; the orbital path is an ellipse and is controlled by gravity.]] During one revolution around the Sun, the Earth travels at an average distance of about 150 million kilometers. Mercury and Venus take shorter times to orbit the Sun than the Earth, while all the other planets take progressively longer times depending on their distance from the Sun. Mercury only takes about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun, while Saturn, for example, takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Our planet moves slower when it is farther away from the Sun and faster when it is closer to the Sun. The reason the Earth (or any planet) has seasons is that Earth is tilted 23 1/2 degrees on its axis. This means that during the northern hemisphere "summer" the North pole points toward the Sun, receiving direct solar rays, and in the northern hemisphere "winter" the North Pole is tilted away from the Sun (Figure 24.11)and the rays of the Sun are angled rather than direct. Thus, the season we experience depends not on where the Earth is in its revolutionary orbit around the Sun, but rather the inclination of the axis of the Earth. This means "summer" in the northern hemisphere actually occurs when Earth is farthest from the Sun, but inclined toward it, and "winter" occurs when Earth is closest but inclined away. [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|500px|center|thumb|'''Figure 24.11''': The Earth tilts on its axis.]] ==Lesson Summary== * Earth rotates or spins on its axis once each day and revolves around the Sun once every year. * The tilt of Earth's axis produces seasons. ==Review Questions== # Describe the difference between Earth's rotation and its revolution. # What is the force that keeps the Earth and other planets in their orbital paths? # The planet Jupiter is about 778,570,000 kilometers from the Sun; Earth is about 150,000,000 kilometers from the Sun. Does Jupiter take more or less time to make one revolution around the sun? Explain your answer. # In its elliptical orbit around the Sun, the Earth is closest to the Sun in January. Even though Earth is closest to the Sun in January, people in the Northern hemisphere experience winter weather. Using your understanding of how the Earth is tilted on its axis, why do you think people in the Northern Hemisphere have winter in January? # Where on Earth would Foucault's pendulum appear to not be moving? Why? ==Vocabulary== ; axis : An imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to South Pole, and includes the center Earth. ; ellipse : A shape that looks like a slightly squashed circle. ; hemisphere : One half of a sphere. ; revolution : The Earth's movement around the Sun in an orbital path. ; rotation : The motion of the Earth spinning on its axis. ==Points to Consider== * What type of experiment could you create to prove that the Earth is rotating on its axis? * If you lived at the equator, would you experience any effects due to Earth's tilted axis? * If Earth suddenly increased in mass, what might happen to its orbit around the Sun? {{chapnav|Planet Earth|Earth's Moon}} d0u1i3r4eacf7dlbetxc06os4xgtupn 10 283702 4443524 4419722 2024-11-02T21:23:58Z Alter73 3447476 New flag of Vatican 4443524 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0.3em; margin-left:15px; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; background:#f4f4ff; 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Kingdom|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/United Kingdom]] [[Image:Flag_of_Albania.svg|20px|Albania|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Albania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|20px|Bosnia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Bosnia Herzegovina]] [[Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|20px|Croatia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Croatia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|20px|Cyprus|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Cyprus]] <br> [[Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg|20px|Greece|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Greece]] [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|20px|Italy|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Italy]] [[Image:Flag_of_Malta.svg|20px|Malta|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Malta]] [[Image:Flag_of_Monaco.svg|20px|Monaco|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Monaco]] [[Image:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg|20px|Montenegro|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Montenegro]] [[Image:Flag_of_San Marino.svg|20px|San Marino|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/San Marino]] [[Image:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg|20px|Kosovo|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Kosovo]] [[Image:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg|20px|Slovenia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Slovenia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg|20px|Spain|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Spain]] [[Image:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|20px|Vatican City|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Holy See]] [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|20px|Austria|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Austria]] [[Image:Flag_of_the_Czech Republic.svg|20px|Czech Republic|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Czech Republic]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|20px|Estonia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Estonia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Finland.svg|20px|Finland|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Finland]] [[Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg|20px|Germany|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Germany]] [[Image:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|20px|Hungary|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Hungary]] [[Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg|20px|Latvia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Latvia]] <br> [[Image:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg|20px|Lithuania|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Lithuania]] [[Image:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|20px|Macedonia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/North Macedonia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Poland.svg|20px|Poland|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Poland]] [[Image:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|20px|Serbia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Serbia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg|20px|Slovakia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Slovakia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|20px|Sweden|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Sweden]] [[Image:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|20px|Armenia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Armenia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|20px|Azerbaijan|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Azerbaijan]] [[Image:Flag_of_Belarus.svg|20px|Belarus|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Belarus]] [[Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|20px|Bulgaria|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Bulgaria]] [[Image:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|20px|Georgia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Georgia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg|20px|Kazakhstan|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Kazakhstan]] [[Image:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|20px|Moldova|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Moldova]] [[Image:Flag_of_Romania.svg|20px|Romania|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Romania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg|20px|Russia|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Russia]] [[Image:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|20px|Turkey|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Turkey]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|20px|Ukraine|border|bottom|link=Wikijunior:Europe/Ukraine]] |} {{BookCat}} ruopr6vlexmfzein4hft87ie0ufkoh2 0 291644 4443507 4422393 2024-11-02T18:34:05Z Nonenmac 6290 /* Helleborus */ 4443507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{../header | this = Ranunculales | this-stxt = Lardizabalaceae, | this-ttxt = Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae | prev-link = Commelinales, Zingiberales, Ceratophyllales | next-link = Proteales…Saxifragales | next-text = Proteales… Saxifragales }} {{../txt |Superorder '''Ceratophyllanae''' is the probable sister of the eudicots. Its only order '''Ceratophyllales''' contains a single living genus.<ref>{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}</ref> Superorders '''Ranunculanae''', '''Proteanae''', and '''Buxanae''', are in the basal grade of eudicots.<ref>[http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Magnoliidae.pdf James L. Reveal (2012). "An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants (Magnoliidae)." ''Phytoneuron'' '''2012-37:''' 1–221. Published 23 April 2012. ISSN 2153 7]</ref> The order '''{{wp|Ranunculales}}''' has about 93 taxa found outside of cultivation in New York. Ranunculales families include: * {{../w|Circaeasteraceae}} (2 Chinese species, none in NY) * {{../w|Lardizabalaceae}} (1 species of Akebia in NY) * {{../w|Menispermaceae}} (1 species of moonseed in NY) * {{../w|Berberidaceae}} (barberry, 8 taxa in 5 genera in NY) * {{../w|Ranunculaceae}} (68 taxa in 20 genera, ''Ranunculus'' the largest) * {{../w|Papaveraceae}} (poppies, 15 taxa in 8 genera in NY) }} {{../TOC-Ranunculales}} ==Family Lardizabalaceae== The '''{{../w|Lardizabalaceae}}''' (lardizabala family)... ===Subfamily Lardizabaloideae=== ====Tribe Akebieae==== =====''Akebia''===== {{../txt |img=Akebia quinata White Chocolate BSWJ 8415 (13391328633).jpg |cap=''Akebia quinata'' |''Akebia'' is a small asian genus with a single species occurring in New York }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Lardizabalaceae|Lardizabaloideae|Akebieae||Akebia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Akebia|Chocolate-vine|750|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Akebia quinata | author = (Houtt.) Dcne. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1779|Rajania quinata |Houtt.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Akebia quinata |(Houtt.) Dcne.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fiveleaf akebia | en2 = Chocolate vine <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = CP-4<ref name=CP4>{{flora-of-ref|CP4}}</ref> | nyis = 52%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Akebia quinata|Moderate|52|MLH}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1776|X|Ulst-Ora-Dutc-Rock-West+2}} | usda = {{../usda|AKQU|X0|}} | vascan = | not listed in Canada | gobot = akebia/quinata | i-tsn = 18857 | ars-id = 2103 | Akebia quinata (Thunb. ex Houtt.) Decne. | fna-id = 200008288 | tro-id = 17700001 | map = Akebia quinata nymap.svg | image1 = Akebia quinata02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Menispermaceae== The '''{{../w|Menispermaceae}}''' (moonseed family)... ===Subfamily Menispermoideae=== ====Tribe Menispermeae==== =====''Menispermum''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Menispermaceae|Menispermoideae|Menispermeae||Menispermum| }} {{../genus|Menispermum|Moonseed|368|1|MENIS|| }} {{../taxon | species = Menispermum canadense | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Menispermum canadense|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Canada moonseed | en2 = Common moonseed | en3 = Yellow Parilla | en4 = Carolina moonseed | fr1 = Ménisperme du Canada | fr2 = Raison de couleuvre <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1912|5|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Onei+M}} | usda = {{../usda|MECA3|NN|}} | vascan = 6669 | gobot = menispermum/canadense | i-tsn = 18871 | ars-id = 410360 | fna-id = 220008359 | tro-id = 20600003 | map = Menispermum canadense nymap.svg | image1 = Menispermum canadense, Saint-Hilaire-1.png }} {{../end table|Menispermaceae }} ==Family Berberidaceae== {{../txt|The {{../w|Berberidaceae}} ('''barberry family''') contains several herbaceous genera that are associated with their native woodland wildflowers, including ''Caulophyllum'' ('''blue cohosh'''), ''Podophyllum'' ('''mayapple'''), and ''Jeffersonia'' ('''twinleaf'''). But the family also contains the non-native ornamental shrubs (some highly invasive) known as '''barberry''' in the ''Berberis'' and closely-related ''Manonia'' genera.}} ===Subfamily Podophylloideae=== ====Tribe Leonticeae==== =====''Caulophyllum''===== {{../txt |img=Caulophyllum giganteum SCA-1754.jpg |cap=''Caulophyllum giganteum''<br>early blue cohosh |''Caulophyllum'' contains the two '''blue cohosh''' species found in New York, but it does not include black cohosh, which is not only in a separate genus ([[#Actaea|''Actaea'']]), but also in a different family ([[#Family Ranunculaceae|Ranunculaceae]], below). Blue cohosh leaves have a similarity to ''Thalictrum'' (meadow rue) leaves, accounting for the specific epithet ''thalictroides''. ''Caulophyllum giganteum'' ('''early blue cohosh'''), appears earlier in the spring than ''C. thalictroides'' and has purple flowers instead of yellow.<ref>[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/genus/caulophyllum/ Genus: ''Caulophyllum'' (blue cohosh) at gobotany.newenglandwild.org]</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Leonticeae||Caulophyllum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Caulophyllum|Blue cohosh|730|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caulophyllum thalictroides | author = (L.) Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Leontice thalictroides|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Caulophyllum thalictroides|Michx.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blue cohosh | en2 = Squaw-root | en3 = Papoose-root | fr1 = Caulophylle faux-pigamon | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|524|5|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe-Madi}} | usda = {{../usda|CATH2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Caulophyllum/thalictroides | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500331 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Caulophyllum thalictroides nymap.svg | image1 = Blue Cohosh (4751215878).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caulophyllum giganteum | author = (Farw.) Loconte & W.H.Blackw. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1918|Caulophyllum thalictroides|(L.) Michx.|giganteum|Farw.}} {{../sp-1|1981|Caulophyllum giganteum|Loconte & W.H.Blackw.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Northern blue cohosh | en2 = Giant blue cohosh | en3 = Early blue cohosh | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | nyfa = {{../nyfa|529|3-5|Orange & Rockland Counties (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CAGI6|N|Oran (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = Caulophyllum/giganteum | i-tsn = 501338 | ars-id = 449140 | fna-id = 233500330 | tro-id - 3500288 | map = Caulophyllum giganteum nymap.svg | image1 = Caulophyllum giganteum SCA-01412p.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> Differences between early and late blue cohoshes {|class=wikitable width="1024px'' |+Blue cohosh differentiation !''Caulophyllum'' !common name !Flowering time !Flowers per<br>inflorescence !Sepal color !Sepal length !Style length |- |''C. gigantium'' |early blue cohosh |flowers before leaf expansion,<br>10-15 days before ''C. thalictroides'' |4 - 8 |purple to purple-brown |6 - 9 mm |1 - 2 mm |- |''C. thalictroides'' |late blue cohosh |flowers with leaves,<br>10-15 days after ''C. gigantium'' |5 - 70 |yellow to yellow-green |3 - 6 mm |≤1 mm |} ====Tribe Podophylleae==== =====''Podophyllum''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Podophylleae||Podophyllum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Podophyllum|Mayapple|399|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Podophyllum peltatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Podophyllum peltatum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = May-apple | en2 = Indian-apple | en3 = Wild-mandrake | fr1 = Pomme de mai | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6286|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = podophyllum/peltatum | native to MA,CT,NH & parts of VT. Intro to ME,RI & rest of VT | i-tsn = 18850 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500972 | map = Podophyllum peltatum nymap.svg | image1 = Streamside Hike (11) (14195660876).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Jeffersonia''===== {{../txt|[[File:Jeffersonia diphylla 2008.jpg|thumb|right|twinleaf]] Although '''twinleaf''' is listed as threatened in New York, its populations have probably remained fairly stable. Because its native habitat includes ravines, its scarcity is more a matter of New York being at the northern edge of its natural range than it is of recent habitat loss. However, invasion of its habitat by exotic plants like garlic mustard and swallow-wort is currently a concern.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Podophylleae||Jeffersonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Jeffersonia|Twinleaf|1010|1|JEFFE|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Jeffersonia diphylla | author = (L.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Podophyllum diphyllum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Jeffersonia diphylla|(L.) Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Twinleaf | en2 = Twin-leaf | en3 = Rheumatism-root <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nynhp = 2<ref name=nynhp>{{../nynhp-ref|8864|Jeffersonia diphylla|Threatened|S2|G5}}</ref> | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|523|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|JEDI|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = | not listed in New England | i-tsn = 18844 | ars-id = 429624 | fna-id = 233500714 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Jeffersonia%20diphylla | map = Jeffersonia diphylla nymap.svg | image1 = Jeffersonia diphylla 2017-05-23 1466.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Berberidoideae=== ====Tribe Berberideae==== =====''Berberis''===== {{../txt |img=2014-12-30 11 31 34 Barberry fruit along River Road (New Jersey Route 175) in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG |cap=''Berberis thunbergii'' |Although there are a few North American native '''barberry''' species, none are known to have naturalized in New York State (unless ''Mahonia'' is included in ''Berberis''). The closest reported occurrence is of ''Berberis canadensis'' ('''American barberry''') in Huntington County in south-central Pennsylvania. However the two Eurasian barberries, ''Berberis thunbergii'' and ''Berberis vulgaris'' are quite common and considered to be invasive in New York. If fact, the sale of fertile '''Japanese barberry''' (''B. thunbergii'') is now prohibited in the state.}} ======''Berberis'' sect. ''Berberis''====== {|class=wikitable width=1024px |+Barberry differentiation |- !Barberry species !Leaf margin !Spines / thorns<ref>[http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/83 ''Berberis'', New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/barberry/downloads/tech_mtg/Uconn.pdf ''Berberis thunbergii'' Japanese barberry, USDA Plant Pest Info]</ref> !Flowers |- |'''''Berberis thunbergii''''', Japanese barberry |Entire (smooth) |1 (or 1 with 2 short side-branches) |Sessile umbel |- |'''''Berberis vulgaris''''', European barberry |Serrate (toothed) |3 (or 1 with 2 long side-branches) |Racemes of 10-25 |- |'''''Berberis × ottawensis''''', Ottawa barberry |Entire (smooth) |1 to 3 |Subumbellate-raceme |- |'''''Berberis canadensis''''', American barberry |Serrate (toothed) |3 (or 1 with 2 long side-branches) |Racemes of 5-10 |} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Berberidoideae|||Berberis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis thunbergii | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1821|Berberis thunbergii|DC.}} {{../var1|1926|Berberis thunbergii|DC.|atropurpurea|Chenault}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Japanese barberry | fr1 = Épine-vinette du Japon <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = eastern Asia | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = Prohibited | status3 = CP-2<ref name=CP2>{{../ref|CP2}}</ref> NE-1<ref name=NE1>{{../ref|NE1}}</ref> | nyis = 91%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Berberis thunbergii|Very highly invasive|91%}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|525|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|BETH|XX|}} | vascan = 3666 | gobot = berberis/thunbergii | inat = 58727-Berberis-thunbergii | i-tsn = 18835 | ars-id = 6974 | fna-i1 = 233500242 | fna-i2 = Berberis_thunbergii | tro-id = 3500183 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = 8808 | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Berberis thunbergii nymap.svg | image1 = Berberis thunbergii (leaf s3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis vulgaris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Berberis vulgaris|L.}} {{../var1|1845|Berberis vulgaris|L.|purpurea|Bertin ex Jacques & Hérincq}} {{../for1|1860|Berberis vulgaris|L.|atropurpurea|Regel}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis jacquinii|hort. ex K.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis sanguinea|hort. ex K.Koch}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common barberry | en2 = European barberry | en3 = Jaundice-berry | fr1 = Épine-vinette commune | fr2 = Épine-vinette | fr3 = Berbéris vulgaire | fr4 = Berbéride vulgaire | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = CP-3<ref name=CP3>{{../ref|CP3}}</ref> NE-2<ref name=NE2>{{../ref|NE2}}</ref> | nyis = 69%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Berberis vulgaris|69|all}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|526|X|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Onei}} | usda = {{../usda|BEVU|XX|}} | vascan = 3667 | gobot = berberis/vulgaris | inat = 75758-Berberis-vulgaris | i-tsn = 18837 | ars-id = 6992 | fna-i1 = 233500244 | fna-i2 = Berberis_vulgaris | tro-id = 3500015 | map = Berberis vulgaris nymap.svg | image1 = Berberis vulgaris 5922.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis × ottawensis | author = C.K.Schneid. | hp1 = Berberis thunbergii | hp2 = Berberis vulgaris <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1927|Berberis × ottawensis|C.K.Schneid.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hybrid barberry | en2 = Ottawa barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Present in New Eng. | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7270|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|BEOT|XX|CT,MA,OH,ON (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = berberis/thunbergii | inat = 170533-Berberis---ottawensis | i-tsn = 500992 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Berberis × ottawensis nymap.svg | cos = Clinton (2014) | image1 = Atlas roslin pl Berberys ottawski 4440 6460 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis julianae | author = C.K.Schneid. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1913|Berberis julianae|C.K.Schneid.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Juliana's berberis | en2 = Wintergreen barberry | en3 = Chinese barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = China | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 2 | status3 = Single population | status4 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|528|X|Suffolk (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|BEJU4|X0|New York & Alabama only}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 437555-Berberis-julianae | i-tsn = 506844 | ars-id = 6892 | fna-id = <!--not listed--> | tro-id = 3500363 | map = Berberis julianae nymap.svg | cos = NYFA: Suffolk<br><abbr title="Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Westchester">iNat: 5 counties</abbr> | image1 = Berberis Julianae (Wintergreen Barberry) (27299443619).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878|U|txt=(unlisted&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis koreana | author = Palibin. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1899|Berberis koreana|Palibin.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Korea barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = No specimens | status2 = Present in Vermont | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = berberis/koreana | inat = 204251-Berberis-koreana | i-tsn = | ars-id = | fna-id = | not listed | tro-id = | map = Berberis koreana nymap.png | image1 = Berberis koreana 2016-04-22 8260.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis canadensis | author = Mill. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1768|Berberis canadensis|Mill.}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis fischeri|hort. ex K.Koch*}} {{../sp-1|1894|Berberis angulizans|hort. ex Massias}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American barberry | en2 = Allegheny barberry | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|BECA2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 129595-Berberis-canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500225 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Berberis%20canadensis | map = Berberis canadensis nymap.png | image1 = Berberis canadensis in Botanical garden, Minsk 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Berberis'' sect. ''Mahonia''====== {{../txt |img=Korina 2013-03-30 Mahonia aquifolium 5.jpg |cap=''Berberis aquifolium'' |''Berberis'' sect. ''Mahonia'' has also been treated as a separate genus ''Mahonia''. It contains the '''Oregon grape''', which is native to the west coast of North America. It is considered very invasive in Europe and is known to escape cultivation throughout New York. Also present in the southeastern part of the states is ''Berberis bealei'' (Beale's oregon-grape) which is listed as Highly Invasive/NYS Tier 2 by iMapInvasives and is considered an aggressive invader in the Southeastern United States.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-004-2896-4 Craig R. Allen, Ahjond S. Garmestani, Jill A. LaBram, Amanda E. Peck & Luanna B. Prevost (2006). "When Landscaping Goes Bad: The Incipient Invasion of ''Mahonia bealei'' in the Southeastern United States." ''Biol Invasions'' 8, 169–176.]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Berberidoideae|||Berberis||Mahonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis aquifolium | author = (Pursh) Nutt. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1813|Berberis aquifolium|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1818|Mahonia aquifolium|(Pursh) Nutt.}} {{../sp-1|1906|Odostemon aquifolium|(Pursh) Rydb.}} {{../sp-1|1931|Mahonia diversifolia|Sweet}} {{../sp-1|1934|Mahonia piperiana|Abrams}} {{../sp-1|1939|Berberis piperiana|McMinn}} {{../sp-1|1940|Berberis diversifolia|Steud.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oregon grape | en2 = Piper's Oregon-grape | en3 = Oregon holly-grape | en4 = Tall mahonia | en5 = Hollyleaved barberry <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = {{../en|Mahonia à|feuilles de houx}} | fr2 = Mahonia faux-houx | fr3 = Faux-houx | fr4 = Mahonia <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western N. America | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Lower Hudson Tier 5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|527|Xn?|Berberis aquifolium Pursh - Erie (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|MAAQ2|NN|Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. - Erie (only)}} | vascan = 3663 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | gobot = berberis/aquifolium | inat = 126887-Berberis-aquifolium | its-id = 18816 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | ars-id = 6814 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | fna-id = 233500223 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | tro-id = 3500167 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | ipn-id = 1148915-2 | lbj-id = MAAQ2 <!-- Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. --> | nse-id = | bna-id = Mahonia%20aquifolium | cpc-id = | cab-id = 32269 <!-- Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) --> | eol-id = | map = Mahonia aquifolium nymap.svg | image1 = Mahonia aquifolium 005.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis bealei | au-abbr = Fortune | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1850|Berberis bealei|Fortune}} {{../sp-1|1855|Mahonia bealei|(Fortune) Carrière}} {{../var1|1901|Mahonia japonica|(Thunb.) DC.|bealei|(Fortune) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Leatherleaf mahonia|iMapInvaisves}} {{../vn1|Beale's oregon-grape|iMapInvaisves}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 2<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers, iMapInvaisves, ''Mahonia bealei'']</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|MABE2|X0|}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 277657-Berberis-bealei | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = 3500444 | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = <abbr title="Kings, Nassau, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Westchester">iNat: 7 counties</abbr> | image1 = Mahonia bealei0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ==Family Ranunculaceae== The '''{{../w|Ranunculaceae}}'''... ===Subfamily Hydrastoideae=== ====Tribe Hydrastideae==== =====''Hydrastis''===== {{../txt |img=Hydrastis canadensis berries.jpg |cap=''Hydrastis canadensis'' | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Hydrastoideae|Hydrastideae||Hydrastis| }} {{../genus|Hydrastis|Goldenseal|488|1||| }} {{../taxon | species = Hydrastis canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Goldenseal | en2 = Golden-seal | en3 = Orange-root | en4 = Yellow-puccoon | fr1 = Hydraste du Canada | fr2 = Sceau d'or <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nynhp = 2<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9269|Hydrastis canadensis|Threatened|S2|G4}}</ref> | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2604|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|HYCA|NN|}} | note = [http://flnps.org/plants/list FLNPS] | vascan = 8489 | gobot = Hydrastis/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Hydrastis%20canadensis | map = Hydrastis canadensis nymap.svg | image1 = Goldenseal plant with one white flower hydrastis canadensis.jpg }} {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Coptidoideae=== ====Tribe Coptideae==== =====''Coptis''===== {{../txt |img=Coptis trifolia 1 (5097823706).jpg |cap=''Coptis trifolia'' |'''Goldthread''' (''Coptis trifolia'') }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Coptidoideae|Coptideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Coptis|Goldthread|563|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Coptis trifolia | author = (L.) Salisb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus trifolius|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Anemone groenlandica|Oeder}} {{../sp-1|1807|Coptis trifolia|(L.) Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1929|Coptis groenlandica|(Oeder) Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1937|Coptis trifolia||groenlandica|(Oeder) Hultén}} {{../var1|1947|Coptis trifolia||groenlandica|(Oeder) Fassett}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Goldthread|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Three-leaved goldthread|2021 Native Plant Trust, Go Botany (3.5)}} {{../vn1|Threeleaf goldthread|2021 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Yellow snakeroot|}} {{../vn1|Goldenroot|}} {{../vn1|American goldthread|2021 ARS: M.McGuffin, J.T.Kartesz, A.Y.Leung, & A.O.Tucker (2000) Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. }} {{../vn1|Canker-root|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Savoyane|}} {{../vn1|Coptide du Groenland|}} {{../vn1|Coptide savoyane|}} {{../vn1|Sabouillane|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2587|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|COTR2|NN|}} | vascan = 8471 | gobot = Coptis/trifolia | its-id = | ars-id = 402567 | fna-id = 220003305 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Coptis trifolia 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Xanthorhizeae==== =====''Xanthorhiza''===== {{../txt |img=Xanthorhiza simplicissima 2017-04-30 8767.jpg |cap='' Xanthorhiza simplicissima''<br> yellowroot |'''Shrub yellowroot''' (''Xanthorhiza simplicissima'') is the only species of its genus and one of the few woody plants in the Ranunculaceae. It is native to the southeastern US and introduced in parts the northeast. Its naturalization status in New York is uncertain. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Coptidoideae|Xanthorhizeae| }} {{../genus|Xanthorhiza|Yellowroot|12|1||| }} {{../taxon | species = Xanthorhiza simplicissima | author = Marshall <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1785|Xanthorhiza simplicissima|Marshall}} {{../sp-1|1788|Xanthorhiza apiifolia|L'Hér.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellowroot | en2 = Brook-feather | en3 = Shrub yellowroot <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | habit0 = | habit1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6285|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|XASI|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Xanthorhiza/simplicissima | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Xanthorhiza+simplicissima | bna-id = Xanthorhiza%20simplicissima | map = nymap.svg | cos = Bronx Columbia Schenectady Suffolk Westchester | image1 = Xanthorhiza simplicissima kz02.jpg }} {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Thalictroideae=== ====Tribe Aquilegieae==== =====''Aquilegia''===== {{../txt |img=Aquilegia canadensis 1-eheep (5097827430).jpg |cap=''Aquilegia canadensis''<br>red columbine |'''Columbine''' (''Aquilegia'') includes at least 22 species that are native to western North America, but only '''red columbine''' (''A. canadensis'') appears to be native in the east. European columbine is also common in New York State, where it has naturalized. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Aquilegieae||Aquilegia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aquilegia|Columbine|726|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aquilegia canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aquilegia canadensis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Wild columbine|NYFA-1: 2017 / ARS-GRIN: Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (Hortus 3) 1994}} {{../vn1|Red columbine|NYFA-2: 2017 / USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team: 2017 / VASCAN-1: 2017}} {{../vn1|Wild red columbine|LBJ-2: 2017}} {{../vn1|Canadian columbine|Flora of North America, Vol. 3. 1997}} {{../vn1|Red-bell|ARS-GRIN: Websters Dict 2003}} {{../vn1|Honeysuckle|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} {{../vn1|Meeting-houses|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Ancolie du Canada|Flora of North America, Vol. 3. 1997}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2583|5|Cliffs, ledges, talus slopes, on or adjacent to forested rock outcrops, and edges of paths and dirt roads through forests often associated with calcareous soils and/or bedrock}} | usda = {{../usda|AQCA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Aquilegia/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 3738 <!--Isopyroideae/Isopyreae/Isopyrinae--> | fna-id = 233500093 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AQCA | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Aquilegia canadensis 1974 2x3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aquilegia vulgaris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aquilegia vulgaris|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = European columbine | status = Introduced | status1 = | nwi1 = NC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2551|X|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe}} | usda = {{../usda|AQVU|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Aquilegia/vulgaris | its-id = | ars-id = 3767 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Aquilegia vulgaris 2c.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Enemion''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=False Rue Anemone (13945647677).jpg |cap=''Enemion biternatum'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Aquilegieae||Enemion| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Enemion|False-rue-anemone|621|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Enemion biternatum | author = Raf. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1820|Enemion biternatum|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Isopyrum biternatum|(Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|False rue anemone|2021 New York Flora Atlas -- 2021 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Eastern false rue anemone|2021 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SX, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2597|Z|Erie 1990}} | usda = {{../usda|ENBI|NN|eastern false rue anemone }} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 81795-Enemion-biternatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Enemion_biternatum | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Erie (no date) | image1 = False Rue-anemone (Enemion biternatum) (25899942771).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Thalictreae==== =====''Thalictrum''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=ThalictrumPubescens.jpg |cap=''Thalictrum pubescens'' |'''Meadow rue''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Thalictreae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Heterogamia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum dioicum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Thalictrum dioicum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Thalictrum laevigatum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Thalictrum pauciflorum|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1885|Thalictrum pulchellum|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1914|Leucocoma dioica|(L.) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early meadow-rue | en3 = Quicksilver-weed | fr1 = Pigamon dioïque <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6284|5|Mesic hardwood forests and forest edges in thin to deep often calcareous or circumneutral soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|THDI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/dioicum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = 233501266 | fna-i2 = Thalictrum_venulosum | fna-tx = <ref>Some ''T. dioicum'' specimens have been misidentified as ''T. revolutum'' despite differences.</ref> | tro-id = 27100843 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Thalictrum dioicum WFNY-071.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum venulosum | author = Trel. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1886|Thalictrum venulosum|Trel.}} {{../sp-1|1900|Thalictrum confine|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1949|Thalictrum turneri|B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1966|Thalictrum venulosum|Trel.|confine|(Fernald) Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early meadow-rue | en2 = Veined meadow-rue | en3 = Veiny meadow-rue | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2558|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|THVE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Clinton (1949, 1993), <br>Essex (1980, 1995) | image1 = Thalictrum venulosum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Anemonella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum thalictroides | author = (L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone thalictroides|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Thalictrum anemonoides|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Thalictrum anemoides|Maxim.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Syndesmon thalictroides|Hoffmanns.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Anemonella thalictroides|Spach}} {{../sp-1|1957|Thalictrum thalictroides|(L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Rue anemone | en2 = Windflower | fr1 = Pigamon à ombelles <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2568|5|Hardwood forests, forest edges, openings in forests, edges of forested dirt roads on mid to upper slopes and usually in thin dry-mesic coarse grained or rocky circumneutral to calcareous soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|THTH2|NN|}} | vascan = 8578 | gobot = thalictrum/thalictroides | its-id = 18683 | ars-id = 456786 | fna-id = 233501276 | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum thalictroides - Rue Anemone.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Leucocoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum pubescens | author = Pursh <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1788|Thalictrum carolinianum|Walter}} {{../sp-1|1813|Anemone walteri|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1814|Thalictrum pubescens|Pursh}} {{../var1|1818|Thalictrum carolinianum|Bosc ex DC.|subpubescens|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1825|Thalictrum polygamum|Muhl. ex Spreng.}} {{../sp-1|1841|Thalictrum walteri|(Pursh) Spreng. ex Steud.}} {{../sp-1|1910|Thalictrum perelegans|Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = King of the meadow | en2 = Late meadow-rue | en3 = Tall meadow-rue | en4 = Meadow-weed | en5 = Muskrat-weed | fr1 = Pigamon pubescent <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2552|5|Rich fens, stream banks, swamps, marshes, and wet thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|THPU2|NN|}} | gbif = 3033146 | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/pubescens | inat = 128715-Thalictrum-pubescens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501273 | fna-tx = <ref>''T. pubescens'' (incorrectly identified as ''T . polygamum'') is polymorphic and often separated into numerous varieties.</ref> | tro-id = 27100851 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Thalictrum pubescens WFNY-072.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum revolutum | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Thalictrum amphibolum|Greene}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum hepaticum|Greene}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum moseleyi|Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple meadow-rue | en2 = Skunk meadow-rue | en3 = Wax-leaved meadow-rue | en4 = Waxyleaf meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2560|5|Dry to dry-mesic openings in forests, forest edges, pine barrens, rocky open areas, dirt roadsides, and thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|THRE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/revolutum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum revolutum iNat-98153111.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum dasycarpum | author = Fisch. & Avé-Lall. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1||Thalictrum dasycarpum|Fisch. & Avé-Lall.|hypoglaucum|}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum hypoglaucum|Rydb.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2593|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|THDA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501264 <!-- T. dasycarpum is variable and may integrate with T . pubescens --> | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum dasycarpum 2-eheep (5097409701).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum aquilegiifolium | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Columbine meadow-rue | en2 = French meadow-rue | en3 = Greater meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | status2 = Eurasia native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2588|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|THAQ|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = 0 | its-id = 821191 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Wiesenraute Gaißatal.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Ranunculoideae=== {{../txt |The '''Ranunculoideae''' contains the New York tribes Actaeeae, Anemoneae, Caltheae, Delphinieae, Helleboreae, Nigelleae, and Ranunculeae.<ref>[https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ranunculoideae Ranunculoideae at Wikispecies]</ref>}} ====Tribe Actaeeae==== {{../txt|The tribe Actaeeae contains the genera ''Actaea, Anemonopsis, Beesia,'' and ''Eranthis''.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093958 James A. Compton and Alastair Culham (2002) "Phylogeny and Circumscription of Tribe Actaeeae (Ranunculaceae)." ''Systematic Botany'', Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 502-511, American Society of Plant Taxonomists]</ref> Of these, ''Actaea'' and ''Eranthis'' have species found outside of cultivation in New York. This tribe has also gone by the name ''Cimicifugeae''.<ref>[https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cimicifugeae Cimicifugeae at Wikispecies]</ref>}} =====''Actaea''===== {{../txt |img=Red baneberry (Whitefish Island) 1.JPG |cap=''Actaea rubra''<br>red baneberry |Here the genus ''Cimicifuga'' ('''bugbane''') is included in ''Actaea'' ('''baneberry''') as per Compton (1998).<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1223580 James A. Compton, Alastair Culham and Stephen L. Jury (1998). "Reclassification of ''Actaea'' to Include ''Cimicifuga'' and ''Souliea'' (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny Inferred from Morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F Sequence Variation." ''Taxon,'' '''47(3)''' (Aug., 1998), pp. 593-634.]</ref> Berry-color alone can't be used to distinguish red and white baneberry from each other. Even at maturity, '''red baneberry''' (''Actaea rubra'') plants frequently have white fruit (sometimes differentiated as forma ''neglecta''). Red or pink berries on '''white baneberry''', ''Actaea pachypoda'' (fo. ''rubrocarpa''), are less common and may indicate that the plant is a hybrid (''Actaea ×ludovici'') of the two species. A better way to distinguish red and white baneberry is to observe the color and width of the fruit pedicels. Red baneberry has brown or greenish pedicels that are thinner than the axis of their raceme. White baneberry has bright red and much thicker pedicels that are about the same diameter as the raceme axis.<ref>[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100421 Bruce A. Ford (1997). "''Actaea'' (Linnaeus)." ''Flora of North America north of Mexico.'' '''3(9)''']</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Actaeeae||Actaea| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Actaea|Baneberry|880|3|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea rubra | author = (Aiton) Willd. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1789|Actaea spicata||rubra|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1809|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.}} {{../sp-1|1838|Actaea arguta|Nutt.}} {{../var1|1857|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.|arguta|(Nutt.) Torr.}} {{../sp-1|1914|Christophoriana rubra|(Aiton) Nieuwl.}} {{../ssp1|1944|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.|arguta|(Nutt.) Hultén}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Red baneberry | en2 = Snakeberry | fr1 = Actée rouge | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 2 <br> Sun-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2563|5|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe-Onei+M}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRU2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 2479 | vascan = 8412 | gobot = actaea/rubra | i-tsn = 18723 | ars-id = 1383 | fna-id = 233500024 | tro-id = 27100018 | map = Actaea rubra nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea rubra kz04.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea pachypoda | author = Elliott <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1753|Actaea spicata||alba|L. '''nom. rej.'''}} {{../sp-1|1768|Actaea alba|'''auct. non''' (L.) Mill.}} {{../var1|1813|Actaea americana||alba|(L.) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1821|Actaea pachypoda|Elliott}} {{../sp-1|1914|Christophoriana alba|(L.) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White baneberry | en2 = Doll's-eyes | en3 = White cohosh | fr1 = Actée à gros pédicelles | fr2 = Actée blanche | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 2 <br> Part shade-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2575|5|most counties}} | usda = {{../usda|ACPA|N|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 2475 | vascan = 8409 | gobot = actaea/pachypoda | i-tsn = 18722 | ars-id = 404128 | fna-id = 233500023 | tro-id = 27100835 | lbj-id = ACPA | map = Actaea pachypoda nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea pachypoda, 2015-08-25, Bird Park, 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea × ludovicii | author = B.Boivin | hp1 = Actaea pachypoda | hp2 = Actaea rubra <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../for1|1940|Actaea pachypoda||rubrocarpa|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1967|Actaea × ludovici|B.Boivin}} {{../sp-1|1967|Actaea × ludovicii|B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Louis’s baneberry | en2 = Ludovic's baneberry | en3 = Hybrid<br>&emsp;Red baneberry &<br>&emsp;White baneberry | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2570|3-4|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Oswe+13}} | usda = {{../usda|ACLU|N|Actaea ×ludovici B.Boivin [pachypoda × rubra]}} | col-id = 9S64 <!-- Actaea × ludovici B. Boivin --> | gbif = 5371703 <!-- Actaea ×ludovici B.Boivin --> | kew-id = | pow-id = 708010-1 <!-- Actaea × ludovicii B.Boivin --> | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = actaea/pachypoda | inat = | its-id = 821142 | Actaea × ludovicii B. Boivin | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500023 | tro-id = 100283430 | Actaea × ludovicii B. Boivin | ipn-id = | map = Actaea × ludovici nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea × ludovicii iNat-149145122.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea racemosa | var0 = racemosa | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Actaea racemosa''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:504 1788.'' Actaea monogyna ''Walter in Fl. Carol.:151 1813.'' Cimicifuga serpentaria ''(L.) Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:372, nom. illeg. 1818.'' Cimicifuga racemosa ''(L.) Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2:15 1826.'' Macrotrys racemosa ''(L.) Sweet in Hort. Brit.:9 1828.'' Botrophis serpentaria ''Raf. in Med. Fl. 1:85, nom. superfl. 1891.'' Thalictrodes racemosa ''(L.) Kuntze}} </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black cohosh | en2 = Black snakeroot | en3 = Bugbane | en4 = Black baneberry | en5 = Black bugbane | en6 = Fairy candle | fr1 = Cimicaire à grappes <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb/forb | light = Heliophily: 3 <br> Part-full shade | chro-no = 2n = 16 | ny-rank = S4 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2555 |4 |as Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRAR|NN|as Actaea racemosa L. var. racemosa}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 316204-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 2477 | vascan = 8410 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | gobot = actaea/racemosa <!-- black bugbane, native to MA,CT,NH. Intro'd in ME. --> | i-tsn = 821148 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | ars-id = 411899 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | fna-i1 = 233500379 <!-- Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. --> | fna-i2 = Cimicifuga_racemosa | tro-id = 27100874 <!-- Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. --> | map = Actaea racemosa nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea racemosa WFNY-064 (18423125862).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Actaea|Bugbane|880|3|author=L.|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea podocarpa | au-abbr = DC. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1803.'' Cimicifuga americana ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:316 1813.'' Cimicifuga cordifolia ''Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:373, nom. superfl. 1817.'' '''Actaea podocarpa''' ''DC. in Syst. Nat. 1:282 1821.'' Cimicifuga podocarpa ''(DC.) Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2:16 1838.'' Actaea pentacarpa ''Michx. ex Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:39 1887.'' Actaea americana ''(Michx.) Prantl in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9:246, nom. illeg. 1891.'' Thalictrodes americana ''(Michx.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:4 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Mountain bugbane | en2 = Mountain black cohosh | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|281|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ACPO11|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 1191192-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 2476 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea podocarpa.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea rubifolia | author =(Kearney) Kartesz <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1897|Cimicifuga rubifolia|Kearney}} {{../sp-1|1999|Actaea rubifolia|Kartesz}} {{../sp-1|auct|Actaea cordifolia|non DC.}} {{../var1|auct|Cimicifuga racemosa||cordifolia|non (DC.) A.Gray}} {{../sp-1|auct|Cimicifuga cordifolia|non (DC.) Torr. & A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Appalachian bugbane <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = US South native | habit0 = | habit1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRU14|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500380 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Actaea+rubifolia | bna-id = Actaea%20rubifolia | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Silberkerze.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Eranthis''===== {{../txt |img=Eranthis hyemalis 01(js), Kórnik Arboretum (Poland).jpg |cap=''Eranthis hyemalis''<br>winter aconite |'''Winter aconite''' (''Eranthis hyemalis'') is native to parts of Europe and is cultivated elsewhere, including New York. It occasionally spreads into adjacent lawns but is not known to truly naturalize in New York. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Actaeeae||Eranthis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Eranthis|Eranthis|643|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Eranthis hyemalis | au-abbr = (L.) Salisb. | au-full = (Linnaeus) Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 8: 304. 1807. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Cammarum hyemale|}} {{../sp-1||Eranthis cilicicus|}} {{../sp-1||Eranthis × tubergenii|}} {{../sp-1||Helleborus hyemalis|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Winter aconite <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2571|Cayuga, Ulster|Cultivated and spreading into lawns but perhaps not truly naturalizing.}} | usda = {{../usda|ERHY4|X|DC,DE,IL,KY,NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,ON}} | vascan = | gobot = | i-tsn = | ars-id = 15340 | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Eranthis hyemalis aka winter aconite 2005 5th april (edit).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Caltheae==== =====''Caltha''===== {{../txt |img=2007-03-27Caltha palustris01.jpg |cap=''Caltha palustris'' L.<br>marsh marigold | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Caltha| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Caltha|Marsh-marigold|405|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caltha palustris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Caltha palustris|L.}} {{../sp-1|1807|Caltha radicans|T.F.Forst.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Caltha asarifolia|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Caltha arctica|R.Brown}} {{../sp-1|1854|Caltha cornuta|Schott, Nyman & Kotschy}} {{../sp-1|1854|Caltha laeta|Schott, Nyman & Kotschy}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Marsh marigold | en2 = Yellow marsh marigold | en3 = Cowslip | en4 = Cowflock | en5 = Kingcup | fr1 = Populage des marais | fr2 = Souci d'eau <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2584|5|Forest and shrub swamps, marshes, backwater sloughs of streams, rich fens, and seeps. Predominately in shallow still water with mucky soils. Sometimes forming large dense populations.}} | usda = {{../usda|CAPA5|NN|}} | vascan = 8452 | gobot = caltha/palustris | its-id = | ars-id = 8657 | fna-id = 200007551 | tro-id = 27100074 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Caltha palustris sl3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Trollius''===== {{../txt |img=Globe Flower - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg |cap=''Trollius laxus''<br>American globe-flower |Most of the known populations of '''American globe-flower''' are found in open parts of calcareous wetlands in central New York State.<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/spreading-globeflower/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2019. Online Conservation Guide for Trollius laxus. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/spreading-globeflower/. Accessed May 14, 2019.]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Trollius| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trollius|Globeflower|574|1|TROLL|n| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trollius laxus | author = Salisb. | ssp0 = laxus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1807|Trollius laxus|Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Trollius americanus|Muhl. ex DC.}} {{../ssp1|1971|Trollius laxus|Salisb.|laxus|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American globe-flower | en2 = Spreading globeflower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare | nynhp = S3<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/2019rareplantlists.pdf New York Rare Plant Status Lists, March 2019, Compiled by Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage Program.]</ref> | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2557|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRLA14|NN|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = Trollius/laxus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501318 | tro-id = 50312330 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TRLA14 | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Trollius laxus ssp laxus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Globeflower Trollius laxus Flower Leaves 2448px.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Adonis''===== {{../txt |img=Adonis aestivalis - Kandamlası 02.jpg |cap=''Adonis aestivalis'' |Cultivated only }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Adonis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adonis|Pheasant's eye|298|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis aestivalis | au-abbr = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1762|Adonis aestivalis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Summer adonis | en2 = Summer pheasant's eye <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7061|Richmond 1883|Richmond County (Staten Island) only}} | usda = {{../usda|ADAE|X0|CA,ID,MO,MT,NY,OR,UT,WA}} | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis aestivalis 200512.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adonis|Pheasant's eye|298|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis annua | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blooddrops | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|275|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ADAN|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis annua-IMG 9162.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis vernalis | en1 = Spring pheasant's eye | en2 = Spring adonis | en3 = Ox-eye | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|805|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ADVE|X0|NY (only): Westchester (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis vernalis 001.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Delphinieae==== {{../txt|Recent phylogenetic research has shown the genera ''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' to be embedded within ''Delphinium'' as an annual clade within an otherwise perennial genus.<ref>Florian Jabbour & Susanne S. Renner (2011) "''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' are an annual clade of ''Delphinium'' (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region." ''TAXON'' 60(4), August 2011:1029-1040</ref>}} =====''Aconitum''===== {{../txt |img=Aconitum noveboracense.jpg |cap=''Aconitum noveboracense''<br>northern monkshood |The only native member of the Delphinieae (syn. Aconiteae) is the endangered '''northern blue monkshood''', which as ''Aconitum noveboracense'' is found in only Iowa, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. ''A. noveboracense'' has been treated as synonymous with ''Aconitum columbianum'' ssp. ''columbianum'' ('''Columbia monkshood'''), which is native to much of western North America.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Delphinieae||Aconitum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aconitum|Monkshood|369|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum noveboracense | author = A.Gray <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1838|A. columbianum|Nutt.|columbianum|misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1886|A. noveboracense|A.Gray ex Coville}} {{../var1|1929|A. noveboracense|A.Gray|quasiciliatum|Fassett}} {{../ssp1|1964|A. uncinatum|L.|noveboracense|(A. Gray) Hardin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Northern blue monkshood | en2 = Northern wild monkshood | en3 = Northern monk's-hood | en4 = New York monkshood | en5 = Columbia monkshood | fr1 = Aconit du Columbia <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{../ref|DECA}}</ref> | status3 = [http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/plants/pdf/acnofctsht.pdf FWS: 1] | c-rank = 10 | nynhp = 1<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9263|Aconitum noveboracense|Endangered|S1|G3}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2574|1|Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ex Coville - northern wild monkshood - possibly conspecific with Aconitum columbianum Nutt.; A. uncinatum of NY reports, not L. - Chenangon, Sullivan & Ulster Counties only}} | usda = {{../usda|ACNO2|N0|Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ex Coville - northern blue monkshood - L48-N - IA, WI, OH, NY (only)}} | vascan = 8399 | gobot = 0 | inat = 157981-Aconitum-noveboracense | its-id = | ars-id = 316181 <!-- syn of Aconitum columbianum Nutt. subsp. columbianum --> | fna-id = 233500015 <!-- Aconitum columbianum subsp. columbianum --> | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Aconitum%20columbianum | cpc-id = 29 | map = nymap.svg | cos = Chenango, (Delaware), Sullivan, Ulster | image1 = Aconitum noveboracense iN-710205 (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum napellus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aconitum napellus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Garden monkshood | en2 = Venus' chariot <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2573|X|Otse-Clin (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ACNA|X|Clin (only)}} | vascan = 8405 | gobot = aconitum/napellus | inat = 131201-Aconitum-napellus | its-id = | ars-id = 1347 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = (Broome), Clinton, (Monroe), Otsego, Tompkins | image1 = Aconitum napellus inflorescence (46).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aconitum|Monkshood|369|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum uncinatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1762|Aconitum uncinatum|L.}} {{../var1|1818|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |muticum |DC.}} {{../var1|1942|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |acutidens |Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1964|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |muticum |(DC.) Hardin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild monkshood | en2 = Southern blue monkshood | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACUN|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = aconitum/uncinatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500021 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Aconitum%20uncinatum | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = No NY reports<br>(reports in MA & PA) | image1 = Aconitum uncinatum (southern blue monkshood) flower.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Delphinium''===== {{../txt|'''Larkspur''' species, previously listed in the ''Consolida'' genus are annuals that are now considered to be a clade embedded the perennial ''Delphinium'' genus.<ref>[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/67126/ Pierre-Emmanuel DuPasquier, Véronique Andro-Durand, Lucas Batory, Wei Wang, Florian Jabbour (2021). "Nomenclatural revision of ''Delphinium'' subg. ''Consolida'' (DC.) Huth (Ranunculaceae)." PhytoKeys 180: 81-110.]</ref> Although there were more than sixty ''Delphinium'' species native to North America before inclusion of ''Consolida'', none are considered to be native to New York or New England, and none had been reported to have naturalized in New York.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DELPH USDA-NRCS Plants Database for ''Delphinium'' L.]</ref> The only naturalized ''Delphinium'' species in New England is ''Delphinium exaltatum'',<ref>[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/delphinium/exaltatum/ ''Delphinium exaltatum'' Ait. ''New England Wildflower Society'' Go Botany website]</ref> which is native to an area that extends as far northeast as northeastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6050&flora_id=1 ''Delphinium exaltatum'' distribution map in ''Flora of North America'']</ref> ''Delphinium exaltatum'' is also distribuded in New York in the "native plant" trade.<ref>[http://www.hgcny.org/docs/Guide-2014.pdf "2014 Central New York Native Plant Shopping Guide" Compiled by ''Habitat Gardening in Central New York'', a chapter of ''Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes'']</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Delphinieae||Delphinium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Delphinium|Larkspur|1149| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium ajacis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Delphinium ajacis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1853|Consolida ajacei|(L.) Schur}} {{../sp-1|auct|Delphinium ambigua|non L.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Consolida ambigua|non (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Doubtful knight's-spur | en2 = Rocket larkspur | en3 = Ajax' larkspur | fr1 = Pied-d'alouette d'Ajax | fr2 = Dauphinelle d'Ajax <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2595|X|Onon-Tomp-Onei-Chen-Yate+15}} | usda = {{../usda|COAJ|X|Onon-Tomp-Onei-Chen-Yate+15}} | vascan = | gobot = consolida/ajacis | its-id = | ars-id = 105348 | fna-id = 200007763 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 飛燕草(芫茜彩雀) Delphinium ajacis (Consolida ambigua) -香港花展 Hong Kong Flower Show- (9240226256).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium consolida | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Delphinium consolida |L.}} {{../sp-1|1822|Consolida regalis |Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Forking larkspur | en2 = Royal larkspur | en3 = Rocket larkspur | en4 = Field larkspur | fr1 = Pied-d'alouette royal | fr2 = Dauphinelle consoude | fr3 = Pied d'alouette <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2565|X|Gene (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CORE2|XX|Gene (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = consolida/regalis | its-id = | ars-id = 70198 | fna-id = 220003259 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Consolida regalis 030705.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Delphinium|Larkspur|0|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium formosum | au-abbr = Boiss. & A.Huet. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1856|D. formosum|Boiss. & A.Huet.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hardy larkspur | en2 = Showy larkspur | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western Asia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|278|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|DEFO4|EXCLD|EXCLUDED}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 13440 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = WitteHeinrichFlora1868-024-Delphinium formosum.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium exaltatum | author = Aiton <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|Delphinium urceolatum|Jacq.}} {{../sp-1|1789|Delphinium exaltatum|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1803|Delphinium tridactylum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1830|Delphinium exaltatum|(Aiton) Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1914|Delphinastrum exaltatum||(Aiton) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tall larkspur <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = US South native | status2 = No reports | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|DEEX|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = delphinium/exaltatum | its-id = 18553 | ars-id = 13437 | fna-id = 233500495 | tro-id = 27100934 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Delphinium+exaltatum | bna-id = Delphinium%20exaltatum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Delphinium exaltatum 3zz.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Nigelleae==== =====''Nigella''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Nigelleae||Nigella| }} {{../genus|Nigella|Nigella|347|1| }} {{../taxon | species = Nigella damascena | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Nigella damascena |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Love-in-a-mist | en2 = Devil-in-the-bush | en3 = Jack-in-the-green | en4 = Wild fennel | en5 = Damascus hellebore | fr1 = Nigelle de Damas <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2576|X|Onon-Onei-Onta-Erie-Sara-Alba (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|NIDA|X|Onon-Onei-Onta-Erie-Sara-Alba (only)}} | vascan = 8494 | gobot = nigella/damascena | its-id = 18793 | ars-id = 25336 | fna-id = 200008022 | tro-id = 27100420 | ipn-id = 711645-1 | nse-id = Nigella+damascena | bna-id = Nigella%20damascena | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Czarnuszka 1.jpg }} {{../end table}} ====Tribe Helleboreae==== The Helleboreae...<ref>H. Sun, et al. (2001) "Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian-Mediterranean disjunction." ''Taxon'' '''50:'''1001–1018.</ref> =====''Helleborus''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Helleboreae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helleborus|sect=Helleborus|Hellebore|524|2|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus niger | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus niger |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black hellebore | en2 = Christmas rose | fr1 = Hellébore noire | fr2 = Rose de Noël <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7062|X|(none)}} | usda = {{../usda|HENI6|X|MI, NY(1986)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 18834 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Helleborus%20niger | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 2006-12-18Helleborus niger09.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helleborus|sect=Helleborastrum|Hellebore|524|2|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus viridis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus viridis |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Green hellebore <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2550|X|King-Nass (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|HEVI|X|IL,MD,MI,NC,NJ,OH,PA,TN,VA,WV, NY:King(only)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 18835 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Helleborus%20viridis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Helleborus viridis (subsp. viridis) sl5.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus orientalis | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Lenten Rose | fr-vns = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Greece, Turkey | status1 = | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = <!-- ========= --> | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Helleborus orientalis zaailing. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonker vallei 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Anemoneae==== {{../txt|The grouping of Anemoneae used here is based on Mosyakin (2016).<ref>[http://www.phytoneuron.net/2016Phytoneuron/79PhytoN-Anemonastrum.pdf Mosyakin, S.L. 2016. Nomenclatural notes on North American taxa of Anemonastrum and Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae), with comments on the circumscription of Anemone and related genera. Phytoneuron 2016-79: 1–12. Published 12 December 2016. ISSN 2153 733X]</ref> and Hoot & al. (2012)<ref>[http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?act=Attach&type=post&id=134521 Sara B. Hoot, Kyle M. Meyer, and John C. Manning (2012). "Phylogeny and Reclassification of ''Anemone'' (Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species." ''Systematic Botany'' '''37(1)''': pp. 139–152, Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364412X616729]</ref>}} =====''Hepatica''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Sharp-lobed Hepatica (4506082623).jpg |cap=''Hepatica acutiloba'' |Because the genus '''''Hepatica''''' <small>Mill. (1754)</small> has been shown to be phylogenetically embedded within ''Anemone'' is has also been treated as ''Anemone'' sect. ''Hepatica''.<ref>[https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/genus/anemone/ Native Plant Trust (Go Botany 2022). Genus: ''Anemone'' — windflower.]</ref> The two New York ''Hepatica'' species ('''sharp-lobe''' and '''round-lobe hepatica''') are also occasionally treated as subspecies of the Eurasian ''Hepatica nobilis'' (as var. ''acuta'' and var. obtusa). }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Hepatica| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hepatica|author=Mill.|Hepatica|1256| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hepatica acutiloba | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1813|Hepatica triloba |Choix |acuta |Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1824|Hepatica acutiloba |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1884|Anemone acutiloba |(DC.) G.Lawson}} {{../sp-1|1891|Hepatica acuta |(Pursh) Britton}} {{../var1|1916|Hepatica hepatica |(L.) H.Karst. |albiflora |(R.Hoffm.) Farw.}} {{../var1|1960|Hepatica nobilis |Schreb. |acuta |(Pursh) Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sharplobe hepatica | en2 = American liverleaf | en3 = Liverwort-herb | en4 = Sharp-lobed hepatica | status = Native | of = eastern Canada | of1 = north-central & eastern USA | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2598|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HENOA|NN|}} | gbif = 6374883 | kew-id = | pow-id = 711388-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 19508 | gobot = | inat = 179786-Hepatica-acutiloba | its-id = | ars-id = 410008 <!-- as Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson --> | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Sharp-lobed Hepatica (4506079217).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hepatica americana | author = (DC.) Ker Gawl. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1814|Hepatica triloba |Choix |obtusa |Pursh}} {{../var1|1817|Hepatica triloba |Choix |americana |DC.}} {{../spa1|1819|Hepatica americana |(DC.) Ker Gawl.}} {{../spa1|1882|Hepatica hepatica |(L.) H. Karst. p.p.}} {{../spa1|1958|Anemone americana |(DC.) H.Hara}} {{../var1|1960|Hepatica nobilis |Schreb. |obtusa |Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Round-lobed hepatica | en2 = Blunt-lobed Hepatica | en3 = Round-leaved liverleaf | en4 = American liverleaf <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Hépatique d'Amérique | fr2 = Anémone d'Amérique | fr3 = Hépatique noble <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | of = eastern Canada | of1 = north-central & eastern USA | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2599|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HENOO|NN|}} | gbif = 6374864 | kew-id = | pow-id = 711389-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 19511 | gobot = | inat = 741014-Hepatica-americana | its-id = | ars-id = 410000 <!-- as Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara --> | fna-id = 233500049 | tro-id = 27103251 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Purple plant in bloom hepatica americana.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Anemonastrum''===== {{../txt |img=Anemone canadensis WFNY-067.jpg |cap=''Anemonastrum canadense'' |Based on phylogenetic studies, ''Anemonastrum'' was segregated from ''Anemone'' by Sergei Mosyakin in 2016<ref>[https://www.phytoneuron.net/2016Phytoneuron/79PhytoN-Anemonastrum.pdf Mosyakin, S.L. 2016. Nomenclatural notes on North American taxa of ''Anemonastrum'' and ''Pulsatilla'' (Ranunculaceae), with comments on the circumscription of ''Anemone'' and related genera. Phytoneuron 2016-79: 1–12. Published 12 December 2016. ISSN 2153 733X]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemonastrum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemonastrum|Windflower|902|9| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonastrum canadense | author = (L.) Mosyakin <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1768|Anemone canadensis|L.|}} {{../var1|1892|Anemone dichotoma||canadensis|C.MacMill.}} {{../spa1|1982|Anemonidium canadense|(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} {{../spa1|2016|Anemonastrum canadense|(L.) Mosyakin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Canada anemone | en2 = Canadian anemone | en3 = Canada windflower | en4 = Meadow anemone | en5 = Meadow windflower | en6 = Round-leaved anemone | en7 = Round-leaved thimbleweed | fr1 = Anémone du Canada <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2577|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANCA8|NN|}} | vascan = 30375 | gobot = Anemone/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500051 | tro-id = | lbj-id = ANCA8 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Anemone%20canadensis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone canadensis K.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Anemonoides''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Anemone quinquefolia 15-p.bot-anemon.quin-012.jpg |cap=''Anemonoides quinquefolia'' |The genus '''''Anemonoides''''' has until recently been included in genus ''Anemone'', though many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, continue to list it as part of ''Anemone''. The North American species ''A. quinquefolia'' has at various times been treated as a variety of the European species ''A. nemorosa''. Although they are fairly similar, they are now generally treated as separate species. ''A. nemorosa'' is not listed in the New York Flora Atlas but is commonly planted in North America, where it occasionally naturalizes. Even though ''quinquefolia'' should indicate 5 leaves, '''wood anemone''' has only 3 leaflets per leaf. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemonoides| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemonoides|Anemone|902| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonoides quinquefolia | author = (L.) Holub | var0 = quinquefolia <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone quinquefolia |L.}} {{../sp-1|1808|Anemone pedata |Raf.}} {{../var1|1813|Anemone nemorosa |L. |quinquefolia|(L.) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1914|Anemonanthea quinquefolia |(L.) Nieuwl.}} {{../var1|1923|Anemone quinquefolia |L. |bifolia |Farw.}} {{../var1|1935|Anemone quinquefolia |L. |interior |Fernald}} {{../var1|1968|Anemone nemorosa |L. |bifolia |(Farw.) B.Boivin}} {{../sp-1|1973|Anemonoides quinquefolia |(L.) Holub}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wood anemone | en2 = Nightcaps | en3 = American wood anemone | en4 = Wood windflower | fr1 = Anémone à cinq folioles <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2580|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANQUQ|NN|}} | vascan = 8435 | gobot = Anemone/quinquefolia | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500084 | tro-id = 27101605 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Anemone quinquefolia var quinquefolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Anemone quinquefolia - Wood Anemone 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonoides nemorosa | au-abbr = (L.) Holub | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Anemone nemorosa'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1763|Anemone nemorosa-alba|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1789|Pulsatilla nemorosa|(L.) Schrank}} {{../sp-1|1822|Anemonanthea nemorosa|(L.) Gray}} {{../sp-1|1842|Anemone pentaphylla|Hook. ex Pritz.}} {{../sp-1|1868|Anemanthus nemorosus|(L.) Fourr.}} {{../sp-1|1973|Anemonoides nemorosa|(L.) Holub}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Wood anemone|}} {{../vn1|Windflower|}} {{../vn1|European thimbleweed|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe to western Asia | status1 = | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">0 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">0 counties</abbr> | image1 = Anemone nemorosa (apt) 01.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Anemone''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemone|Anemone| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemone|Anemone|902| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone virginiana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone virginiana|L.|}} {{../var1|1841|Anemone cylindrica|A.Gray|alba|Oakes}} {{../var1|1847|Anemone virginiana|L.|alba|(Oakes) Wood}} {{../sp-1|1899|Anemone riparia|Fernald|}} {{../var1|1967|Anemone virginiana|L.|riparia|(Fernald) B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1969|Anemone virginiana|L.|cylindroidea|B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1969|Anemone virginiana|L.|virginiana|autonym}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Thimbleweed | en2 = Tall anemone | en3 = Tall thimbleweed | en4 = Tall windflower | en5 = Virginia anemone | en6 = Riverbank anemone | en7 = Cylindrical anemone | fr1 = Anémone de Virginie | fr2 = Anémone cylindroïde | fr3 = Anémone blanche <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2582|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANVIV2|NN|}} | vascan = 8440 | gobot = Anemone/virginiana | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500087 | tro-id = 27100048 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Anemone virginiana nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone virginiana 4262.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone cylindrica | author = A.Gray <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1835|Anemone cylindrica|A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Long-headed anemone | en2 = Long-headed windflower | en3 = Long-fruited anemone | en4 = Candle anemone | en5 = Thimbleweed | en6 = Cottonweed | fr1 = Anémone cylindrique <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2569|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANCY|NN|}} | vascan = 8420 | gobot = Anemone/cylindrica | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500053 | tro-id = 27100025 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Anemone cylindrica - Flickr 003.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone multifida | author = Poir. | var0 = multifida <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Anemone globosa|}} {{../sp-1||Anemone hudsoniana|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hudson Bay anemone | en2 = Hudson's anemone | en3 = Pacific anemone | en4 = Sanson's anemone <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2579|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANMUM3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Anemone multifida var multifida nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone multifida 4720.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemone|Anemone|902|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone cylindrica | sp-disp = A. cylindrica × virginiana | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = | hp1 = Anemone cylindrica | hp2 = Anemone virginiana <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../hybrid-of|long-headed anemone|thimbleweed}} | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|277|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Clematis''===== {{../txt |img=Clematis virginiana SCA-04999.jpg |cap=''Clematis virginiana'' |''Clematis'' plants are generally vines or subshrubs that go by the common names '''virgin's-bower''', '''leather-leaf''', '''curly-heads''' or just '''clematis'''. There are three NY-native ''Clematis'' species that range from the common (sometimes weedy) ''C. virginiana'', to the rare (probably extirpated) ''C. ochroleuca'', which is at the extreme northern extent of its range in New York has only been found in the wilds of New York City, and not reported there since the 1930's. Many non-native ''Clematis'' vines are planted for ornamental purposes, but most rarely, if ever, naturalize in New York State. However, ''C. terniflora'' has been found to be highly invasive in parts of New York, and is currently on the state's Regulated Species list.<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Clematis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Clematis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis virginiana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1755|Clematis virginiana |L.}} {{../sp-1|1768|Clematis canadensis |Miller}} {{../sp-1|1814|Clematis holosericea |Pursh}} {{../ssp1|1885|Clematis dioica |L. |virginiana |Kunze}} {{../sp-1|1901|Clematis missouriensis |Rydb.}} {{../var1|1935|Clematis virginiana |L. |missouriensis |(Rydb.) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virgin's-bower | en2 = Devil's darning needles | en3 = Virginia clematis | en4 = Virginia bower | en5 = Virginia virgin's bower | en6 = Old man's beard | fr1 = Clématite de Virginie | fr2 = Herbe aux gueux <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub | light = Sun - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2559|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVI5|NN|}} | vascan = 8465 | gobot = clematis/virginiana | its-id = | ars-id = 409875 | fna-id = 233500416 | tro-id = 27100351 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLVI5 | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20virginiana | map = | image1 = Clematis virginiana WFNY-073.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Atragene| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis occidentalis | author = (Hornem.) DC. | var0 = occidentalis <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1805|Atragene americana |Sims}} {{../sp-1|1815|Atragene occidentalis |Hornem.}} {{../sp-1|1817|Clematis verticillaris |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Clematis occidentalis |DC.}} {{../var1|1947|Clematis verticillaris |DC. |cacuminis |Fernald}} {{../var1|1968|Clematis verticillaris |DC. |grandiflora |B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple clematis | en2 = Purple virgin’s-bower | en3 = Western blue virginsbower | en4 = Northern blue clematis | fr1 = Clématite verticillée | fr2 = Atragène d'Amérique | fr3 = Clématite occidentale <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2585|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLOCO|NN|}} | vascan = 8457 | gobot = clematis/occidentalis | its-id = 527429 | ars-id = 456719 | fna-id = 233500403 | tro-id = 27103265 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLOCO | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20occidentalis | map = Clematis occidentalis var occidentalis NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis WFNY-f017.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Viorna| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis ochroleuca | author = Aiton <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1789|Clematis ochroleuca |Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1814|Clematis ovata |Pursh}} {{../ssp1|1885|Clematis integrifolia |L. |ovata |(Pursh) Kuntze}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viorna ochroleuca |(Aiton) Small}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viorna ovata |(Pursh) Small |info=Flora of the Southeastern United States 439, 1331. 22-Jul-1903}} {{../var1|1931|Clematis ochroleuca |Aiton |ovata |(Pursh) Wherry}} {{../sp-1|1982|Coriflora ochroleuca |(Aiton) W.A.Weber}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Curlyheads | en2 = Curly-heads | en3 = Silky leather-flower | en4 = Erect silky leather-flower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = Impersistent | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-subshrub <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6277|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLOC|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500404 | tro-id = 27100900 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLOC | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20ochroleuca | map = | image1 = Clematis ochroleuca WFNY-074.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Flammula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis terniflora | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1817|Clematis terniflora |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1909|Clematis dioscoreifolia |H.Lév. & Vaniot}} {{../var1|1945|Clematis dioscoreifolia |H.Lév. & Vaniot |robusta |(Carrière) Rehder}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yam-leaved clematis | en2 = Yam-leaved virgin's-bower | en3 = Sweet autumn clematis | en4 = Sweet autumn virginsbower | en5 = Japanese virgin's-bower | fr1 = Clématite à panicules <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | nyis = 73%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Clematis terniflora|High|73}}</ref> | status3 = Regulated<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2553|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLTE4|XX|}} | vascan = 8463 | gobot = clematis/terniflora | its-id = | ars-id = 316251 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20terniflora | map = | image1 = Clematis terniflora.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis viticella | au-abbr = L. | au-full = Carl von Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 543. 1 May 1753 <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Clematis Viticella |L.}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viticella viticella |(L.) Small (nom. illeg. - tautonym)}} {{../for1|1949|Clematis viticella |L. |purpurea |(Loudon) Rehder}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = European purple clematis | en2 = Italian clematis | en3 = Italian leather flower | en4 = Italian virgin's-bower | fr1 = Clématite fausse-vigne | fr2 = Clématite bleue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eruasia | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Rare | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2589|X|Onondaga only}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVI7|XX|}} | vascan = 8467 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 137 | fna-id = 233500418 | tro-id = 27100912 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20viticella | map = | image1 = Clematis viticella3UME.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis recta | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Ground virgin's-bower <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|806|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|CLRE2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = clematis/recta | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20recta | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Clematis recta04.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Ranunculeae==== The {{../w|Ranunculeae}}... =====''Halerpestes''===== {{../txt |img=Halerpestes cymbalaria NRCS 4x3.jpg |cap=''Halerpestes cymbalaria'' |The '''seaside buttercup''' <ref>{{Cite journal|title = Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000564?via%3Dihub|journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|pages = 305–327|volume = 36|issue = 2|date = 2005|doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.009|first = Elvira|last = Hörandl|first2 = Ovidiu|last2 = Paun|first3 = Jan T.|last3 = Johansson|first4 = Carlos|last4 = Lehnebach|first5 = Tristan|last5 = Armstrong|first6 = Lixue|last6 = Chen|first7 = Peter|last7 = Lockhart|pmid=15955512}}</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Halerpestes| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Halerpestes|Seaside crowfoot|789|1|RANUN|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Halerpestes cymbalaria | author = (Pursh) Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1814|Ranunculus cymbalaria|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1900|Halerpestes cymbalaria|(Pursh) Greene}} {{../ssp1|1975|Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria|(Pursh) Greene|alpina|(Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Alkali buttercup | en2 = Seaside buttercup | en3 = Seaside crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule cymbalaire <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2600|1|endangered}} | usda = {{../usda|RACY|N|}} | vascan = 8509 | gobot = ranunculus/cymbalaria | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 220011388 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus cymbalaria 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ceratocephala''===== {{../txt|[[File:Ceratocephala testiculata 2005-04-02.jpg|thumb|right|''Ceratocephala testiculata'',<br>curveseed butterwort]] ''Ceratocephala testiculata'' ('''curveseed butterwort''') is a Eurasian introduction, more common in the western U.S., where it is often considered invasive.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ceratocephala| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ceratocephala|Curveseed-butterwort|691|1|CERAT|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ceratocephala testiculata | author = (Crantz) Roth <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1763|Ranunculus testiculatus|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1817|Ceratocephala orthoceras|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ceratocephala testiculata|(Crantz) Besser}} {{../var1|1880|Ranunculus falcatus||orthoceras|Aitch.}} {{../ssp1|1888|Ceratocephala falcata||orthoceras|(DC.) Batt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sage buttercup | en2 = Curve-seeded butterwort | en3 = Bur buttercup | en4 = Hornseed buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2592|X|Orange (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CETE5|X|NY, Midwest & West}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 55402 | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ceratocephala%20testiculata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">Orange County only</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">Erie County only</abbr> | image1 = Ceratocephala sp Sturm60.jpg }} {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ficaria''===== {{../txt|[[File:20160227Ficaria verna2.jpg|thumb|right|''Ficaria verna'', lesser calandine]] ''Ficaria verna'' ('''lesser celandine''') is a Eurasian groundcover that is considered to be invasive where it occurs in forested floodplains in North America.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41288687 Cipollini & Schradin (2011). Guilty in the Court of Public Opinion: Testing Presumptive Impacts and Allelopathic Potential of ''Ranunculus ficaria''." ''The American Midland Naturalist''. '''166(1):'''63-74 (July 2011).]</ref> Its sale is now prohibited in New York State.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ficaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ficaria|Celandine|1129|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ficaria verna | author = Huds. | ssp0 = verna <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus ficaria|L.}} {{../sp-1|1762|Ficaria verna|Huds.}} {{../sp-1|1882|Ficaria ficaria|H. Karst. nom. illeg.}} {{../var1|1908|Ranunculus ficaria||bulbifer|Albert}} {{../ssp1|1981|Ranunculus ficaria||bulbifer|Lambinon}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lesser celandine | en2 = Fig buttercup | en3 = Fig-crowfoot | en4 = Pilewort | status = Introduced | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = Prohibited<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | nyis = 86%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Ranunculus ficaria|Very High|86}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2564|X |as Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. verna}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFI|XX|as Ranunculus ficaria L.}} | ref-21 = [http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/five.htm NPS] [http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/rafi1.htm PCA] | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = 8515 <!-- Ficaria verna Hudson --> | gobot = ficaria/verna <!-- fig-crowfoot, lesser celandine --> | inat = 204321 <!-- Ficaria verna, Lesser Celandine --> | its-id = 18603 <!-- Ranunculus ficaria L. --> | ars-id = 446783 <!-- Ficaria verna Huds. --> | fna-id = 233501141 <!-- Ranunculus ficaria L. 1753. --> | tro-id = 27101265 <!-- Ficaria verna Huds. 1762 --> | map = Ficaria verna ssp verna nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">14 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">most counties</abbr> | image1 = 2015-04-12 11 23 46 Lesser celandine blooming on Terrace Boulevard in Ewing, New Jersey.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ranunculus''===== ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Batrachium''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus longirostris.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus longirostris'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Batrachium|| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|White water buttercup|789|1|subg=Batrachium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus longirostris | author = Godr. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|R. trichophyllus|Chaix nom. nud.}} {{../sp-1|auct|R. circinatus|non=Sibth. (1794)}} {{../sp-1|1795|R. flaccidus|Pers.}} {{../var1|1796|R. aquatilis|L.|diffusus|With.misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1823|R. amphibius|James}} {{../sp-1|1839|R. longirostris|Godr.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Batrachium circinatum|Spach}} {{../sp-1|1844|B. longirostre|F.W.Schultz}} {{../sp-1|1848|B. trichophyllum|F.W.Schultz}} {{../sp-1|1869|B. flaccidum|(Pers.) Rupr.}} {{../var1|1884|R. aquatilis|L.|longirostris|G.Lawson}} {{../var1|1942|R. aquatilis|L.|calvescens|L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Long-beaked white water buttercup | en2 = Longbeak buttercup | en3 = Thread-leaved water buttercup | en4 = Hair-leaved water buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule à long bec | fr2 = Renoncule à feuilles capillaires | fr3 = Renoncule à feuilles chevelues | fr4 = Renoncule à lâche <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7647|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RALO2|N0|}} | vascan = 19648 | gobot = Ranunculus/aquatilis | its-id = 566544 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | ars-id = 488314 | fna-id = 233501119 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | tro-id = 27103180 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | ipn-id = 217410-2 | nse-id = | bna-id = Ranunculus%20longirostris | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus longirostris WFNY-079A.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus trichophyllus | au-abbr = Chaix ex Vill. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|Ranunculus trichophyllus|Chaix ex Vill.}} {{../var1|1796|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|diffusus|With.}} {{../var1|1824|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|capillaceus|(Thuill.) DC. misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1850|Batrachium trichophyllum|(Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch}} {{../var1|1936|Ranunculus trichophyllus|Chaix ex Vill.|calvescens|W.B. Drew}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|calvescens|(W.B. Drew) L.D. Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|White water buttercup|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Thread-leaved water-crowfoot|2021 VASCAN: Fitter & Peat, 1994}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Renoncule capillaire|}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7648|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | wfo-id = | vascan = 19646 | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = | image1 = Ranunculus trichophyllus kz01 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|White water-crowfoot|789|X|subg=Batrachium||txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus circinatus | au-abbr = Sibth. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1794|Ranunculus circinatus|Sibth.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Batrachium circinatum|(Sibth.) Spach}} {{../sp-1|1937|Batrachium foeniculaceum|(Gilib.) Krecz.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Ranunculus longirostris|non Godr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White water-crowfoot | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|279|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RALO2|AUCT|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus circinatus LC0078 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Ranunculus''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Ranunculus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Ranunculus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pensylvanicus | author = L.f. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1781|Ranunculus pensylvanicus|L.f.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pennsylvania buttercup | en2 = Bristly buttercup | en3 = Bristly crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule de Pennsylvanie <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual/Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6283|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPE2|NN|}} | vascan = 8553 | gobot = Ranunculus/pensylvanicus | inat = 167747-Ranunculus-pensylvanicus | its-id = 18637 | ars-id = 456772 | fna-id = 233501196 | tro-id = 27100204 | ipn-id = 713481-1 | nse-id = Ranunculus+pensylvanicus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20pensylvanicus | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus pensylvanicus NRCS-1.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus recurvatus | author = Poir. ex Lam. | var0 = recurvatus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus recurvatus|Poir. ex Lam.}} {{../var1|1929|Ranunculus recurvatus|Poir. ex Lam.|adpressipilis|Weath.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blisterwort | en2 = Hooked buttercup | en3 = Hooked crowfoot | en4 = Rough buttercup | en5 = Little-leaved buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule à bec recourbé <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2566|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RARER2|NN|}} | vascan = 8555 | gobot = Ranunculus/recurvatus | inat = 81802-Ranunculus-recurvatus | its-id = 566303 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501203 | tro-id = 27101659 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ranunculus%20recurvatus | map = Ranunculus recurvatus var recurvatus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Ranunculus recurvatus - Hooked Buttercup 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus caricetorum | author = Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1903|Ranunculus caricetorum|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1906|Ranunculus siciformis|Mack.}} {{../var1|1936|Ranunculus septentrionalis||caricetorum|Fernald}} {{../var1|1980|Ranunculus hispidus||caricetorum|T.Duncan}} {{../sp-1|auct|Ranunculus septentrionalis|non Poir.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bristly buttercup | en2 = Swamp buttercup | en3 = Swamp crowfoot | en4 = Northern swamp buttercup | en5 = Marsh buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule des cariçaies <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2609|5|Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan - Swamps, rich fens, marshes, wet thickets, and edges of lakes in inundated to saturated mucky soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIC|NN|}} | vascan = 8530 | gobot = Ranunculus/caricetorum | inat = 242550-Ranunculus-hispidus-caricetorum | its-id = 194959 | ars-id = 456767 | fna-id = 233501159 <!--"R. septentrionalis Poiret" has often been used for R . hispidus var. caricetorum. The type specimen, however, belongs to var. nitidus (T. Duncan 1980).--> | tro-id = 27100457 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus+var.+caricetorum | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus caricetorum - Swamp Buttercup.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus hispidus | author = Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.}} {{../var1|1920|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|falsus|Fernald}} {{../var1|1941|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|eurylobus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|greenmanii|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|marilandicus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|typicus|L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bristly buttercup | en2 = Hispid buttercup | en3 = Rough buttercup | en4 = Hispid crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule hispide <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2602|5|Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus - Dry-mesic to mesic forested slopes and summits, and thickets in thin rocky calcareous to circumneutral soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIH|NN|}} | vascan = 8532 | gobot = Ranunculus/hispidus | inat = 126368-Ranunculus-hispidus | its-id = 194958 | ars-id = 456765 | fna-id = 233501160 | tro-id = 27100456 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus hispidus var. hispidus WFNY-060B-4x5.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus hispidus | author = Michx. | var = nitidus | var-au = (Muhl. ex Chapm.) T.Duncan <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus septentrionalis|Poir.}} {{../sp-1|1817|Ranunculus carolinianus|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ranunculus palmatus|Elliott}} {{../var1|1860|Ranunculus repens||nitidus|Muhl. ex Chapm.}} {{../var1|1860|Ranunculus septentrionalis||nitidus|Chapm.}} {{../var1|1941|Ranunculus septentrionalis||pterocarpus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1980|Ranunculus hispidus||nitidus|T. Duncan}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Swamp buttercup | en2 = Bristly buttercup | en3 = Hispid buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule brillante <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2601|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIN|NN|}} | vascan = 8533 | gobot = Ranunculus/hispidus | inat = 126368-Ranunculus-hispidus | its-id = 194960 | ars-id = 456766 | fna-id = 233501161 | tro-id = 27103149 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus+var.+nitidus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus (4642636450).jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus fascicularis | author = Muhl. ex Bigelow <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Ranunculus fascicularis|Muhl. ex Bigelow}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early buttercup | en2 = Early crowfoot | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2608|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFA|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = ranunculus/fascicularis | inat = 167722-Ranunculus-fascicularis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus fascicularis NRCS.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus acris <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tall buttercup | en2 = Tall butter-cup | en3 = Tall crowfoot | en4 = Tall crow-foot | en5 = Common buttercup | en6 = Meadow buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia, Alaska | from1 = Greenland | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2607|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAC3|N?|not Can. native}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 56064-Ranunculus-acris | its-id = | ars-id = 30810 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = 20130501Ranunculus acris1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus bulbosus <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bulbous butter-cup | en2 = St. Anthony's turnip | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2578|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RABU|X|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 78820-Ranunculus-bulbosus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = 20170416Ranunculus bulbosus.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus repens <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Creeping butter-cup | status = Introduced | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = NYS Untiered | status3 = Finger Lakes Tier 4 | nyis = 63%%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Ranunculus repens|Moderate|63}}</ref> | c-rank = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2591|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RARE3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 48229-Ranunculus-repens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20130512Ranunculus repens2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Ranunculus|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus cordiger | au-abbr = Viv. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|273|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RACO20|EXCLD}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 485612-Ranunculus-cordiger | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Echinella''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus sardous.jpeg |cap= | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Echinella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Echinella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus sardous | au-abbr = Crantz | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1763|Ranunculus sardous|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1767|Ranunculus parvulus|L.}} {{../sp-1|1783|Ranunculus philonotis|Ehrh.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hairy buttercup|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Hairy crowfoot|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} | en1 = Crowfoot | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6281|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RASA|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 27100499 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Madison, Monroe, New York, Oswego, St. Lawrence, Steuben | image1 = Ranunculus sardous subsp. sardous sl24.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus arvensis | en1 = Corn crowfoot | en2 = Corn buttercup | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6278|X|not persisting}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAR3|X|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | cos = Monroe, New York | image1 = Ranunculus arvensis sl17.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Echinella|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus parviflorus | author = L. | en1 = Smallflower buttercup | en2 = Small-flowered butter-cup | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|807|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPA3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus parviflorus Enfoque 2012-05-01 SierraMadrona (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Epirotes''====== {{../txt |img=Small-flowered Crowfoot (Ranunculus abortivus) - Flickr - Jay Sturner.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus abortivus''<br>kidney-leaved buttercup | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Epirotes| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Epirotes }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus abortivus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = Sp. Pl.: 551 (1753) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus abortivus| L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Kidney-leaved crowfoot | en2 = Little-leaved buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | status2 = S5 | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2554|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAB|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/abortivus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Small-flowered crowfoot (25307546323) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus allegheniensis | au-abbr = Britton | au-full = | au-pub = Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 224 (1895) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1895|Ranunculus allegheniensis|Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Allegheny mountains crowfoot | en2 = Allegheny Mountain buttercup | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | status2 = S4, G4-5 | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2611|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAL2|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/allegheniensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Ranunculus allegheniensis PA (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus micranthus | author = Nutt. | au-pub = J.Torrey & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 18 (1838) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1838|Ranunculus micranthus|Nutt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Small-flowered crowfoot | en2 = Rock crowfoot | en3 = Rock buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare | status2 = S3, G5 | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2596|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAMI2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/micranthus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Bronx, Columbia, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, Ulster, Westchester | image1 = Ranunculus micranthus (cropped).jpeg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Epirotes|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pygmaeus | au-abbr = Wahlenb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1812|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb.}} {{../var1|1884|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb. |langeanus |Nath.}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb. |typicus |L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Dwarf buttercup | en2 = Pygmy buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|274|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPY|NN}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/pygmaeus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501200 | tro-id = 27100210 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus pygmaeus Atlas Alpenflora.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Flammula''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus reptans inat2.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus flammula'' var. ''reptans'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Flammula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Spearwort|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Flammula }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | author = L. | var0 = reptans | var-au = (L.) E. Mey. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus reptans |L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Ranunculus filiformis |Michx.|}} {{../var1|1829|Ranunculus flammula |L. |filiformis |(Michx.) Hook.}} {{../var1|1830|Ranunculus flammula |L. |reptans |(L.) E. Mey.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../en|Narrow-leaved|creeping spearwort}} | en2 = Greater creeping spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule radicante | fr2 = Renoncule rampante <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | status2 = S5, G5 | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2605|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF|NN|}} | vascan = 8520 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501146 | tro-id = 27103170 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus flammula 1a.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | author = L. | var0 = ovalis | var-au = (J.M.Bigelow) L.D.Benson <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus flammula |L. misapplied}} {{../var1|1824|Ranunculus filiformis |Michx. |ovalis |J.M.Bigelow}} {{../var1|1838|Ranunculus reptans |L. |ovalis |(J.M.Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus flammula |L. |ovalis |(J.M.Bigelow) L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus flammula |L. |samolifolius|(Greene) L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../en|Wider-leaved|creeping spearwort}} | en2 = Lesser spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule ovée <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Not yet ranked | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2590|3-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501145 | tro-id = 27100760 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Cayuga, Jefferson, Livingston, St. Lawrence | image1 = Ranunculus flammula var. ovalis AWP-SW.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus ambigens | au-abbr = S.Watson | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1808|Ranunculus obtusiusculus |Raf. (misapplied)}} {{../sp-1|1878|Ranunculus ambigens |S.Watson|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American spearwort|}} {{../vn1|American crowfoot|}} {{../vn1|Water-plantain spearwort|}} | status = Native | status1 = Especially vulnerable | status2 = S1-S2, G4 | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2610|4-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAM|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = Ranunculus ambigens drawing.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pusillus | au-abbr = Poir. | au-full = | au-pub = J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 99 (1804) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus pusillus |Poir.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ranunculus oblongifolius |Elliott}} {{../sp-1|1901|Ranunculus tener |C.Mohr}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus pusillus |Poir. |angustifolius |(Engelm.) L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Low spearwort | en2 = Pursh buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = G5 | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2567|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPU|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Nassau, Queens, Richmond, Westchester | image1 = Ranunculus pusillus NRCS-1 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Flammula|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = flammula <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus flammula |L.}} {{../var1|1840|Ranunculus flammula |L. |angustifolius |Wallr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lesser spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule flammette <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|276|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501144 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus flammula 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus laxicaulis | au-abbr = (Torr. & A.Gray) Darby | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1838|Ranunculus flammula |L. |laxicaulis |Torr. & A.Gray}} {{../sp-1|1841|Ranunculus laxicaulis |(Torr.& A.Gray) Darby}} {{../sp-1|1845|Ranunculus texensis |Engelm.}} {{../sp-1|1900|Ranunculus mississippiensis |Small}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus laxicaulis |(Torr.& A.Gray) Darby |mississippiensis |(Small) L.D.Benson}} {{../sp-1|1971|Ranunculus subcordatus |E.O.Beal}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Mississippi buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|280|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RALA2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 18621 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501171 | tro-id = 27100785 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Wild flowers east of the Rockies (Page 118) (8230924248) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus bonariensis | au-abbr = Poir. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1951|Ranunculus bonariensis |Poir.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Carter's buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|282|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RABO|N0|California only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Icones selectae plantarum quas in systemate universali (Tab. 029) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Hecatonia''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus flabellaris.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus flabellaris''<br>yellow water buttercup | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Hecatonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Hecatonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flabellaris | au-abbr = Raf. | au-full = Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) | au-pub = American monthly magazine and critical review 2:344. Mar. 1818. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1818|R. flabellaris|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1818|R. delphiniifolius|Torr. ex Eaton}} {{../sp-1|1818|R. delphinifolius|Torr. ex Eaton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow water butter-cup | en2 = Yellow water buttercup | en3 = Yellow water crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule à évantails <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2606|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFL|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/flabellaris | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501142 | tro-id = 27100163 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Yellow Water-Buttercup (3816702864).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus sceleratus | author = L. | var0 = sceleratus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus sceleratus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cursed butter-cup | en2 = Cursed buttercup | en3 = Cursed crow-foot | en4 = Cursed crowsfoot | en5 = Blisterwort | fr1 = Renoncule scélérate <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6280|X|Ditches, wet waste places, disturbed sites, edges of streams and lakes, and wet forests.}} | usda = {{../usda|RASCS|NX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/sceleratus | its-id = | ars-id = 30844 | fna-id = 233501208 | tro-id = 27101527 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus sceleratus 002.JPG }} {{../end table}} ==Family Papaveraceae== The '''{{../w|Papaveraceae}}''' (poppy family)... ===Subfamily Papaveroideae=== ====Tribe Papavereae==== =====''Argemone''===== ''Argemone'' (AR-ge-mon-ee) {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Papavereae||Argemone| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Argemone|Pricklypoppy|257|2||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Argemone albiflora | ssp0 = albiflora <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White prickly-poppy | en2 = Bluestem prickly-poppy | en3 = Texas prickly-poppy <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6287|X|Suffolk (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ARAL3|N0|MA-FL-LA-IA-MI, NY:Suff}} | map = Argemone albiflora NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Argemone albiflora Zilker Park.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Argemone mexicana | en1 = Mexican prickly-poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2068|X|Monroe (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ARME4|NW|VT-FL-TX-MB-ON, NY:Monr,King}} | image1 = Argemone mexicana Argemon meksykański 2013-08-11 05.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Papaver''===== ''Papaver'' (puh-PAY-ver) {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Papavereae||Papaver| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Papaver|Poppy|264|6||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver somniferum | author = L. | en1 = Opium poppy | en2 = Common poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2066|X|Commonly cultivated illegally}} | usda = {{../usda|PASO2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/somniferum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Poppy-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver rhoeas | author = L. | en1 = Common poppy | en2 = Corn poppy | en3 = Field poppy | en4 = Flanders poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2065|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|PARH2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/rhoeas | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = PapaverSubpiriforme (5).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver dubium | author = L. | en1 = Blindeyes | en2 = Long-podded poppy | en3 = Long-headed poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2060|X|5 counties}} | usda = {{../usda|PADU|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/dubium | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = 2009-09-18 (20) Red poppy, Klatschmohn.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver argemone | author = L. | en1 = Long pricklyhead poppy | en2 = Pale rough-fruited poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2067|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PAAR3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/argemone | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Papaver argemone 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Papaver|Poppy|264|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver atlanticum | au-abbr = (Ball) Coss. | au-full = | au-pub = Ill. Fl. Atlant. 1: 11 (1882) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1873|Papaver rupifragum |Boiss. & Reut. |atlanticum |Ball.}} {{../sp-1|1882|Papaver atlanticum |(Ball) Coss.}} {{../ssp1|1932|Papaver rupifragum |Boiss. & Reut. |atlanticum |(Ball) Maire}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Atlas poppy | en2 = Moroccan poppy | en3 = Spanish poppy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|283|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|0|0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/atlanticum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = 673414-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Smithsoniangardens9.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver glaucum | author = Boiss. & Hausskn. | en1 = Tulip poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|767|as Onondaga only}} | usda = {{../usda|PAGL4|X0|NY & UT only}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/glaucum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Papaver glaucum (1).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver orientale | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Papaver orientale |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oriental poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|768|was Otsego only}} | usda = {{../usda|PAOR5|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/orientale | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Papaver orientale a1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Chelidonieae==== =====''Sanguinaria''===== {{../txt |img=Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) - Flickr - Jay Sturner (5).jpg |cap=''Sanguinaria canadensis''<br>bloodroot | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Sanguinaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Sanguinaria|Bloodroot|836|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sanguinaria canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Sanguinaria canadensis |L.}} {{../sp-1|1905|Sanguinaria australis |Greene}} {{../sp-1|1905|Sanguinaria dilleniana |Greene}} {{../var1|1909|Sanguinaria canadensis |L. |rotundifolia |(Greene) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bloodroot | en2 = Puccoon-root | en3 = Red puccoon | fr1 = Sanguinaire du Canada | fr2 = Sang-dragon | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2063|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|SACA13|NN|}} | vascan = 7128 | gobot = sanguinaria/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 33014 | fna-id = 220011939 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = SACA13 | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Bloodroot (4506715592).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Stylophorum''===== {{../txt |img=Stylophorum diphyllum, 2021-04-24, Fox Chapel, 02.jpg |cap=''Stylophorum diphyllum'' |The only New World ''Stylophorum'' species is ''Stylophorum diphyllum'', '''Celandine poppy''', which is native to the Midwest section of the US. It is cultivated but not known to naturalize in New York. It closely resembles the Old-World ''Chelidonium majus'' (greater celandine).}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Stylophorum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Stylophorum|Celandine-poppy|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stylophorum diphyllum | author = (Michx.) Nutt. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|Chelidonium diphyllum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Stylophorum diphyllum|(Michx.) Nutt.}} {{../sp-1|1825|Stylophorum ohiense|Spreng.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Celandine-poppy | en2 = Wood-poppy | en3 = Mock poppy | en4 = Yellow poppy | en5 = Yellow wood poppy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Midwest | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Cultivated only | status3 = Not naturalized | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7529|Xnn|}} | usda = {{../usda|STDI3||}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 35870 | fna-id = 220013107 | tro-id = 24000154 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = STDI3 | nse-id = Stylophorum+diphyllum | bna-id = Stylophorum%20diphyllum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stylophorum diphyllum 1484-88.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Chelidonium''===== {{../txt |img=Chelidonium majus 4 RF.jpg |cap=''Chelidonium majus'' |''Chelidonium majus'', '''Greater Celandine''', is widely regarded as a weed in North America and is listed as invasive in some states. It is also poisonous to mammals.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Chelidonium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Chelidonium|Celandine|760|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Chelidonium majus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778). | au-pub = Species Plantarum 1:505–506. 1-May-1753. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium majus |L.}} {{../var1|1821|Chelidonium majus |L. |grandiflorum |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Chelidonium grandiflorum |(DC.) DC.}} {{../ssp1|1921|Chelidonium majus |L. |grandiflorum |(DC.) Printz}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Greater celandine|NYFA:2017}} {{../vn1|Great celandine|}} {{../vn1|Celandine|}} {{../vn1|Nipplewort|}} {{../vn1|Swallowwort|}} {{../vn1|Rock poppy|}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Grande chélidoine|}} {{../vn1|Chélidoine|}} {{../vn2|Chélidoine herbe-aux-verrues|}} {{../vn1|Chélidoine majeure|}} {{../vn1|Éclaire|}} {{../vn1|Grande éclaire|}} {{../vn1|Herbe aux verrues|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | status3 = [https://www.eddmaps.org/ipane/ipanespecies/herbs/Chelidonium_majus.htm IPANE][http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=11543 IPAUS] | status4 = [http://articles.extension.org/pages/66944/chelidonium-majus-greater-celandine eXtension] | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2059|X|Naturalized - Disturbed soils and waste places.}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA2|XX|Onon,Cayu,Tomp,Cort,Madi++}} | vascan = 7089 | gobot = chelidonium/majus | its-id = | ars-id = 10169 | fna-id = 200009119 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Chelidonium+majus | bna-id = Chelidonium%20majus | map = Chelidonium majus var majus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Onbekend voor Paul Hermans.JPG|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Macleaya''===== {{../txt |img=20150811Macleaya cordata3.jpg |cap=''Macleaya cordata'' |'''Plume poppies''' (genus ''Macleaya'') consist of only a couple Asian species, of which ''Macleaya cordata'' is known to have naturalized in New York State.<ref>[https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=1004 Werier, David, Kyle Webster, Troy Weldy, Andrew Nelson, Richard Mitchell†, and Robert Ingalls†. 2022 New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Macleaya| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Macleaya|Plume poppy|1004|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Macleaya cordata | au-abbr = (Willd.) R.Br. | au-full = Robert Brown (1773-1858). | au-pub = Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, app.:218. 1826. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1799|Bocconia cordata|Willd.}} {{../sp-1|1826|'''Macleaya cordata'''|(Willd.) R.Br.}} {{../sp-1|1866|Macleaya yedoensis|André}} {{../var1|1909|Macleaya cordata|Willd.|yedoensis|(André) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Plume poppy | en2 = Plume-poppy | en3 = Tree-celandine | fr1 = Macléaya à feuilles cordées <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = | ipa-us = 5986 0 | gbif-e = 5334194 | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = High-2 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = 2.136434/Macleaya_cordata Exotic <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2064|X|only reported in 5 counties}} | usda = {{../usda|MACO10|XX|}} | vascan = 7106 | gobot = Macleaya/cordata | inat = 165054-Macleaya-cordata | its-id = | ars-id = 23058 | fna-id = | tro-id = 24000096 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Macleaya+cordata | bna-id = Macleaya%20cordata | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="2022 New York Flora Atlas lists counties: Albany, Bronx (1994), Cattaraugus, Madison, Orange (1936, '90), St. Lawrence (2018), Ulster">8 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="2022 iNaturalist lists NY counties: Bronx (2021), Dutchess (2018), Nassau (2015), New York (2021), Ontrario (2022), Putnam (2019), Suffolk (2020), Ulster (2022), Westchester (2018)">9 counties</abbr> | image1 = Macleaya cordata D.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Glaucium''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Glaucium flavum1.jpg |cap=''Glaucium flavum'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Glaucium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Glaucium|Hornpoppy|955|2||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glaucium flavum | au-abbr = Crantz | au-full = Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz (1722-1797). | au-pub = Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus 2:133. 1763. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium glaucium |L.}} {{../sp-1|1763|Glaucium flavum |Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1771|Glaucium luteum |Scop.}} {{../var1|1887|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Rudolph |flavum |(Crantz) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow horned-poppy | en2 = Yellow horn-poppy | en3 = Horned-poppy | en4 = Sea-poppy | fr1 = Glaucienne jaune | fr2 = Glaucie jaune | fr3 = Glaucière jaune | fr4 = Pavot cornu | fr5 = Pavot jaune des sables <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = n. Africa | status1 = Moderately invasive | nyis = 66%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Glaucium flavum|Moderate|66|}}</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2069|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|GLFL|XW|prohibited in Mass.}} | vascan = 7105 | gobot = glaucium/flavum | its-id = | ars-id = 17621 | fna-id = 233500654 | tro-id = 24000091 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Glaucium+flavum | bna-id = Glaucium%20flavum | map = | image1 = Glaucium flavum var. flavum, University of California Botanical Garden, Berkeley, California - 20060612-01 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glaucium corniculatum | au-abbr = (L.) Rudolph | au-full = Johann Heinrich Rudolph (1744-1809) | au-pub = Florae Jenensis Plantas, 1781. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium corniculatum |L.}} {{../sp-1|1781|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Rudolph}} {{../sp-1|1789|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Curtis |info=Homonym. Fl. Londinensis 2 (1789)}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Red horned-poppy | en2 = Blackspot hornpoppy <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7131|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|GLCO3|X0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = 0 | its-id = | ars-id = 17622 | fna-id = 233500653 | tro-id = 24000047 | ipn-id = 161608-3 | lbj-id = | nse-id = Glaucium+corniculatum | bna-id = Glaucium%20corniculatum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Glaucium corniculatum kz01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Eschscholtzieae==== =====''Eschscholzia''===== {{../txt |img=California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) (7062728979).jpg |cap=''Eschscholzia californica''<br>California poppy |''Eschscholzia'' (es-SHOLT-zee-uh) was named in honor of Dr. Johann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz, a 19th-century Estonian surgeon and botanist. ''Eschscholzia californica'' ('''California poppy''') is a west coast native that, according to the New York Flora Atlas, although it has been collected since 1824, is not known to naturalize in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Eschscholtzieae||Eschscholzia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Eschscholzia|California-poppy|784|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Eschscholzia californica | author = Cham. | ssp0 = californica <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1820|Eschscholzia californica |Cham.}} {{../sp-1|1903|Eschscholzia procera |Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = California poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Uncertain naturalization | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6288|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|ESCAC|NX| }} | gbif = 2888380 | vascan = | gobot = Eschscholzia/californica | inat = 48225-Eschscholzia-californica | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Albany, Cattaraugus, Monroe, Orange (1990), Tompkins (1915-27), Westchester (1824)">6 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Kings (2021), Nassau (2020), New York (2020), Oneida (2019), Queens (2021), Suffolk (2020), Sullivan (2020), Steuben (2021), Tompkins (2019), Westchester (2020), ">10 counties</abbr> | image1 = Eschscholtzia californica 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Fumarioideae=== ====Tribe Fumarieae==== =====Subtribe Corydalineae===== ======''Dicentra''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Dicentra| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Dicentra|Bleeding-heart|837|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra canadensis | author = (Goldie) Walp. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1822|Corydalis canadensis |Goldie}} {{../sp-1|1842|Dicentra canadensis |(Goldie) Walp.}} {{../sp-1|1892|Bicuculla canadensis |(Goldie) Millsp.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Squirrel-corn | en2 = Turkey-corn <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Dicentre du Canada <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1533|5|Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. - squirrel-corn, turkey-corn - Rich mesic hardwood forests. In deep often calcareous soils and with an adjacent herbaceous flora that is dense and diverse.}} | usda = {{../usda|DICA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/canadensis | its-id = 18943 | ars-id = 405114 | fna-id = 233500571 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+canadensis | bna-id = Dicentra%20canadensis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra canadensis - Canadian Heart Flower.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra cucullaria | author = (L.) Bernh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria cucullaria |L.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis cucullaria |(L.) Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1833|Dicentra cucullaria |(L.) Bernh.}} {{../sp-1|1892|Bicuculla cucullaria |(L.) Millsp.}} {{../sp-1|1912|Dicentra occidentalis |(Rydb.) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Dutchman's breeches | en2 = Turkey-corn | en3 = ''Dicentre à capuchon'' <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1532|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|DICU|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/cucullaria | its-id = 18945 | ars-id = 405116 | fna-id = 220004018 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+cucullaria | bna-id = Dicentra%20cucullaria | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dutchman's Breeches (14131425206).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra eximia | author = (Ker Gawl.) Torr. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1815|Fumaria eximia |Ker Gawl.}} {{../sp-1|1843|Dicentra eximia |(Ker Gawl.) Torr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild bleeding-heart | en2 = Eastern bleeding-heart | en3 = Turkey corn | en4 = Staggerweed | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1531|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|DIEX|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/eximia | its-id = | ars-id = 13888 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+eximia | bna-id = Dicentra%20eximia | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dolly Sods (Dicentra Exima) Fringed Bleeding Heart.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra formosa | au-abbr = (Andrews) Walp. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1842|Dicentra formosa|(Andrews) Walp.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Westerm bleeding-heart|Go Botany 2018}} {{../vn1|Pacific bleeding heart|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|DIFO|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = dicentra/formosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra formosa 6243.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Lamprocapnos''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=2006-04-26Dicentra spectabilis02.jpg |cap=''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'' |'''Showy bleeding heart''' is widely planted but rarely naturalizes. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Lamprocapnos| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lamprocapnos|Bleeding-heart|838|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamprocapnos spectabilis | author = (L.) Fukuhara <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria spectabilis |L.}} {{../sp-1|1831|Diclytra spectabilis |(L.) DC.}} {{../sp-1|1847|Dicentra spectabilis |(L.) Lem.}} {{../sp-1|1997|Lamprocapnos spectabilis |(L.) Fukuhara}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bleeding-heart | en2 = Asian bleeding-heart | en3 = Common bleedinghearts <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1537|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LASP8||}} | gbif = | pow-id = 995841-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = lamprocapnos/spectabilis | inat = 204340-Lamprocapnos-spectabilis | its-id = 502032 | ars-id = 408089 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra Spectabilis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Adlumia''====== {{../txt |img=Adlumia fungosa-IMG 9181.jpg |cap=''Adlumia fungosa''<br>Allegheny vine | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Adlumia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adlumia|Adlumia||1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adlumia fungosa | author = (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1789|Fumaria fungosa |Aiton|}} {{../sp-1|1803|Fumaria recta |Michx.|}} {{../sp-1|1808|Fumaria cirrhosa |Raf.|}} {{../sp-1|1888|Adlumia fungosa |Greene ex BSP|}} {{../sp-1|1891|Bicuculla fungosa |Kuntze|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Allegheny vine | en2 = Climbing fumitory | en3 = Mountain-fringe | en4 = Woodfringe | en5 = Canary vine | fr1 = Adlumie fongueuse <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1530|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|ADFU|NN|}} | vascan = 7086 | gobot = | its-id = 18897 | ars-id = 1498 | fna-id = 233500029 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Adlumia fungosa WFNY-079B.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Capnoides''====== {{../txt |img=Pink Corydalis.jpg |cap=''Capnoides sempervirens''<br>rock harlequin, pink corydalis | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Capnoides| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Capnoides|Harlequin|1121|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Capnoides sempervirens | author = (L.) Borkh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria sempervirens |L.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Capnoides sempervirens |Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis sempervirens |Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1813|Corydalis glauca |Pursh}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pink corydalis | en2 = Pale corydalis | en3 = Rock harlequin | en4 = Harlequin-flower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6290|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|COSE5|NN|}} | vascan = 7088 | Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. | gobot = capnoides/sempervirens | (L.) Borkh. | its-id = 19010 | Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. | ars-id = 8881 | Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. | fna-id = 233500447 | Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Capnoides sempervirens WFNY-080.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Corydalis''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Corydalis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Corydalis|Fumewort|589|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis flavula | author = (Raf.) DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1808|Fumaria flavula |Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Corydalis flavula |(Raf.) DC.}} {{../sp-1|1891|Capnoides flavula |(Raf.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow corydalis | en2 = Yellow fumewort <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1534|3|Onon,Cayu,Ulst,Oran,Dutc+3}} | usda = {{../usda|COFL3|NN|Onon,Cayu,Ulst,Oran,Dutc+3}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 19005 | ars-id = 404348 | fna-id = | map = | image1 = Corydalis flavula - Yellow Fumewort 2.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis aurea | ssp0 = aurea | author = Willd. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1809|Corydalis aurea |Willd. |aurea|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Golden corydalis | en2 = Scrambled eggs <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6289|2|Tomp,Herk,Jeff}} | usda = {{../usda|COAU2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | map = Corydalis aurea ssp aurea NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Corydalis aurea flowers1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis incisa | author = (Thunb.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis incisa |(Thunb.) Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple keman <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7237|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|0|00|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Corydalis incisa 02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis solida | au-abbr = (L.) Clairv. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1811|Corydalis solida|(L.) Clairv.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Spring corydalis | en2 = Bird-in-a-bush | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = 11694 | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7317|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|COSO6|XX|ON, MA, CT, VT only}} | gbif = 5334208 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 55814-Corydalis-solida | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Dutchess (2015)">Dutchess (2015)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx (2020), Columbia (2021), Erie (2020), Essex (2019), Kings (2021), Madison (2021), New York (2021), Oneida (2021), Onondaga (2021), Putnam (2020), St. Lawrence (2021), Sullivan (2020), Tompkins (2021), Tioga (2021), Ulster (2020), Westchester (2021)">16 counties</abbr> | image1 = Zlatá Baňa 17 Slovakia7.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Corydalis|Fumewort|589|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis capnoides | au-abbr = (L.) Pers. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria capnoides |L.}} {{../sp-1|1768|Fumaria alba |Mill.}} {{../sp-1|1790|Neckeria capnoides |(L.) Neck.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Pseudofumaria capnoides |(L.) Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis capnoides |(L.) Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1823|Corydalis gebleri |Ledeb.}} {{../sp-1|1831|Corydalis ochroleuca |W.D.J.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1841|Capnoides albida |Bernh. ex Steud.}} {{../sp-1|1939|Corydalis alba |(Mill.) Mansf.}} {{../sp-1|1986|Pseudofumaria alba |(Mill.) Lidén}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pale corydalis | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X||EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|COCA47|EXCLD|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 405103 <!-- Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Liden --> | fna-id = | tro-id = 24000477 | ipn-id = 672122-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pseudofumaria ochroleuca - Flickr - peganum.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Fumariineae===== ======''Fumaria''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Atlas roslin pl Dymnica pospolita 7993 7014.jpg |cap=''Fumaria officinalis'' |'''Common Fumitory''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumariineae|Fumaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Fumaria|Fumitory|588|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria officinalis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria officinalis |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common Fumitory | en2 = Drug fumitory | en3 = Earth smoke | en4 = Wax dolls | fr1 = Fumeterre officinal <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status2 = Naturalized | ny-rank = SNA, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1536|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|FUOF|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Fumaria/officinalis | its-id = | ars-id = 70905 | fna-id = 220005380 | tro-id = 24000018 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Fumaria officinalis 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Fumaria|Fumitory|588|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria capreolata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria capreolata |L.}} {{../var1|1907|Fumaria officinalis |L. |capreolata |(L.) Ewart}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White ramping fumitory | en2 = Climbing fumitory | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|284|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|FUCA|X0|Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). 1986. A checklist of New York State plants. Contributions of a Flora of New York State, Checklist III. New York State Bulletin No. 458. New York State Museum, Albany.}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 71083 | fna-id = 233500652 | tro-id = 24000196 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Fumaria capreolata (arracadetes de la Mare de Déu) (16618864156).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria parviflora | au-abbr = Lam. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1788|Fumaria parviflora |Lam.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fine-leaf fumitory | en2 = Small-flower fumitory | en3 = Indian fumitory | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|284|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|FUPA|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 406369 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Fumaria parviflora Sturm48.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Pseudofumaria''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Corydalis lutea J1.jpg |cap=''Pseudofumaria lutea'' |'''Rock fumewort''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumariineae|Pseudofumaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pseudofumaria|Rock fumitory|250|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pseudofumaria lutea | author = (L.) Borkh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1771|Fumaria lutea |L.}} {{../sp-1|1790|Capnoides luteum |Gaertn.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Pseudofumaria lutea |Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Corydalis lutea |DC.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Rock fumewort | en2 = Yellow corydalis | en3 = Rock corydalis | en4 = Rock fumitory | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1535|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PSLU2|X0|NY, WA, OR only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 19006 | Corydalis lutea (L.) DC. | ars-id = 405102 | fna-id = | tro-id = 100349317 | map = nymap.svg | cos = Chemung, Dutchess, Suffolk | image1 = Pseudofumaria lutea inflorescence (02).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} {{BookCat}} 8serxdiub57326d32xrl7omsfwxgzpv 4443508 4443507 2024-11-02T18:52:48Z Nonenmac 6290 /* Helleborus */ 4443508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{../header | this = Ranunculales | this-stxt = Lardizabalaceae, | this-ttxt = Menispermaceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae | prev-link = Commelinales, Zingiberales, Ceratophyllales | next-link = Proteales…Saxifragales | next-text = Proteales… Saxifragales }} {{../txt |Superorder '''Ceratophyllanae''' is the probable sister of the eudicots. Its only order '''Ceratophyllales''' contains a single living genus.<ref>{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}</ref> Superorders '''Ranunculanae''', '''Proteanae''', and '''Buxanae''', are in the basal grade of eudicots.<ref>[http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Magnoliidae.pdf James L. Reveal (2012). "An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants (Magnoliidae)." ''Phytoneuron'' '''2012-37:''' 1–221. Published 23 April 2012. ISSN 2153 7]</ref> The order '''{{wp|Ranunculales}}''' has about 93 taxa found outside of cultivation in New York. Ranunculales families include: * {{../w|Circaeasteraceae}} (2 Chinese species, none in NY) * {{../w|Lardizabalaceae}} (1 species of Akebia in NY) * {{../w|Menispermaceae}} (1 species of moonseed in NY) * {{../w|Berberidaceae}} (barberry, 8 taxa in 5 genera in NY) * {{../w|Ranunculaceae}} (68 taxa in 20 genera, ''Ranunculus'' the largest) * {{../w|Papaveraceae}} (poppies, 15 taxa in 8 genera in NY) }} {{../TOC-Ranunculales}} ==Family Lardizabalaceae== The '''{{../w|Lardizabalaceae}}''' (lardizabala family)... ===Subfamily Lardizabaloideae=== ====Tribe Akebieae==== =====''Akebia''===== {{../txt |img=Akebia quinata White Chocolate BSWJ 8415 (13391328633).jpg |cap=''Akebia quinata'' |''Akebia'' is a small asian genus with a single species occurring in New York }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Lardizabalaceae|Lardizabaloideae|Akebieae||Akebia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Akebia|Chocolate-vine|750|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Akebia quinata | author = (Houtt.) Dcne. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1779|Rajania quinata |Houtt.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Akebia quinata |(Houtt.) Dcne.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fiveleaf akebia | en2 = Chocolate vine <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = CP-4<ref name=CP4>{{flora-of-ref|CP4}}</ref> | nyis = 52%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Akebia quinata|Moderate|52|MLH}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1776|X|Ulst-Ora-Dutc-Rock-West+2}} | usda = {{../usda|AKQU|X0|}} | vascan = | not listed in Canada | gobot = akebia/quinata | i-tsn = 18857 | ars-id = 2103 | Akebia quinata (Thunb. ex Houtt.) Decne. | fna-id = 200008288 | tro-id = 17700001 | map = Akebia quinata nymap.svg | image1 = Akebia quinata02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ==Family Menispermaceae== The '''{{../w|Menispermaceae}}''' (moonseed family)... ===Subfamily Menispermoideae=== ====Tribe Menispermeae==== =====''Menispermum''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Menispermaceae|Menispermoideae|Menispermeae||Menispermum| }} {{../genus|Menispermum|Moonseed|368|1|MENIS|| }} {{../taxon | species = Menispermum canadense | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Menispermum canadense|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Canada moonseed | en2 = Common moonseed | en3 = Yellow Parilla | en4 = Carolina moonseed | fr1 = Ménisperme du Canada | fr2 = Raison de couleuvre <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1912|5|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Onei+M}} | usda = {{../usda|MECA3|NN|}} | vascan = 6669 | gobot = menispermum/canadense | i-tsn = 18871 | ars-id = 410360 | fna-id = 220008359 | tro-id = 20600003 | map = Menispermum canadense nymap.svg | image1 = Menispermum canadense, Saint-Hilaire-1.png }} {{../end table|Menispermaceae }} ==Family Berberidaceae== {{../txt|The {{../w|Berberidaceae}} ('''barberry family''') contains several herbaceous genera that are associated with their native woodland wildflowers, including ''Caulophyllum'' ('''blue cohosh'''), ''Podophyllum'' ('''mayapple'''), and ''Jeffersonia'' ('''twinleaf'''). But the family also contains the non-native ornamental shrubs (some highly invasive) known as '''barberry''' in the ''Berberis'' and closely-related ''Manonia'' genera.}} ===Subfamily Podophylloideae=== ====Tribe Leonticeae==== =====''Caulophyllum''===== {{../txt |img=Caulophyllum giganteum SCA-1754.jpg |cap=''Caulophyllum giganteum''<br>early blue cohosh |''Caulophyllum'' contains the two '''blue cohosh''' species found in New York, but it does not include black cohosh, which is not only in a separate genus ([[#Actaea|''Actaea'']]), but also in a different family ([[#Family Ranunculaceae|Ranunculaceae]], below). Blue cohosh leaves have a similarity to ''Thalictrum'' (meadow rue) leaves, accounting for the specific epithet ''thalictroides''. ''Caulophyllum giganteum'' ('''early blue cohosh'''), appears earlier in the spring than ''C. thalictroides'' and has purple flowers instead of yellow.<ref>[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/genus/caulophyllum/ Genus: ''Caulophyllum'' (blue cohosh) at gobotany.newenglandwild.org]</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Leonticeae||Caulophyllum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Caulophyllum|Blue cohosh|730|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caulophyllum thalictroides | author = (L.) Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Leontice thalictroides|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Caulophyllum thalictroides|Michx.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blue cohosh | en2 = Squaw-root | en3 = Papoose-root | fr1 = Caulophylle faux-pigamon | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|524|5|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe-Madi}} | usda = {{../usda|CATH2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Caulophyllum/thalictroides | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500331 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = Caulophyllum thalictroides nymap.svg | image1 = Blue Cohosh (4751215878).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caulophyllum giganteum | author = (Farw.) Loconte & W.H.Blackw. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1918|Caulophyllum thalictroides|(L.) Michx.|giganteum|Farw.}} {{../sp-1|1981|Caulophyllum giganteum|Loconte & W.H.Blackw.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Northern blue cohosh | en2 = Giant blue cohosh | en3 = Early blue cohosh | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | nyfa = {{../nyfa|529|3-5|Orange & Rockland Counties (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CAGI6|N|Oran (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = Caulophyllum/giganteum | i-tsn = 501338 | ars-id = 449140 | fna-id = 233500330 | tro-id - 3500288 | map = Caulophyllum giganteum nymap.svg | image1 = Caulophyllum giganteum SCA-01412p.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> Differences between early and late blue cohoshes {|class=wikitable width="1024px'' |+Blue cohosh differentiation !''Caulophyllum'' !common name !Flowering time !Flowers per<br>inflorescence !Sepal color !Sepal length !Style length |- |''C. gigantium'' |early blue cohosh |flowers before leaf expansion,<br>10-15 days before ''C. thalictroides'' |4 - 8 |purple to purple-brown |6 - 9 mm |1 - 2 mm |- |''C. thalictroides'' |late blue cohosh |flowers with leaves,<br>10-15 days after ''C. gigantium'' |5 - 70 |yellow to yellow-green |3 - 6 mm |≤1 mm |} ====Tribe Podophylleae==== =====''Podophyllum''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Podophylleae||Podophyllum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Podophyllum|Mayapple|399|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Podophyllum peltatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Podophyllum peltatum|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = May-apple | en2 = Indian-apple | en3 = Wild-mandrake | fr1 = Pomme de mai | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6286|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|POPE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = podophyllum/peltatum | native to MA,CT,NH & parts of VT. Intro to ME,RI & rest of VT | i-tsn = 18850 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500972 | map = Podophyllum peltatum nymap.svg | image1 = Streamside Hike (11) (14195660876).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Jeffersonia''===== {{../txt|[[File:Jeffersonia diphylla 2008.jpg|thumb|right|twinleaf]] Although '''twinleaf''' is listed as threatened in New York, its populations have probably remained fairly stable. Because its native habitat includes ravines, its scarcity is more a matter of New York being at the northern edge of its natural range than it is of recent habitat loss. However, invasion of its habitat by exotic plants like garlic mustard and swallow-wort is currently a concern.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Podophylloideae|Podophylleae||Jeffersonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Jeffersonia|Twinleaf|1010|1|JEFFE|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Jeffersonia diphylla | author = (L.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Podophyllum diphyllum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Jeffersonia diphylla|(L.) Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Twinleaf | en2 = Twin-leaf | en3 = Rheumatism-root <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nynhp = 2<ref name=nynhp>{{../nynhp-ref|8864|Jeffersonia diphylla|Threatened|S2|G5}}</ref> | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|523|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|JEDI|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = | not listed in New England | i-tsn = 18844 | ars-id = 429624 | fna-id = 233500714 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Jeffersonia%20diphylla | map = Jeffersonia diphylla nymap.svg | image1 = Jeffersonia diphylla 2017-05-23 1466.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Berberidoideae=== ====Tribe Berberideae==== =====''Berberis''===== {{../txt |img=2014-12-30 11 31 34 Barberry fruit along River Road (New Jersey Route 175) in Ewing, New Jersey.JPG |cap=''Berberis thunbergii'' |Although there are a few North American native '''barberry''' species, none are known to have naturalized in New York State (unless ''Mahonia'' is included in ''Berberis''). The closest reported occurrence is of ''Berberis canadensis'' ('''American barberry''') in Huntington County in south-central Pennsylvania. However the two Eurasian barberries, ''Berberis thunbergii'' and ''Berberis vulgaris'' are quite common and considered to be invasive in New York. If fact, the sale of fertile '''Japanese barberry''' (''B. thunbergii'') is now prohibited in the state.}} ======''Berberis'' sect. ''Berberis''====== {|class=wikitable width=1024px |+Barberry differentiation |- !Barberry species !Leaf margin !Spines / thorns<ref>[http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/83 ''Berberis'', New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/barberry/downloads/tech_mtg/Uconn.pdf ''Berberis thunbergii'' Japanese barberry, USDA Plant Pest Info]</ref> !Flowers |- |'''''Berberis thunbergii''''', Japanese barberry |Entire (smooth) |1 (or 1 with 2 short side-branches) |Sessile umbel |- |'''''Berberis vulgaris''''', European barberry |Serrate (toothed) |3 (or 1 with 2 long side-branches) |Racemes of 10-25 |- |'''''Berberis × ottawensis''''', Ottawa barberry |Entire (smooth) |1 to 3 |Subumbellate-raceme |- |'''''Berberis canadensis''''', American barberry |Serrate (toothed) |3 (or 1 with 2 long side-branches) |Racemes of 5-10 |} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Berberidoideae|||Berberis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis thunbergii | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1821|Berberis thunbergii|DC.}} {{../var1|1926|Berberis thunbergii|DC.|atropurpurea|Chenault}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Japanese barberry | fr1 = Épine-vinette du Japon <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = eastern Asia | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = Prohibited | status3 = CP-2<ref name=CP2>{{../ref|CP2}}</ref> NE-1<ref name=NE1>{{../ref|NE1}}</ref> | nyis = 91%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Berberis thunbergii|Very highly invasive|91%}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|525|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|BETH|XX|}} | vascan = 3666 | gobot = berberis/thunbergii | inat = 58727-Berberis-thunbergii | i-tsn = 18835 | ars-id = 6974 | fna-i1 = 233500242 | fna-i2 = Berberis_thunbergii | tro-id = 3500183 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = 8808 | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Berberis thunbergii nymap.svg | image1 = Berberis thunbergii (leaf s3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis vulgaris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Berberis vulgaris|L.}} {{../var1|1845|Berberis vulgaris|L.|purpurea|Bertin ex Jacques & Hérincq}} {{../for1|1860|Berberis vulgaris|L.|atropurpurea|Regel}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis jacquinii|hort. ex K.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis sanguinea|hort. ex K.Koch}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common barberry | en2 = European barberry | en3 = Jaundice-berry | fr1 = Épine-vinette commune | fr2 = Épine-vinette | fr3 = Berbéris vulgaire | fr4 = Berbéride vulgaire | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = CP-3<ref name=CP3>{{../ref|CP3}}</ref> NE-2<ref name=NE2>{{../ref|NE2}}</ref> | nyis = 69%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Berberis vulgaris|69|all}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|526|X|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Onei}} | usda = {{../usda|BEVU|XX|}} | vascan = 3667 | gobot = berberis/vulgaris | inat = 75758-Berberis-vulgaris | i-tsn = 18837 | ars-id = 6992 | fna-i1 = 233500244 | fna-i2 = Berberis_vulgaris | tro-id = 3500015 | map = Berberis vulgaris nymap.svg | image1 = Berberis vulgaris 5922.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis × ottawensis | author = C.K.Schneid. | hp1 = Berberis thunbergii | hp2 = Berberis vulgaris <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1927|Berberis × ottawensis|C.K.Schneid.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hybrid barberry | en2 = Ottawa barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Present in New Eng. | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7270|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|BEOT|XX|CT,MA,OH,ON (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = berberis/thunbergii | inat = 170533-Berberis---ottawensis | i-tsn = 500992 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = Berberis × ottawensis nymap.svg | cos = Clinton (2014) | image1 = Atlas roslin pl Berberys ottawski 4440 6460 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis julianae | author = C.K.Schneid. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1913|Berberis julianae|C.K.Schneid.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Juliana's berberis | en2 = Wintergreen barberry | en3 = Chinese barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = China | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 2 | status3 = Single population | status4 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|528|X|Suffolk (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|BEJU4|X0|New York & Alabama only}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 437555-Berberis-julianae | i-tsn = 506844 | ars-id = 6892 | fna-id = <!--not listed--> | tro-id = 3500363 | map = Berberis julianae nymap.svg | cos = NYFA: Suffolk<br><abbr title="Bronx, Kings, New York, Queens, Westchester">iNat: 5 counties</abbr> | image1 = Berberis Julianae (Wintergreen Barberry) (27299443619).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878|U|txt=(unlisted&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis koreana | author = Palibin. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1899|Berberis koreana|Palibin.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Korea barberry <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = No specimens | status2 = Present in Vermont | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = berberis/koreana | inat = 204251-Berberis-koreana | i-tsn = | ars-id = | fna-id = | not listed | tro-id = | map = Berberis koreana nymap.png | image1 = Berberis koreana 2016-04-22 8260.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis canadensis | author = Mill. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1768|Berberis canadensis|Mill.}} {{../sp-1|1869|Berberis fischeri|hort. ex K.Koch*}} {{../sp-1|1894|Berberis angulizans|hort. ex Massias}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American barberry | en2 = Allegheny barberry | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|BECA2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 129595-Berberis-canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500225 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Berberis%20canadensis | map = Berberis canadensis nymap.png | image1 = Berberis canadensis in Botanical garden, Minsk 02.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Berberis'' sect. ''Mahonia''====== {{../txt |img=Korina 2013-03-30 Mahonia aquifolium 5.jpg |cap=''Berberis aquifolium'' |''Berberis'' sect. ''Mahonia'' has also been treated as a separate genus ''Mahonia''. It contains the '''Oregon grape''', which is native to the west coast of North America. It is considered very invasive in Europe and is known to escape cultivation throughout New York. Also present in the southeastern part of the states is ''Berberis bealei'' (Beale's oregon-grape) which is listed as Highly Invasive/NYS Tier 2 by iMapInvasives and is considered an aggressive invader in the Southeastern United States.<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-004-2896-4 Craig R. Allen, Ahjond S. Garmestani, Jill A. LaBram, Amanda E. Peck & Luanna B. Prevost (2006). "When Landscaping Goes Bad: The Incipient Invasion of ''Mahonia bealei'' in the Southeastern United States." ''Biol Invasions'' 8, 169–176.]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Berberidaceae|Berberidoideae|||Berberis||Mahonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Berberis|Barberry|878| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis aquifolium | author = (Pursh) Nutt. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1813|Berberis aquifolium|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1818|Mahonia aquifolium|(Pursh) Nutt.}} {{../sp-1|1906|Odostemon aquifolium|(Pursh) Rydb.}} {{../sp-1|1931|Mahonia diversifolia|Sweet}} {{../sp-1|1934|Mahonia piperiana|Abrams}} {{../sp-1|1939|Berberis piperiana|McMinn}} {{../sp-1|1940|Berberis diversifolia|Steud.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oregon grape | en2 = Piper's Oregon-grape | en3 = Oregon holly-grape | en4 = Tall mahonia | en5 = Hollyleaved barberry <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = {{../en|Mahonia à|feuilles de houx}} | fr2 = Mahonia faux-houx | fr3 = Faux-houx | fr4 = Mahonia <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western N. America | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Lower Hudson Tier 5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|527|Xn?|Berberis aquifolium Pursh - Erie (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|MAAQ2|NN|Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. - Erie (only)}} | vascan = 3663 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | gobot = berberis/aquifolium | inat = 126887-Berberis-aquifolium | its-id = 18816 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | ars-id = 6814 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | fna-id = 233500223 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | tro-id = 3500167 <!-- Berberis aquifolium Pursh --> | ipn-id = 1148915-2 | lbj-id = MAAQ2 <!-- Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. --> | nse-id = | bna-id = Mahonia%20aquifolium | cpc-id = | cab-id = 32269 <!-- Mahonia aquifolium (Oregongrape) --> | eol-id = | map = Mahonia aquifolium nymap.svg | image1 = Mahonia aquifolium 005.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Berberis bealei | au-abbr = Fortune | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1850|Berberis bealei|Fortune}} {{../sp-1|1855|Mahonia bealei|(Fortune) Carrière}} {{../var1|1901|Mahonia japonica|(Thunb.) DC.|bealei|(Fortune) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Leatherleaf mahonia|iMapInvaisves}} {{../vn1|Beale's oregon-grape|iMapInvaisves}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = NYS Tier 2<ref>[https://www.nynhp.org/invasives/species-tiers-table/ New York State Invasive Species Tiers, iMapInvaisves, ''Mahonia bealei'']</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|MABE2|X0|}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 277657-Berberis-bealei | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = 3500444 | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = <abbr title="Kings, Nassau, Putnam, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Westchester">iNat: 7 counties</abbr> | image1 = Mahonia bealei0.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ==Family Ranunculaceae== The '''{{../w|Ranunculaceae}}'''... ===Subfamily Hydrastoideae=== ====Tribe Hydrastideae==== =====''Hydrastis''===== {{../txt |img=Hydrastis canadensis berries.jpg |cap=''Hydrastis canadensis'' | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Hydrastoideae|Hydrastideae||Hydrastis| }} {{../genus|Hydrastis|Goldenseal|488|1||| }} {{../taxon | species = Hydrastis canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Goldenseal | en2 = Golden-seal | en3 = Orange-root | en4 = Yellow-puccoon | fr1 = Hydraste du Canada | fr2 = Sceau d'or <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | nynhp = 2<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9269|Hydrastis canadensis|Threatened|S2|G4}}</ref> | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2604|2|}} | usda = {{../usda|HYCA|NN|}} | note = [http://flnps.org/plants/list FLNPS] | vascan = 8489 | gobot = Hydrastis/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Hydrastis%20canadensis | map = Hydrastis canadensis nymap.svg | image1 = Goldenseal plant with one white flower hydrastis canadensis.jpg }} {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Coptidoideae=== ====Tribe Coptideae==== =====''Coptis''===== {{../txt |img=Coptis trifolia 1 (5097823706).jpg |cap=''Coptis trifolia'' |'''Goldthread''' (''Coptis trifolia'') }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Coptidoideae|Coptideae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Coptis|Goldthread|563|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Coptis trifolia | author = (L.) Salisb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus trifolius|L.}} {{../sp-1|1771|Anemone groenlandica|Oeder}} {{../sp-1|1807|Coptis trifolia|(L.) Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1929|Coptis groenlandica|(Oeder) Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1937|Coptis trifolia||groenlandica|(Oeder) Hultén}} {{../var1|1947|Coptis trifolia||groenlandica|(Oeder) Fassett}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Goldthread|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Three-leaved goldthread|2021 Native Plant Trust, Go Botany (3.5)}} {{../vn1|Threeleaf goldthread|2021 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1|Yellow snakeroot|}} {{../vn1|Goldenroot|}} {{../vn1|American goldthread|2021 ARS: M.McGuffin, J.T.Kartesz, A.Y.Leung, & A.O.Tucker (2000) Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland. }} {{../vn1|Canker-root|}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Savoyane|}} {{../vn1|Coptide du Groenland|}} {{../vn1|Coptide savoyane|}} {{../vn1|Sabouillane|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2587|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|COTR2|NN|}} | vascan = 8471 | gobot = Coptis/trifolia | its-id = | ars-id = 402567 | fna-id = 220003305 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Coptis trifolia 01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Xanthorhizeae==== =====''Xanthorhiza''===== {{../txt |img=Xanthorhiza simplicissima 2017-04-30 8767.jpg |cap='' Xanthorhiza simplicissima''<br> yellowroot |'''Shrub yellowroot''' (''Xanthorhiza simplicissima'') is the only species of its genus and one of the few woody plants in the Ranunculaceae. It is native to the southeastern US and introduced in parts the northeast. Its naturalization status in New York is uncertain. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Coptidoideae|Xanthorhizeae| }} {{../genus|Xanthorhiza|Yellowroot|12|1||| }} {{../taxon | species = Xanthorhiza simplicissima | author = Marshall <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1785|Xanthorhiza simplicissima|Marshall}} {{../sp-1|1788|Xanthorhiza apiifolia|L'Hér.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellowroot | en2 = Brook-feather | en3 = Shrub yellowroot <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | habit0 = | habit1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6285|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|XASI|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Xanthorhiza/simplicissima | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Xanthorhiza+simplicissima | bna-id = Xanthorhiza%20simplicissima | map = nymap.svg | cos = Bronx Columbia Schenectady Suffolk Westchester | image1 = Xanthorhiza simplicissima kz02.jpg }} {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Thalictroideae=== ====Tribe Aquilegieae==== =====''Aquilegia''===== {{../txt |img=Aquilegia canadensis 1-eheep (5097827430).jpg |cap=''Aquilegia canadensis''<br>red columbine |'''Columbine''' (''Aquilegia'') includes at least 22 species that are native to western North America, but only '''red columbine''' (''A. canadensis'') appears to be native in the east. European columbine is also common in New York State, where it has naturalized. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Aquilegieae||Aquilegia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aquilegia|Columbine|726|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aquilegia canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aquilegia canadensis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Wild columbine|NYFA-1: 2017 / ARS-GRIN: Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (Hortus 3) 1994}} {{../vn1|Red columbine|NYFA-2: 2017 / USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team: 2017 / VASCAN-1: 2017}} {{../vn1|Wild red columbine|LBJ-2: 2017}} {{../vn1|Canadian columbine|Flora of North America, Vol. 3. 1997}} {{../vn1|Red-bell|ARS-GRIN: Websters Dict 2003}} {{../vn1|Honeysuckle|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} {{../vn1|Meeting-houses|ARS-GRIN: A.Huxley, ed. (Dict Gard) 1994}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Ancolie du Canada|Flora of North America, Vol. 3. 1997}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2583|5|Cliffs, ledges, talus slopes, on or adjacent to forested rock outcrops, and edges of paths and dirt roads through forests often associated with calcareous soils and/or bedrock}} | usda = {{../usda|AQCA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Aquilegia/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 3738 <!--Isopyroideae/Isopyreae/Isopyrinae--> | fna-id = 233500093 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = AQCA | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Aquilegia canadensis 1974 2x3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aquilegia vulgaris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aquilegia vulgaris|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = European columbine | status = Introduced | status1 = | nwi1 = NC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2551|X|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe}} | usda = {{../usda|AQVU|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Aquilegia/vulgaris | its-id = | ars-id = 3767 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Aquilegia vulgaris 2c.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Enemion''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=False Rue Anemone (13945647677).jpg |cap=''Enemion biternatum'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Aquilegieae||Enemion| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Enemion|False-rue-anemone|621|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Enemion biternatum | author = Raf. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1820|Enemion biternatum|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1840|Isopyrum biternatum|(Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|False rue anemone|2021 New York Flora Atlas -- 2021 iNaturalist}} {{../vn1|Eastern false rue anemone|2021 USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SX, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2597|Z|Erie 1990}} | usda = {{../usda|ENBI|NN|eastern false rue anemone }} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 81795-Enemion-biternatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i2 = Enemion_biternatum | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Erie (no date) | image1 = False Rue-anemone (Enemion biternatum) (25899942771).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Thalictreae==== =====''Thalictrum''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=ThalictrumPubescens.jpg |cap=''Thalictrum pubescens'' |'''Meadow rue''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Thalictroideae|Thalictreae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Heterogamia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum dioicum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Thalictrum dioicum|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Thalictrum laevigatum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Thalictrum pauciflorum|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1885|Thalictrum pulchellum|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1914|Leucocoma dioica|(L.) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early meadow-rue | en3 = Quicksilver-weed | fr1 = Pigamon dioïque <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6284|5|Mesic hardwood forests and forest edges in thin to deep often calcareous or circumneutral soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|THDI|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/dioicum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = 233501266 | fna-i2 = Thalictrum_venulosum | fna-tx = <ref>Some ''T. dioicum'' specimens have been misidentified as ''T. revolutum'' despite differences.</ref> | tro-id = 27100843 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Thalictrum dioicum WFNY-071.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum venulosum | author = Trel. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1886|Thalictrum venulosum|Trel.}} {{../sp-1|1900|Thalictrum confine|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1949|Thalictrum turneri|B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1966|Thalictrum venulosum|Trel.|confine|(Fernald) Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early meadow-rue | en2 = Veined meadow-rue | en3 = Veiny meadow-rue | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2558|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|THVE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Clinton (1949, 1993), <br>Essex (1980, 1995) | image1 = Thalictrum venulosum BB-1913.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Anemonella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum thalictroides | author = (L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone thalictroides|L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Thalictrum anemonoides|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Thalictrum anemoides|Maxim.}} {{../sp-1|1832|Syndesmon thalictroides|Hoffmanns.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Anemonella thalictroides|Spach}} {{../sp-1|1957|Thalictrum thalictroides|(L.) A.J.Eames & B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Rue anemone | en2 = Windflower | fr1 = Pigamon à ombelles <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2568|5|Hardwood forests, forest edges, openings in forests, edges of forested dirt roads on mid to upper slopes and usually in thin dry-mesic coarse grained or rocky circumneutral to calcareous soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|THTH2|NN|}} | vascan = 8578 | gobot = thalictrum/thalictroides | its-id = 18683 | ars-id = 456786 | fna-id = 233501276 | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum thalictroides - Rue Anemone.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=Leucocoma| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum pubescens | author = Pursh <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1788|Thalictrum carolinianum|Walter}} {{../sp-1|1813|Anemone walteri|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1814|Thalictrum pubescens|Pursh}} {{../var1|1818|Thalictrum carolinianum|Bosc ex DC.|subpubescens|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1825|Thalictrum polygamum|Muhl. ex Spreng.}} {{../sp-1|1841|Thalictrum walteri|(Pursh) Spreng. ex Steud.}} {{../sp-1|1910|Thalictrum perelegans|Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = King of the meadow | en2 = Late meadow-rue | en3 = Tall meadow-rue | en4 = Meadow-weed | en5 = Muskrat-weed | fr1 = Pigamon pubescent <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2552|5|Rich fens, stream banks, swamps, marshes, and wet thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|THPU2|NN|}} | gbif = 3033146 | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/pubescens | inat = 128715-Thalictrum-pubescens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501273 | fna-tx = <ref>''T. pubescens'' (incorrectly identified as ''T . polygamum'') is polymorphic and often separated into numerous varieties.</ref> | tro-id = 27100851 | nse-id = | bna-id = | ipn-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Thalictrum pubescens WFNY-072.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum revolutum | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Thalictrum amphibolum|Greene}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum hepaticum|Greene}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum moseleyi|Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple meadow-rue | en2 = Skunk meadow-rue | en3 = Wax-leaved meadow-rue | en4 = Waxyleaf meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2560|5|Dry to dry-mesic openings in forests, forest edges, pine barrens, rocky open areas, dirt roadsides, and thickets.}} | usda = {{../usda|THRE|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = thalictrum/revolutum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum revolutum iNat-98153111.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum dasycarpum | author = Fisch. & Avé-Lall. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1||Thalictrum dasycarpum|Fisch. & Avé-Lall.|hypoglaucum|}} {{../sp-1||Thalictrum hypoglaucum|Rydb.|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2593|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|THDA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501264 <!-- T. dasycarpum is variable and may integrate with T . pubescens --> | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Thalictrum dasycarpum 2-eheep (5097409701).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Thalictrum|Meadow-rue|393|7|sect=?| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Thalictrum aquilegiifolium | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Columbine meadow-rue | en2 = French meadow-rue | en3 = Greater meadow-rue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | status2 = Eurasia native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2588|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|THAQ|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = 0 | its-id = 821191 | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Wiesenraute Gaißatal.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ===Subfamily Ranunculoideae=== {{../txt |The '''Ranunculoideae''' contains the New York tribes Actaeeae, Anemoneae, Caltheae, Delphinieae, Helleboreae, Nigelleae, and Ranunculeae.<ref>[https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ranunculoideae Ranunculoideae at Wikispecies]</ref>}} ====Tribe Actaeeae==== {{../txt|The tribe Actaeeae contains the genera ''Actaea, Anemonopsis, Beesia,'' and ''Eranthis''.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093958 James A. Compton and Alastair Culham (2002) "Phylogeny and Circumscription of Tribe Actaeeae (Ranunculaceae)." ''Systematic Botany'', Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 502-511, American Society of Plant Taxonomists]</ref> Of these, ''Actaea'' and ''Eranthis'' have species found outside of cultivation in New York. This tribe has also gone by the name ''Cimicifugeae''.<ref>[https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cimicifugeae Cimicifugeae at Wikispecies]</ref>}} =====''Actaea''===== {{../txt |img=Red baneberry (Whitefish Island) 1.JPG |cap=''Actaea rubra''<br>red baneberry |Here the genus ''Cimicifuga'' ('''bugbane''') is included in ''Actaea'' ('''baneberry''') as per Compton (1998).<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1223580 James A. Compton, Alastair Culham and Stephen L. Jury (1998). "Reclassification of ''Actaea'' to Include ''Cimicifuga'' and ''Souliea'' (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny Inferred from Morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F Sequence Variation." ''Taxon,'' '''47(3)''' (Aug., 1998), pp. 593-634.]</ref> Berry-color alone can't be used to distinguish red and white baneberry from each other. Even at maturity, '''red baneberry''' (''Actaea rubra'') plants frequently have white fruit (sometimes differentiated as forma ''neglecta''). Red or pink berries on '''white baneberry''', ''Actaea pachypoda'' (fo. ''rubrocarpa''), are less common and may indicate that the plant is a hybrid (''Actaea ×ludovici'') of the two species. A better way to distinguish red and white baneberry is to observe the color and width of the fruit pedicels. Red baneberry has brown or greenish pedicels that are thinner than the axis of their raceme. White baneberry has bright red and much thicker pedicels that are about the same diameter as the raceme axis.<ref>[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=100421 Bruce A. Ford (1997). "''Actaea'' (Linnaeus)." ''Flora of North America north of Mexico.'' '''3(9)''']</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Actaeeae||Actaea| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Actaea|Baneberry|880|3|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea rubra | author = (Aiton) Willd. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1789|Actaea spicata||rubra|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1809|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.}} {{../sp-1|1838|Actaea arguta|Nutt.}} {{../var1|1857|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.|arguta|(Nutt.) Torr.}} {{../sp-1|1914|Christophoriana rubra|(Aiton) Nieuwl.}} {{../ssp1|1944|Actaea rubra|(Aiton) Willd.|arguta|(Nutt.) Hultén}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Red baneberry | en2 = Snakeberry | fr1 = Actée rouge | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 2 <br> Sun-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2563|5|Onon-Cayu-Tomp-Oswe-Onei+M}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRU2|NN|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 2479 | vascan = 8412 | gobot = actaea/rubra | i-tsn = 18723 | ars-id = 1383 | fna-id = 233500024 | tro-id = 27100018 | map = Actaea rubra nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea rubra kz04.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea pachypoda | author = Elliott <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1753|Actaea spicata||alba|L. '''nom. rej.'''}} {{../sp-1|1768|Actaea alba|'''auct. non''' (L.) Mill.}} {{../var1|1813|Actaea americana||alba|(L.) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1821|Actaea pachypoda|Elliott}} {{../sp-1|1914|Christophoriana alba|(L.) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White baneberry | en2 = Doll's-eyes | en3 = White cohosh | fr1 = Actée à gros pédicelles | fr2 = Actée blanche | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Heliophily: 2 <br> Part shade-shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2575|5|most counties}} | usda = {{../usda|ACPA|N|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = 2475 | vascan = 8409 | gobot = actaea/pachypoda | i-tsn = 18722 | ars-id = 404128 | fna-id = 233500023 | tro-id = 27100835 | lbj-id = ACPA | map = Actaea pachypoda nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea pachypoda, 2015-08-25, Bird Park, 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea × ludovicii | author = B.Boivin | hp1 = Actaea pachypoda | hp2 = Actaea rubra <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../for1|1940|Actaea pachypoda||rubrocarpa|Fernald}} {{../sp-1|1967|Actaea × ludovici|B.Boivin}} {{../sp-1|1967|Actaea × ludovicii|B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Louis’s baneberry | en2 = Ludovic's baneberry | en3 = Hybrid<br>&emsp;Red baneberry &<br>&emsp;White baneberry | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2570|3-4|Onon-Cayu-Cort-Tomp-Oswe+13}} | usda = {{../usda|ACLU|N|Actaea ×ludovici B.Boivin [pachypoda × rubra]}} | col-id = 9S64 <!-- Actaea × ludovici B. Boivin --> | gbif = 5371703 <!-- Actaea ×ludovici B.Boivin --> | kew-id = | pow-id = 708010-1 <!-- Actaea × ludovicii B.Boivin --> | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = actaea/pachypoda | inat = | its-id = 821142 | Actaea × ludovicii B. Boivin | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500023 | tro-id = 100283430 | Actaea × ludovicii B. Boivin | ipn-id = | map = Actaea × ludovici nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea × ludovicii iNat-149145122.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea racemosa | var0 = racemosa | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1753.'' '''Actaea racemosa''' ''L. in Sp. Pl.:504 1788.'' Actaea monogyna ''Walter in Fl. Carol.:151 1813.'' Cimicifuga serpentaria ''(L.) Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:372, nom. illeg. 1818.'' Cimicifuga racemosa ''(L.) Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2:15 1826.'' Macrotrys racemosa ''(L.) Sweet in Hort. Brit.:9 1828.'' Botrophis serpentaria ''Raf. in Med. Fl. 1:85, nom. superfl. 1891.'' Thalictrodes racemosa ''(L.) Kuntze}} </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black cohosh | en2 = Black snakeroot | en3 = Bugbane | en4 = Black baneberry | en5 = Black bugbane | en6 = Fairy candle | fr1 = Cimicaire à grappes <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb/forb | light = Heliophily: 3 <br> Part-full shade | chro-no = 2n = 16 | ny-rank = S4 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2555 |4 |as Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRAR|NN|as Actaea racemosa L. var. racemosa}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 316204-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 2477 | vascan = 8410 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | gobot = actaea/racemosa <!-- black bugbane, native to MA,CT,NH. Intro'd in ME. --> | i-tsn = 821148 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | ars-id = 411899 <!-- Actaea racemosa L. --> | fna-i1 = 233500379 <!-- Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. --> | fna-i2 = Cimicifuga_racemosa | tro-id = 27100874 <!-- Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. --> | map = Actaea racemosa nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea racemosa WFNY-064 (18423125862).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Actaea|Bugbane|880|3|author=L.|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea podocarpa | au-abbr = DC. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> 1803.'' Cimicifuga americana ''Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:316 1813.'' Cimicifuga cordifolia ''Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:373, nom. superfl. 1817.'' '''Actaea podocarpa''' ''DC. in Syst. Nat. 1:282 1821.'' Cimicifuga podocarpa ''(DC.) Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2:16 1838.'' Actaea pentacarpa ''Michx. ex Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:39 1887.'' Actaea americana ''(Michx.) Prantl in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9:246, nom. illeg. 1891.'' Thalictrodes americana ''(Michx.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:4 </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Mountain bugbane | en2 = Mountain black cohosh | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|281|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ACPO11|N0|}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = 1191192-2 | wfo-id = | fsus = 2476 | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Actaea podocarpa.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Actaea rubifolia | author =(Kearney) Kartesz <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1897|Cimicifuga rubifolia|Kearney}} {{../sp-1|1999|Actaea rubifolia|Kartesz}} {{../sp-1|auct|Actaea cordifolia|non DC.}} {{../var1|auct|Cimicifuga racemosa||cordifolia|non (DC.) A.Gray}} {{../sp-1|auct|Cimicifuga cordifolia|non (DC.) Torr. & A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Appalachian bugbane <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = US South native | habit0 = | habit1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACRU14|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500380 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Actaea+rubifolia | bna-id = Actaea%20rubifolia | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Silberkerze.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Eranthis''===== {{../txt |img=Eranthis hyemalis 01(js), Kórnik Arboretum (Poland).jpg |cap=''Eranthis hyemalis''<br>winter aconite |'''Winter aconite''' (''Eranthis hyemalis'') is native to parts of Europe and is cultivated elsewhere, including New York. It occasionally spreads into adjacent lawns but is not known to truly naturalize in New York. }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Actaeeae||Eranthis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Eranthis|Eranthis|643|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Eranthis hyemalis | au-abbr = (L.) Salisb. | au-full = (Linnaeus) Salisbury, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 8: 304. 1807. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Cammarum hyemale|}} {{../sp-1||Eranthis cilicicus|}} {{../sp-1||Eranthis × tubergenii|}} {{../sp-1||Helleborus hyemalis|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Winter aconite <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2571|Cayuga, Ulster|Cultivated and spreading into lawns but perhaps not truly naturalizing.}} | usda = {{../usda|ERHY4|X|DC,DE,IL,KY,NC,NJ,NY,OH,PA,VA,ON}} | vascan = | gobot = | i-tsn = | ars-id = 15340 | fna-id = | tro-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Eranthis hyemalis aka winter aconite 2005 5th april (edit).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Caltheae==== =====''Caltha''===== {{../txt |img=2007-03-27Caltha palustris01.jpg |cap=''Caltha palustris'' L.<br>marsh marigold | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Caltha| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Caltha|Marsh-marigold|405|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Caltha palustris | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Caltha palustris|L.}} {{../sp-1|1807|Caltha radicans|T.F.Forst.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Caltha asarifolia|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Caltha arctica|R.Brown}} {{../sp-1|1854|Caltha cornuta|Schott, Nyman & Kotschy}} {{../sp-1|1854|Caltha laeta|Schott, Nyman & Kotschy}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Marsh marigold | en2 = Yellow marsh marigold | en3 = Cowslip | en4 = Cowflock | en5 = Kingcup | fr1 = Populage des marais | fr2 = Souci d'eau <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2584|5|Forest and shrub swamps, marshes, backwater sloughs of streams, rich fens, and seeps. Predominately in shallow still water with mucky soils. Sometimes forming large dense populations.}} | usda = {{../usda|CAPA5|NN|}} | vascan = 8452 | gobot = caltha/palustris | its-id = | ars-id = 8657 | fna-id = 200007551 | tro-id = 27100074 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Caltha palustris sl3.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Trollius''===== {{../txt |img=Globe Flower - Flickr - brewbooks.jpg |cap=''Trollius laxus''<br>American globe-flower |Most of the known populations of '''American globe-flower''' are found in open parts of calcareous wetlands in central New York State.<ref>[https://guides.nynhp.org/spreading-globeflower/ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2019. Online Conservation Guide for Trollius laxus. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/spreading-globeflower/. Accessed May 14, 2019.]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Trollius| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Trollius|Globeflower|574|1|TROLL|n| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Trollius laxus | author = Salisb. | ssp0 = laxus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1807|Trollius laxus|Salisb.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Trollius americanus|Muhl. ex DC.}} {{../ssp1|1971|Trollius laxus|Salisb.|laxus|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = American globe-flower | en2 = Spreading globeflower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare | nynhp = S3<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/2019rareplantlists.pdf New York Rare Plant Status Lists, March 2019, Compiled by Stephen M. Young, New York Natural Heritage Program.]</ref> | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2557|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|TRLA14|NN|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = Trollius/laxus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501318 | tro-id = 50312330 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = TRLA14 | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = Trollius laxus ssp laxus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Globeflower Trollius laxus Flower Leaves 2448px.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Adonis''===== {{../txt |img=Adonis aestivalis - Kandamlası 02.jpg |cap=''Adonis aestivalis'' |Cultivated only }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Caltheae||Adonis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adonis|Pheasant's eye|298|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis aestivalis | au-abbr = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1762|Adonis aestivalis|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Summer adonis | en2 = Summer pheasant's eye <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7061|Richmond 1883|Richmond County (Staten Island) only}} | usda = {{../usda|ADAE|X0|CA,ID,MO,MT,NY,OR,UT,WA}} | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis aestivalis 200512.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adonis|Pheasant's eye|298|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis annua | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blooddrops | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|275|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ADAN|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis annua-IMG 9162.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adonis vernalis | en1 = Spring pheasant's eye | en2 = Spring adonis | en3 = Ox-eye | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|805|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|ADVE|X0|NY (only): Westchester (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Adonis vernalis 001.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Delphinieae==== {{../txt|Recent phylogenetic research has shown the genera ''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' to be embedded within ''Delphinium'' as an annual clade within an otherwise perennial genus.<ref>Florian Jabbour & Susanne S. Renner (2011) "''Consolida'' and ''Aconitella'' are an annual clade of ''Delphinium'' (Ranunculaceae) that diversified in the Mediterranean basin and the Irano-Turanian region." ''TAXON'' 60(4), August 2011:1029-1040</ref>}} =====''Aconitum''===== {{../txt |img=Aconitum noveboracense.jpg |cap=''Aconitum noveboracense''<br>northern monkshood |The only native member of the Delphinieae (syn. Aconiteae) is the endangered '''northern blue monkshood''', which as ''Aconitum noveboracense'' is found in only Iowa, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. ''A. noveboracense'' has been treated as synonymous with ''Aconitum columbianum'' ssp. ''columbianum'' ('''Columbia monkshood'''), which is native to much of western North America.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Delphinieae||Aconitum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aconitum|Monkshood|369|2| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum noveboracense | author = A.Gray <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1838|A. columbianum|Nutt.|columbianum|misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1886|A. noveboracense|A.Gray ex Coville}} {{../var1|1929|A. noveboracense|A.Gray|quasiciliatum|Fassett}} {{../ssp1|1964|A. uncinatum|L.|noveboracense|(A. Gray) Hardin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Northern blue monkshood | en2 = Northern wild monkshood | en3 = Northern monk's-hood | en4 = New York monkshood | en5 = Columbia monkshood | fr1 = Aconit du Columbia <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | status2 = DEC-A<ref name=DECA>{{../ref|DECA}}</ref> | status3 = [http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/plants/pdf/acnofctsht.pdf FWS: 1] | c-rank = 10 | nynhp = 1<ref>{{../nynhp-ref|9263|Aconitum noveboracense|Endangered|S1|G3}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2574|1|Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ex Coville - northern wild monkshood - possibly conspecific with Aconitum columbianum Nutt.; A. uncinatum of NY reports, not L. - Chenangon, Sullivan & Ulster Counties only}} | usda = {{../usda|ACNO2|N0|Aconitum noveboracense A. Gray ex Coville - northern blue monkshood - L48-N - IA, WI, OH, NY (only)}} | vascan = 8399 | gobot = 0 | inat = 157981-Aconitum-noveboracense | its-id = | ars-id = 316181 <!-- syn of Aconitum columbianum Nutt. subsp. columbianum --> | fna-id = 233500015 <!-- Aconitum columbianum subsp. columbianum --> | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Aconitum%20columbianum | cpc-id = 29 | map = nymap.svg | cos = Chenango, (Delaware), Sullivan, Ulster | image1 = Aconitum noveboracense iN-710205 (3x4).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum napellus | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Aconitum napellus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Garden monkshood | en2 = Venus' chariot <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe | status1 = Naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2573|X|Otse-Clin (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ACNA|X|Clin (only)}} | vascan = 8405 | gobot = aconitum/napellus | inat = 131201-Aconitum-napellus | its-id = | ars-id = 1347 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = (Broome), Clinton, (Monroe), Otsego, Tompkins | image1 = Aconitum napellus inflorescence (46).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Aconitum|Monkshood|369|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Aconitum uncinatum | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1762|Aconitum uncinatum|L.}} {{../var1|1818|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |muticum |DC.}} {{../var1|1942|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |acutidens |Fernald}} {{../ssp1|1964|Aconitum uncinatum|L. |muticum |(DC.) Hardin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild monkshood | en2 = Southern blue monkshood | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|ACUN|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = aconitum/uncinatum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500021 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Aconitum%20uncinatum | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = No NY reports<br>(reports in MA & PA) | image1 = Aconitum uncinatum (southern blue monkshood) flower.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Delphinium''===== {{../txt|'''Larkspur''' species, previously listed in the ''Consolida'' genus are annuals that are now considered to be a clade embedded the perennial ''Delphinium'' genus.<ref>[https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/67126/ Pierre-Emmanuel DuPasquier, Véronique Andro-Durand, Lucas Batory, Wei Wang, Florian Jabbour (2021). "Nomenclatural revision of ''Delphinium'' subg. ''Consolida'' (DC.) Huth (Ranunculaceae)." PhytoKeys 180: 81-110.]</ref> Although there were more than sixty ''Delphinium'' species native to North America before inclusion of ''Consolida'', none are considered to be native to New York or New England, and none had been reported to have naturalized in New York.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DELPH USDA-NRCS Plants Database for ''Delphinium'' L.]</ref> The only naturalized ''Delphinium'' species in New England is ''Delphinium exaltatum'',<ref>[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/delphinium/exaltatum/ ''Delphinium exaltatum'' Ait. ''New England Wildflower Society'' Go Botany website]</ref> which is native to an area that extends as far northeast as northeastern Ohio and southwestern Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=6050&flora_id=1 ''Delphinium exaltatum'' distribution map in ''Flora of North America'']</ref> ''Delphinium exaltatum'' is also distribuded in New York in the "native plant" trade.<ref>[http://www.hgcny.org/docs/Guide-2014.pdf "2014 Central New York Native Plant Shopping Guide" Compiled by ''Habitat Gardening in Central New York'', a chapter of ''Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes'']</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Delphinieae||Delphinium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Delphinium|Larkspur|1149| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium ajacis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Delphinium ajacis|L.}} {{../sp-1|1853|Consolida ajacei|(L.) Schur}} {{../sp-1|auct|Delphinium ambigua|non L.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Consolida ambigua|non (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Doubtful knight's-spur | en2 = Rocket larkspur | en3 = Ajax' larkspur | fr1 = Pied-d'alouette d'Ajax | fr2 = Dauphinelle d'Ajax <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2595|X|Onon-Tomp-Onei-Chen-Yate+15}} | usda = {{../usda|COAJ|X|Onon-Tomp-Onei-Chen-Yate+15}} | vascan = | gobot = consolida/ajacis | its-id = | ars-id = 105348 | fna-id = 200007763 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 飛燕草(芫茜彩雀) Delphinium ajacis (Consolida ambigua) -香港花展 Hong Kong Flower Show- (9240226256).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium consolida | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Delphinium consolida |L.}} {{../sp-1|1822|Consolida regalis |Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Forking larkspur | en2 = Royal larkspur | en3 = Rocket larkspur | en4 = Field larkspur | fr1 = Pied-d'alouette royal | fr2 = Dauphinelle consoude | fr3 = Pied d'alouette <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2565|X|Gene (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CORE2|XX|Gene (only)}} | vascan = | gobot = consolida/regalis | its-id = | ars-id = 70198 | fna-id = 220003259 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Consolida regalis 030705.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Delphinium|Larkspur|0|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium formosum | au-abbr = Boiss. & A.Huet. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1856|D. formosum|Boiss. & A.Huet.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hardy larkspur | en2 = Showy larkspur | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = western Asia | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|278|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|DEFO4|EXCLD|EXCLUDED}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 13440 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = WitteHeinrichFlora1868-024-Delphinium formosum.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Delphinium exaltatum | author = Aiton <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|Delphinium urceolatum|Jacq.}} {{../sp-1|1789|Delphinium exaltatum|Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1803|Delphinium tridactylum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1830|Delphinium exaltatum|(Aiton) Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1914|Delphinastrum exaltatum||(Aiton) Nieuwl.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tall larkspur <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = US South native | status2 = No reports | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Forb-herb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|DEEX|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = delphinium/exaltatum | its-id = 18553 | ars-id = 13437 | fna-id = 233500495 | tro-id = 27100934 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Delphinium+exaltatum | bna-id = Delphinium%20exaltatum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Delphinium exaltatum 3zz.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Nigelleae==== =====''Nigella''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Nigelleae||Nigella| }} {{../genus|Nigella|Nigella|347|1| }} {{../taxon | species = Nigella damascena | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Nigella damascena |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Love-in-a-mist | en2 = Devil-in-the-bush | en3 = Jack-in-the-green | en4 = Wild fennel | en5 = Damascus hellebore | fr1 = Nigelle de Damas <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | wetland = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2576|X|Onon-Onei-Onta-Erie-Sara-Alba (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|NIDA|X|Onon-Onei-Onta-Erie-Sara-Alba (only)}} | vascan = 8494 | gobot = nigella/damascena | its-id = 18793 | ars-id = 25336 | fna-id = 200008022 | tro-id = 27100420 | ipn-id = 711645-1 | nse-id = Nigella+damascena | bna-id = Nigella%20damascena | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Czarnuszka 1.jpg }} {{../end table}} ====Tribe Helleboreae==== The Helleboreae...<ref>H. Sun, et al. (2001) "Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian-Mediterranean disjunction." ''Taxon'' '''50:'''1001–1018.</ref> =====''Helleborus''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Helleboreae| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helleborus|sect=Helleborus|Hellebore|524|2|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus niger | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus niger |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Black hellebore | en2 = Christmas rose | fr1 = Hellébore noire | fr2 = Rose de Noël <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7062|X|(none)}} | usda = {{../usda|HENI6|X|MI, NY(1986)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 18834 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Helleborus%20niger | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 2006-12-18Helleborus niger09.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helleborus|sect=Helleborastrum|Hellebore|524|2|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus viridis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Helleborus viridis |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Green hellebore <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2550|X|King-Nass (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|HEVI|X|IL,MD,MI,NC,NJ,OH,PA,TN,VA,WV, NY:King(only)}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 18835 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Helleborus%20viridis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Helleborus viridis (subsp. viridis) sl5.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus orientalis | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Lenten Rose | fr-vns = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Greece, Turkey | status1 = | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = <!-- ========= --> | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Helleborus orientalis zaailing. Locatie, Tuinreservaat Jonker vallei 03.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Helleborus|sect=Griphopus|Hellebore|524|2|author=L.| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Helleborus foetidus | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <poem> </poem> <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = Stinking hellebore <br> Setterwort <br> Dungwort | fr-vns = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | inatc = {{../inat|||}} | gbifc = {{../gbif||present in NY|present in New York State}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} <!-- ========= --> | col-id = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | fsus = | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = <!-- ========= --> | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 2007-04-06Helleborus foetidus26.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} ====Tribe Anemoneae==== {{../txt|The grouping of Anemoneae used here is based on Mosyakin (2016).<ref>[http://www.phytoneuron.net/2016Phytoneuron/79PhytoN-Anemonastrum.pdf Mosyakin, S.L. 2016. Nomenclatural notes on North American taxa of Anemonastrum and Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae), with comments on the circumscription of Anemone and related genera. Phytoneuron 2016-79: 1–12. Published 12 December 2016. ISSN 2153 733X]</ref> and Hoot & al. (2012)<ref>[http://molbiol.ru/forums/index.php?act=Attach&type=post&id=134521 Sara B. Hoot, Kyle M. Meyer, and John C. Manning (2012). "Phylogeny and Reclassification of ''Anemone'' (Ranunculaceae), with an Emphasis on Austral Species." ''Systematic Botany'' '''37(1)''': pp. 139–152, Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364412X616729]</ref>}} =====''Hepatica''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Sharp-lobed Hepatica (4506082623).jpg |cap=''Hepatica acutiloba'' |Because the genus '''''Hepatica''''' <small>Mill. (1754)</small> has been shown to be phylogenetically embedded within ''Anemone'' is has also been treated as ''Anemone'' sect. ''Hepatica''.<ref>[https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/genus/anemone/ Native Plant Trust (Go Botany 2022). Genus: ''Anemone'' — windflower.]</ref> The two New York ''Hepatica'' species ('''sharp-lobe''' and '''round-lobe hepatica''') are also occasionally treated as subspecies of the Eurasian ''Hepatica nobilis'' (as var. ''acuta'' and var. obtusa). }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Hepatica| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Hepatica|author=Mill.|Hepatica|1256| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hepatica acutiloba | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1813|Hepatica triloba |Choix |acuta |Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1824|Hepatica acutiloba |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1884|Anemone acutiloba |(DC.) G.Lawson}} {{../sp-1|1891|Hepatica acuta |(Pursh) Britton}} {{../var1|1916|Hepatica hepatica |(L.) H.Karst. |albiflora |(R.Hoffm.) Farw.}} {{../var1|1960|Hepatica nobilis |Schreb. |acuta |(Pursh) Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sharplobe hepatica | en2 = American liverleaf | en3 = Liverwort-herb | en4 = Sharp-lobed hepatica | status = Native | of = eastern Canada | of1 = north-central & eastern USA | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2598|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HENOA|NN|}} | gbif = 6374883 | kew-id = | pow-id = 711388-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 19508 | gobot = | inat = 179786-Hepatica-acutiloba | its-id = | ars-id = 410008 <!-- as Anemone acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson --> | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Sharp-lobed Hepatica (4506079217).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Hepatica americana | author = (DC.) Ker Gawl. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1814|Hepatica triloba |Choix |obtusa |Pursh}} {{../var1|1817|Hepatica triloba |Choix |americana |DC.}} {{../spa1|1819|Hepatica americana |(DC.) Ker Gawl.}} {{../spa1|1882|Hepatica hepatica |(L.) H. Karst. p.p.}} {{../spa1|1958|Anemone americana |(DC.) H.Hara}} {{../var1|1960|Hepatica nobilis |Schreb. |obtusa |Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Round-lobed hepatica | en2 = Blunt-lobed Hepatica | en3 = Round-leaved liverleaf | en4 = American liverleaf <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Hépatique d'Amérique | fr2 = Anémone d'Amérique | fr3 = Hépatique noble <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | of = eastern Canada | of1 = north-central & eastern USA | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2599|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|HENOO|NN|}} | gbif = 6374864 | kew-id = | pow-id = 711389-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = 19511 | gobot = | inat = 741014-Hepatica-americana | its-id = | ars-id = 410000 <!-- as Anemone americana (DC.) H. Hara --> | fna-id = 233500049 | tro-id = 27103251 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Purple plant in bloom hepatica americana.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Anemonastrum''===== {{../txt |img=Anemone canadensis WFNY-067.jpg |cap=''Anemonastrum canadense'' |Based on phylogenetic studies, ''Anemonastrum'' was segregated from ''Anemone'' by Sergei Mosyakin in 2016<ref>[https://www.phytoneuron.net/2016Phytoneuron/79PhytoN-Anemonastrum.pdf Mosyakin, S.L. 2016. Nomenclatural notes on North American taxa of ''Anemonastrum'' and ''Pulsatilla'' (Ranunculaceae), with comments on the circumscription of ''Anemone'' and related genera. Phytoneuron 2016-79: 1–12. Published 12 December 2016. ISSN 2153 733X]</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemonastrum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemonastrum|Windflower|902|9| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonastrum canadense | author = (L.) Mosyakin <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../spa1|1768|Anemone canadensis|L.|}} {{../var1|1892|Anemone dichotoma||canadensis|C.MacMill.}} {{../spa1|1982|Anemonidium canadense|(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} {{../spa1|2016|Anemonastrum canadense|(L.) Mosyakin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Canada anemone | en2 = Canadian anemone | en3 = Canada windflower | en4 = Meadow anemone | en5 = Meadow windflower | en6 = Round-leaved anemone | en7 = Round-leaved thimbleweed | fr1 = Anémone du Canada <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2577|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANCA8|NN|}} | vascan = 30375 | gobot = Anemone/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500051 | tro-id = | lbj-id = ANCA8 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Anemone%20canadensis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone canadensis K.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Anemonoides''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Anemone quinquefolia 15-p.bot-anemon.quin-012.jpg |cap=''Anemonoides quinquefolia'' |The genus '''''Anemonoides''''' has until recently been included in genus ''Anemone'', though many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, continue to list it as part of ''Anemone''. The North American species ''A. quinquefolia'' has at various times been treated as a variety of the European species ''A. nemorosa''. Although they are fairly similar, they are now generally treated as separate species. ''A. nemorosa'' is not listed in the New York Flora Atlas but is commonly planted in North America, where it occasionally naturalizes. Even though ''quinquefolia'' should indicate 5 leaves, '''wood anemone''' has only 3 leaflets per leaf. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemonoides| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemonoides|Anemone|902| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonoides quinquefolia | author = (L.) Holub | var0 = quinquefolia <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone quinquefolia |L.}} {{../sp-1|1808|Anemone pedata |Raf.}} {{../var1|1813|Anemone nemorosa |L. |quinquefolia|(L.) Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1914|Anemonanthea quinquefolia |(L.) Nieuwl.}} {{../var1|1923|Anemone quinquefolia |L. |bifolia |Farw.}} {{../var1|1935|Anemone quinquefolia |L. |interior |Fernald}} {{../var1|1968|Anemone nemorosa |L. |bifolia |(Farw.) B.Boivin}} {{../sp-1|1973|Anemonoides quinquefolia |(L.) Holub}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wood anemone | en2 = Nightcaps | en3 = American wood anemone | en4 = Wood windflower | fr1 = Anémone à cinq folioles <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2580|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANQUQ|NN|}} | vascan = 8435 | gobot = Anemone/quinquefolia | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500084 | tro-id = 27101605 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Anemone quinquefolia var quinquefolia NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Anemone quinquefolia - Wood Anemone 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemonoides nemorosa | au-abbr = (L.) Holub | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|'''Anemone nemorosa'''|L.}} {{../sp-1|1763|Anemone nemorosa-alba|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1789|Pulsatilla nemorosa|(L.) Schrank}} {{../sp-1|1822|Anemonanthea nemorosa|(L.) Gray}} {{../sp-1|1842|Anemone pentaphylla|Hook. ex Pritz.}} {{../sp-1|1868|Anemanthus nemorosus|(L.) Fourr.}} {{../sp-1|1973|Anemonoides nemorosa|(L.) Holub}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Wood anemone|}} {{../vn1|Windflower|}} {{../vn1|European thimbleweed|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Europe to western Asia | status1 = | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|||}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">0 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">0 counties</abbr> | image1 = Anemone nemorosa (apt) 01.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Anemone''===== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Anemone|Anemone| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemone|Anemone|902| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone virginiana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Anemone virginiana|L.|}} {{../var1|1841|Anemone cylindrica|A.Gray|alba|Oakes}} {{../var1|1847|Anemone virginiana|L.|alba|(Oakes) Wood}} {{../sp-1|1899|Anemone riparia|Fernald|}} {{../var1|1967|Anemone virginiana|L.|riparia|(Fernald) B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1969|Anemone virginiana|L.|cylindroidea|B.Boivin}} {{../var1|1969|Anemone virginiana|L.|virginiana|autonym}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Thimbleweed | en2 = Tall anemone | en3 = Tall thimbleweed | en4 = Tall windflower | en5 = Virginia anemone | en6 = Riverbank anemone | en7 = Cylindrical anemone | fr1 = Anémone de Virginie | fr2 = Anémone cylindroïde | fr3 = Anémone blanche <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 5 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2582|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANVIV2|NN|}} | vascan = 8440 | gobot = Anemone/virginiana | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500087 | tro-id = 27100048 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Anemone virginiana nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone virginiana 4262.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone cylindrica | author = A.Gray <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1835|Anemone cylindrica|A.Gray}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Long-headed anemone | en2 = Long-headed windflower | en3 = Long-fruited anemone | en4 = Candle anemone | en5 = Thimbleweed | en6 = Cottonweed | fr1 = Anémone cylindrique <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2569|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANCY|NN|}} | vascan = 8420 | gobot = Anemone/cylindrica | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500053 | tro-id = 27100025 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = | image1 = Anemone cylindrica - Flickr 003.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone multifida | author = Poir. | var0 = multifida <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Anemone globosa|}} {{../sp-1||Anemone hudsoniana|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Hudson Bay anemone | en2 = Hudson's anemone | en3 = Pacific anemone | en4 = Sanson's anemone <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2579|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|ANMUM3|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = Anemone multifida var multifida nymap.svg | image1 = Anemone multifida 4720.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Anemone|Anemone|902|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Anemone cylindrica | sp-disp = A. cylindrica × virginiana | au-abbr = | au-full = | au-pub = | hp1 = Anemone cylindrica | hp2 = Anemone virginiana <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../hybrid-of|long-headed anemone|thimbleweed}} | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|277|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ny hybrid.svg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Clematis''===== {{../txt |img=Clematis virginiana SCA-04999.jpg |cap=''Clematis virginiana'' |''Clematis'' plants are generally vines or subshrubs that go by the common names '''virgin's-bower''', '''leather-leaf''', '''curly-heads''' or just '''clematis'''. There are three NY-native ''Clematis'' species that range from the common (sometimes weedy) ''C. virginiana'', to the rare (probably extirpated) ''C. ochroleuca'', which is at the extreme northern extent of its range in New York has only been found in the wilds of New York City, and not reported there since the 1930's. Many non-native ''Clematis'' vines are planted for ornamental purposes, but most rarely, if ever, naturalize in New York State. However, ''C. terniflora'' has been found to be highly invasive in parts of New York, and is currently on the state's Regulated Species list.<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref>}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Anemoneae||Clematis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Clematis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis virginiana | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1755|Clematis virginiana |L.}} {{../sp-1|1768|Clematis canadensis |Miller}} {{../sp-1|1814|Clematis holosericea |Pursh}} {{../ssp1|1885|Clematis dioica |L. |virginiana |Kunze}} {{../sp-1|1901|Clematis missouriensis |Rydb.}} {{../var1|1935|Clematis virginiana |L. |missouriensis |(Rydb.) E.J.Palmer & Steyerm.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Virgin's-bower | en2 = Devil's darning needles | en3 = Virginia clematis | en4 = Virginia bower | en5 = Virginia virgin's bower | en6 = Old man's beard | fr1 = Clématite de Virginie | fr2 = Herbe aux gueux <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub | light = Sun - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2559|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVI5|NN|}} | vascan = 8465 | gobot = clematis/virginiana | its-id = | ars-id = 409875 | fna-id = 233500416 | tro-id = 27100351 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLVI5 | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20virginiana | map = | image1 = Clematis virginiana WFNY-073.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Atragene| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis occidentalis | author = (Hornem.) DC. | var0 = occidentalis <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1805|Atragene americana |Sims}} {{../sp-1|1815|Atragene occidentalis |Hornem.}} {{../sp-1|1817|Clematis verticillaris |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Clematis occidentalis |DC.}} {{../var1|1947|Clematis verticillaris |DC. |cacuminis |Fernald}} {{../var1|1968|Clematis verticillaris |DC. |grandiflora |B.Boivin}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple clematis | en2 = Purple virgin’s-bower | en3 = Western blue virginsbower | en4 = Northern blue clematis | fr1 = Clématite verticillée | fr2 = Atragène d'Amérique | fr3 = Clématite occidentale <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2585|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLOCO|NN|}} | vascan = 8457 | gobot = clematis/occidentalis | its-id = 527429 | ars-id = 456719 | fna-id = 233500403 | tro-id = 27103265 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLOCO | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20occidentalis | map = Clematis occidentalis var occidentalis NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis WFNY-f017.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Viorna| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis ochroleuca | author = Aiton <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1789|Clematis ochroleuca |Aiton}} {{../sp-1|1814|Clematis ovata |Pursh}} {{../ssp1|1885|Clematis integrifolia |L. |ovata |(Pursh) Kuntze}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viorna ochroleuca |(Aiton) Small}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viorna ovata |(Pursh) Small |info=Flora of the Southeastern United States 439, 1331. 22-Jul-1903}} {{../var1|1931|Clematis ochroleuca |Aiton |ovata |(Pursh) Wherry}} {{../sp-1|1982|Coriflora ochroleuca |(Aiton) W.A.Weber}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Curlyheads | en2 = Curly-heads | en3 = Silky leather-flower | en4 = Erect silky leather-flower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = Impersistent | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-subshrub <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6277|Z|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLOC|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233500404 | tro-id = 27100900 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = CLOC | nse-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20ochroleuca | map = | image1 = Clematis ochroleuca WFNY-074.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Clematis|Virgin's-bower|447|6|subg=Flammula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis terniflora | author = DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1817|Clematis terniflora |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1909|Clematis dioscoreifolia |H.Lév. & Vaniot}} {{../var1|1945|Clematis dioscoreifolia |H.Lév. & Vaniot |robusta |(Carrière) Rehder}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yam-leaved clematis | en2 = Yam-leaved virgin's-bower | en3 = Sweet autumn clematis | en4 = Sweet autumn virginsbower | en5 = Japanese virgin's-bower | fr1 = Clématite à panicules <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | nyis = 73%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Clematis terniflora|High|73}}</ref> | status3 = Regulated<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine, subshrub <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2553|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|CLTE4|XX|}} | vascan = 8463 | gobot = clematis/terniflora | its-id = | ars-id = 316251 | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20terniflora | map = | image1 = Clematis terniflora.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis viticella | au-abbr = L. | au-full = Carl von Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 543. 1 May 1753 <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Clematis Viticella |L.}} {{../sp-1|1903|Viticella viticella |(L.) Small (nom. illeg. - tautonym)}} {{../for1|1949|Clematis viticella |L. |purpurea |(Loudon) Rehder}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = European purple clematis | en2 = Italian clematis | en3 = Italian leather flower | en4 = Italian virgin's-bower | fr1 = Clématite fausse-vigne | fr2 = Clématite bleue <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eruasia | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Rare | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Vine <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2589|X|Onondaga only}} | usda = {{../usda|CLVI7|XX|}} | vascan = 8467 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 137 | fna-id = 233500418 | tro-id = 27100912 | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20viticella | map = | image1 = Clematis viticella3UME.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Clematis recta | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Ground virgin's-bower <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|806|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|CLRE2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = clematis/recta | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | bna-id = Clematis%20recta | map = Excluded nymap.svg | image1 = Clematis recta04.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Ranunculeae==== The {{../w|Ranunculeae}}... =====''Halerpestes''===== {{../txt |img=Halerpestes cymbalaria NRCS 4x3.jpg |cap=''Halerpestes cymbalaria'' |The '''seaside buttercup''' <ref>{{Cite journal|title = Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary traits in Ranunculus s.l. (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequence analysis|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305000564?via%3Dihub|journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|pages = 305–327|volume = 36|issue = 2|date = 2005|doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.009|first = Elvira|last = Hörandl|first2 = Ovidiu|last2 = Paun|first3 = Jan T.|last3 = Johansson|first4 = Carlos|last4 = Lehnebach|first5 = Tristan|last5 = Armstrong|first6 = Lixue|last6 = Chen|first7 = Peter|last7 = Lockhart|pmid=15955512}}</ref> }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Halerpestes| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Halerpestes|Seaside crowfoot|789|1|RANUN|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Halerpestes cymbalaria | author = (Pursh) Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1814|Ranunculus cymbalaria|Pursh}} {{../sp-1|1900|Halerpestes cymbalaria|(Pursh) Greene}} {{../ssp1|1975|Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria|(Pursh) Greene|alpina|(Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Alkali buttercup | en2 = Seaside buttercup | en3 = Seaside crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule cymbalaire <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2600|1|endangered}} | usda = {{../usda|RACY|N|}} | vascan = 8509 | gobot = ranunculus/cymbalaria | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 220011388 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus cymbalaria 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ceratocephala''===== {{../txt|[[File:Ceratocephala testiculata 2005-04-02.jpg|thumb|right|''Ceratocephala testiculata'',<br>curveseed butterwort]] ''Ceratocephala testiculata'' ('''curveseed butterwort''') is a Eurasian introduction, more common in the western U.S., where it is often considered invasive.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ceratocephala| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ceratocephala|Curveseed-butterwort|691|1|CERAT|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ceratocephala testiculata | author = (Crantz) Roth <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1763|Ranunculus testiculatus|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1817|Ceratocephala orthoceras|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ceratocephala testiculata|(Crantz) Besser}} {{../var1|1880|Ranunculus falcatus||orthoceras|Aitch.}} {{../ssp1|1888|Ceratocephala falcata||orthoceras|(DC.) Batt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Sage buttercup | en2 = Curve-seeded butterwort | en3 = Bur buttercup | en4 = Hornseed buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | status1 = Naturalized <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2592|X|Orange (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|CETE5|X|NY, Midwest & West}} | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 55402 | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | fna-i1 = | fna-i2 = | tro-id = | nwg-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ceratocephala%20testiculata | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">Orange County only</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">Erie County only</abbr> | image1 = Ceratocephala sp Sturm60.jpg }} {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ficaria''===== {{../txt|[[File:20160227Ficaria verna2.jpg|thumb|right|''Ficaria verna'', lesser calandine]] ''Ficaria verna'' ('''lesser celandine''') is a Eurasian groundcover that is considered to be invasive where it occurs in forested floodplains in North America.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41288687 Cipollini & Schradin (2011). Guilty in the Court of Public Opinion: Testing Presumptive Impacts and Allelopathic Potential of ''Ranunculus ficaria''." ''The American Midland Naturalist''. '''166(1):'''63-74 (July 2011).]</ref> Its sale is now prohibited in New York State.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ficaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ficaria|Celandine|1129|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ficaria verna | author = Huds. | ssp0 = verna <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus ficaria|L.}} {{../sp-1|1762|Ficaria verna|Huds.}} {{../sp-1|1882|Ficaria ficaria|H. Karst. nom. illeg.}} {{../var1|1908|Ranunculus ficaria||bulbifer|Albert}} {{../ssp1|1981|Ranunculus ficaria||bulbifer|Lambinon}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lesser celandine | en2 = Fig buttercup | en3 = Fig-crowfoot | en4 = Pilewort | status = Introduced | status1 = Very highly invasive | status2 = Prohibited<ref name=prohibit>{{../prohibit-ref}}</ref> | nyis = 86%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Ranunculus ficaria|Very High|86}}</ref> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2564|X |as Ficaria verna Huds. ssp. verna}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFI|XX|as Ranunculus ficaria L.}} | ref-21 = [http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/five.htm NPS] [http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/rafi1.htm PCA] | gbif = | pow-id = | wfo-id = | vascan = 8515 <!-- Ficaria verna Hudson --> | gobot = ficaria/verna <!-- fig-crowfoot, lesser celandine --> | inat = 204321 <!-- Ficaria verna, Lesser Celandine --> | its-id = 18603 <!-- Ranunculus ficaria L. --> | ars-id = 446783 <!-- Ficaria verna Huds. --> | fna-id = 233501141 <!-- Ranunculus ficaria L. 1753. --> | tro-id = 27101265 <!-- Ficaria verna Huds. 1762 --> | map = Ficaria verna ssp verna nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title=" ">14 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title=" ">most counties</abbr> | image1 = 2015-04-12 11 23 46 Lesser celandine blooming on Terrace Boulevard in Ewing, New Jersey.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Ranunculus''===== ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Batrachium''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus longirostris.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus longirostris'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Batrachium|| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|White water buttercup|789|1|subg=Batrachium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus longirostris | author = Godr. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|R. trichophyllus|Chaix nom. nud.}} {{../sp-1|auct|R. circinatus|non=Sibth. (1794)}} {{../sp-1|1795|R. flaccidus|Pers.}} {{../var1|1796|R. aquatilis|L.|diffusus|With.misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1823|R. amphibius|James}} {{../sp-1|1839|R. longirostris|Godr.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Batrachium circinatum|Spach}} {{../sp-1|1844|B. longirostre|F.W.Schultz}} {{../sp-1|1848|B. trichophyllum|F.W.Schultz}} {{../sp-1|1869|B. flaccidum|(Pers.) Rupr.}} {{../var1|1884|R. aquatilis|L.|longirostris|G.Lawson}} {{../var1|1942|R. aquatilis|L.|calvescens|L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Long-beaked white water buttercup | en2 = Longbeak buttercup | en3 = Thread-leaved water buttercup | en4 = Hair-leaved water buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule à long bec | fr2 = Renoncule à feuilles capillaires | fr3 = Renoncule à feuilles chevelues | fr4 = Renoncule à lâche <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7647|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RALO2|N0|}} | vascan = 19648 | gobot = Ranunculus/aquatilis | its-id = 566544 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | ars-id = 488314 | fna-id = 233501119 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | tro-id = 27103180 <!-- Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With. --> | ipn-id = 217410-2 | nse-id = | bna-id = Ranunculus%20longirostris | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus longirostris WFNY-079A.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus trichophyllus | au-abbr = Chaix ex Vill. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1786|Ranunculus trichophyllus|Chaix ex Vill.}} {{../var1|1796|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|diffusus|With.}} {{../var1|1824|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|capillaceus|(Thuill.) DC. misapplied}} {{../sp-1|1850|Batrachium trichophyllum|(Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch}} {{../var1|1936|Ranunculus trichophyllus|Chaix ex Vill.|calvescens|W.B. Drew}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus aquatilis|L.|calvescens|(W.B. Drew) L.D. Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|White water buttercup|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Thread-leaved water-crowfoot|2021 VASCAN: Fitter & Peat, 1994}} | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Renoncule capillaire|}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7648|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|||}} | wfo-id = | vascan = 19646 | gobot = | inat = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | fws-id = | bug-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = | image1 = Ranunculus trichophyllus kz01 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|White water-crowfoot|789|X|subg=Batrachium||txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus circinatus | au-abbr = Sibth. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1794|Ranunculus circinatus|Sibth.}} {{../sp-1|1839|Batrachium circinatum|(Sibth.) Spach}} {{../sp-1|1937|Batrachium foeniculaceum|(Gilib.) Krecz.}} {{../sp-1|auct|Ranunculus longirostris|non Godr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White water-crowfoot | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|279|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RALO2|AUCT|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus circinatus LC0078 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Ranunculus''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Ranunculus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Ranunculus| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pensylvanicus | author = L.f. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1781|Ranunculus pensylvanicus|L.f.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pennsylvania buttercup | en2 = Bristly buttercup | en3 = Bristly crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule de Pennsylvanie <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 2 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual/Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6283|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPE2|NN|}} | vascan = 8553 | gobot = Ranunculus/pensylvanicus | inat = 167747-Ranunculus-pensylvanicus | its-id = 18637 | ars-id = 456772 | fna-id = 233501196 | tro-id = 27100204 | ipn-id = 713481-1 | nse-id = Ranunculus+pensylvanicus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20pensylvanicus | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus pensylvanicus NRCS-1.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus recurvatus | author = Poir. ex Lam. | var0 = recurvatus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus recurvatus|Poir. ex Lam.}} {{../var1|1929|Ranunculus recurvatus|Poir. ex Lam.|adpressipilis|Weath.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Blisterwort | en2 = Hooked buttercup | en3 = Hooked crowfoot | en4 = Rough buttercup | en5 = Little-leaved buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule à bec recourbé <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2566|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RARER2|NN|}} | vascan = 8555 | gobot = Ranunculus/recurvatus | inat = 81802-Ranunculus-recurvatus | its-id = 566303 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501203 | tro-id = 27101659 | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = Ranunculus%20recurvatus | map = Ranunculus recurvatus var recurvatus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Ranunculus recurvatus - Hooked Buttercup 2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus caricetorum | author = Greene <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1903|Ranunculus caricetorum|Greene}} {{../sp-1|1906|Ranunculus siciformis|Mack.}} {{../var1|1936|Ranunculus septentrionalis||caricetorum|Fernald}} {{../var1|1980|Ranunculus hispidus||caricetorum|T.Duncan}} {{../sp-1|auct|Ranunculus septentrionalis|non Poir.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bristly buttercup | en2 = Swamp buttercup | en3 = Swamp crowfoot | en4 = Northern swamp buttercup | en5 = Marsh buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule des cariçaies <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2609|5|Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan - Swamps, rich fens, marshes, wet thickets, and edges of lakes in inundated to saturated mucky soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIC|NN|}} | vascan = 8530 | gobot = Ranunculus/caricetorum | inat = 242550-Ranunculus-hispidus-caricetorum | its-id = 194959 | ars-id = 456767 | fna-id = 233501159 <!--"R. septentrionalis Poiret" has often been used for R . hispidus var. caricetorum. The type specimen, however, belongs to var. nitidus (T. Duncan 1980).--> | tro-id = 27100457 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus+var.+caricetorum | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus caricetorum - Swamp Buttercup.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus hispidus | author = Michx. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.}} {{../var1|1920|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|falsus|Fernald}} {{../var1|1941|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|eurylobus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|greenmanii|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|marilandicus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus hispidus|Michx.|typicus|L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bristly buttercup | en2 = Hispid buttercup | en3 = Rough buttercup | en4 = Hispid crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule hispide <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2602|5|Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus - Dry-mesic to mesic forested slopes and summits, and thickets in thin rocky calcareous to circumneutral soils.}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIH|NN|}} | vascan = 8532 | gobot = Ranunculus/hispidus | inat = 126368-Ranunculus-hispidus | its-id = 194958 | ars-id = 456765 | fna-id = 233501160 | tro-id = 27100456 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus hispidus var. hispidus WFNY-060B-4x5.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus hispidus | author = Michx. | var = nitidus | var-au = (Muhl. ex Chapm.) T.Duncan <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus septentrionalis|Poir.}} {{../sp-1|1817|Ranunculus carolinianus|DC.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ranunculus palmatus|Elliott}} {{../var1|1860|Ranunculus repens||nitidus|Muhl. ex Chapm.}} {{../var1|1860|Ranunculus septentrionalis||nitidus|Chapm.}} {{../var1|1941|Ranunculus septentrionalis||pterocarpus|L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1980|Ranunculus hispidus||nitidus|T. Duncan}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Swamp buttercup | en2 = Bristly buttercup | en3 = Hispid buttercup | fr1 = Renoncule brillante <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Endangered | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2601|1|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAHIN|NN|}} | vascan = 8533 | gobot = Ranunculus/hispidus | inat = 126368-Ranunculus-hispidus | its-id = 194960 | ars-id = 456766 | fna-id = 233501161 | tro-id = 27103149 | ipn-id = | nse-id = Ranunculus+hispidus+var.+nitidus | bna-id = Ranunculus%20hispidus | cpc-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus (4642636450).jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus fascicularis | author = Muhl. ex Bigelow <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1||Ranunculus fascicularis|Muhl. ex Bigelow}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Early buttercup | en2 = Early crowfoot | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2608|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFA|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = ranunculus/fascicularis | inat = 167722-Ranunculus-fascicularis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus fascicularis NRCS.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus acris <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Tall buttercup | en2 = Tall butter-cup | en3 = Tall crowfoot | en4 = Tall crow-foot | en5 = Common buttercup | en6 = Meadow buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia, Alaska | from1 = Greenland | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, G5 | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2607|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAC3|N?|not Can. native}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 56064-Ranunculus-acris | its-id = | ars-id = 30810 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = 20130501Ranunculus acris1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus bulbosus <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bulbous butter-cup | en2 = St. Anthony's turnip | status = Introduced | status1 = Potentially invasive | c-rank = X | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2578|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RABU|X|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 78820-Ranunculus-bulbosus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = 20170416Ranunculus bulbosus.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus repens <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Creeping butter-cup | status = Introduced | status1 = Moderately invasive | status2 = NYS Untiered | status3 = Finger Lakes Tier 4 | nyis = 63%%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Ranunculus repens|Moderate|63}}</ref> | c-rank = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2591|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RARE3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 48229-Ranunculus-repens | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = 20130512Ranunculus repens2.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Ranunculus|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus cordiger | au-abbr = Viv. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = <!-- ========= --> | en1 = | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|273|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RACO20|EXCLD}} | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 485612-Ranunculus-cordiger | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Echinella''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus sardous.jpeg |cap= | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Echinella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Echinella| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus sardous | au-abbr = Crantz | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1763|Ranunculus sardous|Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1767|Ranunculus parvulus|L.}} {{../sp-1|1783|Ranunculus philonotis|Ehrh.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Hairy buttercup|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} {{../vn1|Hairy crowfoot|2021 New York Flora Atlas}} | en1 = Crowfoot | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6281|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RASA|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = 27100499 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Madison, Monroe, New York, Oswego, St. Lawrence, Steuben | image1 = Ranunculus sardous subsp. sardous sl24.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus arvensis | en1 = Corn crowfoot | en2 = Corn buttercup | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent | status2 = Not naturalized | c-rank = | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6278|X|not persisting}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAR3|X|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | cos = Monroe, New York | image1 = Ranunculus arvensis sl17.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Echinella|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus parviflorus | author = L. | en1 = Smallflower buttercup | en2 = Small-flowered butter-cup | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|807|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPA3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus parviflorus Enfoque 2012-05-01 SierraMadrona (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Epirotes''====== {{../txt |img=Small-flowered Crowfoot (Ranunculus abortivus) - Flickr - Jay Sturner.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus abortivus''<br>kidney-leaved buttercup | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Epirotes| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Epirotes }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus abortivus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = Sp. Pl.: 551 (1753) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus abortivus| L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Kidney-leaved crowfoot | en2 = Little-leaved buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | status2 = S5 | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | nwi2 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2554|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAB|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/abortivus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Small-flowered crowfoot (25307546323) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus allegheniensis | au-abbr = Britton | au-full = | au-pub = Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22: 224 (1895) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1895|Ranunculus allegheniensis|Britton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Allegheny mountains crowfoot | en2 = Allegheny Mountain buttercup | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | status2 = S4, G4-5 | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FAC | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2611|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAL2|N|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/allegheniensis | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | image1 = Ranunculus allegheniensis PA (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus micranthus | author = Nutt. | au-pub = J.Torrey & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 18 (1838) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1838|Ranunculus micranthus|Nutt.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Small-flowered crowfoot | en2 = Rock crowfoot | en3 = Rock buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Rare | status2 = S3, G5 | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FACU | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2596|3|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAMI2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/micranthus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Bronx, Columbia, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, Ulster, Westchester | image1 = Ranunculus micranthus (cropped).jpeg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Epirotes|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pygmaeus | au-abbr = Wahlenb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1812|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb.}} {{../var1|1884|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb. |langeanus |Nath.}} {{../var1|1948|Ranunculus pygmaeus|Wahlenb. |typicus |L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Dwarf buttercup | en2 = Pygmy buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|274|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPY|NN}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/pygmaeus | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501200 | tro-id = 27100210 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus pygmaeus Atlas Alpenflora.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Flammula''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus reptans inat2.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus flammula'' var. ''reptans'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Flammula| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Spearwort|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Flammula }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | author = L. | var0 = reptans | var-au = (L.) E. Mey. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus reptans |L.}} {{../sp-1|1803|Ranunculus filiformis |Michx.|}} {{../var1|1829|Ranunculus flammula |L. |filiformis |(Michx.) Hook.}} {{../var1|1830|Ranunculus flammula |L. |reptans |(L.) E. Mey.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../en|Narrow-leaved|creeping spearwort}} | en2 = Greater creeping spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule radicante | fr2 = Renoncule rampante <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | status2 = S5, G5 | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2605|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF|NN|}} | vascan = 8520 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501146 | tro-id = 27103170 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus flammula 1a.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | author = L. | var0 = ovalis | var-au = (J.M.Bigelow) L.D.Benson <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus flammula |L. misapplied}} {{../var1|1824|Ranunculus filiformis |Michx. |ovalis |J.M.Bigelow}} {{../var1|1838|Ranunculus reptans |L. |ovalis |(J.M.Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus flammula |L. |ovalis |(J.M.Bigelow) L.D.Benson}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus flammula |L. |samolifolius|(Greene) L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = {{../en|Wider-leaved|creeping spearwort}} | en2 = Lesser spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule ovée <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Not yet ranked | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = FACW | habit0 = | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2590|3-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501145 | tro-id = 27100760 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Cayuga, Jefferson, Livingston, St. Lawrence | image1 = Ranunculus flammula var. ovalis AWP-SW.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus ambigens | au-abbr = S.Watson | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1808|Ranunculus obtusiusculus |Raf. (misapplied)}} {{../sp-1|1878|Ranunculus ambigens |S.Watson|}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|American spearwort|}} {{../vn1|American crowfoot|}} {{../vn1|Water-plantain spearwort|}} | status = Native | status1 = Especially vulnerable | status2 = S1-S2, G4 | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2610|4-5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAAM|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = | image1 = Ranunculus ambigens drawing.png }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus pusillus | au-abbr = Poir. | au-full = | au-pub = J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 99 (1804) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1804|Ranunculus pusillus |Poir.}} {{../sp-1|1821|Ranunculus oblongifolius |Elliott}} {{../sp-1|1901|Ranunculus tener |C.Mohr}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus pusillus |Poir. |angustifolius |(Engelm.) L.D.Benson}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Low spearwort | en2 = Pursh buttercup <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely extirpated | status2 = G5 | c-rank = 10 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2567|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAPU|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | cos = Nassau, Queens, Richmond, Westchester | image1 = Ranunculus pusillus NRCS-1 (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|X|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Flammula|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flammula | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = | var0 = flammula <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus flammula |L.}} {{../var1|1840|Ranunculus flammula |L. |angustifolius |Wallr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Lesser spearwort | fr1 = Renoncule flammette <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|276|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFLF2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501144 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Ranunculus flammula 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus laxicaulis | au-abbr = (Torr. & A.Gray) Darby | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1838|Ranunculus flammula |L. |laxicaulis |Torr. & A.Gray}} {{../sp-1|1841|Ranunculus laxicaulis |(Torr.& A.Gray) Darby}} {{../sp-1|1845|Ranunculus texensis |Engelm.}} {{../sp-1|1900|Ranunculus mississippiensis |Small}} {{../var1|1942|Ranunculus laxicaulis |(Torr.& A.Gray) Darby |mississippiensis |(Small) L.D.Benson}} {{../sp-1|1971|Ranunculus subcordatus |E.O.Beal}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Mississippi buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = X | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|280|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RALA2|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 18621 | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501171 | tro-id = 27100785 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Wild flowers east of the Rockies (Page 118) (8230924248) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus bonariensis | au-abbr = Poir. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1951|Ranunculus bonariensis |Poir.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Carter's buttercup | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = N. America native | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|282|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|RABO|N0|California only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Icones selectae plantarum quas in systemate universali (Tab. 029) (cropped).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Ranunculus'' subg. ''Ranunculus'' sect. ''Hecatonia''====== {{../txt |img=Ranunculus flabellaris.jpg |cap=''Ranunculus flabellaris''<br>yellow water buttercup | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Ranunculaceae|Ranunculoideae|Ranunculeae||Ranunculus|Ranunculus|Hecatonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Ranunculus|Buttercup|789|23|subg=Ranunculus|sect=Hecatonia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus flabellaris | au-abbr = Raf. | au-full = Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) | au-pub = American monthly magazine and critical review 2:344. Mar. 1818. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1818|R. flabellaris|Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1818|R. delphiniifolius|Torr. ex Eaton}} {{../sp-1|1818|R. delphinifolius|Torr. ex Eaton}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow water butter-cup | en2 = Yellow water buttercup | en3 = Yellow water crowfoot | fr1 = Renoncule à évantails <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure | c-rank = 8 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2606|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|RAFL|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/flabellaris | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = 233501142 | tro-id = 27100163 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Yellow Water-Buttercup (3816702864).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Ranunculus sceleratus | author = L. | var0 = sceleratus <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Ranunculus sceleratus|L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Cursed butter-cup | en2 = Cursed buttercup | en3 = Cursed crow-foot | en4 = Cursed crowsfoot | en5 = Blisterwort | fr1 = Renoncule scélérate <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Unranked | c-rank = 3 | nwi1 = OBL | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6280|X|Ditches, wet waste places, disturbed sites, edges of streams and lakes, and wet forests.}} | usda = {{../usda|RASCS|NX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Ranunculus/sceleratus | its-id = | ars-id = 30844 | fna-id = 233501208 | tro-id = 27101527 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Ranunculus sceleratus 002.JPG }} {{../end table}} ==Family Papaveraceae== The '''{{../w|Papaveraceae}}''' (poppy family)... ===Subfamily Papaveroideae=== ====Tribe Papavereae==== =====''Argemone''===== ''Argemone'' (AR-ge-mon-ee) {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Papavereae||Argemone| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Argemone|Pricklypoppy|257|2||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Argemone albiflora | ssp0 = albiflora <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White prickly-poppy | en2 = Bluestem prickly-poppy | en3 = Texas prickly-poppy <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6287|X|Suffolk (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ARAL3|N0|MA-FL-LA-IA-MI, NY:Suff}} | map = Argemone albiflora NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Argemone albiflora Zilker Park.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Argemone mexicana | en1 = Mexican prickly-poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2068|X|Monroe (only)}} | usda = {{../usda|ARME4|NW|VT-FL-TX-MB-ON, NY:Monr,King}} | image1 = Argemone mexicana Argemon meksykański 2013-08-11 05.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Papaver''===== ''Papaver'' (puh-PAY-ver) {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Papavereae||Papaver| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Papaver|Poppy|264|6||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver somniferum | author = L. | en1 = Opium poppy | en2 = Common poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2066|X|Commonly cultivated illegally}} | usda = {{../usda|PASO2|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/somniferum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Poppy-1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver rhoeas | author = L. | en1 = Common poppy | en2 = Corn poppy | en3 = Field poppy | en4 = Flanders poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2065|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|PARH2|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/rhoeas | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = PapaverSubpiriforme (5).JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver dubium | author = L. | en1 = Blindeyes | en2 = Long-podded poppy | en3 = Long-headed poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2060|X|5 counties}} | usda = {{../usda|PADU|XW|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/dubium | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = 2009-09-18 (20) Red poppy, Klatschmohn.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver argemone | author = L. | en1 = Long pricklyhead poppy | en2 = Pale rough-fruited poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2067|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PAAR3|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/argemone | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = | image1 = Papaver argemone 1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Papaver|Poppy|264|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver atlanticum | au-abbr = (Ball) Coss. | au-full = | au-pub = Ill. Fl. Atlant. 1: 11 (1882) <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1873|Papaver rupifragum |Boiss. & Reut. |atlanticum |Ball.}} {{../sp-1|1882|Papaver atlanticum |(Ball) Coss.}} {{../ssp1|1932|Papaver rupifragum |Boiss. & Reut. |atlanticum |(Ball) Maire}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Atlas poppy | en2 = Moroccan poppy | en3 = Spanish poppy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|283|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|0|0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/atlanticum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = 673414-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Smithsoniangardens9.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver glaucum | author = Boiss. & Hausskn. | en1 = Tulip poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|767|as Onondaga only}} | usda = {{../usda|PAGL4|X0|NY & UT only}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/glaucum | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Papaver glaucum (1).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Papaver orientale | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Papaver orientale |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Oriental poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|768|was Otsego only}} | usda = {{../usda|PAOR5|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Papaver/orientale | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Papaver orientale a1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Chelidonieae==== =====''Sanguinaria''===== {{../txt |img=Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) - Flickr - Jay Sturner (5).jpg |cap=''Sanguinaria canadensis''<br>bloodroot | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Sanguinaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Sanguinaria|Bloodroot|836|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Sanguinaria canadensis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Sanguinaria canadensis |L.}} {{../sp-1|1905|Sanguinaria australis |Greene}} {{../sp-1|1905|Sanguinaria dilleniana |Greene}} {{../var1|1909|Sanguinaria canadensis |L. |rotundifolia |(Greene) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bloodroot | en2 = Puccoon-root | en3 = Red puccoon | fr1 = Sanguinaire du Canada | fr2 = Sang-dragon | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | c-rank = 6 | nwi1 = FACU | nwi2 = UPL | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2063|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|SACA13|NN|}} | vascan = 7128 | gobot = sanguinaria/canadensis | its-id = | ars-id = 33014 | fna-id = 220011939 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = SACA13 | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Bloodroot (4506715592).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Stylophorum''===== {{../txt |img=Stylophorum diphyllum, 2021-04-24, Fox Chapel, 02.jpg |cap=''Stylophorum diphyllum'' |The only New World ''Stylophorum'' species is ''Stylophorum diphyllum'', '''Celandine poppy''', which is native to the Midwest section of the US. It is cultivated but not known to naturalize in New York. It closely resembles the Old-World ''Chelidonium majus'' (greater celandine).}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Stylophorum| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Stylophorum|Celandine-poppy|0|0| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Stylophorum diphyllum | author = (Michx.) Nutt. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1803|Chelidonium diphyllum|Michx.}} {{../sp-1|1818|Stylophorum diphyllum|(Michx.) Nutt.}} {{../sp-1|1825|Stylophorum ohiense|Spreng.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Celandine-poppy | en2 = Wood-poppy | en3 = Mock poppy | en4 = Yellow poppy | en5 = Yellow wood poppy | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Midwest | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Cultivated only | status3 = Not naturalized | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = Part shade - shade <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7529|Xnn|}} | usda = {{../usda|STDI3||}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 35870 | fna-id = 220013107 | tro-id = 24000154 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = STDI3 | nse-id = Stylophorum+diphyllum | bna-id = Stylophorum%20diphyllum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Stylophorum diphyllum 1484-88.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Chelidonium''===== {{../txt |img=Chelidonium majus 4 RF.jpg |cap=''Chelidonium majus'' |''Chelidonium majus'', '''Greater Celandine''', is widely regarded as a weed in North America and is listed as invasive in some states. It is also poisonous to mammals.}} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Chelidonium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Chelidonium|Celandine|760|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Chelidonium majus | au-abbr = L. | au-full = Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778). | au-pub = Species Plantarum 1:505–506. 1-May-1753. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium majus |L.}} {{../var1|1821|Chelidonium majus |L. |grandiflorum |DC.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Chelidonium grandiflorum |(DC.) DC.}} {{../ssp1|1921|Chelidonium majus |L. |grandiflorum |(DC.) Printz}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Greater celandine|NYFA:2017}} {{../vn1|Great celandine|}} {{../vn1|Celandine|}} {{../vn1|Nipplewort|}} {{../vn1|Swallowwort|}} {{../vn1|Rock poppy|}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1|Grande chélidoine|}} {{../vn1|Chélidoine|}} {{../vn2|Chélidoine herbe-aux-verrues|}} {{../vn1|Chélidoine majeure|}} {{../vn1|Éclaire|}} {{../vn1|Grande éclaire|}} {{../vn1|Herbe aux verrues|}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Potentially invasive | status2 = Naturalized | status3 = [https://www.eddmaps.org/ipane/ipanespecies/herbs/Chelidonium_majus.htm IPANE][http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=11543 IPAUS] | status4 = [http://articles.extension.org/pages/66944/chelidonium-majus-greater-celandine eXtension] | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2059|X|Naturalized - Disturbed soils and waste places.}} | usda = {{../usda|CHMA2|XX|Onon,Cayu,Tomp,Cort,Madi++}} | vascan = 7089 | gobot = chelidonium/majus | its-id = | ars-id = 10169 | fna-id = 200009119 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Chelidonium+majus | bna-id = Chelidonium%20majus | map = Chelidonium majus var majus NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Onbekend voor Paul Hermans.JPG|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====''Macleaya''===== {{../txt |img=20150811Macleaya cordata3.jpg |cap=''Macleaya cordata'' |'''Plume poppies''' (genus ''Macleaya'') consist of only a couple Asian species, of which ''Macleaya cordata'' is known to have naturalized in New York State.<ref>[https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=1004 Werier, David, Kyle Webster, Troy Weldy, Andrew Nelson, Richard Mitchell†, and Robert Ingalls†. 2022 New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.]</ref> }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Macleaya| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Macleaya|Plume poppy|1004|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Macleaya cordata | au-abbr = (Willd.) R.Br. | au-full = Robert Brown (1773-1858). | au-pub = Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, app.:218. 1826. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1799|Bocconia cordata|Willd.}} {{../sp-1|1826|'''Macleaya cordata'''|(Willd.) R.Br.}} {{../sp-1|1866|Macleaya yedoensis|André}} {{../var1|1909|Macleaya cordata|Willd.|yedoensis|(André) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Plume poppy | en2 = Plume-poppy | en3 = Tree-celandine | fr1 = Macléaya à feuilles cordées <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | status1 = Highly invasive | status2 = Naturalized | imap = | ipa-us = 5986 0 | gbif-e = 5334194 | gbif-i = | gbif-n = | ny-tier = High-2 | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Perennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = SNA, GNR | ns-rank = 2.136434/Macleaya_cordata Exotic <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2064|X|only reported in 5 counties}} | usda = {{../usda|MACO10|XX|}} | vascan = 7106 | gobot = Macleaya/cordata | inat = 165054-Macleaya-cordata | its-id = | ars-id = 23058 | fna-id = | tro-id = 24000096 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Macleaya+cordata | bna-id = Macleaya%20cordata | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="2022 New York Flora Atlas lists counties: Albany, Bronx (1994), Cattaraugus, Madison, Orange (1936, '90), St. Lawrence (2018), Ulster">8 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="2022 iNaturalist lists NY counties: Bronx (2021), Dutchess (2018), Nassau (2015), New York (2021), Ontrario (2022), Putnam (2019), Suffolk (2020), Ulster (2022), Westchester (2018)">9 counties</abbr> | image1 = Macleaya cordata D.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} =====''Glaucium''===== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Glaucium flavum1.jpg |cap=''Glaucium flavum'' | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Chelidonieae||Glaucium| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Glaucium|Hornpoppy|955|2||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glaucium flavum | au-abbr = Crantz | au-full = Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz (1722-1797). | au-pub = Stirpium Austriarum Fasciculus 2:133. 1763. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium glaucium |L.}} {{../sp-1|1763|Glaucium flavum |Crantz}} {{../sp-1|1771|Glaucium luteum |Scop.}} {{../var1|1887|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Rudolph |flavum |(Crantz) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow horned-poppy | en2 = Yellow horn-poppy | en3 = Horned-poppy | en4 = Sea-poppy | fr1 = Glaucienne jaune | fr2 = Glaucie jaune | fr3 = Glaucière jaune | fr4 = Pavot cornu | fr5 = Pavot jaune des sables <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = n. Africa | status1 = Moderately invasive | nyis = 66%<ref>{{../nyis-ref|Glaucium flavum|Moderate|66|}}</ref> | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = Biennial | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|2069|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|GLFL|XW|prohibited in Mass.}} | vascan = 7105 | gobot = glaucium/flavum | its-id = | ars-id = 17621 | fna-id = 233500654 | tro-id = 24000091 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = Glaucium+flavum | bna-id = Glaucium%20flavum | map = | image1 = Glaucium flavum var. flavum, University of California Botanical Garden, Berkeley, California - 20060612-01 (2x3).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Glaucium corniculatum | au-abbr = (L.) Rudolph | au-full = Johann Heinrich Rudolph (1744-1809) | au-pub = Florae Jenensis Plantas, 1781. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Chelidonium corniculatum |L.}} {{../sp-1|1781|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Rudolph}} {{../sp-1|1789|Glaucium corniculatum |(L.) Curtis |info=Homonym. Fl. Londinensis 2 (1789)}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Red horned-poppy | en2 = Blackspot hornpoppy <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Impersistent <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7131|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|GLCO3|X0|}} | vascan = 0 | gobot = 0 | its-id = | ars-id = 17622 | fna-id = 233500653 | tro-id = 24000047 | ipn-id = 161608-3 | lbj-id = | nse-id = Glaucium+corniculatum | bna-id = Glaucium%20corniculatum | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Glaucium corniculatum kz01.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ====Tribe Eschscholtzieae==== =====''Eschscholzia''===== {{../txt |img=California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) (7062728979).jpg |cap=''Eschscholzia californica''<br>California poppy |''Eschscholzia'' (es-SHOLT-zee-uh) was named in honor of Dr. Johann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz, a 19th-century Estonian surgeon and botanist. ''Eschscholzia californica'' ('''California poppy''') is a west coast native that, according to the New York Flora Atlas, although it has been collected since 1824, is not known to naturalize in New York State. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Papaveroideae|Eschscholtzieae||Eschscholzia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Eschscholzia|California-poppy|784|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Eschscholzia californica | author = Cham. | ssp0 = californica <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1820|Eschscholzia californica |Cham.}} {{../sp-1|1903|Eschscholzia procera |Greene}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = California poppy | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | status2 = Uncertain naturalization | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6288|X| }} | usda = {{../usda|ESCAC|NX| }} | gbif = 2888380 | vascan = | gobot = Eschscholzia/californica | inat = 48225-Eschscholzia-californica | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Albany, Cattaraugus, Monroe, Orange (1990), Tompkins (1915-27), Westchester (1824)">6 counties</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Kings (2021), Nassau (2020), New York (2020), Oneida (2019), Queens (2021), Suffolk (2020), Sullivan (2020), Steuben (2021), Tompkins (2019), Westchester (2020), ">10 counties</abbr> | image1 = Eschscholtzia californica 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ===Subfamily Fumarioideae=== ====Tribe Fumarieae==== =====Subtribe Corydalineae===== ======''Dicentra''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Dicentra| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Dicentra|Bleeding-heart|837|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra canadensis | author = (Goldie) Walp. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1822|Corydalis canadensis |Goldie}} {{../sp-1|1842|Dicentra canadensis |(Goldie) Walp.}} {{../sp-1|1892|Bicuculla canadensis |(Goldie) Millsp.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Squirrel-corn | en2 = Turkey-corn <!-- ========= --> | fr1 = Dicentre du Canada <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1533|5|Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. - squirrel-corn, turkey-corn - Rich mesic hardwood forests. In deep often calcareous soils and with an adjacent herbaceous flora that is dense and diverse.}} | usda = {{../usda|DICA|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/canadensis | its-id = 18943 | ars-id = 405114 | fna-id = 233500571 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+canadensis | bna-id = Dicentra%20canadensis | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra canadensis - Canadian Heart Flower.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra cucullaria | author = (L.) Bernh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria cucullaria |L.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis cucullaria |(L.) Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1833|Dicentra cucullaria |(L.) Bernh.}} {{../sp-1|1892|Bicuculla cucullaria |(L.) Millsp.}} {{../sp-1|1912|Dicentra occidentalis |(Rydb.) Fedde}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Dutchman's breeches | en2 = Turkey-corn | en3 = ''Dicentre à capuchon'' <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Secure <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1532|5|}} | usda = {{../usda|DICU|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/cucullaria | its-id = 18945 | ars-id = 405116 | fna-id = 220004018 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+cucullaria | bna-id = Dicentra%20cucullaria | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dutchman's Breeches (14131425206).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra eximia | author = (Ker Gawl.) Torr. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1815|Fumaria eximia |Ker Gawl.}} {{../sp-1|1843|Dicentra eximia |(Ker Gawl.) Torr.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Wild bleeding-heart | en2 = Eastern bleeding-heart | en3 = Turkey corn | en4 = Staggerweed | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1531|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|DIEX|N0|}} | vascan = | gobot = Dicentra/eximia | its-id = | ars-id = 13888 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | nse-id = Dicentra+eximia | bna-id = Dicentra%20eximia | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dolly Sods (Dicentra Exima) Fringed Bleeding Heart.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Dicentra formosa | au-abbr = (Andrews) Walp. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1842|Dicentra formosa|(Andrews) Walp.}} <!-- ========= --> | en-vns = {{../vn1|Westerm bleeding-heart|Go Botany 2018}} {{../vn1|Pacific bleeding heart|USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | fr-vns = {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} {{../vn1||}} <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = N. America native | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|0|0|}} | usda = {{../usda|DIFO|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = dicentra/formosa | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | bbg-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | red-id = | mbg-id = | adf-id = | fed-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra formosa 6243.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Lamprocapnos''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=2006-04-26Dicentra spectabilis02.jpg |cap=''Lamprocapnos spectabilis'' |'''Showy bleeding heart''' is widely planted but rarely naturalizes. }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Lamprocapnos| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Lamprocapnos|Bleeding-heart|838|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Lamprocapnos spectabilis | author = (L.) Fukuhara <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria spectabilis |L.}} {{../sp-1|1831|Diclytra spectabilis |(L.) DC.}} {{../sp-1|1847|Dicentra spectabilis |(L.) Lem.}} {{../sp-1|1997|Lamprocapnos spectabilis |(L.) Fukuhara}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Bleeding-heart | en2 = Asian bleeding-heart | en3 = Common bleedinghearts <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = temperate Asia | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1537|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|LASP8||}} | gbif = | pow-id = 995841-1 | wfo-id = | vascan = | gobot = lamprocapnos/spectabilis | inat = 204340-Lamprocapnos-spectabilis | its-id = 502032 | ars-id = 408089 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Dicentra Spectabilis.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Adlumia''====== {{../txt |img=Adlumia fungosa-IMG 9181.jpg |cap=''Adlumia fungosa''<br>Allegheny vine | }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Adlumia| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Adlumia|Adlumia||1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Adlumia fungosa | author = (Aiton) Greene ex Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1789|Fumaria fungosa |Aiton|}} {{../sp-1|1803|Fumaria recta |Michx.|}} {{../sp-1|1808|Fumaria cirrhosa |Raf.|}} {{../sp-1|1888|Adlumia fungosa |Greene ex BSP|}} {{../sp-1|1891|Bicuculla fungosa |Kuntze|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Allegheny vine | en2 = Climbing fumitory | en3 = Mountain-fringe | en4 = Woodfringe | en5 = Canary vine | fr1 = Adlumie fongueuse <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1530|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|ADFU|NN|}} | vascan = 7086 | gobot = | its-id = 18897 | ars-id = 1498 | fna-id = 233500029 | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Adlumia fungosa WFNY-079B.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Capnoides''====== {{../txt |img=Pink Corydalis.jpg |cap=''Capnoides sempervirens''<br>rock harlequin, pink corydalis | }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Capnoides| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Capnoides|Harlequin|1121|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Capnoides sempervirens | author = (L.) Borkh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria sempervirens |L.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Capnoides sempervirens |Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis sempervirens |Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1813|Corydalis glauca |Pursh}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pink corydalis | en2 = Pale corydalis | en3 = Rock harlequin | en4 = Harlequin-flower <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Likely secure | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6290|4|}} | usda = {{../usda|COSE5|NN|}} | vascan = 7088 | Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. | gobot = capnoides/sempervirens | (L.) Borkh. | its-id = 19010 | Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. | ars-id = 8881 | Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh. | fna-id = 233500447 | Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. | tro-id = | nse-id = | ipn-id = | map = | image1 = Capnoides sempervirens WFNY-080.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Corydalis''====== {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumarieae|Corydalineae|Corydalis| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Corydalis|Fumewort|589|4| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis flavula | author = (Raf.) DC. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1808|Fumaria flavula |Raf.}} {{../sp-1|1824|Corydalis flavula |(Raf.) DC.}} {{../sp-1|1891|Capnoides flavula |(Raf.) Kuntze}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Yellow corydalis | en2 = Yellow fumewort <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Vulnerable | c-rank = 7 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1534|3|Onon,Cayu,Ulst,Oran,Dutc+3}} | usda = {{../usda|COFL3|NN|Onon,Cayu,Ulst,Oran,Dutc+3}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 19005 | ars-id = 404348 | fna-id = | map = | image1 = Corydalis flavula - Yellow Fumewort 2.jpg|width1=120 }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis aurea | ssp0 = aurea | author = Willd. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../var1|1809|Corydalis aurea |Willd. |aurea|}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Golden corydalis | en2 = Scrambled eggs <!-- ========= --> | status = Native | status1 = Threatened | c-rank = 9 | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|6289|2|Tomp,Herk,Jeff}} | usda = {{../usda|COAU2|NN|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | map = Corydalis aurea ssp aurea NY-dist-map.png | image1 = Corydalis aurea flowers1.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis incisa | author = (Thunb.) Pers. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis incisa |(Thunb.) Pers.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Purple keman <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Rare | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7237|X|Bronx only}} | usda = {{../usda|0|00|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Corydalis incisa 02.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis solida | au-abbr = (L.) Clairv. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1811|Corydalis solida|(L.) Clairv.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Spring corydalis | en2 = Bird-in-a-bush | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Naturalized | status2 = | imap = | ipa-us = 11694 | griisus = | ny-tier = | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = | chro-no = | ny-rank = | ns-rank = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|7317|Xn|}} | usda = {{../usda|COSO6|XX|ON, MA, CT, VT only}} | gbif = 5334208 | vascan = | gobot = | inat = 55814-Corydalis-solida | its-id = | ars-id = | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | map = nymap.svg | nyfa-co = <abbr title="Dutchess (2015)">Dutchess (2015)</abbr> | inat-co = <abbr title="Bronx (2020), Columbia (2021), Erie (2020), Essex (2019), Kings (2021), Madison (2021), New York (2021), Oneida (2021), Onondaga (2021), Putnam (2020), St. Lawrence (2021), Sullivan (2020), Tompkins (2021), Tioga (2021), Ulster (2020), Westchester (2021)">16 counties</abbr> | image1 = Zlatá Baňa 17 Slovakia7.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Corydalis|Fumewort|589|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Corydalis capnoides | au-abbr = (L.) Pers. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria capnoides |L.}} {{../sp-1|1768|Fumaria alba |Mill.}} {{../sp-1|1790|Neckeria capnoides |(L.) Neck.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Pseudofumaria capnoides |(L.) Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1806|Corydalis capnoides |(L.) Pers.}} {{../sp-1|1823|Corydalis gebleri |Ledeb.}} {{../sp-1|1831|Corydalis ochroleuca |W.D.J.Koch}} {{../sp-1|1841|Capnoides albida |Bernh. ex Steud.}} {{../sp-1|1939|Corydalis alba |(Mill.) Mansf.}} {{../sp-1|1986|Pseudofumaria alba |(Mill.) Lidén}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Pale corydalis | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X||EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|COCA47|EXCLD|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 405103 <!-- Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Liden --> | fna-id = | tro-id = 24000477 | ipn-id = 672122-1 | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Pseudofumaria ochroleuca - Flickr - peganum.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> =====Subtribe Fumariineae===== ======''Fumaria''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Atlas roslin pl Dymnica pospolita 7993 7014.jpg |cap=''Fumaria officinalis'' |'''Common Fumitory''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumariineae|Fumaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Fumaria|Fumitory|588|1||| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria officinalis | author = L. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria officinalis |L.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Common Fumitory | en2 = Drug fumitory | en3 = Earth smoke | en4 = Wax dolls | fr1 = Fumeterre officinal <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status2 = Naturalized | ny-rank = SNA, G5 <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1536|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|FUOF|XX|}} | vascan = | gobot = Fumaria/officinalis | its-id = | ars-id = 70905 | fna-id = 220005380 | tro-id = 24000018 | map = nymap.svg | image1 = Fumaria officinalis 002.JPG }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Fumaria|Fumitory|588|X|txt=(excluded&nbsp;taxa)| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria capreolata | au-abbr = L. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1753|Fumaria capreolata |L.}} {{../var1|1907|Fumaria officinalis |L. |capreolata |(L.) Ewart}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = White ramping fumitory | en2 = Climbing fumitory | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = | nwi1 = | habit0 = | habit1 = | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|284|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|FUCA|X0|Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). 1986. A checklist of New York State plants. Contributions of a Flora of New York State, Checklist III. New York State Bulletin No. 458. New York State Museum, Albany.}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 71083 | fna-id = 233500652 | tro-id = 24000196 | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Fumaria capreolata (arracadetes de la Mare de Déu) (16618864156).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Fumaria parviflora | au-abbr = Lam. | au-full = | au-pub = <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1788|Fumaria parviflora |Lam.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Fine-leaf fumitory | en2 = Small-flower fumitory | en3 = Indian fumitory | fr1 = <!-- ========= --> | status = Introduced | from = Eurasia | from1 = northern Africa | status1 = Excluded | c-rank = X | nwi1 = | habit0 = Annual | habit1 = Herb-forb | light = <!-- ========= --> | nyfa = {{../nyfa|X|284|EXCLUDED}} | usda = {{../usda|FUPA|X0|}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = | ars-id = 406369 | fna-id = | tro-id = | ipn-id = | lbj-id = | nse-id = | bna-id = | cpc-id = | cab-id = | eol-id = | kew-id = | map = Excluded nymap.svg | cos = excluded | image1 = Fumaria parviflora Sturm48.jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> ======''Pseudofumaria''====== {{:Flora of New York/txt |img=Corydalis lutea J1.jpg |cap=''Pseudofumaria lutea'' |'''Rock fumewort''' }} {{../table|order=Ranunculales|Papaveraceae|Fumarioideae|Fumariineae|Pseudofumaria| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../genus|Pseudofumaria|Rock fumitory|250|1| }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../taxon | species = Pseudofumaria lutea | author = (L.) Borkh. <!-- ========= --> | syns = {{../sp-1|1771|Fumaria lutea |L.}} {{../sp-1|1790|Capnoides luteum |Gaertn.}} {{../sp-1|1797|Pseudofumaria lutea |Borkh.}} {{../sp-1|1805|Corydalis lutea |DC.}} <!-- ========= --> | en1 = Rock fumewort | en2 = Yellow corydalis | en3 = Rock corydalis | en4 = Rock fumitory | status = Introduced | status1 = Not naturalized | nyfa = {{../nyfa|1535|X|}} | usda = {{../usda|PSLU2|X0|NY, WA, OR only}} | vascan = | gobot = | its-id = 19006 | Corydalis lutea (L.) DC. | ars-id = 405102 | fna-id = | tro-id = 100349317 | map = nymap.svg | cos = Chemung, Dutchess, Suffolk | image1 = Pseudofumaria lutea inflorescence (02).jpg }}<!-- ================================================================================ --> {{../end table}} {{BookCat}} ewsl3wwg88s9g2ydyjtn3uxcw17fb7a 0 364483 4443526 4028092 2024-11-03T00:30:51Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Messbecher_fcm.jpg with [[File:Messbecher_(fcm).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: to harmonize the names of a set of images). 4443526 wikitext text/x-wiki :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger|Inhaltsverzeichnis]] :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 007|Lektion 007]] ← Lektion 008 → [[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 009|Lektion 009]] == 310 - 319 == 310a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 310a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Übungen zur Grammatik''' :'''Die Konjugation des Verbs „haben“''' :--- :Uta: Wie viel <abbr title="die Stunde - en: hour">Stunden</abbr> <abbr title="der Unterricht - en: lesson; class">Unterricht</abbr> hast du heute? :Karin: Ich habe heute sechs Stunden Unterricht. :Uta: Habt ihr heute auch <abbr title="die Mathematik - en: mathematics; no Plural in german">Mathematik</abbr>? :Karin: Nein, heute haben wir Deutsch, Englisch, <abbr title="die Physik - en: physics">Physik</abbr> und <abbr title="die Chemie - en: chemistry">Chemie</abbr>. Peter hat heute Mathematik. 311 :Infinitiv: '''<abbr title="haben - en: to have">haben</abbr>''' :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; margin-left: 10px" |-align="center" | ich habe |-align="center" | du hast |-align="center" | er hat |-align="center" | wir haben |-align="center" | ihr habt |-align="center" | sie haben |} :<abbr title="die Zeit - en: time">Zeit</abbr> :die Zeit :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; margin-left: 10px" |-align="center" | <abbr title="Ich habe keine Zeit. - en: I have no time.">Ich habe keine Zeit</abbr>. |-align="center" | Du hast keine Zeit. |-align="center" | Er hat keine Zeit. |-align="center" | Wir haben keine Zeit. |-align="center" | Ihr habt keine Zeit. |-align="center" | Sie haben keine Zeit. |} :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; margin-left: 10px" |-align="center" | Ich habe zwei Stunden Unterricht. |-align="center" | Du hast zwei Stunden Unterricht. |-align="center" | Er hat zwei Stunden Unterricht. |-align="center" | Wir haben zwei Stunden Unterricht. |-align="center" | Ihr habt zwei Stunden Unterricht. |-align="center" | Sie haben zwei Stunden Unterricht. |} :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; margin-left: 10px" |-align="center" | er hat || (maskulinum) |-align="center" | sie hat || (femininum) |-align="center" | es hat || (neutrum) |} 312 :'''haben''' :Beispiel: :Andreas ... ein Lehrbuch. - ... du auch ein Lehrbuch? :⇒ Andreas hat ein Lehrbuch. - Hast du auch ein Lehrbuch? :--- :Monika ... ein Wörterbuch. - ... du auch ein Wörterbuch? :Uta ... ein Heft. - ... du auch ein Heft? :Peter ... eine Karte. - ... du auch eine Karte? :Herr Franke ... eine Zeitschrift. - ... du auch eine <abbr title="die Zeitschrift - en: magazine; journal">Zeitschrift</abbr>? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 312 |- | :Monika hat ein Wörterbuch. - Hast du auch ein Wörterbuch? :Uta hat ein Heft. - Hast du auch ein Heft? :Peter hat eine Karte. - Hast du auch eine Karte? :Herr Franke hat eine Zeitschrift. - Hast du auch eine Zeitschrift? |} 313 :'''<abbr title="ergänzen - en: to complete">Ergänzen</abbr> Sie „haben“!''' :--- :Wir ... jetzt Unterricht. :Uta ... Bücher und Hefte. :... du <abbr title="mein - en: my">meine</abbr> <abbr title="die Zeitschrift - en: magazine; journal">Zeitschrift</abbr>? :Ja, ich ... <abbr title="dein - en: your">deine</abbr> Zeitschrift. :<abbr title="Wie viel? - en: How much?">Wie viel</abbr> Hefte ... Sie? :Ich ... drei Hefte. :Herr Krämer ... zwei Hefte. :Wie viel Stunden Unterricht ... ihr heute? :Wir ... heute fünf Stunden Unterricht. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 313 |- | :Wir haben jetzt Unterricht. :Uta hat Bücher und Hefte. :Hast du meine Zeitschrift? :Ja, ich habe deine Zeitschrift. :Wie viel Hefte haben Sie? :Ich habe drei Hefte. :Herr Krämer hat zwei Hefte. :Wie viel Stunden Unterricht habt ihr heute? :Wir haben heute fünf Stunden Unterricht. |} 314 :'''Ergänzen Sie „haben“!''' :--- :Andreas ... eine Schwester. :Uta ... zwei Schwestern. :Wie viel Schwestern ... Sie? :Ich ... eine Schwester. :... Frau Stein auch eine Schwester? :Nein, sie ... zwei Brüder. :Maria und Uta ... auch zwei Brüder. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 314 |- | :Andreas hat eine Schwester. :Uta hat zwei Schwestern. :Wie viel Schwestern haben Sie? :Ich habe eine Schwester. :Hat Frau Stein auch eine Schwester? :Nein, sie hat zwei Brüder. :Maria und Uta haben auch zwei Brüder. |} 315 :'''Die Konjugation der Verben „sprechen“, „nehmen“, „lesen“ und „sehen“.''' :--- :Herr Lopez lernt Deutsch. Jetzt übt und wiederholt er. Er nimmt sein Lehrbuch und liest. Er liest die Texte laut. Er spricht langsam und deutlich. 316 :Infinitiv: '''sprechen''' :ich spreche :du sprichst :er spricht (er / sie / es spricht) :wir sprechen :ihr sprecht :sie sprechen :--- :Infinitiv: '''essen''' :ich esse :du isst (alt: ißt) :er isst :wir essen :ihr esst :sie essen 316a :er ist :er isst :Er ist Lehrer. :Er isst Reis. :Was ist er? - Lehrer - Er ist Lehrer. :Was ist er? - Student - Er ist Student. :Was isst er? - Reis - Er isst Reis. :Was trinkt er? - Milch - Er trinkt Milch. :er ist (sein) - ich bin, du bist, er ist :er isst (essen) - ich esse, du isst, er isst (alt: ißt) 317 :Infinitiv: '''nehmen''' :ich nehme :du nimmst :er nimmt :wir nehmen :ihr nehmt :sie nehmen :--- :Infinitiv: '''lesen''' :ich lese :du liest :er liest :wir lesen :ihr lest :sie lesen 318 :Infinitiv: '''sehen''' :ich sehe :du siehst :er sieht :wir sehen :ihr seht :sie sehen 319 :'''Ergänzen Sie „sprechen“!''' :--- :Diese Studenten ... Spanisch. :... Sie auch Spanisch? :Ja, ich ... auch Spanisch. :... Andreas Englisch? :Nein, er ... Französisch. :Du ... Französisch, und Herr Lopez ... Spanisch. :Wer ... Französisch? :Monika und Andreas ... Französisch. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 319 |- | :Diese Studenten sprechen Spanisch. :Sprechen Sie auch Spanisch? :Ja, ich spreche auch Spanisch. :Spricht Andreas Englisch? :Nein, er spricht Französisch. :Du sprichst Französisch, und Herr Lopez spricht Spanisch. :Wer spricht Französisch? :Monika und Andreas sprechen Französisch. |} == 320 - 329 == 320 :Beispiel: :Was isst Peter? :⇒ Er isst Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :--- :Was isst Monika? :Was isst du? :Was essen Andreas und Peter? :Was essen Sie? :Was esst ihr? :Was isst Herr Lopez? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 320 |- | :Was isst Peter? - Er isst Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :--- :Was isst Monika? - Sie isst Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :Was isst du? - Ich esse Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :Was essen Andreas und Peter? - Sie essen Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :Was essen Sie? - Ich esse Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :Was esst ihr? - Wir essen Fleisch und Kartoffeln. :Was isst Herr Lopez? - Er isst Fleisch und Kartoffeln. |} 321 :'''Ergänzen Sie „nehmen“!''' :--- :Andreas ... sein Wörterbuch. :Ich ... mein Lehrbuch und übe. :Wir ... <abbr title="unsere - en: our">unsere</abbr> Hefte. :Du ... dein Heft und schreibst. :Monika ... ihre Tasche. :Ihr ... <abbr title="euer, eure - en: your">eure</abbr> <abbr title="der Bleistift - en: pencil">Bleistifte</abbr> und schreibt. :Die Studenten ... ihr Wörterbuch und lernen. :Was ... Sie? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 321 |- | :Andreas nimmt sein Wörterbuch. :Ich nehme mein Lehrbuch und übe. :Wir nehmen unsere Hefte. :Du nimmst dein Heft und schreibst. :Monika nimmt ihre Tasche. :Ihr nehmt eure Bleistifte und schreibt. :Die Studenten nehmen ihr Wörterbuch und lernen. :Was nehmen Sie? |} 322 :'''Ergänzen Sie!''' :--- :Andreas ... gut Portugiesisch. (sprechen) :... du auch gut Portugiesisch? (sprechen) :Monika ... langsam und deutlich. (sprechen) :--- :Maria ... ihr Lehrbuch und übt. (nehmen) :Andreas ... sein Heft und schreibt. (nehmen) :Du ... dein Wörterbuch und <abbr title="übersetzen - en: to translate">übersetzt</abbr>. (nehmen) :--- :Was ... du heute? (essen) :... du Reis oder Kartoffeln? (essen) :Ich ... Reis, und Herr Lopez ... Kartoffeln. (essen) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 322 |- | :Andreas spricht gut Portugiesisch. :Sprichst du auch gut Portugiesisch? :Monika spricht langsam und deutlich. :--- :Maria nimmt ihr Lehrbuch und übt. :Andreas nimmt sein Heft und schreibt. :Du nimmst dein Wörterbuch und übersetzt. :--- :Was isst du heute? :Isst du Reis oder Kartoffeln? :Ich esse Reis, und Herr Lopez isst Kartoffeln. |} 323 :'''Ergänzen Sie „sprechen“, „nehmen“ oder „essen“!''' :--- :Andreas, ... du Englisch? :Nein, ich ... nicht Englisch. :... Herr Lopez Englisch? :Ja, er ... gut Englisch. :Herr Lopez ... sein Lehrbuch und übt. :Uta ... ihr Heft und <abbr title="rechnen - en: to calculate">rechnet</abbr>. :Ich ... <abbr title="unser, unsere - en: our">unsere</abbr> Bücher, und du ... unsere Hefte. :Was ... Monika heute? :Sie ... heute Reis. :... du auch Reis? :Nein, ich ... Kartoffeln und Gemüse. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 323 |- | :Andreas, sprichst du Englisch? :Nein, ich spreche nicht Englisch. :Spricht Herr Lopez Englisch? :Ja, er spricht gut Englisch. :Herr Lopez nimmt sein Lehrbuch und übt. :Uta nimmt ihr Heft und rechnet. :Ich nehme unsere Bücher, und du nimmst unsere Hefte. :Was isst Monika heute? :Sie isst heute Reis. :Isst du auch Reis? :Nein, ich esse Kartoffeln und Gemüse. |} 324 :'''Ergänzen Sie „lesen“!''' :--- :Ich ... eine Zeitschrift. :Andreas ... ein Buch. :Was ... du? :... ihr <abbr title="viel - en: a lot; many; much">viel</abbr>? :Ja, wir ... viel. :Die Studenten ... laut und deutlich. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 324 |- | :Ich lese eine Zeitschrift. :Andreas liest ein Buch. :Was liest du? :Lest ihr viel? :Ja, wir lesen viel. :Die Studenten lesen laut und deutlich. |} 325 :'''Lesen Sie!''' :--- :Herr Schulz nimmt eine Zeitschrift und liest. :Er liest viel. Wir lesen jetzt auch. :Lesen Sie die Sätze Seite 63! :Herr Meier liest die Sätze. :Er liest gut. :Siehst du das Bild dort? :Da, das ist unser Institut. :Monika sieht das Bild auch. 326 :'''Ergänzen Sie „essen“, „nehmen“, „lesen“ oder „sprechen“!''' :--- :Ich ... heute Fleisch, Kartoffeln und Gemüse. :Was ... Andreas jetzt? :Er ... zwei Brötchen und trinkt eine Tasse Kaffee. :... er auch Zucker? Ja, er ... Zucker. :Andreas ... ein Buch. Was ... du? :Ich ... diese Übungen. ... Monika die Zeitschrift? :Ja, sie ... die Zeitschrift. :... Herr Lopez Französisch? :Nein, er ... Spanisch. :... du gut Italienisch? :Ja, ich ... gut Italienisch. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 326 |- | :Ich esse heute Fleisch, Kartoffeln und Gemüse. :Was isst Andreas jetzt? :Er isst zwei Brötchen und trinkt eine Tasse Kaffee. :Nimmt er auch Zucker? Ja, er nimmt Zucker. :Andreas liest ein Buch. Was liest du? :Ich lese diese Übungen. Liest Monika die Zeitschrift? :Ja, sie liest die Zeitschrift. :Spricht Herr Lopez Französisch? :Nein, er spricht Spanisch. :Sprichst du gut Italienisch? :Ja, ich spreche gut Italienisch. |} 327 :der Akkusativ :das Objekt :Das Akkusativobjekt: Neutrum, Femininum und Plural :--- :Heute haben die Kinder '''Englischunterricht'''. Sie <abbr title="öffnen - en: to open">öffnen</abbr> '''ihre Lehrbücher''' Seite 37 und wiederholen '''eine Übung'''. Karin <abbr title="verstehen - en: to understand; ich verstehe, du verstehst, er versteht, wir verstehen, ihr versteht, sie verstehen">versteht</abbr> '''<abbr title="die Aufgabe - en: exercise; task; job">die Aufgabe</abbr>''' nicht. Der Lehrer fragt: „Was verstehst du nicht?“ Karin antwortet: „Ich verstehe '''die Fragen''' nicht.“ Der Lehrer wiederholt '''das Beispiel'''. Jetzt versteht Karin '''die Fragen''' und antwortet richtig. :--- :<abbr title="dann - en: then; afterwards">Dann</abbr> hören <span style="color:#993300;">'''die Kinder'''</span> '''ein <abbr title="das Tonband – en: tape; audiotape">Tonband</abbr>'''. <span style="color:#993300;">'''Sie'''</span> <abbr title="brauchen – en: to need">brauchen</abbr> '''<abbr title="kein, keine – en: no">keine</abbr> Hefte'''. <span style="color:#009933;">'''Diese Übungen'''</span> hören <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span> <abbr title="nur – en: only">nur</abbr>, <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span> schreiben <span style="color:#009933;">'''sie'''</span> nicht. <span style="color:#993300;">'''Sie'''</span> hören <span style="color:#ff00ff;">'''die Beispiele'''</span>, dann wiederholen <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span> <span style="color:#ff00ff;">'''sie'''</span>. 328 :Was wiederholen Sie? :Ich wiederhole die Übung 6. :Wir <abbr title="brauchen - en: to need">brauchen</abbr> ein Tonband. (Neutrum - das Tonband) :--- :Wir brauchen das Tonband. :Wir brauchen dieses Tonband. :Wir brauchen Ihr Tonband. :Wir brauchen es. :--- :Ich wiederhole eine Übung. (Femininum - die Übung) :Ich wiederhole die Übung. :Ich wiederhole diese Übung. :Ich wiederhole meine Übung. :Ich wiederhole sie. :--- :Er <abbr title="machen - en: to make; Konjugation: ich mache, du machst, er macht, wir machen, ihr macht, sie machen">macht</abbr> <abbr title="die Hausaufgabe (Singular); Pluralː die Hausaufgaben - en: homework">Hausaufgaben</abbr>. (Plural - die Hausaufgaben) :Er macht die Hausaufgaben. :Er macht diese Hausaufgaben. :Er macht seine Hausaufgaben. :Er macht sie. 329 :'''Lesen Sie!''' :--- :Der Student schreibt ein Substantiv (das Substantiv = das Hauptwort = das Nomen). :der Bahnhof - en: railway station :der Hauptbahnhof - en: central station; main station :die Straße - en: street :die Hauptstraße - en: main street :die Stadt - en: town; city :die Hauptstadt - en: capital :„<abbr title="Haupt- - en: „main-“">Haupt-</abbr>“ :der Mann :der <abbr title="der Hauptmann - en: captain">Hauptmann</abbr> :das <abbr title="das Hauptwort - enː noun">Hauptwort</abbr> = das Nomen :--- :Er schreibt das Substantiv „Kaufhaus“. :Er schreibt das Substantiv richtig. :Herr Lopez schreibt eine Übung. :Er liest die Übung sechs. :Er liest die Übung gut. :Wir wiederholen Verben. :Wir wiederholen die Verben „sprechen“ und „lesen“. :Wir wiederholen diese Verben jetzt. == 330 - 339 == ??? 330 [[File:Paper cup.JPG|thumb|100 px|der Becher (der Pappbecher; <abbr title="die Pappe - en: cardboard">die Pappe</abbr>)]] [[File:Messbecher (fcm).jpg|thumb|100 px|der Becher (<abbr title="der Messbecher - en: measuring cup; measuring jug">der Messbecher</abbr> ; <abbr title="messen - en: to measure">messen</abbr>)]] [[File:Botellón de sangría en una ermita de Dima.jpg|thumb|150 px|right|der Becher (der Plastikbecher; der Kunststoffbecher)]] [[File:Gold Lion cup of Georgia.JPG|thumb|150 px|right|der Becher (der Goldbecher; <abbr title="das Gold - en: gold">das Gold</abbr>)]] [[File:Camp cup and tumbler, 1795-1800, Paul Revere silver collection, Worcester Art Museum - IMG 7624.JPG|thumb|150 px|right|der Becher (der Metallbecher; <abbr title="das Metall - en: metal">das Metall</abbr>; der Silberbecher; <abbr title="das Silber - en: silver">das Silber</abbr>)]] [[File:AinoAalto lasi.jpg|thumb|100 px|das Glas (das Glas ist <abbr title="immer - en: allways">immer</abbr> aus <abbr title="das Glas - en: glass">Glas</abbr>)]] :'''<abbr title="holen - en: to get; to fetch; to go for">holen</abbr>''' :--- :ich hole :du holst :er holt :wir holen :ihr holt :sie holen :--- :Beispiel: :Monika braucht ein Lehrbuch. :⇒ Sie holt ein Lehrbuch. :--- :Ich brauche mein Wörterbuch. :Frau Lehmann braucht eine Lampe. :Mein Bruder braucht ein Glas. :Meine Schwester braucht eine Tasche. :Wir brauchen Bleistifte. :Uta und Maria brauchen Hefte. :Die Studenten brauchen ihre Wörterbücher. :Wir brauchen unsere Lehrbücher. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 330 |- | :Monika braucht ein Lehrbuch. - Sie holt ein Lehrbuch. :--- :Ich brauche mein Wörterbuch. - Ich hole mein Wörterbuch. :Frau Lehmann braucht eine Lampe. - Sie holt eine lampe. :Mein Bruder braucht ein Glas. - Er holt ein Glas. :Meine Schwester braucht eine Tasche. - Sie holt eine Tasche. :Wir brauchen Bleistifte. - Wir holen Bleistifte. :Uta und Maria brauchen Hefte. - Sie holen Hefte. :Die Studenten brauchen ihre Wörterbücher. - Sie holen ihre Wörterbücher. :Wir brauchen unsere Lehrbücher. - Wir holen unsere Lehrbücher. |} 331 :Beispiel: :(Tasche) :⇒ :⇒a. Was möchten Sie? :⇒b. Ich möchte eine Tasche. :⇒a. Nehmen Sie diese Tasche? :⇒b. Ja, diese Tasche nehme ich. :--- :(Bluse, Hemd, Hose, Kleid, Schuhe, Handschuhe) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 331 |- | :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte eine Tasche. :Nehmen Sie diese Tasche? :Ja, diese Tasche nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte eine Bluse. :Nehmen Sie diese Bluse? :Ja, diese Bluse nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte ein Hemd. :Nehmen Sie dieses Hemd? :Ja, dieses Hemd nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte eine Hose. :Nehmen Sie diese Hose? :Ja, diese Hose nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte ein Kleid. :Nehmen Sie dieses Kleid? :Ja, dieses Kleid nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte Schuhe. :Nehmen Sie diese Schuhe? :Ja, diese Schuhe nehme ich. :--- :Was möchten Sie? :Ich möchte Handschuhe. :Nehmen Sie diese Handschuhe? :Ja, diese Handschuhe nehme ich. |} 332 :'''Antworten Sie! Kombinieren Sie richtig!''' :--- :Was liest diese Studentin? :Was wiederholt Herr Lopez? :Was isst Monika? :Was hat Andreas jetzt? :Was nimmt Monika? :--- :(Obst, Wörter, Antworten, Übungen, Buch, Pause, Kartoffeln, Aufgabe, Zeitschrift, Gemüse, Sätze, Suppe, Unterricht) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 332 |- | :Was liest diese Studentin? - Sie leist ein Buch, eine Zeitschrift, die Antworten. :Was wiederholt Herr Lopez? - Er wiederholt Wörter, Übungen, eine Aufgabe, die Sätze. :Was isst Monika? _ Monika istt Obst, Kartoffeln, Gemüse. :Was hat Andreas jetzt? - Andreas hat jetzt Unterricht, Pause. :Was nimmt Monika? - Monika nimmt Suppe. |} 333 :'''Kombinieren Sie richtig!''' :--- :I) Monika, II) Andreas, III) Herr Lopez, IV) Peter und Uta :--- :a) nimmt, b) liest, c) trinkt, d) isst, e) wiederholt, f) schreibt, g) übersetzt :--- :1) die Wörter, 2) zwei Übungen, 3) ein Buch, 4) eine Frage, 5) eine Tasse Kaffee, 6) eine Tasche, 7) Reis und Fleisch, 8) Milch, 9) die Sätze, 10) das Lehrbuch, 11) Obst :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 333 |- | :Monika nimmt Reis und Fleisch, eine Tasche :Andreas liest das Lehrbuch, ein Buch. :Herr Lopez trinkt eine Tasse Kaffee, Milch. :Peter und Uta essen Obst. :Monika wiederholt die Wörter, zwei Übungen. :Andreas schreibt eine Frage. :Herr Lopez übersetzt die Sätze. |} 334 :'''Die <abbr title="die Negation [negaˈtsjo:n] - en: negation">Negation</abbr> mit „<abbr title="nicht - en: not">nicht</abbr>“ und „<abbr title="kein - en: no">kein</abbr>“''' :--- :Wir schreiben die Übung. :Ihr schreibt die Übung nicht. :--- :das Heft - das Heft nicht :dieses Heft - dieses Heft nicht :meine Hefte - meine Hefte nicht :--- :Ich brauche ein Heft. :Du brauchst kein Heft. 335 :'''kein''' :--- :ein Heft - kein Heft :- Gemüse - kein Gemüse :eine Frage - keine Frage :- Milch - keine Milch :- Bücher - keine Bücher 336 :'''Antworten Sie mit „nicht“!''' :Beispiel: :Brauchst du deine Lampe? :⇒ Nein, ich brauche meine Lampe nicht. :--- :Hast du sein Lehrbuch? :Lernst du diese Wörter? :Schreibt Herr Lopez diese Übung? :Liest er die Sätze? :Nimmt Monika ihr Heft? :Schreibt sie die Hausaufgaben? :Wiederholt ihr dieses Wort? :Lest ihr die Übung? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 336 |- | :Brauchst du deine Lampe? - Nein, ich brauche meine Lampe nicht. :--- :Hast du sein Lehrbuch? - Nein, ich habe sein Lehrbuch nicht. :Lernst du diese Wörter? - Nein, ich lerne diese Wörter nicht. :Schreibt Herr Lopez diese Übung? - Nein, er schreibt diese Übung nicht. :Liest er die Sätze? - Nein, er liest die Sätze nicht. :Nimmt Monika ihr Heft? - Nein, sie nimmt ihr Heft nicht. :Schreibt sie die Hausaufgaben? - Nein, sie schreiben die Aufgaben nicht. :Wiederholt ihr dieses Wort? - Nein, wir wiederholen dieses Wort nicht. :Lest ihr die Übung? - Nein, wir lesen die Übung nicht. |} 337 :Beispiel: :Brauchen Sie Ihr Wörterbuch jetzt? (Wörter übersetzen) :⇒ Nein, jetzt übersetze ich die Wörter. :--- :Brauchen Sie Ihr Heft jetzt? (Übung schreiben) :Brauchen Sie Ihr Lehrbuch jetzt? (Übung lesen) :Brauchen Sie Ihr Lineal jetzt? (Bild zeichnen) :Brauchen Sie Ihr Wörterbuch jetzt? (Wörter lernen) :Brauchen Sie Ihr <abbr title="das Diktat - en: dictation">Diktat</abbr> jetzt? (<abbr title="der Fehler - en: mistake; error">Fehler</abbr> korrigieren) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 337 |- | :Brauchen Sie ihr Wörterbuch jetzt? - Nein, jetzt übersetze ich die Wörter. :--- :Brauchen Sie Ihr Heft jetzt? - Nein, jetzt schreibe ich die Übung. :Brauchen Sie Ihr Lehrbuch jetzt? - Nein, jetzt lese ich die Übung. :Brauchen Sie Ihr Lineal jetzt? - Nein, jetzt zeichne ich das Bild. :Brauchen Sie Ihr Wörterbuch jetzt? - Nein, jetzt lerne ich die Wörter. :Brauchen Sie Ihr Diktat jetzt? - Nein, jetzt korrigiere ich die Fehler. |} 338 :'''Lesen Sie!''' : :Familie Lehmann <abbr title="gehen - en: to go (on foot); to walk">geht</abbr> ins Kaufhaus. Andreas <abbr title="brauchen - en: to need">braucht</abbr> eine Hose. Sein Vater braucht keine Hose, er kauft ein Hemd. Seine Schwester Monika kauft ein Kleid. Frau Lehmann braucht kein Kleid, sie nimmt eine Bluse. Herr und Frau Lehmann kaufen Bücher. Peter und Monika brauchen keine Bücher, sie kaufen Hefte und Lineale. 339 :Beispiel: :Andreas hat ... Lehrbuch. Er braucht ... Lehrbuch. :⇒ Andreas hat kein Lehrbuch. Er braucht ein Lehrbuch. :--- :Ich habe ... Bleistifte. Ich brauche Bleistifte. :Wir haben ... Hefte. Wir brauchen Hefte. :Herr Lopez hat ... Wörterbuch. Er braucht ... Wörterbuch. :Du hast ... Heft. Du brauchst ... Heft. :Die Studenten haben ... Lampen. Sie brauchen Lampen. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 339 |- | :Andreas hat kein Lehrbuch. Er braucht ein Lehrbuch. :--- :Ich habe keine Bleistifte. Ich brauche Bleistifte. :Wir haben keine Hefte. Wir brauchen Hefte. :Herr Lopez hat kein Wörterbuch. Er braucht ein Wörterbuch. :Du hast kein Heft. Du brauchst ein Heft. :Die Studenten haben keine Lampen. Sie brauchen Lampen. |} == 340 - 349 == 340 :Beispiel: :<abbr title="nehmen - en: to take">Nehmen</abbr> Sie bitte <abbr title="die Butter - en: butter">Butter</abbr>! :⇒ Danke, ich möchte <abbr title="kein - en: no; (kein = no + ein)">keine</abbr> Butter. :--- :Nehmen Sie bitte Wurst! :Nehmen Sie bitte Fleisch! :Nehmen Sie bitte Obst! :Nehmen Sie bitte Gemüse! :Nehmen Sie bitte Suppe! :Nehmen Sie bitte Milch! :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 340 |- | :Nehmen Sie bitte Butter! - Danke, ich möchte keine Butter. :--- :Nehmen Sie bitte Wurst! - Danke, ich möchte keine Wurst. :Nehmen Sie bitte Fleisch! - Danke, ich möchte kein Fleisch. :Nehmen Sie bitte Obst! - Danke, ich möchte kein Obst. :Nehmen Sie bitte Gemüse! - Danke, ich möchte kein Gemüse. :Nehmen Sie bitte Suppe! - Danke, ich möchte keine Suppe. :Nehmen Sie bitte Milch! - Danke, ich möchte keine Milch. |} 341 :Beispiel: :Frau Lehmann kauft Fleisch. Sie auch? :⇒ Nein, ich kaufe kein Fleisch. :--- :Uta <abbr title="holen - en: to get; to fetch; to go for">holt</abbr> Milch. Sie auch? :Herr Lopez isst Kartoffeln. Sie auch? :Ich kaufe Gemüse. Sie auch? :Karin isst Obst. Sie auch? :Monika braucht Hefte. Sie auch? :Andreas liest ein Buch. Sie auch? :Die Studentin nimmt eine Karte. Sie auch? :Frau Stein hat eine Zeitschrift. Sie auch? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 341 |- | :Frau Lehmann kauft Fleisch. Sie auch? - Nein, ich kaufe kein Fleisch. :--- :Uta holt Milch. Sie auch? - Nein, ich hole keine Milch. :Herr Lopez isst Kartoffeln. Sie auch? - Nein, ich esse keine Kartoffeln. :Ich kaufe Gemüse. Sie auch? - Nein, ich kaufe kein Gemüse. :Karin isst Obst. Sie auch? - Nein, ich esse kein Obst. :Monika braucht Hefte. Sie auch? - Nein, ich brauche keine Hefte. :Andreas liest ein Buch. Sie auch? - Nein, ich lese kein Buch. :Die Studentin nimmt eine Karte. Sie auch? - Nein, ich nehme keine Karte. :Frau Stein hat eine Zeitschrift. Sie auch? - Nein, ich habe keine Zeitschrift. |} 342 :'''Das Personalpronomen (Neutrum, Femininum, Plural) im Akkusativ''' :--- :Beispiel: :Haben Sie <span style="color:#993300;">'''<abbr title="unsere – en: our">unsere</abbr> Hefte'''</span>? :⇒ Ja, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span>. :⇒ Nein, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span> nicht. :--- :Brauchst du dein Wörterbuch? :Liest du diese Zeitschrift? :Liest Andreas das Buch? :Haben Sie Ihr Lehrbuch? :Holt Andreas die Bilder? :Schreibt Monika diese Übung? :Nimmst du dein Heft? :Lest ihr diese Bücher? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 342 |- | :Haben Sie unsere Hefte? :Ja, ich habe sie. :Nein, ich habe sie nicht. :--- :Brauchst du dein Wörterbuch? :Ja, ich brauche es. :Nein, ich brauche es nicht. :--- :Liest du diese Zeitschrift? :Ja, ich lese sie. :Nein, ich lese sie nicht. :--- :Liest Andreas das Buch? :Ja, er liest es. :Nein, er liest es nicht. :--- :Haben Sie Ihr Lehrbuch? :Ja, ich habe es. :Nein, ich habe es nicht. :--- :Holt Andreas die Bilder? :Ja, er holt sie. :Nein, er holt sie nicht. :--- :Schreibt Monika diese Übung? :Ja, sie schreibt sie. :Nein, sie schreibt sie nicht. :--- :Nimmst du dein Heft? :Ja, ich nehme es. :Nein, ich nehme es nicht. :--- :Lest ihr diese Bücher? :Ja, wir lesen sie. :Nein, wir lesen sie nicht. |} 342a :Beispiel: :Hast du <span style="color:#993300;">'''mein Glas'''</span>? :⇒ Ja, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''es'''</span>. :⇒ Nein, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''es'''</span> nicht. :--- :Beispiel: :Hast du <span style="color:#993300;">'''meine Gläser'''</span>? :⇒ Ja, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span>. :⇒ Nein, ich habe <span style="color:#993300;">'''sie'''</span> nicht. :--- :Brauchst du dein Wörterbuch? :Brauchst du deine Wörterbücher? :--- :Liest du diese Zeitschrift? :Liest du diese Zeitschriften? :--- :Liest Andreas das Buch? :Liest Andreas die Bücher? :--- :<abbr title="verstehen - en: to understand">Versteht</abbr> Peter das Wort? :Versteht Peter die Wörter? :--- :Versteht Hannelore die Wörter? :Versteht Hannelore das Wort? :--- :Haben Sie Ihr Lehrbuch? :Haben Sie Ihre Lehrbücher? :--- :Holt Andreas die Bilder? :Holt Andreas das Bild? :--- :Schreibt Monika diese Übung? :Schreibt Monika diese Übungen? :--- :Nimmst du dein Heft? :Nimmst du deine Hefte? :--- :Lest ihr diese Bücher? :Lest ihr dieses Buch? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 342a |- | :Hast du mein Glas? :Ja, ich habe es. :Nein, ich habe es nicht. :--- :Hast du meine Gläser? :Ja, ich habe sie. :Nein, ich habe sie nicht. :--- :Brauchst du dein Wörterbuch? :Ja, ich brauche es. :Nein, ich brauche es nicht. :--- :Brauchst du deine Wörterbücher? :Ja, ich brauche sie. :Nein, ich brauche sie nicht. :--- :Liest du diese Zeitschrift? :Ja, ich lese sie. :Nein, ich lese sie nicht. :--- :Liest du diese Zeitschriften? :Ja, ich lese sie. :Nein, ich lese sie nicht. :--- :Liest Andreas das Buch? :Ja, er liest es. :Nein, er liest es nicht. :--- :Liest Andreas die Bücher? :Ja, er liest sie. :Nein, er liest sie nicht. :--- :Versteht Peter das Wort? :Ja, er versteht es. :Nein, er versteht es nicht. :--- :Versteht Peter die Wörter? :Ja, er versteht sie. :Nein, er versteht sie nicht. :--- :Versteht Hannelore die Wörter? :Ja, sie versteht sie. :Nein, sie versteht sie nicht. :--- :Versteht Hannelore das Wort? :Ja, sie versteht es. :Nein, sie versteht es nicht. :--- :Haben Sie Ihr Lehrbuch? :Ja, ich habe es. :Nein, ich habe es nicht. :--- :Haben Sie Ihre Lehrbücher? :Ja, ich habe sie. (Ja, wir haben sie.) :Nein, ich habe sie nicht. (Nein, wir haben sie nicht) :--- :Holt Andreas die Bilder? :Ja, er holt sie. :Nein, er holt sie nicht. :--- :Holt Andreas das Bild? :Ja, er holt es. :Nein, er holt es nicht. :--- :Schreibt Monika diese Übung? :Ja, sie schreibt sie. :Nein, sie schreibt sie nicht. :--- :Schreibt Monika diese Übungen? :Ja, sie schreibt sie. :Nein, sie schreibt sie nicht. :--- :Nimmst du dein Heft? :Ja, ich nehme es. :Nein, ich nehme es nicht. :--- :Nimmst du deine Hefte? :Ja, ich nehme sie. :Nein, ich nehme sie nicht. :--- :Lest ihr diese Bücher? :Ja, wir lesen sie. :Nein, wir lesen sie nicht. :--- :Lest ihr dieses Buch. :Ja, wir lesen es. :Nein, wir lesen es nicht. |} 343 :Beispiel: :Wann brauchen Sie die Karte? (jetzt) :⇒ Jetzt brauche ich sie. :--- :Wann holen Sie das Lehrbuch? (jetzt) :Wann schreiben Sie die Übung? (heute) :Wann lesen Sie das Buch? (morgen) :Wann kaufen Sie die Tasche? (heute) :Wann brauchen Sie die Zeitschrift? (morgen) :Wann kaufen Sie das Heft? (jetzt) :Wann holen Sie das Wörterbuch? (jetzt) :Wann lesen Sie diese Zeitschrift? (heute) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 343 |- | :Wann brauchen Sie die Karte? - Jetzt brauche ich sie. :--- :Wann holen Sie das Lehrbuch? - Jetzt hole ich es. :Wann schreiben Sie die Übung? - Heute schreibe ich sie. (Heute schreiben wir sie.) :Wann lesen Sie das Buch? - Morgen lese ich es. :Wann kaufen Sie die Tasche? - Heute kaufe ich sie. :Wann brauchen Sie die Zeitschrift? - Morgen brauche ich siel :Wann kaufen Sie das Heft? - Jetzt kaufe ich es. :Wann holen Sie das Wörterbuch? - Jetzt hole ich es. :Wann lesen Sie diese Zeitschrift? - Heute lese ich sie. |} 344 :Beispiel: :Wer hat mein Buch? (Peter) :⇒ Peter hat es. :--- :Wer hat unsere Hefte? (Herr Lopez) :Wer hat deine Zeitschrift? (Andreas) :Wer hat dein Wörterbuch? (ich) :Wer hat meine Bleistifte? (die Kinder) :Wer hat unsere Bilder? (Frau Stein) :Wer hat mein Heft? (deine Schwester) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 344 |- | :Wer hat mein Buch? - Peter hat es. :--- :Wer hat unsere Hefte? - Herr Lopez hat sie. :Wer hat deine Zeitschrift? - Andreas hat sie. :Wer hat dein Wörterbuch? - Ich habe es. :Wer hat meine Bleistifte? - Die Kinder haben sie. :Wer hat unsere Bilder? - Frau Stein hat sie. :Wer hat mein Heft? - Deine Schwester hat es. |} 345 :Beispiel: :Hier ist Ihr Lehrbuch. :⇒ Danke, ich brauche es jetzt nicht. :--- :Hier sind Ihre Bilder. :Hier sind <abbr title="eure; euer - en: your">eure</abbr> Bleistifte. :Hier ist dein Wörterbuch. :Hier ist Ihr Lineal. :Hier sind eure Hefte. :Hier ist <abbr title="dein - en: your">deine</abbr> Zeitschrift. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 345 |- | :Hier ist Ihr Lehrbuch. - Danke, ich brauche es jetzt nicht. :--- :Hier sind Ihre Bilder. - Danke, ich brauche sie jetzt nicht. :Hier sind eure Bleistifte. - Danke, wir brauchen sie jetzt nicht. :Hier ist dein Wörterbuch. - Danke, ich brauche es jetzt nicht. :Hier ist Ihr Lineal. - Danke, ich brauche es jetzt nicht. :Hier sind eure Hefte. - Danke, wir brauchen sie jetzt nicht. :Hier ist deine Zeitschrift. - Danke, ich brauche sie jetzt nicht. |} 346 :Beispiel: :(Lehrbuch / Heft) :⇒ :⇒a. Wo ist mein Lehrbuch? <abbr title="sehen - en: to see">Siehst</abbr> du es? :⇒b. Ja, hier liegt es. :⇒a. Liegt mein Heft auch dort? :⇒b. Nein, ich sehe es nicht. :--- :(Flasche / Tasche) :(Zeitschrift / Lehrbuch) :(Wörterbuch / Zeitschrift) :(Tasche / Handschuhe) :(Handschuhe / Hefte) :(Bleistifte / Lineal) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 346 |- | :Wo ist mein Lehrbuch? Siehst du es? :Ja, hier liegt es. :Liegt mein Heft auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe es nicht. :--- :Wo ist meine Flasche? Siehst du sie? :Ja, hier steht sie. :Steht meine Tasche auch dort? (Liegt meine Tasche auch dort?) :Nein, ich sehe sie nicht. :--- :Wo ist meine Zeitschrift? Siehst du sie? :Ja, hier liegt sie. :Liegt mein Lehrbuch auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe es nicht. :--- :Wo ist mein Wörterbuch? Siehst du es? :Ja, hier liegt es. :Liegt meine Zeitschrift auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe sie nicht. :--- :Wo ist meine Tasche? Siehst du sie? :Ja, hier steht sie. (Ja, hier liegt sie.) :Liegen meine Handschuhe auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe sie nicht. :--- :Wo sind meine Handschuhe? Siehst du sie? :Ja, hier liegen sie. :Liegen meine Hefte auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe sie nicht. :--- :Wo sind meine Bleistifte? Siehst du sie? :Ja, hier liegen sie. :Liegt mein Lineal auch dort? :Nein, ich sehe es nicht. |} 347 :'''Lesen Sie und <abbr title="erzählen - en: to tell; to retell">erzählen</abbr> Sie!''' :--- :Andreas hat heute Englischunterricht. Er nimmt sein Lehrbuch und liest eine Übung. Er liest die Übung 9. Andreas liest ein Wort <abbr title="falsch - en: false">falsch</abbr>. Sein Lehrer korrigiert es. Andreas wiederholt das Wort <abbr title="noch einmal - en: once more">noch einmal</abbr> <abbr title="richtig - en: correct">richtig</abbr>. Er liest gut. 348 :'''Lesen Sie die Übung 347 noch einmal!''' :Beginnen Sie: :Monika hat heute Deutschunterricht. ... :--- :Wir haben heute ... :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 348 |- | :Monika hat heute Deutschunterricht. Sie nimmt ihr Lehrbuch und liest eine Übung. Sie liest die Übung 9. Monika liest ein Wort falsch. Ihr Lehrer korrigiert es. Monika wiederholt das Wort noch einmal richtig. Sie liest gut. :--- :Wir haben heute Deutschunterricht. Wir nehmen unsere Lehrbücher und lesen eine Übung. Wir lesen die Übung 9. Wir lesen ein Wort falsch. Unser Lehrer korrigiert es. Wir wiederholen das Wort noch einmal richtig. Wir lesen gut. |} 349 [[File:Mathematics lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology.jpg|thumb|die Vorlesung (in der Universität)]] [[File:Cafeteria at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal.JPG|thumb|die <abbr title="die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen">Mensa</abbr>]] :'''Das <abbr title="das Mittagessen - en: lunch; dinner (at midday; at noon)">Mittagessen</abbr>''' :--- :Es ist 12 Uhr. Andreas Lehmann hat jetzt zwei <abbr title="die Stunde - en: hour">Stunden</abbr> <abbr title="die Zeit - en: time">Zeit</abbr>. Seine <abbr title="die Vorlesung - en: lecture; (lesen - en: to read; vorlesen - en: to read something to somebody)">Vorlesung</abbr> beginnt 14 Uhr. Er geht in die <abbr title="die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen">Mensa</abbr>. Sie ist nicht <abbr title="groß - en: great">groß</abbr>, <abbr title="aber - en: but">aber</abbr> <abbr title="modern [mo'de:rn] - en: modern">modern</abbr>. Andreas Lehmann holt sein Mittagessen. :--- :Frau Müller: Möchten Sie Reis oder Kartoffeln? :A. Lehmann: Reis, bitte. :Frau Müller: Viel oder <abbr title="wenig - en: a little bit; little; few">wenig</abbr>? :A. Lehmann: Bitte wenig Reis, aber viel Gemüse. :Frau Müller: Möchten Sie auch <abbr title="das Brot - en: bread">Brot</abbr>? :A. Lehmann: Nein, danke. <abbr title="es gibt - en: there is; there are">Gibt es</abbr> auch Suppe? :Frau Müller: Hier, bitte. Sie <abbr title="bekommen - en: to get something; to receive">bekommen</abbr> auch Obst. == 350 - 359 == 350 :Andreas nimmt <abbr title="der Platz - en: place">Platz</abbr> und isst. Sein <abbr title="der Freund - en: friend">Freund</abbr> Thomas Richter kommt auch in die Mensa. :--- :Th. Richter: Guten Tag, Andreas! :A. Lehmann: Ist dieser Platz <abbr title="frei - en: available; free">frei</abbr>? :Th. Richter: Ja, bitte. :A. Lehmann: Guten Appetit! :Th. Richter: Danke, <abbr title="gleichfalls - en: likewise; also; the same to you">gleichfalls</abbr>. :A. Lehmann: <abbr title="schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy; (der Geschmack - en: taste)">Schmeckt</abbr> das Essen? :Th. Richter: Ja, heute schmeckt das Essen ausgezeichnet. 351 :A. Lehmann: Hast du <abbr title="der Durst - en: thirst">Durst</abbr>? Ich hole <abbr title="die Limonade - en: soft drink (no lemon juice)">Limonade</abbr>. :Th. Richter: Ja, ich habe auch Durst, aber <abbr title="die Limonade - en: soft drink (no lemon juice)">Limonade</abbr> trinke ich <abbr title="nicht gern - en: I don't like">nicht gern</abbr>. Ich <abbr title="möchten - en: to want; Konjugation: ich möchte, du möchtest, er möchte, wir möchten, ihr möchtet, sie möchten">möchte</abbr> eine Flasche Milch. :A. Lehmann: Was <abbr title="machen - en: to make">machst</abbr> du <abbr title="dann - en: then; afterwards">dann</abbr>? Hast du Zeit? :Th. Richter: Nein, <abbr title="leider - en: unfortunately">leider</abbr> nicht. Ich habe noch sehr <abbr title="viel - en: many; much">viel</abbr> <abbr title="die Arbeit - en: work">Arbeit</abbr>. 351a :Fragen zum Text: :Wer geht in die Mensa? :Was machen die Freunde dort? :Was <abbr title="es gibt - en: there is; there are">gibt es</abbr> heute? :Was isst Andreas? :Wie <abbr title="schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy">schmeckt</abbr> das Essen? :Trinkt Thomas gern Limonade? :Hat Andreas <abbr title="dann - en: then; afterwards">dann</abbr> Zeit? :Was macht Andreas dann? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 351a |- | :Wer geht in die Mensa? - Andreas Lehmann geht in die Mensa. :Was machen die Freunde dort? - Andreas und Thomas essen in der Mensa. (Sie essen in der Mensa.) :Was gibt es heute? - Es gibt Reis, Kartoffeln, Gemüse, Brot, Suppe und Obst. :Was isst Andreas? - Er isst Reis, Gemüse und Suppe. :Wie schmeckt das Essen? - Das Essen schmeckt ausgezeichnet. :Trinkt Thomas gern Limonade? - Nein, er trinkt nicht gern Limonade. :Hat Andreas dann Zeit? - Nein, er hat keine Zeit. :Was macht Andreas dann? - Er hat sehr viel Arbeit. Er arbeitet dann. |} 352 :Übungen zum Wortschatz und zum Text :'''Lesen Sie!''' :--- :<abbr title="es ist - en: it is">Es ist</abbr> Mittag. Die Studenten gehen in die Mensa. Sie ist nicht groß, aber modern. Heute gibt es Reis und Fleisch. Die Studenten bekommen auch Obst. Das Essen <abbr title="schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy">schmeckt</abbr> heute ausgezeichnet. Ein Student hat Durst. Er holt Limonade. 353 :'''<abbr title="groß - en: great">groß</abbr> - <abbr title="klein - en: little">klein</abbr>''' :--- :Andreas und Thomas gehen in die <abbr title="die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen">Mensa</abbr>. Dort ist auch ein <abbr title="Imbissraum - en: snack room; (der Raum - en: room; der Imbiss - en: snack)">Imbissraum</abbr>. Die Mensa ist groß, der Imbissraum ist klein. [[File:Chair 5709.jpg|thumb|der <abbr title="der Stuhl - en: chair">Stuhl</abbr>]] [[File:Swedish Windsor Chairs.jpg|thumb|die Stühle; zwei Stühle]] [[File:Tisch.png|thumb|der Tisch]] :Antworten Sie! :Ist der Imbissraum groß? :Ist die Mensa klein? :Ist das Zimmer groß? - Nein,... :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 353 |- | :Ist der Imbissraum groß? - Nein, der Imbissraum ist nicht groß. Er ist klein. :Ist die Mensa klein? - Nein, die Mensa ist nicht klein, sie ist groß. :Ist das Zimmer groß? - Nein, das Zimmer ist nicht groß. Es ist klein. |} 354 :Beispiel: :Platz :⇒ Ist dieser <abbr title="der Platz - en: place; seat">Platz</abbr> <abbr title="frei - en: free">frei</abbr>? :⇒ Ja, der Platz ist frei. :⇒ <abbr title="leider - en: unfortunately">Leider</abbr> nicht, der Platz ist <abbr title="besetzt - en: taken; occupied">besetzt</abbr>. :--- :<abbr title="der Stuhl; Plural: Stühle - en: chair">Stuhl</abbr> :Tisch :Plätze :<abbr title="der Stuhl; Plural: Stühle - en: chair">Stühle</abbr> :Tische :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 354 |- | :Ist dieser Platz frei? - :Ja, der Platz ist frei. :Leider nicht, der Platz ist besetzt. :--- :Ist dieser Stuhl frei? - :Ja, der Stuhl ist frei. :Leider nicht, der Stuhl ist besetzt. :--- :Ist dieser Tisch frei? - :Ja, der Tisch ist frei. :Leider nicht, der Tisch ist besetzt. :--- :Sind diese Plätze frei? - :Ja, die Plätze sind frei. :Leider nicht, die Plätze sind besetzt. :--- :Sind diese Stühle frei? - :Ja, die Stühle sind frei. :Leider nicht, die Stühle sind besetzt. :--- :Sind diese Tische frei? - :Ja, diese Tische sind frei. :Leider nicht, diese Tische sind besetzt. |} 355 [[File:Soggy Fetch 2 (4639152895).jpg|thumb|der <abbr title="der Hund - en: dog">Hund</abbr> bringt den <abbr title="der Stock - en: stick">Stock</abbr>]] :'''<abbr title="holen - en: to get; to fetch">holen</abbr> - <abbr title="bringen - en: to bring">bringen</abbr>''' :--- :'''gehen + holen''' :'''kommen + bringen''' :--- :Ergänzen Sie die Sätze! :Beispiel: :⇒ Wir brauchen ein Tonband. - Holen Sie es bitte! :--- :Ich brauche eine Karte. - ........ ! :Wir brauchen ein Lehrbuch. - ........ ! :Wir brauchen ein Bild. - ........ ! :Wir brauchen ein Heft. - ........ ! :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 355 |- | :Wir brauchen ein Tonband. - Holen Sie es bitte! :--- :Ich brauche eine Karte. - Holen Sie sie bitte! :Wir brauchen ein Lehrbuch. - Holen Sie es bitte! :Wir brauchen ein Bild. - Holen Sie es bitte! :Wir brauchen ein Heft. - Holen Sie es bitte! |} 356 :Beispiel: :⇒ <abbr title="wann - en: when">Wann</abbr> <abbr title="bringen - en: to bring">bringen</abbr> Sie mein Buch? - Heute bringe ich es. :--- :Wann bringen Sie meine Bilder? - ...... . :Wann bringen Sie mein Tonband? - ...... . :Wann bringen Sie unsere Hefte? - ...... . :Wann bringen Sie unsere Briefe? - ...... . :Wann bringen Sie unsere Karte? - ...... . :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 356 |- | :Wann bringen Sie mein Buch? - Heute bringe ich es. :--- :Wann bringen Sie meine Bilder? - Heute bringe ich sie. :Wann bringen Sie mein Tonband? - Heute bringe ich es. :Wann bringen Sie unsere Hefte? - Heute bringe ich sie. :Wann bringen Sie unsere Briefe? - Heute bringe ich sie. :Wann bringen Sie unsere Karte? - Heute bringe ich sie. |} 357 : ??? 358 :'''<abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr> - <abbr title="noch etwas - en: still something; something more">noch etwas</abbr>''' :--- :Beispiel: :<abbr title="wie viel - en: how many">Wie viel</abbr> <abbr title="die Zeit - en: time">Zeit</abbr> haben Sie <abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr>? (zwei Stunden) :⇒ Ich habe noch zwei Stunden. :--- :(drei Stunden, eine Stunde, zwei Stunden, vier Stunden) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 358 |- | :Wie viel Zeit haben Sie noch? - Ich habe noch zwei Stunden. :--- :Wie viel Zeit haben Sie noch? - Ich habe noch drei Stunden. :Wie viel Zeit haben Sie noch? - Ich habe noch eine Stunde. :Wie viel Zeit haben Sie noch? - Ich habe noch zwei Stunden. :Wie viel Zeit haben Sie noch? - Ich habe noch vier Stunden. |} 359 :Beispiel: :ein Euro :⇒ Wie viel <abbr title="das Geld - en: money">Geld</abbr> brauchen Sie <abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr>? :⇒ Ich brauche <abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr> einen Euro. :--- :zwei Euro :vier Euro :1,50 Euro :3,10 Euro :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 359 |- | :Wie viel Geld brauchen Sie noch? - Ich brauche noch einen Euro. :--- :Wie viel Geld brauchen Sie noch? - Ich brauche noch zwei Euro. :Wie viel Geld brauchen Sie noch? - Ich brauche noch vier Euro. :Wie viel Geld brauchen Sie noch? - Ich brauche noch 1,50 Euro. :Wie viel Geld brauchen Sie noch? - Ich brauche noch 3,10 Euro. |} == 360 - 369 == 360 [[File:Soup Spoon.jpg|thumb|der Löffel]] [[File:Forks.png|thumb|die Gabel]] [[File:Tafelmesser.jpg|thumb|das Messer]] :Beispiel: :Möchten Sie <abbr title="noch etwas - en: something else">noch etwas</abbr>? (drei Tassen) :⇒ Ja, ich brauche <abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr> drei Tassen. :--- :(zwei Flaschen <abbr title="die Limonade - en: soft drink">Limonade</abbr>, vier <abbr title="die Gabel - en: fork">Gabeln</abbr>, vier <abbr title="das Messer - en: knife">Messer</abbr>, vier <abbr title="der Löffel - en: spoon">Löffel</abbr>, drei Gläser) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 360 |- | :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch drei Tassen. :--- :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch zwei Flaschen Limonade. :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch vier Gabeln. :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch vier Messer. :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch vier Löffel. :Möchten Sie noch etwas? - Ja, ich brauche noch drei Gläser. |} 361 :'''<abbr title="schmecken - en: to taste; to taste good; to enjoy">schmecken</abbr>''' :--- :Beispiel: :Schmeckt das <abbr title="das Mittagessen - en: lunch; dinner (at midday; at noon)">Mittagessen</abbr>? - Ja, ... gut. :⇒ Ja, das Mittag<abbr title="das Essen - en: meal; food">essen</abbr> schmeckt gut. :--- :Schmeckt das Gemüse? - Ja, ... <abbr title="sehr gut - en: very good">sehr gut</abbr>. :Schmeckt ... Suppe? - Ja, ... <abbr title="ausgezeichnet - en: excellent">ausgezeichnet</abbr>. :Schmeckt ... Wurst? - Nein, ... nicht gut. :Schmeckt ... Käse? - Nein, ... <abbr title="schlecht - en: bad">schlecht</abbr>. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 361 |- | :Schmeckt das Mittagessen? - Ja, das Mittagessen schmeckt gut. :--- :Schmeckt das Gemüse? - Ja, Gemüse schmeckt sehr gut. :Schmeckt die Suppe? - Ja, die Suppe schmeckt ausgezeichnet. :Schmeckt die Wurst? - Nein, die Wurst schmeckt nicht gut. :Schmeckt der Käse? - Nein, der Käse schmeckt schlecht. |} 362 :Beispiel: :Wie schmeckt das <abbr title="das Essen - en: food; meal">Essen</abbr>? (sehr gut) :⇒ Es schmeckt sehr gut. :--- :(Brot, <abbr title="der Kuchen - en: cake">Kuchen</abbr>, Limonade, Brötchen, Kartoffeln, Wurst) :--- :(ausgezeichnet, sehr gut, gut, nicht gut, schlecht, sehr schlecht) :--- :Brot - ausgezeichnet :Kuchen - sehr gut :Limonade - gut :Brötchen - nicht gut :Kartoffeln - schlecht :Wurst - sehr schlecht :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 362 |- | :Wie schmeckt das Essen? - Es schmeckt sehr gut. :--- :Wie schmeckt das Brot? - Es schmeckt sehr gut. :Wie schmeckt der Kuchen? - Er schmeckt sehr gut. :Wie schmeckt die Limonade? - Sie schmeckt sehr gut. :Wie schmecken die Brötchen? - Sie schmecken sehr gut. :Wie schmecken die Kartoffeln? - Sie schmecken sehr gut. :Wie schmeckt die Wurst? - Sie schmeckt sehr gut. :--- :Wie schmeckt das Brot? - Es schmeckt ausgezeichnet. :Wie schmeckt der Kuchen? - Er schmeckt sehr gut. :Wie schmeckt das Essen? - Es schmeckt sehr gut. :Wie schmecken die Brötchen? - Sie schmecken nicht gut. :Wie schmecken die Kartoffeln? - Sie schmecken schlecht. |} 362a :Infinitiv: '''<abbr title="schmecken - en: to taste">schmecken</abbr>''' :--- :ich schmecke :du schmeckst :er schmeckt (sie schmeckt, '''es schmeckt''') :wir schmecken :ihr schmeckt :'''sie schmecken''' 363 :gut - sehr gut - ausgezeichnet :--- :nicht gut - schlecht - sehr schlecht 364 :'''<abbr title="gern - en: with pleasure">gern</abbr>''' ( = '''gerne''') :--- :Beispiel: :Was essen Sie gern? (Reis) :⇒ Ich esse gern Reis. :--- :(Fleisch, Gemüse, Brot) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 364 |- | :Was essen Sie gern? - Ich esse gern Reis. :--- :Was essen Sie gern? - Ich esse gern Fleisch. :Was essen Sie gern? - Ich esse gern Gemüse. :Was essen Sie gern? - Ich esse gern Brot. |} 365 :Beispiel: :Was trinken Sie gern? (Milch) :⇒ Ich trinke gern Milch. :--- :(Kaffee, Tee, Limonade) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 365 |- | :Was trinken Sie gern? - Ich trinke gern Milch. :--- :Was trinken Sie gern? - Ich trinke gern Kaffee. :Was trinken Sie gern? - Ich trinke gern Tee. :Was trinken Sie gern? - Ich trinke gern Limonade. |} 366 [[File:Rationell 02.jpg|thumb|Kaffeekännchen (die Kanne (groß); das Kännchen (klein)]] :'''<abbr title="leider nicht - en: I’m afraid not; no, unfortunately; unfortunately not">Leider nicht</abbr>'''. :oder :'''<abbr title="nein danke - en: no, thanks">Nein, danke</abbr>'''. :--- :Möchten Sie Kaffee mit Zucker? :Brauchen Sie <abbr title="noch - en: still; even more">noch</abbr> ein Heft? :Ist dieser <abbr title="der Stuhl - en: chair">Stuhl</abbr> <abbr title="frei - en: available; free">frei</abbr>? :<abbr title="nehmen - en: to take">Nehmen</abbr> Sie auch Brot? :Sind hier zwei <abbr title="der Platz - en: seat; Plural: Plätze; plaza">Plätze</abbr> frei? :Haben Sie heute <abbr title="die Zeit - en: time">Zeit</abbr>? :Gibt es heute Obst? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 366 |- | :Möchten Sie Kaffee mit Zucker? - Nein, danke. :Brauchen Sie noch ein Heft? - Nein, danke. :Ist dieser Stuhl frei? - Leider nicht. :Nehmen Sie auch Brot? - Nein, danke. :Sind hier zwei Plätze frei? - Leider nicht. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Leider nicht. :Gibt es heute Obst? - Leider nicht. |} 367 :'''Zeit haben''' :'''Fragen und antworten Sie!''' :___ :Beispiel: :Haben Sie heute <abbr title="die Zeit - en: time">Zeit</abbr>? (<abbr title="viel - en: a lot of; many; much">viel</abbr> Zeit) :⇒ Heute habe ich viel Zeit. :--- :Haben Sie heute Zeit? :(<abbr title="sehr viel Zeit - en: a lot of time">sehr viel Zeit</abbr>) :(<abbr title="viel Zeit - en: very much time">viel Zeit</abbr>) :(nicht viel Zeit) :(<abbr title="wenig Zeit - en: little time">wenig Zeit</abbr>) :(<abbr title="sehr wenig Zeit - en: very little time">sehr wenig Zeit</abbr>) :(<abbr title="keine Zeit - en: no time">keine Zeit</abbr>) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 367 |- | :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich viel Zeit. :--- :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich sehr viel Zeit. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich viel Zeit. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich nicht viel Zeit. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich wenig Zeit. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich sehr wenig Zeit. :Haben Sie heute Zeit? - Heute habe ich keine Zeit. |} 368 :'''<abbr title="dann - en: then; afterwards; later">dann</abbr>''' :Antworten Sie! :'''Was <abbr title="machen - en: to make; Konjugation: ich mache, du machst, er macht, wir machen, ihr macht, sie machen">machen</abbr> Sie dann?''' :--- :Es ist 8 Uhr. Ich gehe in die <abbr title="die Schule - en: school">Schule</abbr>. <abbr title="bis - en: till; until">Bis</abbr> 12 Uhr habe ich Unterricht. Dann gehe ich in den Speisesaal. (Speise-Saal = Mensa) :--- :Es ist 12 Uhr. Ich <abbr title="gehen - en: to go; to walk; Konjugation: ich; ich gehe, du gehst, er geht, wir gehen, ihr geht, sie gehen">gehe</abbr> in den <abbr title="der Speise-Saal - en: dining room; der Saal - en: hall">Speisesaal</abbr>. :Was <abbr title="machen - en: to make">machen</abbr> Sie dann? :<abbr title="von - en: from">Von</abbr> 15 <abbr title="bis - en: to">bis</abbr> 17 Uhr mache ich Hausaufgaben. :Was machen Sie dann? :<abbr title="um - en: at">Um</abbr> 19 <abbr title="Uhr - en: o'clock">Uhr</abbr> esse ich Brot, Butter und Wurst. :Was machen Sie dann? :<abbr title="später - en: later; later on">Später</abbr> gehe ich <abbr title="schlafen - en: to sleep; Konjugation: ich schlafe, du schläfst, er schläft, wir schlafen, ihr schlaft, sie schlafen">schlafen</abbr>. 369 :Beispiel: :(Reis - Kartoffeln - Brot) :⇒ :⇒ a. Möchten Sie Reis oder Kartoffeln? :⇒ b. ... (Viel, bitte. - Wenig, bitte.) :⇒ a. Viel oder wenig? :⇒ b. ... :⇒ a. Möchten Sie auch Brot? :⇒ b. ... (Ja, bitte! - Nein, danke!) :--- :(Kaffee - Tee - Zucker) :(<abbr title="die Wurst - en: sausage; cold cuts; sliced cold sausage; Plural: Würste">Wurst</abbr> - Käse - Butter) :(Milch - Limonade - Obst) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 369 |- | :Möchten Sie Reis oder Kartoffeln? :Ich möchte bitte Kartoffeln. :Viel oder wenig? :Viel bitte. :Möchten Sie auch Brot? :Ja, bitte! :--- :Möchten Sie Kaffe oder Tee? :Ich möchte bitte Tee. :Viel oder wenig? :Viel bitte. :Möchten Sie auch Zucker? :Ja, bitte! :--- :Möchten Sie Wurst oder Käse? :Ich möchte bitte Käse. :Viel oder wenig? :Viel bitte. :Möchten Sie auch Butter? :Ja, bitte! :--- :Möchten Sie Milch oder Limonade? :Ich möchte bitte Limonade. :Viel oder wenig? :Viel bitte. :Möchten Sie auch Obst? :Ja, bitte! |} == 370 - 379 == 370 :Ihr <abbr title="der Freund - en: friend">Freund</abbr> kommt in den <abbr title="der Speisesaal - en: dining room; der Saal - en: hall">Speisesaal</abbr>. Er fragt Sie. Antworten Sie! :Beispiel: :(Platz - Essen) :⇒ :⇒ a. Ist dieser <abbr title="der Platz - en: seat">Platz</abbr> frei? :⇒ b. ... :⇒ a. Guten <abbr title="der Appetit - en: appetite">Appetit</abbr>! :⇒ b. ... :⇒ a. Schmeckt das Essen? :⇒ b. ... :--- :(<abbr title="der Stuhl - en: chair">Stuhl</abbr> - <abbr title="das Fleisch - en: meat">Fleisch</abbr>) :(<abbr title="der Platz - en: seat; Plural: Plätze">Plätze</abbr> - Gemüse) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 370 |- | :Ist dieser Platz frei? :Ja, bitte, dieser Platz ist frei. :Guten Appetit! :Danke, gleichfalls. :Schmeckt das Essen? :Ja, das Essen schmeckt heute gut. :--- :Ist dieser Stuhl frei? :Ja, bitte, dieser Stuhl ist frei. :Guten Appetit! :Danke, gleichfalls. :Schmeckt das Fleisch? :Ja, das Fleisch schmeckt heute gut. :--- :Sind diese Plätze frei? :Ja, bitte, diese Plätze sind frei. :Guten Appetit! :Danke, gleichfalls. :Schmeckt das Gemüse? :Ja, das Gemüse schmeckt heute gut. |} 371 :Ihr Freund <abbr title="essen - en: to eat; Konjugation: ich esse, du isst, er isst, wir essen, ihr esst, sie essen">isst</abbr>. Sie kommen in den Speisesaal. :Was <abbr title="sagen - en: to say">sagen</abbr> Sie? :⇒ a. ... :⇒ b. Ja, bitte, dieser Platz ist <abbr title="frei - en: available; free">frei</abbr>. :⇒ a. ... :⇒ b. Danke, <abbr title="gleichfalls - en: likewise; also; and the same to you">gleichfalls</abbr>. :⇒ a. ... :⇒ b. Ja, das Essen schmeckt heute sehr gut. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 371 |- | :Ist dieser Platz frei? :Ja, bitte, dieser Platz ist frei. :Guten Appetit! :Danke, gleichfalls. :Schmeckt das Essen? :Ja, das Essen schmeckt heute sehr gut. |} 372 [[File:Mathematics lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology.jpg|thumb|die <abbr title="die Vorlesung - en: lecture; course of lectures">Vorlesung</abbr> (<abbr title="lesen - en: to read">lesen</abbr>; <abbr title="vorlesen - en: to read out something">vorlesen</abbr>)]] :'''Übungen zur Phonetik''' :'''Üben Sie die Fragen.''' :--- :Was isst du heute? ↘ :Isst du heute Reis? ↗ :--- :Was <abbr title="nehmen - en: to take; Konjugation: ich nehme, du nimmst, er nimmt, wir nehmen, ihr nehmt, sie nehmen">nimmst</abbr> du heute? ↘ :Nimmst du heute Reis? ↗ :--- :Was trinkst du dann? ↘ :Trinkst du Limonade? ↗ :--- :Was machst du dann? ↘ :Hast du Zeit? ↗ :--- :Wohin gehst du dann? ↘ :Gehst du dann in die Stadt? ↗ 373 :[o:] Monika, Brot, <abbr title="groß - en: big">groß</abbr>, rot, wo, Pohl, Obst, <abbr title="die Vorlesung - en: lecture">Vorlesung</abbr> :[ɔ] kommen, <abbr title="bekommen - en: to get something; to receive something">bekommen</abbr>, <abbr title="noch - en: still">noch</abbr>, dort, Wort, Glossar :[e:] lesen, <abbr title="sehen - en: to see">sehen</abbr>, nehmen, sehr, Tee, Kaffee, Vorlesung :[ɛ] schmecken, essen, gelb, gern, Mensa 374 <gallery> File:IWC GST ref. 3707 - dial.jpg|<abbr title="die Uhr - en: clock; wrist-watch">Uhr</abbr> File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|<abbr title="die Welt - en: world">Welt</abbr>; <abbr title="die Erde - en: earth">Erde</abbr> File:Toronto - ON - Toronto Skyline2.jpg|<abbr title="die Stadt - en: town">Stadt</abbr> File:Ourika berbere village.jpg|<abbr title="das Dorf - en: village">Dorf</abbr> File:Bundesregierung (Tobias Koch).jpg|<abbr title="die Regierung - en: goverment">Regierung</abbr> File:Bornheimkirche2.JPG|<abbr title="die Kirche - en: church">Kirche</abbr> File:Bahnhof-Aulendorf.jpg|<abbr title="der Bahnhof - en: railway station">Bahnhof</abbr> File:Hamburg Hauptbahnhof.jpg|<abbr title="der Bahnhof - en: railway station">Bahnhof</abbr> File:Himalayas.jpg|<abbr title="das Gebirge - en: mountains; mountain range">Gebirge</abbr> File:Laliderer Wand von N HQ.jpg|<abbr title="das Gebirge - en: mountains; mountain range">Gebirge</abbr> File:Pyramid Hill 2012 001.JPG|<abbr title="der Berg - en: mountain; hill">Berg</abbr> </gallery> 375 <gallery> File:Rccl-brillance-of-the-seas.jpg|<abbr title="das Schiff - en: ship">Schiff</abbr> File:Ruderboot 1.jpg|<abbr title="das Boot - en: boat">Boot</abbr> File:470er sailing.jpg|<abbr title="das Segelboot - en: sailing boat">Segelboot</abbr> File:Preussen - SLV Allan C. Green H91.250-378.jpg|<abbr title="das Segelschiff - en: sailing ship">Segelschiff</abbr> </gallery> 376 <gallery> File:High above the Cloud the Sun Stays the Same.jpg|<abbr title="die Wolke - en: cloud">Wolke</abbr> File:Blue sky south of France.jpg|<abbr title="der Himmel - en: sky">Himmel</abbr> File:Regnbyge.jpg|<abbr title="der Regen - en: rain">Regen</abbr> |<abbr title="die Sonne - en: sun">Sonne</abbr> File:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg|<abbr title="der Mond - en: moon">Mond</abbr> </gallery> 377 <gallery> File:Lateral head anatomy detail.png|<abbr title="der Kopf - en: head">Kopf</abbr> File:Arm flex supinate.jpg|<abbr title="der Arm - enː arm">Arm</abbr> File:Kiki's and daddy's hand(s).jpg|<abbr title="die Hand - en: hand">Hand</abbr> File:Legs.jpg|<abbr title="das Bein - en: leg">Bein</abbr> File:Foot Arche (PSF).png|<abbr title="der Fuß - en: foot">Fuß</abbr> </gallery> 378 <gallery> File:Coschützer Straße 54 56 Dresden.JPG|<abbr title="das Haus - en: house">Haus</abbr> File:Langenegg, Kirchdorf 7 Gh Adler 09.JPG|<abbr title="das Fenster - en: window">Fenster</abbr> File:L-door.png|<abbr title="die Tür - en: door">Tür</abbr> File:Tisch.png|<abbr title="der Tisch - en: table">Tisch</abbr> File:CadeiraGoncalo.JPG|<abbr title="der Stuhl - en: seat">Stuhl</abbr> File:Zwei gleiche Schlüssel von Abus.JPG|<abbr title="der Schlüssel - en: key">Schlüssel</abbr>; <abbr title="zwei Schlüssel - en: two keys">zwei Schlüssel</abbr> File:Contemporary cupboard.jpg|<abbr title="der Schrank - en: wardrobe">Schrank</abbr> </gallery> 379 <gallery> File:Stilles Mineralwasser.jpg|<abbr title="das Wasser - en: water">Wasser</abbr> File:Brote.JPG|<abbr title="das Brot - en: bread">Brot</abbr> File:Empty Wine bottle.jpg|<abbr title="die Flasche - en: bottle">Flasche</abbr> File:Big-trailmaster.jpg|<abbr title="das Messer - en: knife">Messer</abbr> File:Forks.png|<abbr title="die Gabel - en: fork">Gabel</abbr> File:No-frills tablespoon.jpg|<abbr title="der Löffel - en: spoon">Löffel</abbr> File:Giessporzellan2.jpg|<abbr title="die Tasse - en: cup">Tasse</abbr> File:Wigomat-filterkaffeetasse.jpg|<abbr title="der Becher - en: mug; tumbler; glass">Becher </abbr> File:Kitchenware Melamine Plate Rezowan.JPG|<abbr title="der Teller - en: plate">Teller</abbr> </gallery> == Vokabular: Lektion 008 == {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-1.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Stunde - en: hour : der Unterricht - en: lesson; class : die Mathematik - en: mathematics; (no Plural in German) : die Physik - en: physics : die Chemie - en: chemistry : haben - en: to have : die Zeit - en: time : Ich habe keine Zeit. - en: I have no time. : die Zeitschrift - en: magazine; journal : mein - en: my : die Zeitschrift - en: magazine; journal : dein - en: your : Wie viel? - en: How much? : unsere - en: our : euer, eure - en: your : der Bleistift - en: pencil {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-2.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : übersetzen - en: to translate : rechnen - en: to calculate : unser, unsere - en: our : viel - en: a lot; many; much : öffnen - en: to open : verstehen - en: to understand : die Aufgabe - en: exercise; task; job : dann - en: then; afterwards : das Tonband - en: tape; audiotape : brauchen - en: to need : kein, keine - en: no : nur - en: only : brauchen - en: to need : machen - en: to make : die Hausaufgaben - en: homework : der Bahnhof - en: railway station : der Hauptbahnhof - en: central station; main station : die Straße - en: street : die Hauptstraße - en: main street : die Stadt - en: town; city : die Hauptstadt - en: capital : Haupt-" - en: „main-“ : der Hauptmann - en: captain : das Hauptwort - en: noun {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-3.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Pappe - en: cardboard : der Messbecher - en: measuring cup; measuring jug : messen - en: to measure : das Gold - en: gold : das Metall - en: metal : das Silber - en: silver : immer - en: allways : das Glas - en: glass : holen - en: to get; to fetch; to go for {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-4.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Negation [negaˈtsjo:n] - en: negation : nicht - en: not : kein - en: no : das Diktat - en: dictation : der Fehler - en: mistake; error : gehen - en: to go (on foot); to walk : brauchen - en: to need : nehmen - en: to take : die Butter - en: butter : kein - en: no; (kein = no + ein) : holen - en: to get; to fetch; to go for : unsere - en: our : verstehen - en: to understand : eure; euer - en: your : dein - en: your : sehen - en: to see : erzählen - en: to tell; to retell : falsch - en: false : noch einmal - en: once more : richtig - en: correct : die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen : das Mittagessen - en: lunch; dinner (at midday; at noon) : die Stunde - en: hour : die Zeit - en: time : die Vorlesung - en: lecture : lesen - en: to read : vorlesen - en: to read something to somebody : die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen : groß - en: great {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-5.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : aber - en: but : modern [mo'de:rn] - en: modern : wenig - en: a little bit; little; few : das Brot - en: bread : es gibt - en: there is; there are : bekommen - en: to get something; to receive : der Platz - en: place : der Freund - en: friend : frei - en: available; free : gleichfalls - en: likewise; also; the same to you : schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy : der Geschmack - en: taste : der Durst - en: thirst : die Limonade - en: soft drink (no lemon juice) : nicht gern - en: I don't like : möchten - en: to want : machen - en: to make : dann - en: then; afterwards : leider - en: unfortunately : viel - en: many; much : die Arbeit - en: work {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-6.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : es gibt - en: there is; there are : schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy : dann - en: then; afterwards : es ist - en: it is : schmecken - en: to taste; to enjoy : groß - en: great : klein - en: little : die Mensa - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen : Imbissraum - en: snack room : der Raum - en: room : der Imbiss - en: snack : der Stuhl - en: chair : der Platz - en: place; seat : frei - en: free : leider - en: unfortunately : besetzt - en: taken; occupied : der Stuhl; Plural: Stühle - en: chair {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-7.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : der Hund - en: dog : der Stock - en: stick : holen - en: to get; to fetch : bringen - en: to bring : wann? - en: when? : bringen - en: to bring : noch - en: still : noch etwas - en: still something; something more : wie viel? - en: how many? : die Zeit - en: time : noch - en: still : das Geld - en: money : noch - en: still : noch etwas - en: something else : die Limonade - en: soft drink : die Gabel - en: fork : das Messer - en: knife : der Löffel - en: spoon {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-8.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : schmecken - en: to taste; to taste good; to enjoy : das Mittagessen - en: lunch; dinner (at midday; at noon) : das Essen - en: meal; food : sehr gut - en: very good : ausgezeichnet - en: excellent : schlecht - en: bad : das Essen - en: food; meal : der Kuchen - en: cake : schmecken - en: to taste : gern - en: with pleasure : leider nicht - en: I’m afraid not; no, unfortunately; unfortunately not : nein danke - en: no, thanks : noch - en: still; even more : der Stuhl - en: chair : frei - en: available; free : nehmen - en: to take : der Platz; Plural: Plätze - en: seat {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-9.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Zeit - en: time : viel - en: a lot of; many; much : sehr viel Zeit - en: a lot of time : viel Zeit - en: very much time : wenig Zeit - en: little time : sehr wenig Zeit - en: very little time : keine Zeit - en: no time : dann - en: then; afterwards; later : machen - en: to make : die Schule - en: school : bis - en: till; until : gehen - en: to go; to walk : der Speise-Saal - en: dining room : der Saal - en: hall : machen - en: to make : von - en: from : bis - en: to : um - en: at : Uhr - en: o'clock : später - en: later; later on : schlafen - en: to sleep {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-10.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Wurst; Plural: Würste - en: sausage; cold cuts; sliced cold sausage : der Freund - en: friend : der Speisesaal - en: dining room : der Saal - en: hall : der Platz - en: seat : der Appetit - en: appetite : der Stuhl - en: chair : das Fleisch - en: meat : der Platz; Plural: Plätze - en: seat : essen - en: to eat : sagen - en: to say : frei - en: available; free : gleichfalls - en: likewise; also; and the same to you : die Vorlesung - en: lecture; course of lectures : lesen - en: to read : vorlesen - en: to read out something : groß - en: big : die Vorlesung - en: lecture : bekommen - en: to get something; to receive something : noch - en: still : sehen - en: to see {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-11.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : die Uhr - en: clock; wrist-watch : die Welt - en: world : die Erde - en: earth : die Stadt - en: town : das Dorf - en: village : die Regierung - en: government : die Kirche - en: church : der Bahnhof - en: railway station : das Gebirge - en: mountains; mountain range : das Gebirge - en: mountains; mountain range : der Berg - en: mountain; hill : das Schiff - en: ship : das Boot - en: boat : das Segelboot - en: sailing boat : das Segelschiff - en: sailing ship : die Wolke - en: cloud : der Himmel - en: sky : der Regen - en: rain : die Sonne - en: sun : der Mond - en: moon {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 008-12.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : der Kopf - en: head : der Arm - en: arm : die Hand - en: hand : das Bein - en: leg : der Fuß - en: foot : das Haus - en: house : das Fenster - en: window : die Tür - en: door : der Tisch - en: table : der Stuhl - en: seat : der Schlüssel - en: key : zwei Schlüssel - en: two keys : der Schrank - en: wardrobe : das Wasser - en: water : das Brot - en: bread : die Flasche - en: bottle : das Messer - en: knife : die Gabel - en: fork : der Löffel - en: spoon : die Tasse - en: cup : der Becher - en: mug; tumbler; glass : der Teller - en: plate == Vokabular: Lektion 008 - alphabetisch geordnet == # aber - en: but # Appetit, der - en: appetite # Arbeit, die - en: work # Arm, der - en: arm # Aufgabe, die - en: exercise; task; job # ausgezeichnet - en: excellent # Bahnhof, der - en: railway station # Becher, der - en: mug; tumbler; glass # Bein, das - en: leg # bekommen - en: to get something; to receive # Berg, der - en: mountain; hill # besetzt - en: taken; occupied # bis - en: till; until # Bleistift, der - en: pencil # Boot, das - en: boat # brauchen - en: to need # bringen - en: to bring # Brot, das - en: bread # Butter, die - en: butter # Chemie, die - en: chemistry # dann - en: then; afterwards; later # dein - en: your # Diktat, das - en: dictation # Dorf, das - en: village # Durst, der - en: thirst # Erde, die - en: earth # erzählen - en: to tell; to retell # es gibt - en: there is; there are # es ist - en: it is # essen - en: to eat # Essen, das - en: food; meal # euer, eure - en: your # falsch - en: false # Fehler, der - en: mistake; error # Fenster, das - en: window # Flasche, die - en: bottle # Fleisch, das - en: meat # frei - en: available; free # Freund, der - en: friend # Fuß, der - en: foot # Gabel, die - en: fork # Gebirge, das - en: mountains; mountain range # gehen - en: to go (on foot); to walk # Geld, das - en: money # gern - en: with pleasure # Geschmack, der - en: taste # Glas, das - en: glass # gleichfalls - en: likewise; also; and the same to you # Gold, das - en: gold # groß - en: big; great # haben - en: to have # Hand, die - en: hand # Haupt-" - en: „main-“ # Hauptbahnhof, der - en: central station; main station # Hauptmann, der - en: captain # Hauptstadt, die - en: capital # Hauptstraße, die - en: main street # Hauptwort, das - en: noun # Haus, das - en: house # Hausaufgabe, die - en: homework # Himmel, der - en: sky # holen - en: to get; to fetch; to go for # Hund, der - en: dog # Ich habe keine Zeit. - en: I have no time. # Imbiss, der - en: snack # Imbissraum - en: snack room # immer - en: allways # kein; keine - en: no; (kein = no + ein) # keine Zeit - en: no time # Kirche, die - en: church # klein - en: little # Kopf, der - en: head # Kuchen, der - en: cake # leider - en: unfortunately # leider nicht - en: I’m afraid not; no, unfortunately; unfortunately not # lesen - en: to read # Limonade, die - en: soft drink (no lemon juice) # Löffel, der - en: spoon # machen - en: to make # Mathematik, die - en: mathematics; (no Plural in German) # mein - en: my # Mensa, die - en: student food court (in an university); refectory; canteen # Messbecher, der - en: measuring cup; measuring jug # messen - en: to measure # Messer, das - en: knife # Metall, das - en: metal # Mittagessen, das - en: lunch; dinner (at midday; at noon) # möchten - en: to want # modern [mo'de:rn] - en: modern # Mond, der - en: moon # Negation, die [negaˈtsjo:n] - en: negation # nehmen - en: to take # nein danke - en: no, thanks # nicht - en: not # nicht gern - en: I don't like # noch - en: still; even more # noch einmal - en: once more # noch etwas - en: still something; something more # nur - en: only # öffnen - en: to open # Pappe, die - en: cardboard # Physik, die - en: physics # Platz, der; Plural: Plätze - en: seat; place # Raum, der - en: room # rechnen - en: to calculate # Regen, der - en: rain # Regierung, die - en: government # richtig - en: correct # Saal, der - en: hall # sagen - en: to say # Schiff, das - en: ship # schlafen - en: to sleep # schlecht - en: bad # Schlüssel, der - en: key # schmecken - en: to taste; to taste good; to enjoy # Schrank, der - en: wardrobe # Schule, die - en: school # Segelboot, das - en: sailing boat # Segelschiff, das - en: sailing ship # sehen - en: to see # sehr gut - en: very good # sehr viel Zeit - en: a lot of time # sehr wenig Zeit - en: very little time # Silber, das - en: silver # Sonne, die - en: sun # später - en: later; later on # Speisesaal, der - en: dining room # Stadt, die - en: town; city # Stock, der - en: stick # Straße, die - en: street # Stuhl, der; Plural: Stühle - en: chair; seat # Stunde, die - en: hour # Tasse, die - en: cup # Teller, der - en: plate # Tisch, der - en: table # Tonband, das - en: tape; audiotape # Tür, die - en: door # übersetzen - en: to translate # Uhr - en: o'clock # Uhr, die - en: clock; wrist-watch # um - en: at # unser, unsere - en: our # Unterricht, der - en: lesson; class # verstehen - en: to understand # viel - en: a lot; many; much # viel Zeit - en: very much time # von - en: from # vorlesen - en: to read out something; to read something to somebody # Vorlesung, die - en: lecture; course of lectures # wann? - en: when? # Wasser, das - en: water # Welt, die - en: world # wenig - en: a little bit; little; few # wenig Zeit - en: little time # wie viel? - en: how many? # Wie viel? - en: How much? # Wolke, die - en: cloud # Wurst, die; Plural: Würste - en: sausage; cold cuts; sliced cold sausage # Zeit, die - en: time # Zeitschrift, die - en: magazine; journal # zwei Schlüssel - en: two keys :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger|Inhaltsverzeichnis]] :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 007|Lektion 007]] ← Lektion 008 → [[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 009|Lektion 009]] {{BookCat}} [[ar:Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 008]] [[es:Curso de alemán para principiantes con audio/Lección 008]] [[ku:Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 008]] c9snv9bwclfgyysxsw046a2konknpdj 0 365506 4443497 4110412 2024-11-02T15:27:13Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Wiener_Wuerstchen_fcm.jpg with [[File:Wiener_Wuerstchen_(fcm).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: to harmonize the names of a set of images). 4443497 wikitext text/x-wiki :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger|Inhaltsverzeichnis]] :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 021|Lektion 021]] ← Lektion 022 → [[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 023|Lektion 023]] == 900 - 909 == 900 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 900 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Übungen zur Grammatik :Das Modalverb „'''wollen'''“ :--- :Monika: Karin und ich '''wollen''' heute Nachmittag ins Kino gehen. Was '''willst''' du heute Nachmittag '''machen''', Uta? :Uta: Ich '''will''' heute zu Hause '''<abbr title="bleiben - en: to remain; to stay">bleiben</abbr>''', meinen Eltern schreiben und Musik hören. Aber ich <abbr title="glauben - en: to think; to believe">glaube</abbr>, Anne '''will''' heute auch ins Kino '''gehen'''. <abbr title="vielleicht - en: maybe">Vielleicht</abbr> geht sie mit euch. 901 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 901 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''wollen''' :Konjugation im Präsens :--- :ich will - Ich will jetzt schlafen. :du willst - Du willst heute Nachmittag lernen. :er will - Er will morgen nach Berlin fahren. :wir wollen - Wir wollen <abbr title="nachher - en: later; later on; after this">nachher</abbr> Kaffee trinken und Kuchen essen. :ihr wollt - Ihr wollt heute Nachmittag zu Hause bleiben. :sie wollen - Sie wollen uns besuchen. 902 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 902 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''wollen''' :Konjugation im Perfekt :--- :ich wollte - Ich wollte gestern lernen. :du wolltest - Du wolltest heute Morgen auf mich warten. :er wollte - Er wollte heute <abbr title="eigentlich - en: actually; really; true; as a matter of fact">eigentlich</abbr> arbeiten. :wir wollten - Wir wollten <abbr title="ihr - en: her; to her">ihr</abbr> Blumen zum Geburtstag <abbr title="schenken - en: to present">schenken</abbr>. :ihr wolltet - Ihr wolltet euch Schuhe kaufen. :sie wollten - Sie wollten <abbr title="gestern - en: yesterday">gestern</abbr> Frau Wagner besuchen, aber sie war leider nicht zu Hause. 903 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 903 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Ergänzen Sie „wollen“!''' :--- :Inge, Anne und Karin ... am Wochenende nach [[:de:w:Augsburg|Augsburg]] fahren. :Frau Altmann ... mit ihren Schülern das Museum '''<abbr title="besichtigen - en: to visit, to tour; sehen - en: to see; die Besichtigung - en: sightseeing; tour">besichtigen</abbr>'''. :Monika und Uta, was ... ihr heute Abend machen? :Wir ... heute zu Hause bleiben. :Ich ... einen Brief an meine Freunde in [[:de:w:Ulm|Ulm]] schreiben, und Uta ... ein Buch lesen. :Dann ... Ralf uns besuchen, und wir ... Musik hören. :Peter, was ... du heute Abend essen? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 903 |- | :Inge, Anne und Karin wollen am Wochenende nach Augsburg fahren. :Frau Altmann will mit ihren Schülern das Museum besichtigen. :Monika und Uta, was wollt ihr heute Abend machen? :Wir wollen heute zu Hause bleiben. :Ich will einen Brief an meine Freunde in Ulm schreiben, und Uta will ein Buch lesen :Dann will Ralf uns besuchen, und wir wollen Musik hören. :Peter, was willst du heute Abend essen? |} 904 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 904 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''<abbr title="weit - en: wide; broad; far">weit</abbr>''', <abbr title="breit - en: broad">breit</abbr>, <abbr title="lang - en: long">lang</abbr> :<abbr title="eng - en: narrow">eng</abbr>, <abbr title="schmal - en: narrow">schmal</abbr>, <abbr title="kurz - en: short">kurz</abbr> :'''Erweitern Sie!''' :--- :Beispiel: :Karin will nach [[:de:w:Regensburg|Regensburg]] fahren. (Wochenende; mit ihren Freundinnen) :⇒ Karin will am Wochenende nach Regensburg fahren. :⇒ Karin will am Wochenende mit ihren Freundinnen nach Regensburg fahren. :--- :Herr Lehmann will nach [[:de:w:Ingolstadt|Ingolstadt]] fahren. (am Freitag; mit seiner Frau) :Peter will ins Kino gehen. (heute Abend; mit Thomas und Inge) :Andreas will ins Konzert gehen. (übermorgen; mit Frau Stein) :Frau Wagner will das Museum besichtigen. (am Dienstag; mit ihren Schülern) :Thomas will die Stadt besichtigen. (heute Nachmittag; mit unseren Gästen) :Inge will an einen See fahren. (am Wochende; mit ihren Eltern) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 904 |- | :Karin will nach Regensburg fahren. :Karin will am Wochenende nach Regensburg fahren. :Karin will am Wochenende mit ihren Freundinnen nach Regensburg fahren. --- :Herr Lehmann will nach Ingolstadt fahren. :Herr Lehmann will am Freitag nach Ingolstadt fahren. :Herr Lehmann will am Freitag mit seiner Frau nach Ingolstadt fahren. :--- :Peter will ins Kino gehen. :Peter will heute Abend ins Kino gehen. :Peter will heute Abend mit Thomas und Inge ins Kino gehen. :--- :Andreas will ins Konzert gehen. :Andreas will übermorgen ins Konzert gehen. :Andreas will übermorgen mit Frau Stein ins Konzert gehen. :--- :Frau Wagner will das Museum besichtigen. :Frau Wagner will am Dienstag das Museum besichtigen. :Frau Wagner will am Dienstag mit ihren Schülern das Museum besichtigen. :--- :Thomas will die Stadt besichtigen. :Thomas will heute Nachmittag die Stadt besichtigen. :Thomas will heute Nachmittag mit unseren Gästen die Stadt besichtigen. :--- :Inge will an einen See fahren. :Inge will am Wochende an einen See fahren. :Inge will am Wochende mit ihren Eltern an einen See fahren. |} 905 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 905 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Hat Thomas die Einladung schon geschrieben? (<abbr title="heute noch = noch heute - en: still today">heute noch</abbr>) :⇒ Nein, aber er will sie heute noch schreiben. :--- :Habt ihr Frau Wagner schon besucht? (am Sonntag) :Hast du Peter schon gefragt? ('''<abbr title="gleich morgen - en: tomorrow; immediately tomorrow; promptly tomorrow">gleich morgen</abbr>''') :Haben Sie den Brief schon übersetzt? (heute Abend) :Hat Karin das Buch schon gekauft? (morgen) :Haben Uta und Monika das Museum schon besichtigt? (am Dienstag) :Haben Sie die Zeitschrift schon geholt? ('''<abbr title="gerade - en: just; a second ago">gerade</abbr>''') :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 905 |- | :Hat Thomas die Einladung schon geschrieben? - Nein, aber er will sie heute noch schreiben. :--- :Habt ihr Frau Wagner schon besucht? - Nein, aber wir wollen sie am Sonntag besuchen. :Hast du Peter schon gefragt? - Nein, aber ich will ihn '''gleich morgen''' fragen. :Haben Sie den Brief schon übersetzt? - Nein, aber ich will ihn heute Abend übersetzen. :Hat Karin das Buch schon gekauft? - Nein, aber sie will es morgen kaufen. :Haben Uta und Monika das Museum schon besichtigt? - Nein, aber sie wollen es am Dienstag besichtigen. :Haben Sie die Zeitschrift schon geholt? - Nein, aber ich will sie gerade holen. |} 906 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 906 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Was macht Frau Wagner heute Nachmittag? (Kaufhaus) :⇒ Sie will ins Kaufhaus gehen. :--- :Was macht Herr Krause heute Abend? (Theater) :Was macht ihr am Sonntag? (Konzert) :Was machen Thomas und Andreas morgen? (Kino) :Was macht Herr Köhler jetzt? (Universität) :Was machen die Kinder jetzt? (Schule) :Was machen Sie morgen Abend? (die Stadt) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 906 |- | :Was macht Frau Wagner heute Nachmittag? - Sie will ins Kaufhaus gehen. :--- :Was macht Herr Krause heute Abend? - Er will ins Theater gehen. :Was macht ihr am Sonntag? - Wir wollen ins Konzert gehen. :Was machen Thomas und Andreas morgen? - Sie wollen ins Kino gehen. :Was macht Herr Köhler jetzt? - Er will in die Universität gehen. :Was machen die Kinder jetzt? - Sie wollen in die Schule gehen. :Was machen Sie morgen Abend? - Ich will in die Stadt gehen. |} 907 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 907 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Kombinieren Sie richtig!''' :--- :wohin?; was?; mit wem?; wann? :--- :wollt ihr; willst du; wollen Sie; will Peter :--- :... heute besichtigen? :... heute Nachmittag in die Stadt gehen? :... am Sonntag gehen? :... ins Kino gehen? :... in der Pause sprechen? :... am Wochenende fahren? :... morgen machen? :... nach [[:de:w:Freiburg|Freiburg]] fahren? :... Frau Becker '''anrufen'''? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 907 |- | :(Verschiede Varianten sind möglich.) :'''Was''' wollt ihr heute besichtigen? :'''Wann''' willst du heute Nachmittag in die Stadt gehen? :'''Wohin''' wollen Sie am Sonntag gehen? :'''Wann''' will Peter ins Kino gehen? :'''Mit wem''' wollt ihr in der Pause sprechen? :'''Wohin''' willst du am Wochenende fahren? :'''Was''' wollen Sie morgen machen? :'''Wann''' will Peter nach Freiburg fahren? :'''Wann''' wollt ihr Frau Becker anrufen? |} 908 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 908 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''<abbr title="doch - en: but; all the same; anyway">doch</abbr>''' :Andreas und Uta <abbr title="sich unterhalten - en: to talk; to converse">unterhalten sich</abbr>. :Uta: Peter hat einen Bruder. Der Bruder wohnt in Berlin. :Andreas: Nein, der Bruder von Peter wohnt in Hamburg. Er wohnt nicht in Berlin. :Uta: '''Doch''', er wohnt in Berlin. Ich weiß das <abbr title="ganz - en: absolutely">ganz</abbr> <abbr title="genau - en: exact; precisely">genau</abbr>. Peter hat es mir gestern <abbr title="erzählen - en: to tell; to narrate">erzählt</abbr>. :--- :a. Eine Kinokarte kostet 6 Euro. :b. Nein, eine Kinokarte kostet nur 5 Euro. :a. Doch, sie kostet 6 Euro. Ich habe mir doch gestern selber eine Kinokarte für 6 Euro gekauft. 909 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 909 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Wollen Sie heute nicht in die Stadt gehen? :⇒ Doch, ich wollte in die Stadt gehen, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :--- :Wollte Thomas heute nicht mit Frau Hoffmann sprechen? :Wollte Karin heute nicht mit uns in den Park gehen? :Wolltest du gestern nicht nach [[:de:w:Konstanz|Konstanz]] fahren? :Wollten Sie heute Nachmittag nicht ins Kino gehen? :Wolltet ihr heute nicht unserern Lehrer besuchen? :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht an deine Eltern schreiben? :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht deine Frau anrufen? :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht länger arbeiten? :Wolltest du morgen nicht <abbr title="eher = früher - en: earlier">eher</abbr> aufstehen? :Wolltest du morgen früh nicht <abbr title="eher = zeitiger = früher - en: earlier">eher</abbr> <abbr title="aufstehen - en: to get up; to stand up">aufstehen</abbr>? :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht eher <abbr title="schlafen gehen - en: to go to bed; to go to sleep">schlafen gehen</abbr>? :Wolltest du morgen Abend nicht eher schlafen gehen? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 909 |- | :Wollen Sie heute nicht in die Stadt gehen? - Doch, ich wollte in die Stadt gehen, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :--- :Wollte Thomas heute nicht mit Frau Hoffmann sprechen? - Doch, er wollte mit ihr sprechen, aber er hatte keine Zeit. :Wollte Karin heute nicht mit uns in den Park gehen? - Doch, sie wollte mit uns in den Park gehen, aber sie hatte keine Zeit. :Wolltest du gestern nicht nach Konstanz fahren? - Doch, ich wollte nach Konstanz fahren, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :Wollten Sie heute Nachmittag nicht ins Kino gehen? - Doch, ich wollte ins Kino gehen, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :Wolltet ihr heute nicht unserern Lehrer besuchen? - Doch, wir wollten unseren Lehrer besuchen, aber wir hatten keine Zeit. :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht an deine Eltern schreiben? - Doch, ich wollte gestern Abend meinen Eltern schreiben, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht deine Frau anrufen? - Doch, ich wollte sie anrufen, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht länger arbeiten? - Doch, ich wollte länger arbeiten, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :Wolltest du gestern Abend nicht eher schlafen gehen? - Doch, ich wollte eher schlafen gehen, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :'''Wolltest du morgen''' Abend nicht eher schlafen gehen? - Doch, ich will eher schlafen gehen, aber vielleicht bekomme ich Besuch. :'''Wolltest du morgen''' nicht eher aufstehen? - Doch, ich will eher aufstehen, aber ich bin so '''müde'''. :Willst du '''morgen früh''' nicht eher aufstehen? - Doch, aber ich habe heute Abend noch so viel Arbeit. |} == 910 - 919 == 910 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 910 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :(ins Kino gehen; keine Zeit) :⇒ a. Was machst du heute? :⇒ b. Ich möchte ins Kino gehen. :⇒ a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon ins Kino gehen? :⇒ b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :--- :(in die Stadt gehen; sehr viel Arbeit) :(das Museum besichtigen; Unterricht) :(meine Freunde besuchen; wenig Zeit) :(in die Bibliothek gehen; Besuch) :(meinen Eltern schreiben; eine Konferenz) :(auf den Sportplatz gehen; viel Arbeit) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 910 |- | :(ins Kino gehen; keine Zeit) :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte ins Kino gehen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon ins Kino gehen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte keine Zeit. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte in die Stadt gehen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon in die Stadt gehen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte sehr viel Arbeit. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte das Museum besichtigen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon das Museum besichtigen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte Unterricht. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte meine Freunde besuchen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon deine Freunde besuchen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte wenig Zeit. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte in die Bibliothek gehen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon in die Bibliothek gehen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte Besuch. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte meinen Eltern schreiben. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon deinen Eltern schreiben? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte eine Konferenz. :--- :a. Was machst du heute? :b. Ich möchte auf den Sportplatz gehen. :a. Wolltest du nicht gestern schon auf den Sportplatz gehen? :b. Doch, das wollte ich, aber ich hatte viel Arbeit. |} 911 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 911 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Das Modalverb „'''<abbr title="können - en: can">können</abbr>'''“ :--- :Bernd ist sechs Jahre alt. :Er geht seit acht Wochen in die Schule. :Jetzt '''kann''' er schon etwas '''lesen''' und '''<abbr title="rechnen - en: to calculate">rechnen</abbr>'''. :Vor acht Wochen '''konnte''' er noch nicht '''lesen''' und '''schreiben''', aber er '''konnte''' schon etwas '''<abbr title="zählen - en: to count">zählen</abbr>''' und rechnen'''. 912 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 912 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''können''' :Konjugation im Präsens :--- :ich kann - Ich kann Lkw fahren. :du kannst - Du kannst mein Buch haben. :er kann - Er kann am Kino auf mich warten. :wir können - Wir können am Sonntag zum See fahren. :ihr könnt - Ihr könnt uns <abbr title="nachher - en: later; later on; after (this)">nachher</abbr> helfen. :sie können - Sie können nur am Montag Abend kommen. 913 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 913 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''können''' :Konjugation im Präteritum (1. Vergangenheit) :--- :ich konnte - Ich konnte nicht Lkw fahren. :du konntest - Du konntest doch <abbr title="gar nicht - en: not at all">gar nicht</abbr> schwimmen. :er konnte - Er konnte am Kino auf mich warten. :wir konnten - Wir konnten <abbr title="nicht mehr - en: no more; no longer; not any more">nicht mehr</abbr> länger warten. :ihr konntet - Ihr konntet uns nicht helfen. :sie konnten - Sie konnten nur am Montag Abend kommen. 914 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 914 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Ergänzen Sie „können“!''' :--- :Die Schüler ... lesen, schreiben und rechnen. :Bernd ... <abbr title="ausgezeichnet - en: excellent">ausgezeichnet</abbr> rechnen. :<abbr title="selbstverständlich - en: of course, naturally, self-evident">Selbstverständlich</abbr> ... ich dir die Aufgabe erklären. :Wer ... Frau Klein die Hefte bringen? :Wir ... <abbr title="ihr - en: to her">ihr</abbr> die Hefte bringen. :... ihr schon die Kinokarten <abbr title="besorgen - en: to get; to procure">besorgen</abbr>? :Nein, wir nicht, aber Karin und Monika ... die Karten heute besorgen, denn sie gehen am Nachmittag in die Stadt. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 914 |- | :Die Schüler können lesen, schreiben und rechnen. :Bernd kann ausgezeichnet rechnen. :Selbstverständlich kann ich dir die Aufgabe erklären. :Wer kann Frau Klein die Hefte bringen? :Wir können ihr die Hefte bringen. :Könnt ihr schon die Kinokarten besorgen? :Nein, wir nicht, aber Karin und Monika können die Karten heute besorgen, denn sie gehen am Nachmittag in die Stadt. |} 915 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 915 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Andreas kann morgen nicht nach Berlin fahren. (krank) :⇒ Warum kann er nicht nach Berlin fahren? :⇒ Ist er krank? :--- :Frau Becker kann heute und morgen nicht zur Arbeit kommen. (krank) :Thomas kann heute Abend nicht an den See kommen. (noch viel Arbeit) :Monika kann heute Abend nicht ins Theater kommen. (noch viel Arbeit) :Wir <abbr title="können - en: can">können</abbr> jetzt nicht auf den Sportplatz gehen. (Unterricht) :Karin und Uta können am Wochenende nicht nach [[:de:w:Bochum|Bochum]] fahren. (keine Zeit) :Ich kann die Gäste nicht ins Hotel <abbr title="begleiten - en: to accompany; to escort">begleiten</abbr>. (keine Zeit) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 915 |- | :Andreas kann morgen nicht nach Berlin fahren. :Warum kann er nicht nach Berlin fahren? :Ist er krank? :--- :Frau Becker kann heute und morgen nicht zur Arbeit kommen. :Warum kann sie heute und morgen nicht zur Arbeit kommen? :Ist sie krank? :--- :Thomas kann heute Abend nicht an den See kommen. :Warum kann er heute Abend nicht an den See kommen? :Hat er noch viel Arbeit? :--- :Monika kann heute Abend nicht ins Theater kommen. :Warum kann sie heute Abend nicht ins Theater kommen? :Hat sie noch viel Arbeit? :--- :Wir können jetzt nicht auf den Sportplatz gehen. :Warum könnt ihr jetzt nicht auf den Sportplatz gehen? :Habt ihr noch Unterricht? :--- :Karin und Uta können am Wochenende nicht nach Bochum fahren. :Warum können sie am Wochenende nicht nach Bochum fahren? :Haben sie keine Zeit? :--- :Ich kann die Gäste nicht ins Hotel begleiten. :Warum kannst du die Gäste nicht ins Hotel begleiten? :Hast du keine Zeit? |} 916 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 916 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Wer begleitet die Gäste in die Stadt? :⇒ Ich kann die Gäste in die Stadt begleiten, denn ich habe heute Zeit. :--- :Wer zeigt den Gästen die Stadt? :Wer <abbr title="bestellen - en: to order">bestellt</abbr> für die Gäste Theaterkarten? :Wer holt die Theaterkarten? :Wer begleitet die Gäste ins Theater? :Wer geht mit den Gästen ins Museum? :Wer <abbr title="besorgen - en: to get; to procure">besorgt</abbr> für die Gäste Fahrkarten? :Wer bringt Oma zum Bus? :Wer bringt Oma zum Bahnhof? :Wer bringt Oma zum Zug? :Wer <abbr title="abholen - en: to collect; to pick; to fetch">holt</abbr> <abbr title="die Oma - en: grandmother">Oma</abbr> vom Zug <abbr title="abholen - en: to collect; to pick; to fetch">ab</abbr>? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 916 |- | :Wer begleitet die Gäste in die Stadt? - Ich kann die Gäste in die Stadt begleiten, denn ich habe heute Zeit. :--- :Wer zeigt den Gästen die Stadt? - Ich kann den Gästen die Stadt zeigen. :Wer bestellt für die Gäste Theaterkarten? - Ich kann für die Gäste Theaterkarten bestellen. :Wer holt die Theaterkarten? - Ich kann die Theaterkarten abholen. :Wer begleitet die Gäste ins Theater? - Ich kann die Gäste ins Theater begleiten. :Wer geht mit den Gästen ins Museum? - Ich kann mit den Gästen ins Museum gehen. :Wer besorgt für die Gäste Fahrkarten? - Ich kann Fahrkarten für die Gäste besorgen. :ODER (Ich kann für die Gäste Fahrkarten besorgen.) :Wer bringt Oma zum Bus? - Ich kann Oma zum Bus bringen. :Wer bringt Oma zum Bahnhof? - Ich kann Oma zum Bahnhof bringen. :Wer bringt Oma zum Zug? - Ich kann Oma zum Zug bringen. :Wer holt Oma vom Zug ab? - Ich kann Oma vom Zug abholen. |} 917 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 917 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Peter braucht dieses Buch am Mittwoch. (<abbr title="besorgen - en: to get; to procure">besorgen</abbr>) :⇒ Kannst du es <abbr title="ihm - en: him; for him; to him">ihm</abbr> besorgen? :--- :Herr Schäfer möchte diese Zeitschrift lesen. (geben) :Frau Koch braucht jetzt den <abbr title="der Beamer = der Projektor - en: beamer">Beamer</abbr>. (holen) :Ich möchte gerne einmal die Zeitung haben. (bringen) :Die Gäste möchten die Stadt besichtigen. (zeigen) :Andreas hat diese Aufgabe noch nicht verstanden. (erklären) :Wir haben für morgen noch keine Theaterkarten. (besorgen) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 917 |- | :Peter braucht dieses Buch am Mittwoch. - Kannst du es ihm besorgen? :--- :Herr Schäfer möchte diese Zeitschrift lesen. - Kannst du sie ihm geben? :Frau Koch braucht jetzt den Beamer. - Kannst du ihn ihr holen? :ODER (Kannst du ihr ihn holen?) :Ich möchte gerne einmal die Zeitung haben. - Kannst du sie mir bringen? :Die Gäste möchten die Stadt besichtigen. - Kannst du sie ihnen zeigen? :Andreas hat diese Aufgabe noch nicht verstanden. - Kannst du sie ihm erklären? :Wir haben für morgen noch keine Theaterkarten. - Kannst du sie uns besorgen? |} 918 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 918 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Sie <abbr title="wollen - en: want; Präsens: ich will, du willst, er will, wir wollen, ihr sollt, sie wollen; Präteritum: ich wollte, du wolltest, er wollte, wir wollten, ihr wolltet, sie wollten; Perfekt: ich habe gewollt, du hast gewollt; er hat gewollt, wir haben gewollt, ihr habt gewollt, sie haben gewollt">wollten</abbr> doch mit dem Chef sprechen. :Haben Sie schon mit ihm gesprochen? :⇒ Nein, ich konnte noch nicht mit ihm sprechen. :⇒ Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch mit den Studenten sprechen. :Haben Sie schon mit ihnen gesprochen? :--- :Sie wollten doch Frau Bauer das Buch bringen. :Haben Sie es ihr schon gebracht? :--- :Sie wollten doch Frau Richter die Zeitschrift besorgen. :Haben Sie sie ihr schon besorgt? :--- :Sie wollten doch den Kindern die Fotos <abbr title="zeigen - en: to show; to point">zeigen</abbr>. :Haben Sie sie ihnen schon gezeigt? :--- :Sie wollten doch das Buch lesen. :Haben Sie es schon gelesen? :--- :Sie wollten doch die Theaterkarten <abbr title="bestellen - en: to order">bestellen</abbr>. :Haben Sie sie schon bestellt? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 918 |- | :Sie wollten doch mit dem Chef sprechen. :Haben Sie schon mit ihm gesprochen? :Nein, ich konnte noch nicht mit ihm sprechen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch mit den Studenten sprechen. :Haben Sie schon mit ihnen gesprochen? :Nein, ich konnte noch nicht mit ihnen sprechen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch Frau Bauer das Buch bringen. :Haben Sie es ihr schon gebracht? :Nein, ich konnte es ihr noch nicht bringen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch Frau Richter die Zeitschrift besorgen. :Haben Sie sie ihr schon besorgt? :Nein, ich konnte sie ihr noch nicht besorgen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch den Kindern die Fotos zeigen. :Haben Sie sie ihnen schon gezeigt? :Nein, ich konnte sie ihnen noch nicht zeigen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch das Buch lesen. :Haben Sie es schon gelesen? :Nein, ich konnte es noch nicht lesen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. :--- :Sie wollten doch die Theaterkarten bestellen. :Haben Sie sie schon bestellt? :Nein, ich konnte sie noch nicht bestellen. :Ich hatte wirklich noch keine Zeit. |} 919 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 919 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Ergänzen Sie „<abbr title="können - en: can">können</abbr>“! Präsens oder Präteritum?''' :Wann ... Sie mich besuchen? :Ich ... Sie morgen besuchen. <abbr title="passen - en: to match; to fit; to be convinient">Passt</abbr> es Ihnen morgen? :Gestern ... ich leider nicht kommen, denn ich war in [[:de:w:Bonn|Bonn]]. :Peter und Thomas ... am Sonnabend nicht mit ins Kino gehen, denn sie hatten noch viel Arbeit zu '''<abbr title="erledigen - en: to make; to carry out; to finish; to complete">erledigen</abbr>'''. :Wer ... unsere Gäste jetzt ins Hotel <abbr title="begleiten - en: to accompany; to escort">begleiten</abbr>? :Wir ... sie begleiten. :Habt ihr die Theaterkarten für morgen Abend schon geholt? :Ja, die Theaterkarten ... Monika gestern schon besorgen. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 919 |- | :Wann können Sie mich besuchen? :Ich kann Sie morgen besuchen. Passt es Ihnen morgen? :Gestern konnte ich leider nicht kommen, denn ich war in Bonn. :Peter und Thomas konnten am Sonnabend nicht mit ins Kino gehen, denn sie hatten noch viel Arbeit zu erledigen. :Wer kann unsere Gäste jetzt ins Hotel begleiten? :Wir können sie begleiten. :Habt ihr die Theaterkarten für morgen Abend schon geholt? :Ja, die Theaterkarten konnte Monika gestern schon besorgen. |} == 920 - 929 == 920 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 920 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Das Modalverb „<abbr title="müssen - en: have to; must; Präsens: ich muss, du musst, er muss, wir müssen, ihr müsst, sie müssen; Präteritum: ich musste, du musstest, er musste, wir mussten, ihr musstet, sie mussten; Perfekt: ich habe gemusst, du hast gemusst, er hat gemusst, wir haben gemusst, ihr habt gemusst, sie haben gemusst">müssen</abbr>“''' :Uta: ::::Wann besuchst du mich <abbr title="wieder einmal - en: once again">wieder einmal</abbr>, Monika? ::::Kannst du heute Nachmittag <abbr title="zu mir kommen - en: come to me">zu mir kommen</abbr>? :Monika: ::::Nein, heute Nachmittag <abbr title="es geht - en: it is possible; es geht nicht - en: it is impossible">geht es leider nicht</abbr>. ::::<abbr title="da - en: there; then; here!">Da</abbr> '''muss''' ich zuerst zum Arzt '''gehen'''. ::::Der Arzt hat mich um 15.00 Uhr <abbr title="bestellen - en: to order">bestellt</abbr>. ::::Danach '''muss''' ich <abbr title="auch noch - en: also; even; also even">auch noch</abbr> ein <abbr title="paar - en: some; das Paar (= 2) - en: pair; couple">paar</abbr> <abbr title="der Einkauf - en: purchase; buying; shopping; Plural: Einkäufe; einkaufen - en: to buy">Einkäufe</abbr> '''<abbr title="machen - en: to make">machen</abbr>''', denn meine Mutter arbeitet bis 17.00 Uhr. :Uta: ::::Und heute Abend? Passt es dir heute Abend, oder '''musst''' du noch '''lernen'''? :Monika: ::::Heute Abend kann ich kommen, denn meine Hausaufgaben habe ich schon gemacht. 921 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 921 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''müssen''' :Konjugation im Präsens :ich muss :du musst :er muss :wir müssen :ihr müsst :sie müssen :--- :Ich muss mal. :Du musst noch zwei Stunden arbeiten. :Er muss mal ganz '''<abbr title="dringend - en: urgent">dringend</abbr>'''. :Wir müssen auf Toilette (gehen). :Ihr müsst etwas auf uns warten. :Sie müssen den <abbr title="der Eintritt - en: entry fee">Eintritt</abbr> <abbr title="selber - en: yourself; himself">selber</abbr> bezahlen. 922 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 922 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''müssen''' :Konjugation im Präteritum :ich musste :du musstest :er musste :wir mussten :ihr musstet :sie mussten :--- :Ich musste ganz dringend. :Du musstest schon um neun nach Hause gehen. :Er musste seinen kleinen Bruder suchen. :Wir mussten <abbr title="tanken - en: refuel (gasoline); der Tank - en: fuel tank; der Benzintank - en: fuel tank">tanken</abbr>. :Ihr musstet heute sehr schnell essen. :Sie mussten dieses Buch lesen. 923 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 923 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Wir müssen draußen bleiben März 2013.JPG|thumb|300 px|Wir müssen <abbr title="draußen - en: outside">draußen</abbr> <abbr title="bleiben - en: to remain; to stay">bleiben</abbr>.]] :'''Ergänzen Sie „müssen“!''' :Ich ... jetzt in die Stadt gehen und Einkäufe machen. :Wann ... ihr in die Schule gehen? :Wir ... gleich gehen, denn wir ... pünktlich dort sein. :Karin ... <abbr title="heute noch - en: even today; today still">heute noch</abbr> mit dem Arzt sprechen. :Warum ... du nach [[:de:w:Dortmund|Dortmund]] fahren? :Ich ... mit meinem Vater sprechen. Er wohnt dort. :Herr Klein ... heute zu Hause bleiben. :Karin und Uta ... Einkäufe machen. :Und was ... Sie machen? :Du ... im Auto auf mich warten. :Wir ... draußen bleiben. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 923 |- | :Ich muss jetzt in die Stadt gehen und Einkäufe machen. :Wann müsst ihr in die Schule gehen? :Wir müssen gleich gehen, denn wir müssen pünktlich dort sein. :Karin muss heute noch mit dem Arzt sprechen. :Warum musst du nach Dortmund fahren? :Ich muss mit meinem Vater sprechen. Er wohnt dort. :Herr Klein muss heute zu Hause bleiben. :Karin und Uta müssen Einkäufe machen. :Und was müssen Sie machen? :Du musst im Auto auf mich warten. :Wir müssen draußen bleiben. |} 924 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 924 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Wann müssen Sie zum Arzt gehen? :⇒ Ich muss heute Nachmittag zum Arzt gehen. :--- :Wann muss Thomas nach Hause gehen? (um neun) :Wann musst du deinen Eltern schreiben? (heute Abend) :Wann muss Karin auf den Brief antworten? (<abbr title="heute noch - en: event today; still; still today">heute noch</abbr>) :Wann müsst ihr mit dem Chef sprechen? (in der Pause) :Wann müssen Sie auf den Sportplatz gehen? (am Nachmittag) :Wann muss Herr Fischer den <abbr title="einen Vortrag halten - en: to give a lecture; der Vortrag - en: lecture; Plural: Vorträge">Vortrag halten</abbr>? (am Freitag) :Wann müsst ihr zur Arbeit gehen? (<abbr title="gleich - en: just; immediately; in a second">gleich</abbr>) :Wann müssen die Kinder in die Schule gehen? (um sieben) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 924 |- | :Wann müssen Sie zum Arzt gehen? - Ich muss heute Nachmittag zum Arzt gehen. :--- :Wann muss Thomas nach Hause gehen? - Er muss um neun nach Hause gehen. :Wann musst du deinen Eltern schreiben? - Ich muss heute Abend meinen Eltern schreiben. :Wann muss Karin auf den Brief antworten? - Sie muss heute noch auf den Brief antworten. :ODER (Sie muss noch heute auf den Brief antworten.) :Wann müsst ihr mit dem Chef sprechen? - Wir müssen in der Pause mit dem Chef sprechen. :Wann müssen Sie auf den Sportplatz gehen? - Wir müssen am Nachmittag auf den Sportplatz gehen. :Wann muss Herr Fischer den Vortrag halten? - Er muss am Freitag den Vortrag halten. :Wann müsst ihr zur Arbeit gehen? - Wir müssen gleich zur Arbeit gehen. :Wann müssen die Kinder in die Schule gehen? - Sie müssen um sieben in die Schule gehen. |} 925 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 925 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Ergänzen Sie „müssen“ und kombinieren Sie richtig!''' :--- #Thomas hat Geburtstag, '''<abbr title="deshalb - en: therefore; that's why; hence">deshalb</abbr>''' ... #Karin ist krank, deshalb ... #Ich habe Kopfschmerzen, deshalb ... #Sie haben viel Arbeit, deshalb ... #Ich habe Fieber, deshalb ... #Er muss Uta <abbr title="Bescheid sagen - en: to give the word; to inform; to let somebody know; to say">Bescheid sagen</abbr>, deshalb ... :--- :a) anrufen :b) am Sonntag arbeiten :c) im Bett bleiben :d) eine Tablette nehmen :e) ein Geschenk kaufen :f) zum Arzt gehen :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 925 |- | :1e; 2c; 3d; 4b; 5f; 6a :Thomas hat Geburtstag, deshalb muss er ein Geschenk kaufen. :Karin ist krank, deshalb muss sie im Bett bleiben. :Ich habe Kopfschmerzen, deshalb muss ich eine Tablette nehmen. :Sie haben viel Arbeit, deshalb müssen Sie am Sonntag arbeiten. :Ich habe Fieber, deshalb muss ich zum Arzt gehen. :Er muss Uta Bescheid sagen, deshalb muss sie anrufen. |} 926 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 926 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :a: Morgen wollen wir nach Berlin fahren. (die Fahrkarten holen) :⇒ b: Morgen wollen wir nach Berlin fahren? Dann müssen wir <abbr title="heute noch - en: still today">heute noch</abbr> ''die <abbr title="die Fahrkarte - en: ticket">Fahrkarten</abbr> holen''. :--- :Morgen wollen wir ins Theater gehen. (die Theaterkarten holen) :Morgen wollen wir Frau Wagner besuchen. (Blumen kaufen) :Morgen will ich zum Arzt gehen. (dort anrufen) :Morgen will ich ins Kino gehen. (die Kinokarten holen) :Morgen will ich meine Freundin besuchen. (ein Geschenk kaufen) :Morgen wollen wir nach [[:de:w:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]] fahren. (mit Frau Müller sprechen) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 926 |- | :Morgen wollen wir nach Berlin fahren? Dann müssen wir heute noch die Fahrkarten holen. :--- :Morgen wollen wir ins Theater gehen? Dann müssen wir noch die Theaterkarten holen. :Morgen wollen wir Frau Wagner besuchen? Dann müssen wir noch Blumen kaufen. :Morgen will ich zum Arzt gehen? Dann muss ich noch dort anrufen. :Morgen will ich ins Kino gehen? Dann muss ich noch die Kinokarten holen. :Morgen will ich meine Freundin besuchen? Dann muss ich noch ein Geschenk kaufen. :Morgen wollen wir nach Düsseldorf fahren? Dann müssen wir noch mit Frau Müller sprechen. |} 927 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 927 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Warum ist Peter nicht ins Kino gekommen? (Hausaufgaben machen) :⇒ Er musste Hausaufgaben machen, deshalb konnte er nicht ins Kino kommen. :--- :Warum hat Monika gestern ihre Freundin nicht besucht? (zum Arzt gehen) :Warum bist du gestern nicht auf den Sportplatz gekommen? (einen Text übersetzen) :Warum habt ihr nicht auf mich gewartet? (schnell nach Hause gehen) :Warum sind die Kinder nicht ins Kino gegangen? (Hausaufgaben machen) :Warum ist Herr Lehmann nicht nach [[:de:w:Gelsenkirchen|Gelsenkirchen]] gefahren? (mit dem Chef sprechen) :Warum bist du nicht mit uns auf den Sportplatz gegangen? (Einkäufe machen) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 927 |- | :Warum ist Peter nicht ins Kino gekommen? - Er musste Hausaufgaben machen, deshalb konnte er nicht ins Kino kommen. :--- :Warum hat Monika gestern ihre Freundin nicht besucht? - Sie musste noch zum Arzt gehen, deshalb konnte sie gestern ihre Freundin nicht besuchen. :Warum bist du gestern nicht auf den Sportplatz gekommen? - Ich musste noch einen Text übersetzen, deshalb konnte ich gestern nicht auf den Sportplatz kommen. :Warum habt ihr nicht auf mich gewartet? - Wir mussten noch schnell nach Hause gehen, deshalb konnten wir nicht auf dich warten. :Warum sind die Kinder nicht ins Kino gegangen? - Sie mussten noch Hausaufgaben machen, deshalb konnten sie nicht ins Kino gehen. :Warum ist Herr Lehmann nicht nach Gelsenkirchen gefahren? - Er musste noch mit dem Chef sprechen, deshalb konnte er nicht nach Gelsenkirchen fahren. :Warum bist du nicht mit uns auf den Sportplatz gegangen? - Ich musste noch Einkäufe machen, deshalb konnte ich nicht mit euch auf den Sportplatz gehen. |} 928 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 928 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiel: :Klaus spielt Klavier. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :⇒ Können Sie Klavier spielen? Ja, ich kann Klavier spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Klavier spielen. :--- :Die Kinder spielen <abbr title="Fußball - en: football">Fußball</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :Die Studenten spielen <abbr title="Volleyball - en: volleyball">Volleyball</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :Die Kinder spielen <abbr title="Federball = Badminton - en: badminton; die Feder - en: feather; der Ball - en: ball">Federball</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :Die Studenten spielen <abbr title="Tischtennis - en: ping-pong; table tennis">Tischtennis</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :Die Freunde spielen <abbr title="Schach - en: chess">Schach</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :Die Freunde <abbr title="schwimmen - en: to swimm; to float">schwimmen</abbr>. Können Sie ... ? Ja, ... Nein, ... :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 928 |- | :Klaus spielt Klavier. Können Sie Klavier spielen? Ja, ich kann Klavier spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Klavier spielen. :--- :Die Kinder spielen Fußball. Können Sie Fußball spielen? Ja, ich kann Fußball spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Fußball spielen. :Die Studenten spielen Volleyball. Können Sie Volleyball spielen? Ja, ich kann Volleyball spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Volleyball spielen. :Die Kinder spielen Federball. Können Sie Federball spielen? Ja, ich kann Federball spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Federball spielen. :Die Studenten spielen Tischtennis. Können Sie Tischtennis spielen? Ja, ich kann Tischtennis spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Tischtennis spielen. :Die Freunde spielen Schach. Können Sie Schach spielen? Ja, ich kann Schach spielen. Nein, ich kann nicht Schach spielen. :Die Freunde schwimmen. Können Sie schwimmen? Ja, ich kann schwimmen. Nein, ich kann nicht schwimmen. |} 929 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 929 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie den Text und lernen Sie die neuen Wörter!''' :--- :Ein Urlaub im Gebirge :Im Sommer war ich mit meinem Freund eine Woche im Gebirge. Eine '''<abbr title="die Strecke - en: route; distance; stretch; section; way">Strecke</abbr>''' sind wir mit dem Zug gefahren, und eine Strecke sind wir '''<abbr title="fliegen - en: to fly">geflogen</abbr>''', denn das ist nicht so '''<abbr title="anstrengend - en: exhausting; tiring">anstrengend</abbr>'''. Der '''<abbr title="der Flug - en: flight">Flug</abbr>''' <abbr title="war - en: was">war</abbr> '''<abbr title="herrlich - en: gorgeous; marvelous">herrlich</abbr>'''. Das Wetter war <abbr title="besonders - en: especially">besonders</abbr> schön. Am '''<abbr title="der Himmel - en: sky">Himmel</abbr>''' waren keine '''<abbr title="die Wolke - en: cloud">Wolken</abbr>'''. Wir haben viel gesehen. Dieser Flug hat uns ausgezeichnet gefallen. Wir '''<abbr title="denken - en: to think">denken</abbr> <abbr title="beide - en: both">beide</abbr>''' gern '''an''' diesen Urlaub. Im Winter möchten wir wieder '''<abbr title="gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together">gemeinsam</abbr>''' eine <abbr title="die Reise - en: journey; trip; tour; voyage">Reise</abbr> ins Gebirge machen. Aber wir fliegen nicht, denn im Winter fahren wir nicht so weit. == 930 - 939 == 930 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 930 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :<abbr title="Darf ich bitten? = Darf ich zum Tanz bitten? - en: May I have a dance?; bitten - en: to ask; to request; to beg">Darf ich bitten?</abbr> :--- :Andreas Lehmann (a) und Karin Stein (b) gehen gemeinsam in ein Restaurant. Der <abbr title="der Kellner - en: waiter">Kellner</abbr> bringt ihnen die <abbr title="die Speisekarte - en: menu; die Speise - en: dish; food">Speisekarte</abbr>. Sie wählt das Essen aus. :--- :a: Wollen wir eine Flasche Wein '''bestellen'''? :b: Ja, gern. :a: '''<abbr title="Herr Ober - en: waiter; der Oberkellner - en: head waiter; der Kellner - en: waiter (male); die Kellnerin - en: waiter (female)">Herr Ober</abbr>''', bitte eine '''<abbr title="die Käseplatte - en: chees plate; cheeseboard">Käseplatte</abbr>''' für die '''Dame''' und für mich eine '''<abbr title="die Schinkenplatte - en: ham platter">Schinkenplatte</abbr>'''. :Ober: Bitte sehr. :a: Welchen Wein können Sie uns <abbr title="empfehlen - en: to recomend">empfehlen</abbr>? :Ober: Diesen Rotwein aus Spanien. :a: Gut. Bringen Sie bitte eine Flasche spanischen Rotwein! :b: Spanischer Rotwein! Da muss ich gleich an meine Reise im <abbr title="letzter - en: last">letzten</abbr> Urlaub denken. :a: <abbr title="erzählen - en: to tell; to narrate">Erzählen</abbr> Sie mir bitte etwas. War die Reise schön? :b: Ja, wir waren auf den '''Kanaren'''. Der '''<abbr title="der Hinflug - en: outward flight">Hinflug</abbr>''' war nicht ganz so schön. Wir mussten in Portugal '''<abbr title="zwischenlanden - en: to stop over; landen - en: to land; to touch down">zwischenlanden</abbr>''' und hatten dann 6 Stunden '''<abbr title="die Verspätung - en: delay; spät - en: late; sich verspäten - en: to be late">Verspätung</abbr>'''. <abbr title="Auf dem Rückflug - en: on the return flight; der Rückflug - en: return flight">Auf dem Rückflug</abbr> hatten wir keine Probleme. [[File:Enkai in Kumamoto.jpg|thumb|Prost!]] :a: Wo waren Sie auf den Kanaren? :b: '''Auf''' Gran Canaria, in Maspalomas. Das Wetter war <abbr title="herrlich - en: gorgeous; wonderful">herrlich</abbr>, der Himmel ohne Wolken. :a: Wie lange waren Sie dort? :b: Wir waren zwei Wochen in Maspalomas, zusammen mit meiner Freundin. :--- :Der Ober bringt die '''Speisen''' und den Wein. :--- :a: '''<abbr title="Auf Ihr Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite form) To your health! (polite form); Auf dein Wohl! - en: Cheers! (non-polite form) To your health! (non-polite form); zum Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite and non-polite form); das Wohl - en: the well; wellfare">Auf Ihr Wohl!</abbr>''' :b: '''Zum Wohl!''' :a: Was haben Sie auf ''Gran Canaria'' alles gesehen? :b: Sehr viel. Wir haben uns für drei Tage einen <abbr title="der Mietwagen - en: rental car">Mietwagen</abbr> <abbr title="nehmen - en: to take">genommen</abbr>. Wir waren <abbr title="allein - en: alone">allein</abbr> einen ganzen Tag in Las Palmas - in der <abbr title="die Altstadt - en: old town; historical center">Altstadt</abbr>, in der ''Casa de Colón'' und in <abbr title="einige - en: some">einigen</abbr> <abbr title="das Museum - en: museum; Plural: Museen">Museen</abbr>. Wir sind praktisch die ganze Insel <abbr title="abfahren - en: to depart; to leave">abgefahren</abbr>. Die Insel ist wirklich schön. Aber die vielen <abbr title="die Kurve - en: curve; turn">Kurven</abbr> auf den <abbr title="eng - en: narrow">engen</abbr> Straßen im Gebirge sind wirklich <abbr title="anstrengend - en: tiring; exhausting">anstrengend</abbr>. Wir haben viel am <abbr title="der Strand - en: beach">Strand</abbr> gelegen und '''abends''' haben wir <abbr title="oft - en: often">oft</abbr> '''<abbr title="tanzen - en: to dance">getanzt</abbr>'''. :a: Das können wir hier auch: '''<abbr title="Darf ich bitten? = Darf ich zum Tanz bitten? - en: May I have a dance?; bitten - en: to ask; to request; to beg">Darf ich bitten?</abbr>''' :b: Gern. :--- :a: Sie können sehr gut tanzen. :b: Ich tanze sehr gern, und diese '''Musik''' gefällt mir <abbr title="besonders - en: especially">besonders</abbr>. :a: Darf ich Sie <abbr title="wieder einmal = ein andermal - en: once again; at another time again">wieder einmal</abbr> einladen? :b: Aber gern. :a: Herr Ober, bitte '''<abbr title="zahlen - en: to pay">zahlen</abbr>'''! :Ober: Bitte, <abbr title="mein Herr - en: Mister; (My Lord)">mein Herr</abbr>, Ihre '''<abbr title="die Rechnung - en: bill; check; invoice">Rechnung</abbr>'''. :a: Jetzt können wir gehen. 931 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 931 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Fragen zum Text''' :--- :Wohin gehen Frau Stein und Herr Lehmann? :Wer bringt ihnen die <abbr title="die Speisekarte - en: menu">Speisekarte</abbr>? :Was <abbr title="wählen - en: to choose; so select">wählt</abbr> Frau Stein? :Was <abbr title="bestellen - en: to order">bestellt</abbr> Herr Lehmann? :<abbr title="woran?- en: by which; on what; at what; what; (Woran denkst du? - en: What are you thinking?">Woran</abbr> muss Frau Stein denken? :Tanzt Herr Lehmann mit Frau Stein? :Wem gefällt die Musik besonders? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 931 |- | :Wohin gehen Frau Stein und Herr Lehmann? - Sie gehen in ein Restaurant. :Wer bringt ihnen die Speisekarte? - Der Kellner (der Ober) bringt ihnen die Speisekarte. :Was wählt Frau Stein? - Sie wählt (sie nimmt) eine Käseplatte. :Was bestellt Herr Lehmann? - Herr Lehmann bestellt eine Schinkenplatte für sich, eine Käseplatte für Frau Stein und eine Flasche spanischen Rotwein für beide. :Woran muss Frau Stein denken? - Sie muss an ihren letzten Urlaub in Spanien denken. Sie muss an ihre Reise nach Gran Canaria denken. :Tanzt Herr Lehmann mit Frau Stein? - Ja, sie tanzen. Ja, er tanzt mit ihr. :Wem gefällt die Musik besonders? - Frau Stein gefällt die Musik besonders. |} 932 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 932 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Übungen zum Wortschatz''' :--- :'''denken an''' :--- :Beispiel :<abbr title="Woran denkt Karin? - en: What thinks Karin?">'''Woran''' denkt Karin?</abbr> (an die Kanaren) :⇒ Sie denkt an die Kanaren. :--- :Woran denkt Herr Müller? (an die Eltern) :Woran denkt Sabine? (an ihre Arbeit) :Woran denkt Peter? (an seine Arbeit) :<abbr title="an wen? - en: to whom?">An wen</abbr> denkt Thomas? (an seine Mutter) :Woran denkt Ralf? (an seine Reise nach Berlin) :An wen denkt Frau Dietrich? (an ihren Urlaub in Spanien) :Woran denkt Herr Keller? (an seinen Sohn in [[:de:w:Jena|Jena]]) :An wen denkt Anne? (an ihre Freunde) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 932 |- | :Woran denkt Karin? - Sie denkt an die Kanaren. :--- :Woran denkt Herr Müller? - Er denkt an die Eltern. :Woran denkt Sabine? - Sie denkt an ihre Arbeit. :Woran denkt Peter? - Er denkt an seine Arbeit. :An wen denkt Thomas? - Er denkt an seine Mutter. :Woran denkt Ralf? - Er denkt an seine Reise nach Berlin. :An wen denkt Frau Dietrich? - Sie denkt an ihren Urlaub in Spanien. :Woran denkt Herr Keller? - Er denkt an seinen Sohn in Jena. :An wen denkt Anne? - Sie denkt an ihre Freunde. |} 933 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 933 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''<abbr title="beide - en: both">beide</abbr>''' :Beispiel: :Zwei Freunde studieren in Berlin. (Medizin studieren) :⇒ Beide studieren Medizin. :--- :Zwei Studentinnen arbeiten <abbr title="gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together">gemeinsam</abbr>. (Chemie studieren) :Inge und Maria hören gern Musik. (<abbr title="oft - en: often; frequently">oft</abbr> ins Konzert gehen) :Frau Stein und Herr Lehmann gehen in ein Restaurant. (an einem Tisch am Fenster <abbr title="Platz nehmen - en: to take place; to sit down">Platz nehmen</abbr>) :Thomas und Peter sind Freunde. (oft auf den Sportplatz gehen) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 933 |- | :Zwei Freunde studieren in Berlin. - Beide studieren Medizin. :--- :Zwei Studentinnen arbeiten gemeinsam. - Beide studieren Chemie. :Inge und Maria hören gern Musik. - Beide gehen oft ins Konzert. :Frau Stein und Herr Lehmann gehen in eine Restaurant. - Beide nehmen an einem Tisch am Fenster Platz. :Thomas und Peter sind Freunde. - Beide gehen oft auf den Sportplatz. |} 934 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 934 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''<abbr title="allein - en: alone">allein</abbr> - <abbr title="gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together">gemeinsam</abbr>''' :--- :'''Lesen Sie!''' :Familie Lehmann fährt mit ihrem <abbr title="der Gast - en: guest">Gast</abbr> gemeinsam nach [[:de:w:Köln|Köln]]. Monika bleibt allein zu Hause. :--- :'''Ergänzen Sie!''' :--- :a. Kannst du mir helfen? Ich kann den Text nicht ... übersetzen. :b. Aber gern. Wir übersetzen ihn ... :--- :a. Wollen wir heute Abend ... ins Kino gehen? :b. Das geht leider nicht. Du musst ... gehen, denn ich muss noch arbeiten. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 934 |- | :a. Kannst du mir helfen? Ich kann den Text nicht allein übersetzen. :b. Aber gen. Wir übersetzen ihn gemeinsam :--- :a. Wollen wir heute Abend gemeinsam ins Kino gehen? :b. Das geht leider nicht. Du musst allein gehen, denn ich muss noch arbeiten. |} 935 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 935 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie!''' :Herr Lehmann fährt '''morgens''' mit dem Fahrrad in seinen Betrieb. Dort arbeitet er '''vormittags''' und '''nachmittags'''. Täglich isst er '''mittags''' im Betrieb. Nur '''sonnabends''' (= samstags) und '''sonntags''' isst er nicht dort. An diesen Tagen isst er zu Hause, denn sonnabends und sonntags arbeitet er nicht. Er arbeitet <abbr title="wochentags; der Wochentag = der Werktag - en: workday">wochentags</abbr> von montags bis freitags. Samstags, <abbr title="sonntags und feiertags - en: sundays and holidays">sonn- und feiertags</abbr> hat er frei. 936 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 936 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Beispiele: :Was machen Sie morgens? (Kaffee trinken) :⇒ Morgens trinke ich Kaffee. :--- :Was machen Sie morgens? (Tee trinken) :Was machen Sie morgens? (Brötchen mit Butter essen) :Was machen Sie vormittags? (im Betrieb arbeiten) :Was machen Sie vormittags? (in die Schule gehen) :Was machen Sie mittags? (in eine Gaststätte gehen) :Was machen Sie mittags? (in einem Restaurant essen) :Was machen Sie nachmittags? (nach Hause gehen) :Was machen Sie nachmittags? (in die Stadt gehen und Einkäufe machen) :Was machen Sie abends? (Radio hören, fernsehen und Zeitung lesen) :Was machen Sie abends? (<abbr title="der Vortrag - en: lecture; recitation; Plural: Vorträge">Vorträge</abbr> in der <abbr title="die Volkshochschule - en: Adult Education Centre; Adult education center; Volks-Hoch-Schule (VHS); die Hochschule - en: college; university; das Volk - en: people">Volkshochschule</abbr> hören) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 936 |- | :Was machen Sie morgens? - Morgens trinke ich Kaffee. :--- :Was machen Sie morgens? - Morgens trinke ich Tee. :Was machen Sie morgens? - Morgens esse ich Brötchen mit Butter. :Was machen Sie vormittags? - Vormittags arbeite ich im Betrieb. :Was machen Sie vormittags? - Vormittags gehe ich in die Schule. :Was machen Sie mittags? - Mittags gehe ich in eine Gaststätte. :Was machen Sie mittags? - Mittags esse ich in einem Restaurant. :Was machen Sie nachmittags? - Nachmittags gehe ich nach Hause. :Was machen Sie nachmittags? - Nachmittags gehe ich in die Stadt und mache Einkäufe. :Was machen Sie abends? - Abends höre ich Radio, sehe fern und lese Zeitung. :Was machen Sie abends? - Abends höre ich Vorträge in der Volkshochschule. |} 937 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 937 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; margin-left: 10px" |-align="center" | &nbsp; || Dr. Müller |-align="center" | &nbsp; || Arzt für <abbr title="die Allgemeinmedizin - en: general medicine">Allgemeinmedizin</abbr> |-align="center" | &nbsp; || Sprechstunden |-align="center" | montags || 8 - 12 Uhr und 14 - 17 Uhr |-align="center" | dienstags || 8 - 12 Uhr und 14 - 17 Uhr |-align="center" | mittwochs || 8 - 12 Uhr (nachmittags <abbr title="geschlossen - en: closed; schließen - en: to close">geschlossen</abbr>) |-align="center" | donnerstags || 8 - 12 Uhr und 14 - 19 Uhr |-align="center" | freitags || 8 - 12 Uhr und 14 - 16 Uhr |} 938 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 938 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Antworten Sie!''' :An welchen Tagen hat Dr. Müller Sprechstunde? :An welchen Tagen hat Dr. Müller keine Sprechstunde? :Wann hat Dr. Müller montags Sprechstunde? :Wann hat Dr. Müller vormittags Sprechstunde? :Wie lange hat Dr. Müller freitags Sprechstunde? :Wann hat Dr. Müller nachmittags keine Sprechstunde? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 938 |- | :An welchen Tagen hat Dr. Müller Sprechstunde? - Er hat von Montag bis Freitag Sprechstunde. :ODER (Er hat am Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag und Freitag Sprechstunde.) :ODER (Er hat montags bis freitags Sprechstunde.) :ODER (Er hat montags, dienstags, mittwochs, donnerstags und freitags Sprechstunde.) :An welchen Tagen hat Dr. Müller keine Sprechstunde? - Am Samstag und Sonntag hat er keine Sprechstunde. :ODER (Er hat Samstags und sonntags keine Sprechstunde.) :ODER (Dr. Müller hat am Wochenende keine Sprechstunde.) :Wann hat Dr. Müller montags Sprechstunde? - Montags hat er von 8 bis 12 Uhr und von 14 bis 17 Uhr Sprechstunde. :Wann hat Dr. Müller vormittags Sprechstunde? - Vormittags hat er von 8 bis 12 Uhr Sprechstunde. :Wie lange hat Dr. Müller freitags Sprechstunde? - Freitags hat er bis 16 Uhr Sprechstunde. (Der Himmel ist blau, aber das war nicht die Frage.) :Wann hat Dr. Müller nachmittags keine Sprechstunde? - Mittwoch nachmittag'''s''' hat er keine Sprechstunde.) :ODER (Mittwoch'''s''' hat er nachmittag'''s''' keine Sprechstunde.) |} 939 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 939 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''ohne''' :--- :'''Kombinieren Sie richtig!''' :--- # Heute ist das Wetter schön, deshalb gehe ich ... # Jetzt regnet es nicht, deshalb gehe ich ... # Es ist Sommer, deshalb geht Uta ... # Thomas trinkt den Kaffee ... # Karin trinkt den Tee ... :--- :a) ohne Zucker; b) ohne Milch; c) ohne Schirm; d) ohne Strümpfe; e) ohne Mantel :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 939 |- | :1e; 2c; 3d; 4b; 5a :Heute ist das Wetter schön, deshalb gehe ich ohne Mantel. :Jetzt regnet es nicht, deshalb gehe ich ohne Schirm. :Es ist Sommer, deshalb geht Uta ohne Strümpfe. :Thomas trink den Kaffee ohne Milch. :Karin trinkt den Tee ohne Zucker. |} == 940 - 949 == 940 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 940 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''<abbr title="manchmal - en: sometimes">manchmal</abbr>''' :--- :Beispiel: :Geht Monika immer mit ... in die Schule? (ihre Freundin) :⇒ Geht Monika immer mit ihrer Freundin in die Schule? :⇒ Nein, sie geht auch manchmal ohne sie. :--- :Geht Andreas immer mit ... in die Universität? (sein Freund) :Geht Frau Westmann immer mit ... in den Supermarkt? (Peter) :Geht Thomas immer mit ... auf den Sportplatz? (sein Bruder) :Geht Herr Stahl immer mit ... ins Institut? (seine Freunde) :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 940 |- | :Geht Monika immer mit ihrer Freundin in die Schule? - Nein, sie geht auch manchmal ohne sie. :--- :Geht Andreas immer mit seinem Freund in die Universität? - Nein, er geht auch manchmal ohne ihn. :Geht Frau Westmann immer mit Peter in den Supermarkt? - Nein, sie geht auch manchmal ohne ihn. :Geht Thomas immer mit seinem Bruder auf den Sportplatz? - Nein, er geht auch manchmal ohne ihn. :Geht Herr Stahl immer mit seinen Freunden ins Institut? - Nein, er geht auch manchmal ohne sie. |} 941 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 941 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Phonetik :--- :[ŋ] - Tango („tango“ ['taŋ.go]); („razón“ [ra'soŋ]) :nk ➔ [ŋk] :schenken - Wir schenken Inge eine Kette. :Dank - Inge sagt: „Vielen Dank!“ :trinken - Wir möchten gern Tee trinken. :krank - Inge ist heute krank. :Onkel - Mein Onkel wohnt am See. :links - Links steht ein Haus. :--- :Geschenk, Getränk, Dank, Schrank :krank, links :schenken, denken, danken, trinken, Onkel :Geschenk; Geschenke; Getränk; Getränke, Schrank, Schränke 942 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Inge ist krank. Sie liegt im Bett und liest die Zeitung. Es klingelt. Anne kommt und bringt ihr ein Geschenk. Inge dankt ihr für das Geschenk. Anne wünscht ihr gute Besserung. :--- :Fragen zum Text :--- :Wer ist krank? :Wer liest die Zeitung? :Wer bringt Inge ein Geschenk? :Was macht Inge? :Was wünscht Anne ihrer Freundin? :Ist Anne auch krank? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 942 |- | :Wer ist krank? - Inge ist krank. :Wer liest die Zeitung? - Inge liest die Zeitung. :Wer bringt Inge ein Geschenk? - Anne bringt Inge ein Geschenk. :Was macht Inge? - Inge dankt ihr für das Geschenk. :Was wünscht Anne ihrer Freundin? - Anne wünscht ihrer Freundin gute Besserung. :Ist Anne auch krank? - Nein, Anne ist nicht krank. Sie ist gesund. |} 942a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Berliner mit Zuckerguss-01.jpg|thumb|der Berliner (= Berliner Pfannkuchen)]] [[File:Berliner-kameruner-35.jpg|thumb|der Kameruner (Pfannkuchen)]] [[File:BKQuadStacker.jpg|thumb|der Hamburger]] [[File:DEU Braunschweiger (Mettwurst) Vgl 47 MSZ111114.jpg|thumb|die Braunschweiger (Braunschweiger Mettwurst; [[:de:w:Braunschweig|Braunschweig]]) ]] :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :China :⇒ Chinesen :⇒ Die Bewohner von China heißen Chinesen. :⇒ Die Bewohner von China nennt man Chinesen. :⇒ In China gibt es viele chinesische Kinder. :--- #Japan #Norwegen #Spanien #Argentinien #Portugal #Brasilien #Mexiko #Chile #Tibet #Kuba #Kanada #Frankreich #Uruguay #Senegal #Südafrika #Peru #Kolumbien #Venezuela #Nikaragua #Puerto Rico :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 50%" |- !Lösung 942a |- | #Japan - Japaner - japanische #Norwegen - Norweger - norwegische #Spanien - Spanier - spanische #Argentinien - Argentinier - argentinische #Portugal - Portugiesen - portugiesische #Brasilien - Brasilianer - brasilianische #Mexiko - Mexikaner - mexikanische #Chile - Chilenen - chilenische #Tibet - Tibeter - tibetische #Kuba - Kubaner - kubanische #Kanada - Kanadier - kanadische #Frankreich - Franzosen - französische #Uruguay - Uruguayer - uruguayische #Senegal - Senegalesen - senegalesische #Südafrika - Südafrikaner - südafrikanische #Peru - Peruaner - peruanische #Kolumbien - Kolumbianer - kolumbianische #Venezuela - Venez'''o'''laner - venez'''o'''lanische #Nikaragua - Nikaraguaner - nikaraguanische #Puerto Rico - Puertorikaner - puertorikanische |} 942b {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942b appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:BandW.jpg|thumb|der Amerikaner (Gebäck)]] #Berlin - Berliner #Hamburg - Hamburger #München - Münchner #Stuttgart - Stuttgarter #Köln - Kölner 942c {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942c appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Wiener Wuerstchen (fcm).jpg|thumb|die Wiener (= Wiener Würstchen) = Frankfurter (= Frankfurter Würstchen)]] #Uruguay - Uruguayer - uruguayische #Tibet - Tibeter - tibetische #Japan - Japaner - japanische #Ukraine - Ukrainer - ukrainische #Mallorca - Mallorquiner - mallorquinische #Littauen - Littauer - littauische #Schweiz - Schweizer - schweizerische (oder schweizer) #Luxemburg - Luxemburger - luxemburgische (selten: luxemburger) #Irak - Iraker - irakische #Österreich - Österreicher - österreichische 942d {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942d appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Kondom.jpg|thumb|der Pariser (der oder das Kondom)]] #Norwegen - Norweger - norwegische #Brasilien - Brasilianer - brasilianische #Mexiko - Mexikaner - mexikanische #Marokko - Marokkaner - marokkanische #Ägypten - Ägypter - ägyptische #Indien - Inder - indische #Norwegen - Norweger - norwegische #Belgien - Belgier - belgische #Australien - Australier - australische #Italien - Italiener - italienische #Syrien - Syrer - syrische 942e {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942e appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Kiełbasa krakowska 2.jpg|thumb|die Krakauer (= Krakauer Wurst)]] #Nikaragua - Nikaraguaner - nikaraguanische #Angola - Angolaner - angolanische #USA - Amerika - US-Amerikaner - US-amerikanische #Kamerun - Kameruner - kamerunische #Nigeria - Nigerianer - nigerianische #Korea - Koreaner - koreanische #Iran - Iraner - iranische 942f {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942f appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Franz Werkz.jpg|thumb|100 px|der Franzose (Werkzeug)]] [[File:Monckywrench.jpg|thumb|100 px|der Engländer (Werkzeug)]] #Südafrika - Südafrikaner - südafrikanische #Peru - Peruaner - peruanische #Kolumbien - Kolumbianer - kolumbianische #Venezuela - Venez'''o'''laner - venez'''o'''lanische #Puerto Rico - Puertorikaner - puertorikanische #Kuba - Kubaner - kubanische #Mosambik - Mosambikaner - mosambikanische 942g {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942g appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Icelandic horse.jpg|thumb|der Isländer (das Islandpferd)]] [[File:Bearb josh04 07.JPG|thumb|der Neufundländer (eine Hunderasse; die Rasse)]] [[File:1Maltese.jpg|thumb|der Malteser (eine Hunderasse) (Malta; maltesisch)]] [[File:Bailey Pekingese.jpg|thumb|der Pekinese (Peking)]] [[File:Afghan Hound.jpg|thumb|der Afghane (Afghanistan; afghanisch)]] [[File:Syrian man with Arabian horse 1893.jpg|thumb|der Araber (das Pferd)]] #El Salvador - Salvadorianer - salvadorianische #Haiti - Haitianer - haitianische #Kolumbien - Kolumbianer - kolumbianische #Bolivien - Bolivianer - bolivianische #Ecuador - Ecuadorianer - ecuadorianische #Kenia - Kenianer - kenianische 942h {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942h appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Argentinien - Argentinier - argentinische #Algerien - Algerier - algerische #Tansania - Tansanier - tansanische #Spanien - Spanier - spanische #Somalia - Somalier - somalische #Libyen - Libyer (Volk der Libyer) (auch Libyier) - libysche 942i {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942i appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Chile - Chilenen - chilenische #Schweden - Schweden - schwedische #Polen - Polen - polnische #Ungarn - Ungarn - ungarische :--- #Monaco - Monegassen - monegassische #Madagaskar - Madagassen - madagassische :--- #Bangladesh - Bangladeshi (oder Bengalen) - bengalische #Mongolei - Mongolen - mongolische 942j {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942j appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Portugal - Portugiesen - portugiesische #Baskenland - Basken - baskische #Irland - Iren - irische #Dänemark - Dänen - dänische #Finnland - Finnen - finnische #Katalonien - Katalonen - katalonische #Türkei - Türken - türkische #Bulgarien - Bulgaren - bulgarische #Rumänien - Rumänen - rumänische #Tschechien - Tschechen - tschechische #Slowakei - Slowaken - slowakische #Slowenien - Slowenen - slowenische 942k {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942k appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Schottland - Schotten - schottische #Laos - Laoten - laotische #Baltikum - Balten - baltische #Estland - Esten - est'''n'''ische #Lettland - Letten - lettische #Jemen - Jemeniten - jemenitische 942m {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942m appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Senegal - Senegalesen - senegalesische #Kongo - Kongolesen - kongolesische #Sudan - Sudanesen - sudanesische #Sri Lanka - Sri Lankesen - sri-lankische (oder srilankesische) #Vietnam - Vietnamesen - vietnamesische #Libanon - Libanesen - libanesische #Panama - Panamesen - panamesische 942n {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942n appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Thailand - Thailänder (oder Thais) - thailändische #Niederlande - Niederländer - niederländische #Island - Isländer - isländische #Grönland - Grönländer - grönländische #Holland - Holländer - holländische #Neuseeland - Neuseeländer - neuseeländische :--- #Weißrussland - Weißrussen - weißrussische #Russland - Russen - russische #Estland - Esten - est'''n'''ische #Lettland - Letten - lettische #Baskenland - Basken - baskische #Irland - Iren - irische #England - Engländer - englische #Finnland - Finnen - finnische #Griechenland - Griechen - griechische #Schottland - Schotten - schottische 942p {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 942p appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Florentine biscuits.jpg|thumb|der Florentiner (Florenz)]] #Kanada - Kanadier - kanadische #Frankreich - Franzosen - französische #Israel - Israelis - israelische #Saudi-Arabien - Saudis - saudische :--- #Kasachstan - Kasachen - kasachische #Afghanistan - Afghanen - afghanische #Pakistan - Pakistani - pakistanische 943 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} [[File:Female human buttocks.jpg|thumb|der <abbr title="der Po - en: bottom; bum; behind; backside">Po</abbr>; [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyECAoO7dj4 Finger im Po, Mexiko] ]] :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :China :⇒ Chinesen :⇒ Die Bewohner von China heißen Chinesen. :⇒ Die Bewohner von China nennt man Chinesen. :⇒ In China gibt es viele chinesische Kinder. :--- #Japan #Norwegen #Spanien #Argentinien #Portugal #Brasilien #Mexiko #Chile #Tibet #Kuba #Kanada #Frankreich #Uruguay #Senegal #Südafrika #Peru #Kolumbien #Venezuela #Nikaragua #Puerto Rico :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 943 |- | #Japan - Japaner - japanische #Norwegen - Norweger - norwegische #Spanien - Spanier - spanische #Argentinien - Argentinier - argentinische #Portugal - Portugiesen - portugiesische #Brasilien - Brasilianer - brasilianische #Mexiko - Mexikaner - mexikanische #Chile - Chilenen - chilenische #Tibet - Tibeter - tibetische #Kuba - Kubaner - kubanische #Kanada - Kanadier - kanadische #Frankreich - Franzosen - französische #Uruguay - Uruguayer - uruguayische #Senegal - Senegalesen - senegalesische #Südafrika - Südafrikaner - südafrikanische #Peru - Peruaner - peruanische #Kolumbien - Kolumbianer - kolumbianische #Venezuela - Venez'''o'''laner - venez'''o'''lanische #Nikaragua - Nikaraguaner - nikaraguanische #Puerto Rico - Puertorikaner - puertorikanische |} 943a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :Japan :⇒ Japan :⇒ Die Bewohner von Japan heißen Japaner. :⇒ Die Bewohner von Japan nennt man Japaner. :⇒ In Japan gibt es nur japanische <abbr title="die Münze - en: coin">Münzen</abbr>. :--- #El Salvador #Haiti #Kolumbien #Bolivien #Ecuador #Kongo #Tansania #Kenia #Mosambik #USA #Angola #Kamerun #Nigeria #Marokko #Algerien #Libyen #Ägypten #Israel #Saudi-Arabien #Jemen :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 943a |- | #El Salvador - Salvadorianer - salvadorianische #Haiti - Haitianer - haitianische #Kolumbien - Kolumbianer - kolumbianische #Bolivien - Bolivianer - bolivianische #Ecuador - Ecuadorianer - ecuadorianische #Kongo - Kongolesen - kongolesische #Tansania - Tansanier - tansanische #Kenia - Kenianer - kenianische #Mosambik - Mosambikaner - mosambikanische #USA - US-Amerikaner - US-amerikanische #Angola - Angolaner - angolanische #Kamerun - Kameruner - kamerunische #Nigeria - Nigerianer - nigerianische #Marokko - Marokkaner - marokkanische #Algerien - Algerier - algerische #Libyen - Libyer - libysche #Ägypten - Ägypter - ägyptische #Israel - Israeli - israelische #Saudi-Arabien - Saudis - saudische #Jemen - Jemeniten - jemenitische |} 943b {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943b appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :Kolumbien :⇒ Kolumbien :⇒ Die Bewohner von Kolumbien heißen Kolumbianer. :⇒ Die Bewohner von Kolumbien nennt man Kolumbianer. :⇒ In Kolumbien gibt es viele kolumbianische Städte. :--- #Somalia #Sudan #Thailand #Vietnam #Laos #Mongolei #Kasachstan #Afghanistan #Korea #Russland #Ukraine #Weißrussland #Polen #Baltikum #Estland #Lettland #Littauen #Finnland #Schweden #Schweiz :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 943b |- | #Somalia - Somalier - somalische #Sudan - Sudanesen - sudanesische #Thailand - Thailänder - thailändische #Vietnam - Vietnamesen - vietnamesische #Laos - Laoten - laotische #Mongolei - Mongolen - mongolische #Kasachstan - Kasachen - kasachische #Afghanistan - Afghanen - afghanische #Korea - Koreaner - koreanische #Russland - Russen - russische #Ukraine - Ukrainer - ukrainische #Weißrussland - Weißrussen - weißrussische #Polen - Polen - polnische #Baltikum - Balten - baltische #Estland - Esten - est'''n'''ische #Lettland - Letten - lettische #Littauen - Littauer - littauische #Finnland - Finnen - finnische #Schweden - Schweden - schwedische #Schweiz - Schweizer - schweizerische |} 943c {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943c appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :Thailand :⇒ Thailand :⇒ Die Bewohner von Thailand heißen Thailänder (oder Thais). (Thais = ein Mensch vom Volk der Thais) :⇒ Die Bewohner von Thailand nennt man Thailänder (oder Thais). :⇒ In Thailand gibt es viele thailändische Dörfer. :--- #Island #Grönland #Mallorca #Norwegen #Dänemark #Italien #Griechenland #Libanon #Syrien #Österreich #Ungarn #Bulgarien #Rumänien #Tschechien #Slowakei #Slowenien #Irland #Schottland #Baskenland #Katalonien :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 943c |- | #Island - Isländer - isländische #Grönland - Grönländer - grönländische #Mallorca - Mallorquiner - mallorquinische #Norwegen - Norweger - norwegische #Dänemark - Dänen - dänische #Italien - Italiener - italienische #Griechenland - Griechen - griechische #Libanon - Libanesen - libanesische #Syrien - Syrer - syrische #Österreich - Österreicher - österreichische #Ungarn - Ungarn - ungarische #Bulgarien - Bulgaren - bulgarische #Rumänien - Rumänen - rumänische #Tschechien - Tschechen - tschechische #Slowakei - Slowaken - slowakische #Slowenien - Slowenen - slowenische #Irland - Iren - irische #Schottland - Schotten - schottische #Baskenland - Basken - baskisch #Katalonien - Katalonen - katalonisch |} 943d {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943d appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Wie nennt man die Bewohner der folgenden Länder, Regionen und Städte?''' :Beispiel: :Dänemark :⇒ Dänemark :⇒ Die Bewohner von Dänemark heißen Dänen. :⇒ Die Bewohner von Dänemark nennt man Dänen. :⇒ In Dänemark gibt es viele dänische Fahnen. :--- #Türkei #Iran #Irak #Belgien #Luxemburg #Niederlande #Holland #Indien #Pakistan #Bangladesh #Sri Lanka #Madagaskar #Panama #Australien #Neuseeland #Berlin #Hamburg #München #Stuttgart #Köln :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 943d |- | #Türkei - Türken - türkische #Iran - Iraner - iranische #Irak - Iraker - irakische #Belgien - Belgier - belgische #Luxemburg - Luxemburger - luxemburgische #Niederlande - Niederländer - niederländische #Holland - Holländer - holländische #Indien - Inder - indische #Pakistan - Pakistani - pakistanische #Bangladesh - Bangladeshi oder Bengalen - bengalische #Sri Lanka - Sri Lankesen - sri-lankische oder srilankesische #Madagaskar - Madagassen - madagassische #Panama - Panamesen - panamesische #Australien - Australier - australische #Neuseeland - Neuseeländer - neuseeländische #Berlin - Berliner - Berliner #Hamburg - Hamburger - Hamburger #München - Münchner - Münchner #Stuttgart - Stuttgarter - Stuttgarter #Köln - Kölner - Kölner |} 943e {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943e appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :das Land - der Mann - die Frau :Frankreich - der Franzose - die Französin :England - der Engländer - die Engländerin :--- :Berlin - der Berliner - die Berlinerin :Hamburg - der Hamburger - die Hamburgerin :München - der Münchner - die Münchnerin :Köln - der Kölner - die Kölnerin :--- :Rom - der Römer - die Römerin - römisch :Venedig - Venezianer - venezianisch :--- :Amerika - der Amerikaner - die Amerikanerin :Asien - der Asiate - die Asiatin :Afrika - der Afrikaner - die Afrikanerin :Europa - der Europäer - die Europäerin 943f {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943f appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Japan - der Japaner - die Japanerin #Schweiz - der Schweizer - die Schweizerin #Österreich - der Österreicher - die Österreicherin #Norwegen - der Norweger - die Norwegerin #Brasilien - der Brasilianer - die Brasilianerin #Mexiko - der Mexikaner - die Mexikanerin #Marokko - der Marokkaner - die Marokkanerin #Belgien - der Belgier - die Belgierin #Italien - der Italiener - die Italienerin #Nikaragua - der Nikaraguaner - die Nikaraguanerin #Korea - der Koreaner - die Koreanerin #Peru - der Peruaner - die Peruanerin #Kolumbien - der Kolumbianer - die Kolumbianerin #Venezuela - der Venez'''o'''laner - die Venez'''o'''lanerin #Puerto Rico - der Puertorikaner - die Puertorikanerin #Kuba - der Kubaner - die Kubanerin 943g {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943g appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #El Salvador - der Salvadorianer - die Salvadorianerin #Bolivien - der Bolivianer - die Bolivianerin #Ecuador - der Ecuadorianer - die Ecuadorianerin #Argentinien - der Argentinier - die Argentinierin #Spanien - der Spanier - die Spanierin #Chile - der Chilene - die Chilenin #Schweden - der Schwede - die Schwedin #Polen - der Pole - die Polin #Ungarn - der Ungare - die Ungarin #Mongolei - der Mongole - die Mongolin #Portugal - der Portugiese - die Portugiesin #Baskenland - der Baske - die Baskin #Irland - der Ire - die Irin #Dänemark - der Däne - die Dänin 943h {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 943h appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} #Finnland - der Finne - die Finnin #Katalonien - der Katalone - die Katalonin #Türkei - der Türke - die Türkin #Bulgarien - der Bulgare - die Bulgarin #Rumänien - der Rumäne - die Rumänin #Schottland - der Schotte - die Schottin #Vietnam - der Vietnamese - die Vietnamesin #Niederlande - der Niederländer - die Niederländerin #Holland - der Holländer - die Holländerin #Neuseeland - der Neuseeländer - die Neuseeländerin #Russland - der Russe - die Russin #Griechenland - der Grieche - die Griechin #Kanada - der Kanadier - die Kanadierin #Frankreich - der Franzose - die Französin 944 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 944 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Übungen zum verstehenden Lesen''' :--- :Ein Wochenende :--- :Thomas und Uta sind Medizinstudenten. Sie studieren seit zwei Jahren Medizin. Am Wochenende gehen sie manchmal zusammen ins Kino, ins Theater oder in eine Studenten<abbr title="die Kneipe - en: pub">kneipe</abbr>. Für dieses Wochenende hat Thomas zwei Kinokarten besorgt. Im Cineplex-Kinocenter <abbr title="laufen - en: to run; they show him; to be on cinema">läuft</abbr> ein indischer Liebesfilm. Ein Freund hat Thomas diesen Film sehr <abbr title="empfehlen - en: recomend">empfohlen</abbr>. Thomas und Uta gehen in die <abbr title="die Vorstellung - en: cinema performance">Vorstellung</abbr> am Nachmittag. Der Film ist wirklich ausgezeichnet. :Dann möchten sie noch etwas essen. Sie gehen in einen Asia-Imbiss. Dann <abbr title="begleiten - en: to accompany">begleitet</abbr> Thomas seine Freundin nach Hause. Sie will noch arbeiten, denn sie muss morgen einen <abbr title="einen Vortrag halten - en: to give a lecture; der Vortrag - en: lecture">Vortrag halten</abbr>. Thomas geht ins Institut. Hier liest er noch die Zeitung, dann geht er schlafen. 944a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 944a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Fragen zum Text.''' :--- :Seit wann studieren Thomas und Uta Medizin? :Wohin gehen sie am Wochenende? :In welchem Kino läuft der indische <abbr title="der Spielfilm - en: motion pictures">Spielfilm</abbr>? :Wo essen Thomas und Uta? :Warum will Uta noch arbeiten? :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 944a |- | :Seit wann studieren Thomas und Uta Medizin? - Sie studieren seit zwei Jahren Medizin. :Wohin gehen sie am Wochenende? - Am Wochenende gehen sie ins Kino, ins Theater oder in eine Studentenkneipe. :In welchem Kino läuft der indische Spielfilm? - Im Cineplex-Kinocenter läuft der indische Spielfilm. :Wo essen Thomas und Uta? - Sie essen in einem Asia-Imbiss. :Warum will Uta noch arbeiten? - Uta will noch arbeiten, weil sie morgen einen Vortrag halten muss. :(ODER: Sie muss morgen einen Vortrag halten.) |} 945 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 945 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie und antworten Sie dann!''' :--- :Am Morgen hat Familie Lehmann nicht viel Zeit. Herr Lehmann geht 6 Uhr, Frau Lehmann geht 7 Uhr und Monika 7.15 Uhr. Herr Lehmann fährt mit dem Auto in die Stadt. Frau Lehmann geht in die Arztpraxis. Das ist nicht <abbr title="weit - en: distant">weit</abbr>. Monika hat fünf oder sechs Stunden Unterricht. Sie kommt am Nachmittag zuerst nach Hause. :--- :Was macht Familie Lehmann am Morgen? 946 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 946 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie und antworten Sie dann!''' :--- :Am Sonnabend sind Herr und Frau Lehmann zu Hause. Sie arbeiten nicht. Sie arbeiten an fünf Tagen in der Woche, von montags bis freitags, und haben dann am Wochenende frei. Monika geht sonnabends <abbr title="auch nicht - en: neither; also not">auch nicht</abbr> in die Schule. Aber sie muss viele Hausaufgaben machen. Am Sonnabend Nachmittag geht sie mit ihrem Bruder Peter an den See. Peter spielt dort mit seinen Freunden. :--- :Was macht Familie Lehmann am Samstag? 946a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 946a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie und antworten Sie dann!''' :--- :Im Sommer fährt Familie Lehmann manchmal am Sonntag in den Wald. Alle haben Fahrräder. Auch Peter fährt mit dem Fahrrad. Er hat das Fahrrad schon vor einem Jahr bekommen. Am Abend gehen Herr und Frau Lehmann manchmal mit Monika ins Theater oder ins Konzert. Nur Peter bleibt zu Hause. Er ist noch zu klein. :--- :Was macht Familie Lehmann am Sonntag? 946b {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 946b appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Lesen Sie! Nehmen Sie das Wörterbuch!''' :--- :Alle fünf Jahre ist in [[:de:w:Kassel|Kassel]] die ''[[:de:w:documenta|documenta]]''. Das ist eine <abbr title="die Ausstellung - en: exhibition; die Kunst - en: art">Kunstausstellung</abbr>, zu der viele '''<abbr title="der Künstler - en: artist">Künstler</abbr>''' aus Europa, Asien, Amerika und Afrika kommen. Hier zeigen sie ihre <abbr title="das Kunstwerk - en: artwork">Kunstwerke</abbr>. Die ''documenta'' <abbr title="dauern - en: to last">dauert</abbr> <abbr title="jeweils - en: respectively; in each case">jeweils</abbr> 100 Tage. Sie wird von der Stadt Kassel, dem <abbr title="das Land = das Bundesland - en: federal state">Land</abbr> Hessen und der ''Kultur<abbr title="die Stifung - en: foundation">stiftung</abbr> des <abbr title="der Bund = die Bundesrepublik Deutschland - en: Federal Republic of Germany">Bundes</abbr>'' finanziell '''<abbr title="unterstützen - en: to support">unterstützt</abbr>'''. 947 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 947 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :'''Ergänzen Sie! Antworten Sie danach!''' :--- # Sehen Sie gern ... ? # <abbr title="nennen - en: to name">Nennen</abbr> Sie einen ... ! # Wie ... dauert die ''documenta''? # Wie ... ist die ''documenta'' in Kassel? # Wer ... die ''documenta'' finanziell? :--- :a) unterstützt; b) Künstler; c) lange; d) Filme; e) oft :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 947 |- | :Sehen Sie gern Filme? - Ja, ich sehe gern Filme. Nein, ich sehe nicht gern Filme. :Nennen Sie einen Künstler! - Andy Warhol. :Wie lange dauert die ''documenta''? - Die ''documenta'' dauert 100 Tage. :<abbr title="Wie oft? - en: How often?">Wie oft</abbr> ist die ''documenta'' in Kassel? - Die ''documenta'' ist alle 5 Jahre. :ODER (Die ''documenta'' findet alle 5 Jahre statt.) (stattfinden) :Wer unterstützt die ''documenta'' finanziell? - Die Stadt Kassel, das Land Hessen und die ''Kulturstiftung des Bundes'' |} 948 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 948 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Im Theater :--- :Herr Müller geht ins Theater. An der Kasse kauft er eine Karte und ein Programm. Dann nimmt er in <abbr title="die Reihe - en: row">Reihe</abbr> vier Platz. Die Vorstellung beginnt <abbr title="pünktlich - en: in time; punctual">pünktlich</abbr>. In der Pause trinkt er ein Glas Sekt. Um 23 Uhr geht Herr Müller nach Hause. Die <abbr title="die Vorstellung - en: theatre performance">Vorstellung</abbr> im Theater hat ihm <abbr title="ausgezeichnet - en: excellent; exquisite">ausgezeichnet</abbr> gefallen. 948a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 948a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Ist alles richtig? :Gibt es einen Fehler? :Wo ist der Fehler? :Wie heißt es richtig? :--- :Ich kann morgen nicht kommen. Leider am sonntag habe ich Arbeite. :Peter Fahrt mit mir. :Am Montag Arbeite auch, aber Peter kann. :{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !Lösung 948a |- | :Ich kann morgen nicht kommen. Leider arbeite ich am Sonntag. (Leider habe ich am Sonntag Arbeit.) :Peter fährt mit mir. :Am Montag arbeite ich auch, aber Peter kann. |} 949 {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 949 appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Der frühe <abbr title="der Vogel - en: bird">Vogel</abbr> <abbr title="fangen - en: to cach">fängt</abbr> den <abbr title="der Wurm - en: worm">Wurm</abbr>. :Der <abbr title="der Glaube - en: faith; religion; belief">Glaube</abbr> kann <abbr title="der Berg - en: mountain">Berge</abbr> <abbr title="versetzen - en: to move; to shift; to transpose">versetzen</abbr>. :Der <abbr title="der Hunger - en: hunger">Hunger</abbr> kommt beim Essen. :Der <abbr title="der Klügere - en: the wiser; klug - en: wise; clever; smart; klüger - en: wiser">Klügere</abbr> <abbr title="nachgeben - en: to give in; to yield">gibt nach</abbr>. 949a {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch 949a appca.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} :Der Mensch denkt, <abbr title="der Gott - en: God">Gott</abbr> <abbr title="lenken - en: to steer; to guide; to manage">lenkt</abbr>. :Der Mensch lebt nicht vom Brot allein. :Der <abbr title="der Ton - en: sound; (behavior)">Ton</abbr> macht die Musik. :Der <abbr title="der Wunsch - en: desire; wish; wünschen - en: to wish">Wunsch</abbr> ist der Vater des <abbr title="der Gedanke - en: thought; idea">Gedanken</abbr>. :Der <abbr title="der Zweck - en: purpose; aim; end">Zweck</abbr> <abbr title="heiligen = rechtfertigen - en: to sanctify; to justify; heilig - holy; sacred; der Heilige - the Saint (person), Saint ... ">heiligt</abbr> die <abbr title="das Mittel - en: means">Mittel</abbr>. == Vokabular: Lektion 022 == {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-1.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : bleiben - en: to remain; to stay : glauben - en: to think; to believe : vielleicht - en: maybe : nachher - en: later; later on; after this : eigentlich - en: actually; really; true; as a matter of fact : ihr - en: her; to her : schenken - en: to present : gestern - en: yesterday : besichtigen - en: to visit, to tour : sehen - en: to see : die Besichtigung - en: sightseeing; tour : weit - en: wide; broad; far : breit - en: broad : lang - en: long : eng - en: narrow : schmal - en: narrow : kurz - en: short {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-2.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : heute noch = noch heute - en: still today : gleich morgen - en: tomorrow; immediately tomorrow; promptly tomorrow : gerade - en: just; a second ago : doch - en: but; all the same; anyway : sich unterhalten - en: to talk; to converse : ganz - en: absolutely : genau - en: exact; precisely : erzählen - en: to tell; to narrate : eher = früher - en: earlier : eher = zeitiger = früher - en: earlier : aufstehen - en: to get up; to stand up : schlafen gehen - en: to go to bed; to go to sleep : können - en: can : rechnen - en: to calculate : zählen - en: to count : nachher - en: later; later on; after (this); not now {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-3.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : gar nicht - en: not at all : nicht mehr - en: no more; no longer; not any more : ausgezeichnet - en: excellent : selbstverständlich - en: of course, naturally, self-evident : ihr - en: to her : besorgen - en: to get; to procure : können - en: can : begleiten - en: to accompany; to escort : bestellen - en: to order : besorgen - en: to get; to procure : abholen - en: to collect; to pick; to fetch : die Oma - en: grandmother : besorgen - en: to get; to procure : ihm - en: him; for him; to him : der Beamer = der Projektor - en: beamer : wollen - en: want : zeigen - en: to show; to point {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-4.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : bestellen - en: to order : können - en: can : passen - en: to match; to fit; to be convinient : erledigen - en: to make; to carry out; to finish; to complete : begleiten - en: to accompany; to escort : müssen - en: have to; must : wieder einmal - en: once again : zu mir kommen - en: come to me : es geht - en: it is possible : es geht nicht - en: it is impossible : da - en: there; then; here! : bestellen - en: to order : auch noch - en: also; even; also even : paar - en: some : das Paar (= 2) - en: pair; couple : der Einkauf - en: purchase; buying; shopping {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-5.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : machen - en: to make : dringend - en: urgent : der Eintritt - en: entry fee : selber - en: yourself; himself : tanken - en: refuel (gasoline) : der Tank - en: fuel tank : der Benzintank - en: fuel tank : der Wassertank - en: water tank : draußen - en: outside : bleiben - en: to remain; to stay : heute noch - en: even today; today still : einen Vortrag halten - en: to give a lecture : der Vortrag - en: lecture : gleich - en: just; immediately; in a second : deshalb - en: therefore; that's why; hence : Bescheid sagen - en: to give the word; to inform; to let somebody know; to say {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-6.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : heute noch - en: still today : die Fahrkarte - en: ticket : Fußball - en: football : Volleyball - en: volleyball : Federball = Badminton - en: badminton : die Feder - en: feather : der Ball - en: ball : Tischtennis - en: ping-pong; table tennis : Schach - en: chess : schwimmen - en: to swimm; to float : die Strecke - en: route; distance; stretch; section; way : fliegen - en: to fly : anstrengend - en: exhausting; tiring : der Flug - en: flight : war - en: was : herrlich - en: gorgeous; marvelous; wonderfull {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-7.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : besonders - en: especially : der Himmel - en: sky : die Wolke - en: cloud : denken - en: to think : beide - en: both : gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together : die Reise - en: journey; trip; tour; voyage : Darf ich bitten? = Darf ich zum Tanz bitten? - en: May I have a dance? : bitten - en: to ask; to request; to beg : der Kellner - en: waiter : die Speisekarte - en: menu : die Speise - en: dish; food : Herr Ober - en: waiter : der Oberkellner - en: head waiter : der Kellner - en: waiter (male) : die Kellnerin - en: waiter (female) : die Käseplatte - en: cheese plate; cheeseboard : die Schinkenplatte - en: ham platter : empfehlen - en: to recomend {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-8.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : letzter - en: last : erzählen - en: to tell; to narrate : der Hinflug - en: outward flight; the flight leg towards the destination : zwischenlanden - en: to stop over : landen - en: to land; to touch down : die Verspätung - en: delay : spät - en: late : sich verspäten - en: to be late : Auf dem Rückflug - en: on the return flight : der Rückflug - en: return flight; the flight leg rom the destination : herrlich - en: gorgeous; wonderful : Auf Ihr Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite form); To your health! (polite form) : Auf Dein Wohl! - en: Cheers! (non-polite form); To your health! (non-polite form) : zum Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite and non-polite form) : das Wohl - en: the well; wellfare {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-9.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : der Mietwagen - en: rental car : nehmen - en: to take : allein - en: alone : die Altstadt - en: old town; historical center : einige - en: some : das Museum - en: museum : abfahren - en: to depart; to leave : die Kurve - en: curve; turn : eng - en: narrow : anstrengend - en: tiring; exhausting : der Strand - en: beach : oft - en: often : tanzen - en: to dance : Darf ich bitten? = Darf ich zum Tanz bitten? - en: May I have a dance? : bitten - en: to ask; to request; to beg : besonders - en: especially {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-10.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : wieder einmal = ein andermal - en: once again; at another time again : zahlen - en: to pay" : mein Herr - en: Mister; (My Lord) : die Rechnung - en: bill; check; invoice : die Speisekarte - en: menu : wählen - en: to choose; so select : bestellen - en: to order : woran?- en: by which; on what; at what; what : Woran denkst du? - en: What are you thinking? : Woran denkt Karin? - en: What thinks Karin? : an wen? - en: to whom? : beide - en: both : gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together : oft - en: often; frequently : Platz nehmen - en: to take place; to sit down : allein - en: alone : gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-11.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : der Gast - en: guest : wochentags; der Wochentag = der Werktag - en: workday : sonntags und feiertags - en: sundays and holidays : der Vortrag - en: lecture; recitation : die Volkshochschule - en: Adult Education Centre; Adult education center : die Hochschule - en: college : das Volk - en: people : die Allgemeinmedizin - en: general medicine : geschlossen - en: closed : schließen - en: to close : manchmal - en: sometimes : der Po - en: bottom; bum; behind; backside : die Münze - en: coin : die Kneipe - en: pub {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-12.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : laufen - en: to run; they show him; to be on cinema : empfehlen - en: recomend : die Vorstellung - en: cinema performance : begleiten - en: to accompany : einen Vortrag halten - en: to give a lecture : der Vortrag - en: lecture : der Spielfilm - en: motion pictures : weit - en: distant : auch nicht - en: neither; also not : die Ausstellung - en: exhibition : die Kunst - en: art : der Künstler - en: artist : das Kunstwerk - en: artwork : dauern - en: to last : jeweils - en: respectively; in each case : das Land = das Bundesland - en: federal state : die Stifung - en: foundation : der Bund = die Bundesrepublik Deutschland - en: Federal Republic of Germany {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-13.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : unterstützen - en: to support : nennen - en: to name : Wie oft? - en: How often? : die Reihe - en: row : pünktlich - en: in time; punctual : die Vorstellung - en: theatre performance : ausgezeichnet - en: excellent; exquisite : der Vogel - en: bird : fangen - en: to cach : der Wurm - en: worm : der Glaube - en: faith; religion; belief : der Berg - en: mountain : versetzen - en: to move; to shift; to transpose : der Hunger - en: hunger : der Klügere - en: the wiser : klug - en: wise; clever; smart : klüger - en: wiser : nachgeben - en: to give in; to yield {| |&nbsp; | style="background: green" | [[File:Deutsch Vokabular Lektion 022-14.ogg]] |&nbsp; |} : der Gott - en: God : lenken - en: to steer; to guide; to manage : der Ton - en: sound; (behavior) : der Wunsch - en: desire; wish : wünschen - en: to wish : der Gedanke - en: thought; idea : der Zweck - en: purpose; aim; end : heiligen = rechtfertigen - en: to sanctify; to justify : heilig - holy; sacred : der Heilige - the Saint (person), Saint ... : das Mittel - en: means == Vokabular: Lektion 022 - alphabetisch geordnet == # abfahren - en: to depart; to leave # abholen - en: to collect; to pick; to fetch # allein - en: alone # Allgemeinmedizin, die - en: general medicine # Altstadt, die - en: old town; historical center # an wen? - en: to whom? # anstrengend - en: exhausting; tiring # auch nicht - en: neither; also not # auch noch - en: also; even; also even # Auf dein Wohl! - en: Cheers! (non-polite form); To your health! (non-polite form) # Auf dem Rückflug - en: on the return flight # Auf Ihr Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite form); To your health! (polite form) # aufstehen - en: to get up; to stand up # ausgezeichnet - en: excellent; exquisite # Ausstellung, die - en: exhibition # Ball, der - en: ball # Beamer, der = der Projektor - en: beamer # begleiten - en: to accompany; to escort # beide - en: both # Benzintank, der - en: fuel tank # Berg, der - en: mountain # Bescheid sagen - en: to give the word; to inform; to let somebody know; to say # besichtigen - en: to visit, to tour # Besichtigung, die - en: sightseeing; tour # besonders - en: especially # besorgen - en: to get; to procure # bestellen - en: to order # bitten - en: to ask; to request; to beg # bleiben - en: to remain; to stay # breit - en: broad # Bund, der = die Bundesrepublik Deutschland - en: Federal Republic of Germany # da - en: there; then; here! # Darf ich bitten? = Darf ich zum Tanz bitten? - en: May I have a dance? # dauern - en: to last # denken - en: to think # deshalb - en: therefore; that's why; hence # doch - en: but; all the same; anyway # draußen - en: outside # dringend - en: urgent # eher = zeitiger = früher - en: earlier # eigentlich - en: actually; really; true; as a matter of fact # einen Vortrag halten - en: to give a lecture # einige - en: some # Einkauf, der - en: purchase; buying; shopping # Eintritt, der - en: entry fee # empfehlen - en: to recommend # eng - en: narrow # erledigen - en: to make; to carry out; to finish; to complete # erzählen - en: to tell; to narrate # es geht - en: it is possible # es geht nicht - en: it is impossible # Fahrkarte, die - en: ticket # fangen - en: to cach # Feder, die - en: feather # Federball = Badminton - en: badminton # fliegen - en: to fly # Flug, der - en: flight # Fußball - en: football # ganz - en: absolutely # gar nicht - en: not at all # Gast, der - en: guest # Gedanke, der - en: thought; idea # gemeinsam = zusammen - en: together # genau - en: exact; precisely # gerade - en: just; a second ago # geschlossen - en: closed # gestern - en: yesterday # Glaube, der - en: faith; religion; belief # glauben - en: to think; to believe # gleich - en: just; immediately; in a second # gleich morgen - en: tomorrow; immediately tomorrow; promptly tomorrow # Gott, der - en: God # heilig - holy; sacred # Heilige, der - the Saint (person), Saint ... # heiligen = rechtfertigen - en: to sanctify; to justify # Herr Ober - en: waiter # herrlich - en: gorgeous; marvelous; wonderful # heute noch = noch heute - en: still today; even today # Himmel, der - en: sky # Hinflug, der - en: outward flight; the flight leg towards the destination # Hochschule, die - en: college # Hunger, der - en: hunger # ihm - en: him; for him; to him # ihr - en: to her # ihr - en: her; to her # jeweils - en: respectively; in each case # Käseplatte, die - en: chees plate; cheeseboard # Kellner, der - en: waiter (male) # Kellnerin, die - en: waiter (female) # klug - en: wise; clever; smart # klüger - en: wiser # Klügere, der - en: the wiser # Kneipe, die - en: pub # können - en: can # Kunst, die - en: art # Künstler, der - en: artist # Kunstwerk, das - en: artwork # Kurve, die - en: curve; turn # kurz - en: short # Land, das = das Bundesland - en: federal state # landen - en: to land; to touch down # lang - en: long # laufen - en: to run; they show him; to be on cinema # lenken - en: to steer; to guide; to manage # letzter - en: last # machen - en: to make # manchmal - en: sometimes # mein Herr - en: Mister; (My Lord) # Mietwagen, der - en: rental car # Mittel, das - en: means # Münze, die - en: coin # Museum, das - en: museum # müssen - en: have to; must # nachgeben - en: to give in; to yield # nachher - en: later; later on; after (this); not now # nehmen - en: to take # nennen - en: to name # nicht mehr - en: no more; no longer; not any more # Oberkellner, der - en: head waiter # oft - en: often # oft - en: often; frequently # Oma, die - en: grandmother # paar - en: some # Paar, das (= 2) - en: pair; couple # passen - en: to match; to fit; to be convinient # Platz nehmen - en: to take place; to sit down # Po, der - en: bottom; bum; behind; backside # pünktlich - en: in time; punctual # rechnen - en: to calculate # Rechnung, die - en: bill; check; invoice # Reihe, die - en: row # Reise, die - en: journey; trip; tour; voyage # Rückflug, der - en: return flight; the flight leg rom the destination # Schach - en: chess # schenken - en: to present # Schinkenplatte, die - en: ham platter # schlafen gehen - en: to go to bed; to go to sleep # schließen - en: to close # schmal - en: narrow # schwimmen - en: to swimm; to float # sehen - en: to see # selber - en: yourself; himself # selbstverständlich - en: of course, naturally, self-evident # sich unterhalten - en: to talk; to converse # sich verspäten - en: to be late # sonntags und feiertags - en: Sundays and holidays # spät - en: late # Speise, die - en: dish; food # Speisekarte, die - en: menu # Spielfilm, der - en: motion pictures # Stifung, die - en: foundation # Strand, der - en: beach # Strecke, die - en: route; distance; stretch; section; way # Tank, der - en: fuel tank # tanken - en: refuel (gasoline) # tanzen - en: to dance # Tischtennis - en: ping-pong; table tennis # Ton, der - en: sound; (behavior) # unterstützen - en: to support # versetzen - en: to move; to shift; to transpose # Verspätung, die - en: delay # vielleicht - en: maybe # Vogel, der - en: bird # Volk, das - en: people # Volkshochschule, die - en: Adult Education Centre; Adult education center # Volleyball - en: volleyball # Vorstellung, die - en: cinema performance; theater performance # Vortrag, der - en: lecture; recitation # wählen - en: to choose; so select # war - en: was # Wassertank, der - en: water tank # weit - en: wide; broad; far; distant # Wie oft? - en: How often? # wieder einmal = ein andermal - en: once again; at another time again # wochentags; der Wochentag = der Werktag - en: workday # Wohl, das - en: the well; wellfare # Wolke, die - en: cloud # wollen - en: want # Woran denkst du? - en: What are you thinking? # Woran denkt Karin? - en: What thinks Karin? # woran?- en: by which; on what; at what; what # Wunsch, der - en: desire; wish # wünschen - en: to wish # Wurm, der - en: worm # zählen - en: to count # zahlen - en: to pay" # zeigen - en: to show; to point # zu mir kommen - en: come to me # zum Wohl! - en: Cheers! (polite and non-polite form) # Zweck, der - en: purpose; aim; end # zwischenlanden - en: to stop over :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger|Inhaltsverzeichnis]] :[[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 021|Lektion 021]] ← Lektion 022 → [[Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 023|Lektion 023]] {{BookCat}} [[ar:Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 022]] [[es:Curso de alemán para principiantes con audio/Lección 022]] [[ku:Deutschkurs für Anfänger/Lektion 022]] 076v7lm9nrd7dvw4qf7dog9x046p2oj 0 370049 4443495 3329419 2024-11-02T14:55:51Z Mdhor123 3485986 Added more shortcuts to list 4443495 wikitext text/x-wiki PowerPoint has a range of keyboard shortcuts: * Cut - Control + X * Copy - Control + C * Paste - Control + V * Undo - Control + Z * Redo - Control + Y * ---- * Bold - Control + B * Underline - Control + U * Italic - Control + I * Increase font size - Control + Shift + > * Decrease font size - Control + Shift + < * ---- * Center a paragraph - Control + E * Justify a paragraph - Control + J * Left align a paragraph - Control + L * Right align a paragraph - Control + R * ---- * Font Dialog Box - Control + T * Increase Font Size - Control + Shift + > * Decrease Font Size - Control + Shift + > * Align text to the left - Ctrl + L * Align text to the right - Ctrl + R * ---- * Decrease width of object in large steps - Shift + ← * Fine-tune width decrease with precise control - Shift + ← * Decrease height of object in large steps - Shift + ↓ * Fine-tune height decrease with precise control - Shift + ↓ * etc. ==External links== * [https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Use-keyboard-shortcuts-to-create-your-presentation-ebb3d20e-dcd4-444f-a38e-bb5c5ed180f4?CorrelationId=c9a6afba-d855-4e8b-baf5-614ea64000ff&ui=en-US&rs=en-US&ad=US Use keyboard shortcuts to create your presentation], microsoft.com * [http://versitas.com/resources/keyboard-shortcuts/microsoft-powerpoint/ Microsoft PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts], versitas.com * The Ultimate Guide to PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts, pptpie.com {{BookCat}} cowj4mhmhdup16jo6ndsefg38kjdht7 4 396216 4443556 4443298 2024-11-03T09:28:40Z Mdhor123 3485986 /* {{subst:REVISIONUSER}} */ new section 4443556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 4 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} {{edit filter navigation}} [[Category:Wikibooks edit filter|False positives]] <!-- Template:Archives begins -->{| class="{{talk other |tmbox tmbox-notice |ombox ombox-notice |demospace=}} mbox-small {{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible|{{#ifeq:|yes|collapsible selected}}}}" style="text-align: center; {{#if:|width:{{{box-width}}};}} " |- ! {{Image|alt={{#if:{{#ifeq:::none::|::none::|}}||{{!}}link=}}|Replacement filing cabinet.svg|30px|postfix=<br />}}[[Special:PrefixIndex/Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/|Archives]] {{#if:|([[{{#rel2abs: {{{index}}} }}|Index]])}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | {{#switch:¬ |no= |long={{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} |¬={{#ifexist:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}} |{{ {{#rel2abs:./archivelist }} }} |{{Archive list long|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }} }} |#default=<div style="text-align:center;">{{Archive list|{{#if:|root}}={{{root}}} }}</div>}} |- {{#ifeq:no|no|| {{!}} {{#tag:inputbox| bgcolor=transparent type=fulltext prefix={{#if:|{{{prefix}}}|{{#if:|{{{root}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}/}} break={{#if:|{{{search-break}}}|no}} width={{#if:|{{{search-width}}}|22}} searchbuttonlabel={{#if:|{{{search-button-label}}}|Search}} }} {{!}}- }} {{#if:|{{!}} {{#if: |{{#if:|<small>}}Threads older than {{{age}}}{{#ifeq:|h||&nbsp;}}days are|This page is}} archived{{#if:|&#32;by {{nowraplinks|[[User:{{{bot}}}|{{{bot}}}]]}}}}. {{!}}- }} {{#ifeq: -yes | no-yes | {{!}} <small class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{#rel2abs:./archivelist}}|action=edit}} Edit this box]</small> {{!}}- }} |}<!-- Template:Archives ends -->{{#if:{{{nocat}}}||[[Category:Archives]]}} <div class="center"><big>'''{{plain link|URL=//en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Wikibooks:Edit_filter/False_positives&action=edit&section=new&preloadtitle={{subst:<noinclude/>REVISIONUSER}}&preload=Template:Falsepositive/Preload&editintro=Template:Falsepositive/Editintro|NAME=Click here to report a false positive}}'''</big></div> <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> [[Category:Wikibooks]] == TheMonkeyEatsBananas == ;Username : {{user|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:TheMonkeyEatsBananas}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Physics Explained Through a Video Game]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Physics Explained Through a Video Game}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : An introduction to classical mechanics with visual content from the website Bonk.io, a multiplayer physics game with a freely licensed policy for user-generated content. Although it uses examples from a video game as visual aids, the textbook only discusses real-world physics. The filtered edit was a transfer of Unit 1 of the textbook from the Bonk.io Wiki, a wiki under Fandom, Inc., to Wikibooks. To note, I am the only contributor of the original textbook content. My intention was to move the content from the Bonk.io Wiki to a more appropriate location and continue my work on the project here. Thank you for your consideration. ;Date and time : 22:06, 5 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} {{ping|TheMonkeyEatsBananas}} The edit needs attribution. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:30, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == 24.183.148.225 == ;Username : {{user|24.183.148.225}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:24.183.148.225}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 15:34, 23 July 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:52, 25 September 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] help block @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9]] ([[User talk:2601:2C6:500:5300:CEDD:111D:42A3:BDE9|discuss]]) 22:06, 12 October 2024 (UTC) ::Bring it up with them, not me. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 22:08, 12 October 2024 (UTC) :: (Note) This IP has a global block in /64. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:33, 13 October 2024 (UTC) == Kamui Kazi == ;Username : {{user|Kamui Kazi}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Kamui Kazi}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[PSP/Translation_Projects]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:PSP/Translation_Projects}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Add my translation project to the list of active projects ;Date and time : 16:34, 24 September 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{done}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 18:57, 25 September 2024 (UTC) == 75.172.52.200 == ;Username : {{user|75.172.52.200}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:75.172.52.200}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:38, 6 October 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> {{not done}} Please do not try to blank articles without a reason. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 14:35, 9 October 2024 (UTC) == Mdhor123 == ;Username : {{user|Mdhor123}} ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchUser={{urlencode:Mdhor123}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Page you were editing : [[Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts]] ({{plainlinks|URL=http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog?title=Special:AbuseLog&wpSearchTitle={{urlencode:Microsoft Office/PowerPoint Keyboard Shortcuts}}|NAME=filter log}}) ;Description : Added a bunch of shortcuts to the list, but wasn't allowed to add the source. ;Date and time : 09:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> j98eyn6vu1fh3rcxc0ar8fa5s1tjovu 0 408548 4443523 3985252 2024-11-02T20:59:26Z CommonsDelinker 49843 Replacing Reisetasche_fcm.jpg with [[File:Reisetasche_(fcm).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: to harmonize the names of a set of images). 4443523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ listen | filename = Salute Jonathan Capitul 041.ogg | title = Salute, Jonathan! Capitul 41 | description = Audir li quarantunesim capitul de Salute, Jonathan! }} <small>[[Salute, Jonathan!|Contenete]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 40|Capitul 40]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 41|Capitul 41]] - [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 42|Capitul 42]] </small> ==Quarantunesim capitul (41.esim capitul)== [[File:Zea_mays_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|'''Mais'''.]] [[File:Ontario_farm.jpg|thumb|Un '''farm''', u labora li '''farmeros'''.]] [[File:Left femur of extinct elephant, Alaska, Ice Age Wellcome L0057714.jpg|thumb|Ella manca sangue, e su '''osses''' del visage es visibil.]] [[File:Reisetasche (fcm).jpg|thumb|Un '''sac''' es plu grand quam un tasca, e on prende it con li manu.]] ''Lettre, Doctor Seward a Hon. (Hon. = Honorabil = bonissim personalitá) Arthur Holmwood.''<br>''6 septembre.'' Car Art, Li hodial (hodi·e → hodi·al) nova ne es tre bon. Lucy standat plu mal ti matine. Támen hay in it un bon cose: Seniora Westenra questionat me pri la e yo dit la que mi ancian mastro, Van Helsing, va venir e que il va suciar pri la. Talmen noi va venir sin choc al matre de Lucy, nam ella vole que noi mey esser ci. Yo va scrir quande yo have plu novas; si yo ne scri, ples saver que it es pro que yo ne have novas a dir te. Sempre tui,<br>JOHN SEWARD. ''Diarium de Doctor Seward.'' 7 septembre. - Li unesim cose quel Van Helsing dit me che li Station Liverpool esset: “Ha tu dit alquo a nor yun amico, li amato de ella?” “No”, yo dit. “Yo atendet just quam yo dit in li telegramma. Yo scrit le simplicmen, diente que vu va venir pro que li Senioretta Westenra ne standat tre bon.” “Just, mi amico”, il dit, “Tre just! Plu bon ne saver; fórsan il nequande va saver. Yo prega to...ma si necessi il va saver omnicos. Tu save, amico John, tu labora con follos, con lunaticos. Omni '''hom''' (hom = mann + fémina) es foll, in fact. E quande tu labora, tu ne di a ti persones pro quo tu fa ti o un altri cose. Talmen li secretes resta in tui mente. Noi va far sam, ci e ci.” Il tuchat me sur li cordie, e li '''fronte''', e tuchat anc su cordie e su fronte. “Yo va dir te plu, plu tard.” “Pro quo ne nu?” yo questionat. “Forsan noi va decider alquo junt.” Il haltat e videt me, e dit: “Amico John, tu conosse li '''mais'''? Quande li mais ha devenit grand, li '''farmero''' vide it e prende it inter li manus e di te: “Vide! It es bon mais, quel va continuar crescer.” " (crescer = devenir plu grand) Pro que yo ne comprendet, il continuat: “Li bon farmero di to pro que, in ti moment, il save que it ha bon crescet. Ma ante li moment il ne save, e un bon farmero ne sercha in li terre por saver; il atende. Solmen stupid '''infantes''' (infant = filias e filios) fa talmen. Tu vide? Mi mais comensa crescer, e si it cresce plu, alor on va saver.” Il videt que yo comprendet. Il continuat: “Tu esset sempre un bonissim studiante; nu tu es un mastro. Ples memorar: conossentie es plu bon quam memorie; on deve creder in conossentie. Ergo nota e scri omnicos, mem li max micri '''detallies''' (detallie = litt information). Mem tui pensas! Quande on falli on aprende, ne quande on '''successa'''!" (fallir ↔ successar) Quande yo explicat li standa de Lucy – sam quam antey, ma plu visibil – il semblat tre seriosi, ma dit nequo. Il prendet con se un '''sac''' (= un grand tasca por li manu) con li narcotics e altri coses queles un doctor besona. Seniora Westenra esset chocat vidente nos, ma ne mult. Quande un possibil morte es tam vicin, quicunc save que on ne deve acter quam in normal dies. To es li maniere in quel li natura self acte. Sequente ti maniere de acter, yo dit la que ella ne deve esser con Lucy e ne deve pensar tro mult pri li maladie: solmen li '''minimum''' (minimum = li max minu). Van Helsing e yo intrat li chambre de Lucy. Benque yer esset ja un grand choc, vidente la hodie li choc esset duplicat. Ella esset tam blanc quam un fantom, quam '''crete''' in veritá. Li '''rubie''' (rubi·e) de su bocca esset for, e li '''osses''' de su visage esset tro visibil. Ella respirat con mult dolore. Van Helsing devenit seriosissim vidente li totmen ne-movent Lucy. Noi esset silent. Poy Van Helsing fat un geste con li manu e noi exeat li chambre. '''Li porta cludet,''' (= quande it esset cludet) il parlat: “Mi Deo! Null témpor a '''perdir'''. (perdir = lassar forear) Sin plu mult sangue, ella va morir. Qui va dar it?" Yo: “Yo es plu yun e plu fort, Professor. Yo va dar li sangue.” Van Helsing: “Alor esse pret. Yo va prender mi sac. Anc yo es pret.” ==Grammatica== ===suciar=== Suciar posse esser un bon cose, o un mal cose. *Bon: Pensar mult pri un cose, e auxiliar. ** Mi amico save quo far: lassa le '''suciar''' pri it. *Mal: Pensar tro mult pri un cose. **Tu ne deve '''suciar''' pri omnicos! It fa te ínfelici. ===·um=== Con ·um on crea un parol quel parla pri li idé de un cose. *nov - novum *bell - bellum *maxim - maximum '''Maxim''' es li plu long maniere de scrir '''max'''. ===hom=== '''Hom''' significa féminas e mannes. Un mann es un hom, e un fémina es un hom. Paroles creat ex '''hom''': *'''homan''' *'''homanitá''' (esser un hom) *'''homanité''' (li tot homes) ===Li porta cludet=== Un posse usar -t con un verbe por parlar pri quande li cose esset fat. *Li bir trincat, il exeat li dom. (= Pos har trincat li bir, il exeat li dom.) *Li labor complet, ella comensat pensar pri altri coses. Ma on ne sempre besona li -t: *Billete in manu, il intrat li tren. (= Con li billete in su manu, il intrat li tren.) ==Vocabularium== *crete *detallie *farm *farmero *fronte *hom *honorabil *infante *mais *osse *perdir *rubie *sac *successar *successe [[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}|41]] 3b2wzk1fvnknt1i1ue9vzbonoiep9zq 0 412729 4443520 4441196 2024-11-02T20:33:23Z Refcanimm 3267488 /* Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants */ 4443520 wikitext text/x-wiki Fundamental justice requires that a tribunal which adjudicates upon rights must act fairly, in good faith, without bias and in a judicial temper, and must give the opportunity for parties to adequately state their case.<ref>Singh, [1985] 1 SCR 177, at 212.</ref> The standards of conduct for the Board are fundamentally based on and recognize two principles: (i) that public confidence and trust in the integrity, objectivity and impartiality of the <abbr>IRB</abbr> must be conserved and enhanced; and (ii) that independence in decision-making is required.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx> (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 5.</ref> This section of the book will explore the principles that have been used when interpreting these requirements in the refugee context. == Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure as derived from caselaw == The following are some of the principal principles regarding the interpretation and application of procedural fairness as they have emerged in the refugee context caselaw: === Principles of statutory interpretation === As a starting point, a decision-maker interpreting a statutory provision shall do so by applying what is termed the “modern principle” of statutory interpretation, that is, that the words of a statute must be read “in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”.<ref>''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, [2019] 4 SCR 653 at para. 117. </ref> A full discussion of statutory interpretation is beyond the scope of this text. Some brief comments may suffice: * '''Ordinary sense of the words:''' Where the words of a statutory provision are precise and unequivocal, the ordinary meaning of the words will play a dominant role in the interpretive process.<ref>''Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v. Canada'', 2005 SCC 54 at para. 10.</ref> Where, however, words in a statutory provision are capable of supporting more than one reasonable meaning, the ordinary meaning of the words plays a lesser role in the statutory interpretation analysis.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 84, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par84>, retrieved on 2024-06-12.</ref> * '''The presumption of consistent or uniform expression.''' The principle of "uniformity of expression" states that a word or phrase should have one and only one meaning across the statute and enabled regulation. The opposite is also true, the use of different wording implies a different meaning.<ref>''Maurice v Priel'', 1987 CanLII 207 (SK CA), 46 DLR (4th) 416, ''per'' Bayda CJ, at pp. 20-21.</ref> One of the doctrines that may arise is that statutes ''in pari materia'' (i.e., statutes on the same subject or matter) should be construed harmoniously.<ref>''Sharbern Holding Inc. v. Vancouver Airport Centre Ltd.,'' 2011 SCC 23, [2011] 2 SCR 175 at para. 117.</ref> See, e.g., [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act]]. * '''''Expressio unius est exclusio alterius'''''. This maxim of statutory interpretation means that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. For example, when the legislature expressly codifies only part of the law relating to a matter, the Court may rely on implied exclusion reasoning to conclude that the part of the law not expressly mentioned was meant to be excluded.<ref>''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 20, <https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par20>, retrieved on 2024-05-24.</ref> * '''In refugee law, the exceptions to the refugee regime should be interpreted restrictively.'''<ref>Júlia Zomignani Barboza, International Protection for Criminals: To Grant or Not to Grant? Lessons from Australia, Belgium, and Canada, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae026, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae026, at page 21.</ref> * '''Presumption against tautology.''' There is a presumption that Parliament has not included words in a statute which are superfluous and redundant.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 90, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par90>, retrieved on 2024-06-12.</ref> * '''Interpretation Act.''' Other relevant principles of statutory interpretation are those arising from the ''Interpretation Act'', such as the presumptive rule in section 11 of the ''Interpretation Act'' that “may” is permissive<ref>''Virani v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2017 FC 1083 (CanLII), at para 9, <https://canlii.ca/t/hp4hx#par9>, retrieved on 2024-03-17.</ref> and section 14, which provides that marginal notes and headings do not form part of a statute, and are inserted only for ease of reference (that said, it is nevertheless permissible to consider them as part of the interpretative process, although they may be accorded lesser weight than other interpretive aids).<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 96, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par96>, retrieved on 2024-06-12.</ref> * '''Subordinate legislation: the relationship between the rules, regulations, and Act.''' Some of the rules are said to be merely procedural ones which cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of a Division as described in the IRPA.<ref>''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21.</ref> === Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board === *'''First, the Board should do no harm.''' The Board commits in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' that "the assigned member will request specific information about the person who is the subject of the appeal and use such information only when they have completed a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the person who is the subject of the appeal or any other person."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, <https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx> (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.</ref> This is a general principle that applies to many similar information-gathering functions. For example, in all circumstances and at all times, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights staff have an obligation not to jeopardize the life, safety, freedom and well-being of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons.<ref>United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 14 (Protection of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons),''<https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter14-56pp.pdf>, page 8.</ref> The same obligation may reasonably extend to staff of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. That said, there are legal protections against criminal and civil claims provided that the Board acts in good faith: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]]. *'''A high duty of procedural fairness is owed in the refugee context.''' The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”<ref name=":0">''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124, para. 53.</ref> For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]]. *'''The tribunal and its procedures should be as accessible as possible.'''<ref name=":2">S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'', Canadian Journal of Administrative Law & Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. & Prac. 1, <http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15> (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 10.</ref> The Federal Court has held that the IRPA provisions regarding refugee status determination evince a legislative intention to avoid the formalities which are attendant upon court hearings in civil or criminal proceedings.<ref>''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 64, <https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par64>, retrieved on 2021-07-17.</ref> To this end, the Executive Committee of the UNHCR recommends that states provide refugee claimants with the necessary guidance as to the procedure to be followed.<ref>Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee in the International Protection of Refugees 1975-2009 (Conclusion 1-109). See Conclusion 8 9, <https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/578371524.pdf> (Accessed February 5, 2021).</ref> By way of example, the RPD states the following to claimants: "If you experience difficulties with accessing the technology to complete an application form, you should contact the <abbr>RPD</abbr> Registry right away. They can mail or fax you a copy of the form. You can also request to pick up a copy of the form at an <abbr>IRB</abbr> office."<ref name=":25">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 <<nowiki>https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx</nowiki>>, at question 13.</ref> *'''It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants.''' The RPD states that its registry can answer general questions but they cannot provide advice about what parties should put into their forms (legal advice).<ref name=":25" /> In ''Sundaram v. Canada'' the Federal Court stated that it was "not prepared to read into the immigration scheme an obligation on officials to give advice on practice and procedures. The situation of giving advice is markedly different from those Court decisions which have held that officials must provide prospective applicants with the necessary forms. People are entitled to government forms; they are not entitled to receive free legal advice from RPD officials."<ref>''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, <http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12>, retrieved on 2020-04-11.</ref> The Federal Court held in ''Law v. Canada'' that an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant who refused counsel.<ref>''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.</ref> Put another way, "it is not the obligation of the Board to 'teach' the Applicant the law on a particular matter involving his or her claim".<ref>''Ngyuen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 1001, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1244 (QL), at para. 17.</ref> As the Federal Court stated in ''Singh v. Canada,'' "It is not up to the RAD to make the case for the applicants".<ref>''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 810 (CanLII), at para 58, <https://canlii.ca/t/jhcg4#par58>, retrieved on 2022-01-21.</ref> But see the following regarding self-represented claimants: [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Refugee_Procedure/RPD_Rules_14-16_-_Counsel_of_Record#The_Board_has_a_heightened_duty_of_procedural_fairness_when_dealing_with_self-represented_claimants Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]. See also the following regarding the expectation that a panel will identify what legal issues are in play in a claim:[[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]]. *'''The tribunal's decisions should follow the law.''' Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.<ref>''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125.</ref> Panels are to follow all legal and procedural requirements, and when reviewing the conduct of another panel, there is a "presumption of regularity", a presumption which can only be rebutted with "convincing evidence".<ref>''Varela v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 1157 [Barnes J].</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]]. This tracks Canada's international obligations; the International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.<ref>Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, <https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf> (Accessed September 30, 2022).</ref> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]]. *'''The tribunal should develop its own jurisprudence.''' Within the limits of the law, the Federal Court has commented that it is important that the Board have the possibility of developing its own jurisprudence.<ref>''M.C.I v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (C.A.F.), para. 74.</ref> *'''The Board’s procedures should be predictable.''' The Board states that Members should endeavour to be aware of how other panels have been dealing with issues and, where possible, try to do the same as a means of promoting consistency of procedures in the Refugee Division.<ref name=":23">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''Mission, Vision, and Values of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Last updated: 2006 04 20, online <https://web.archive.org/web/20071115151510/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hbmission_e.htm> (Accessed November 9, 2023).</ref> The basic principles of equal protection and due process reflected in the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' require predictable procedures.<ref>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 52.</ref> Canada’s position is that it implements the relevant parts of the ''American Declaration'' using the standards and procedures of the IRPA.<ref>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 36.</ref> Similarly, UNHCR states in its ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination'' that "RSD applications must be processed pursuant to transparent and fair procedures".<ref>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html</nowiki> [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.</ref> That said, the Federal Court has stated that the tribunal has the freedom to apply the statutory provisions that it interprets "with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case".<ref>''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, <https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64>, retrieved on 2022-04-22.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. *'''The Board must not fault parties for its own deficiencies.''' For example, in ''Huseen v. Canada'', the government pointed out that the IRB Office in Toronto only received a venue change request one day before the abandonment hearing. The court commented "this speaks to the internal communications between regional offices at the IRB, as the Calgary IRB office was handed the change of venue request, in person, about three weeks prior. It would be unfair to fault the Applicants for the Board’s delay in internal communications, over which the Applicants had no control or influence."<ref>''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 34, <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par34</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2020-03-11.</ref> *'''Decision-makers should prepare thoroughly.''' The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that "Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, <<nowiki>https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx</nowiki>> (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.</ref> The Federal Court notes that each application for protection deserves the same degree of care.<ref>''Guermache v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 870 (CanLII), at para 4, <https://canlii.ca/t/1j2dt#par4>, retrieved on 2022-10-20.</ref> It also states that determinations should be made with "care and attention".<ref>''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, <https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20>, retrieved on 2023-09-06.</ref> For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]]. *'''Decision-makers should consider all of the evidence before them.''' There exists a presumption in Canadian refugee law that decision-makers have considered all of the evidence before them.<ref>''Cepeda-Gutierrez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1998 CanLII 8667 (FC).</ref> The more important the information, particularly where it contradicts a finding being made, the more the requirement that it explicitly be referred to and distinguished in the reasons provided. This requires time. Asylum cases are said to be ‘highly fact intensive and depend upon presentation and consideration of numerous details and documents which can take no small amount of time.<ref>J. Ramji‐Nogales et al. (eds), ''Refugee Roulette'' (2009), p. 125, citing Immigration Litigation Reduction Hearing before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 5–7 (2006) (statement of Hon. John M. Walker, Jr., C.J., US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit).</ref> Evidence from social psychology studies of judging suggests a relationship between time taken and accuracy: judges with higher caseloads have been found to be more likely to make inaccurate decisions, as they rely less on deliberative reasoning and careful processing of information and more on their gut feeling and intuition.<ref>C. Guthrie et al., ‘Blinking on the Bench: How Judges Decide Cases’ (2007) 93 ''Cornell Law Rev''. 1.</ref> But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. There is also a presumption that members reach their decisions by relying solely on the evidence before them in the record and that they are able to ignore any other evidence from other files.<ref>''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 5, <https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par5>, retrieved on 2023-11-02.</ref> *'''The Board should endeavour to ensure that parties feel heard through the reasons it offers.''' See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]]. *'''Claims should be processed expeditiously.''' For details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]]. *'''The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations:''' The Federal Court has noted that "there is a duty incumbent upon the Board to verify that those individuals representing clients with whom it has dealings are authorized representatives pursuant to the Regulations, or that they are not receiving a fee for their services."<ref>''Domantay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 755.</ref> The IRB should not knowingly deal with counsel in contravention of section 91 of the IRPA or the requirements of the College of Citizenship and Immigration Consultants. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Counsel may be representatives without fee who are not lawyers, paralegals, or immigration consultants]] and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants]]. === Principles about the manner in which the Board is to proceed === The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' is based on the <abbr>IRB</abbr>'s dedication to the following values - honesty, good faith, fairness, accountability, dignity, respect, transparency, openness, discretion, cultural sensitivity and loyalty.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx> (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 6.</ref> These values should be evinced by all of the Board's conduct and decisions. In particular: *'''Justice must be seen to be done.''' The Board has an institutional responsibility to ensure that the tribunal's adjudication is both actually performed at an optimum level of competency, fairness and objectivity and is perceived to have been so performed.<ref name=":2" /> A tension exists between the imperative to be efficient and work rapidly through multiple cases on the one hand, and the imperative to be considered, deliberative, and just on the other (and to be seen to be so).<ref>Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.</ref> The first set of considerations must not undermine respect for the second sort. For example, in one hearing where the Refugee Protection Division had double-booked a Member, who then tried to complete two hearings in the time ordinarily allotted to one, the court commented as follows: "while I find it commendable from an efficiency standpoint that the Member was prepared to deal with both matters, the aura of urgency that pervaded the hearing undermined the process. A reading of the transcript suggests some sense of impatience and concern on the part of the Member about being able to complete the hearing."<ref>''Guylas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 202 (CanLII), para. 39.</ref> *'''Parties can expect consistency and the Board should decide like cases in the same manner.''' The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge. The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. For example, the Federal Court holds that a Division's rules apply equally to all parties and there is no basis to hold parties to differing standards in different administrative proceedings.<ref>''Abi-Mansour v Canada (Passport)'', 2015 FC 363, and ''Qita v Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council'', 2020 FC 671.</ref> For more details about consistency in decision-making, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. *'''The Board's procedures should not be restricted to the judicial paradigm.''' The courts have recognized that administrative agencies such as the IRB "are often required to be procedurally innovative in order to handle a heavy caseload effectively and to make the most efficient use of scarce resources."<ref>''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2006] FCJ No 477 at para 1 (CA).</ref> The Board’s procedure "should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation. Nonetheless, procedures designed to increase quality and consistency cannot be adopted at the expense of the duty of each panel to afford to the claimant before it a high degree of impartiality and independence."<ref>''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.</ref> For example, the court has held that "A hearing held by the Board should not be turned into a trial. The consequences that attach to these hearings are serious and the measure of procedural fairness must be commensurate. However, it does not reach the level of disclosure found in criminal law, for instance."<ref>''Razburgaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 151 (CanLII), par. 19, <http://canlii.ca/t/g34tl#par19>, retrieved on 2020-04-01.</ref> *'''Administrative convenience should not override fundamental justice''', which includes procedural fairness.<ref>''Singh v. Canada'', 1985 1 SCR 177.</ref> Asylum adjudication is situated within administrative law structures, where tensions between values such as efficiency and economy are precariously balanced with fairness and justice.<ref>Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.</ref> As noted by Lord Dyson in his 2015 decision condemning the so‐called Detained Fast Track (DFT) in the United Kingdom, "justice and fairness should not be sacrificed on the altar of speed and efficiency".<ref>''The Lord Chancellor'' v. ''Detention Action'' [2015] EWCA Civ 840 para. 49. Practical difficulties and complexities of the DFT undermined appellants’ rights to participate fully and effectively in their appeal processes, leading to a finding that the system operated too quickly to be considered lawful, and was ‘systemically unfair and unjust’, as discussed in Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.</ref> Instead, as Canada's Federal Court holds, the Board “… is required to strike a balance between expeditious proceedings on the one hand and procedural fairness or natural justice on the other.”<ref>''Pillai v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2001 FCT 1417, [2002] 3 FC 481.</ref> *'''The rules should not be interpreted in a way that is overly rigid.''' The courts have held that when interpreting the Refugee Protection Division rules, one must "avoid the mire of procedural dogma"<ref>''Andreoli v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 (CanLII), para. 16.</ref> as "procedure should be the servant of justice, not its mistress".<ref>''Hamel v. Brunelle and Labonté,'' 1975 CanLII 1 (SCC), [1977] 1 SCR 147.</ref> The Federal Court has stated that "the door should not slam shut on all those who fail to meet ordinary procedural requirements. Such a restrictive reading would undermine Canada’s commitment to its refugee system and underlying international obligations".<ref>''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 16, <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par16</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2020-03-11.</ref> The court has gone on to note that "the opportunity to free a family from the scourge of persecution should not rest on an overly rigid application of procedural requirements."<ref>''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 17, <<nowiki>http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par17</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2020-03-11.</ref> The tenor of the Rules is that flexibility is needed to guard against form trumping substance and the interests of justice and to guard against decisions not being made on their merits.<ref>''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1157 (CanLII), para. 44.</ref> Refugee applications may be allowed to proceed, despite procedural defects, to ensure that the requirements of natural justice are fulfilled.<ref>''Huseen v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 845, para. 36.</ref> As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.<ref name=":21" /> This applied with special force during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: the principle set out in the 2020 ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' was that the Board would apply the rules flexibly in light of Covid-19.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', June 23, 2020, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx> (Accessed August 1, 2020). This practice notice was revoked following the Covid period on September 9, 2024: <https://irb.gc.ca/en/news/2024/Pages/rpd-pnpi.aspx>.</ref> *'''Claimants are entitled to representation and rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants.''' The representation of refugee claimants is described as “an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”<ref>Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.</ref> The court has stated that an unrepresented party “is entitled to every possible and reasonable leeway to present a case in its entirety and that strict and technical rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants”.<ref>''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190, [2007] F.C.J. No. 254 (QL), at para. 22.</ref> The Federal Court has cited the Canadian Judicial Council’s ''Statement of Principles on Self-represented Litigants and Accused Persons'', which holds that the Court’s discretion to assist self-represented litigants does not extend to rectifying substantive legal deficiencies.<ref>''Yu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 14, <https://canlii.ca/t/k61w7#par14>, retrieved on 2024-08-20.</ref> For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]]. *'''Members should exercise their discretion with a spirit of justice and sensitivity.''' The Board states in its ''Guideline 8'' that all persons appearing before the IRB need to be treated with sensitivity and respect.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Guideline 8 - Concerning Procedures with Respect to Vulnerable Persons Appearing Before the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: December 15, 2012, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir08.aspx#a1> (Accessed February 9, 2020), at section 1.5.</ref> Caselaw from the Federal Court also states that the member must at all times be attentive and sensitive to claimants.<ref>''Hernandez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 199, 2010 FC 179 (F.C.), para. 54.</ref> The Federal Court also indicates that Members are expected to act with "civility and care".<ref>''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 37, <https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par37>, retrieved on 2022-10-20.</ref> The following comment from the UNHCR Handbook about how the task of refugee status determination should be approached is instructive: "Since the examiner’s conclusion on the facts of the case and his personal impression of the applicant will lead to a decision that affects human lives, he must apply the criteria in a spirit of justice and understanding and his judgement should not, of course, be influenced by the personal consideration that the applicant may be an ‘undeserving case’."<ref>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], para. 202.</ref> The German Ansbach Court has stated that "in order to comply with the spirit of the Geneva Convention, the provisions of the Convention should be interpreted liberally and with human compassion, and thus generously. [translated]"<ref>R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 306.</ref> In the words of Rabbi Plaut's report that led to the founding of the Immigration and Refugee Board, "the refugee determination process must be seen and designed as an act of welcome. It must be forever responsive to our humanitarian impulses and obligations and wary of any encroachment that would seek to impose other considerations and concerns upon it."<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 17.</ref> The Federal Court reflects this when it notes that in refugee claims, the claimant is not in an adversarial position to the state.<ref>''Jaballah (Re),'' 2010 FC 224 (CanLII), [2011] 3 FCR 155, at para 97, <https://canlii.ca/t/28cx7#par97>, retrieved on 2023-11-09.</ref> *'''A panel of the Board must keep an open mind until all of the evidence has been heard.''' Members should always maintain a "judicial temperament".<ref name=":23" /> It is necessary to listen patiently and extend "professional courtesy" to all participants.<ref name=":23" /> As the Federal Court held in ''Ayele v. Canada, "''the essence of adjudication is the ability to keep an open mind until all evidence has been heard. The reliability of evidence is to be determined in the light of all of the evidence in a particular case. This is the reason why an adjudicator must remain open to persuasion until all of the evidence and submissions are received. Evidence, that at first blush may seem implausible, may later appear plausible when set in the context of subsequent evidence."<ref>''Ayele v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 126, 60 Imm. L. R. (3d) 197 at para. 12.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Statements or conduct that might indicate a predisposition on the part of the decision-maker]]. *'''The Board should interpret submissions and reasons in a spirit consistent with the principle of charity.''' The Federal Court has indicated that where there is a mistake in a decision that may be excused as a mere slip of the pen, the decision should not be faulted for that reason.<ref>''Aguilar Cedeno, Angel Felipe v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2360-21), Norris, April 13, 2023; 2023 FC 537.</ref> The same principle should apply to how the Board interprets submissions and reasons that it is reviewing. Clerical mistakes do occur and they should not be the sole basis for rejecting a claim for asylum.<ref>''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1611 (CanLII), at para 6, <https://canlii.ca/t/k1xgj#par6>, retrieved on 2024-02-09.</ref> The following observation offered with respect to Canadian courts would seem to apply with equal force to the refugee context: reasons offered “are not intended to be, and should not be read, as a verbalization of the entire process engaged in by the trial judge in reaching a verdict”.<ref>''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 84, <https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par84>, retrieved on 2024-03-14.</ref> In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Board's reasons "are not to be read microscopically".<ref>''Boulis v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1972 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1974] SCR 875, <https://canlii.ca/t/1nfn8>, retrieved on 2024-05-22, page 885.</ref> *'''The Board should have strong reasons before attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to a claimant.''' The Federal Court has held that "attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to an applicant is subject to a very high threshold".<ref>''A.B. v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5967-19), Pamel, April 28, 2020; 2020 FC 562.</ref> In the words of the Federal Court, "Credibility is the most important thing any of us has. It is earned and maintained through our life history, our actions and our words. Losing our credibility affects the very core of our reputation. For persons seeking refugee protection, credibility lies at the very heart of their claim."<ref>''Amiragova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2008 FC 64 (CanLII), at para 17, <https://canlii.ca/t/1w3f0#par17>, retrieved on 2024-01-09.</ref> *'''Claimants should be given the benefit of the doubt in appropriate circumstances.'''<ref>Nicholas Alexander Rymal Fraser, ''Shared Heuristics: How Organizational Culture Shapes Asylum Policy'', Department of Political Science, University of Toronto (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020, <<nowiki>https://search.proquest.com/openview/f925dea72da7d94141f0f559633da65a/1</nowiki>> (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 91 of PDF.</ref> The Federal Court holds that the Board has a broad discretion to alleviate the burden of proof upon a refugee claimant in appropriate circumstances.<ref>''Uppal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 16, <https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par16>, retrieved on 2021-07-14.</ref> The <abbr>UNHCR</abbr> ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' provides that the benefit of the doubt should be granted to the claimant in certain circumstances: "After the applicant has made a genuine effort to substantiate his story there may still be a lack of evidence for some of his statements. As explained above (paragraph 196), it is hardly possible for a refugee to 'prove' every part of his case and, indeed, if this were a requirement the majority of refugees would not be recognized. It is therefore frequently necessary to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. The benefit of the doubt should, however, only be given when all available evidence has been obtained and checked and when the examiner is satisfied as to the applicant's general credibility. The applicant's statements must be coherent and plausible, and must not run counter to generally known facts."<ref>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].</ref> Canadian law accords with this view, providing that it is not appropriate to apply the benefit of the doubt where the claimant's allegations run contrary to generally known facts or the available evidence.<ref>''Chan <abbr>v.</abbr> <abbr>M.E.I.,</abbr>'' [1995] 3 <abbr>S.C.R.</abbr> 593.</ref><ref>''Noga c Canada (Ministre de la citoyenneté et de l’immigration)'', 2003 CFPI 454 paras 10-12.</ref> Furthermore, the “benefit of the doubt” principle does not apply to speculation.<ref>''Razzaque v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 420 (CanLII), at para 19, <https://canlii.ca/t/jwdhz#par19>, retrieved on 2024-03-04.</ref> The words of the Canadian Bar Association, Quebec Section from the mid-1980s are instructive, if not legally binding, on this point: "There are indeed unfounded claims and they will always exist. But one must also recognize that the risk of error on the subject is very great. One should recall how several years ago the statements of Salvadoran and Guatemalan citizens about 'death squads' were believed to exist only in the imagination of the applicants. It will always be like this. Refugee movements come in waves and we must be modest enough to recognize our ignorance about certain new situations and to mistrust ready judgments."<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.</ref> *'''The Board will ensure the integrity of the administration of justice.''' The court observes that there is a fundamental need to ensure the integrity of the administration of justice in proceedings, including immigration proceedings.<ref>Mahjoub (Re), 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), <https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw>, para. 51.</ref> See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]. === Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants === *'''Claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly.''' Article 31 of the Refugee Convention provides that states shall not impose penalties on asylum seekers, but only if they present themselves to authorities without delay: "The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened in the sense of article 1, enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence."<ref>UN General Assembly, ''Convention relative au statut des réfugiés'', 28 July 1951, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48abd59af.html at Article 31.</ref> Similarly, Canada's Federal Court has noted that claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly: "refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly".<ref name=":7">''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 26, <http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par26>.</ref> There is an "onus on a refugee claimant to present their claim, including the evidence in support of it, in a timely and efficient manner."<ref>''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 29, <https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par29>, retrieved on 2024-07-03.</ref> *'''Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information.''' A claimant must come to a hearing with all of the evidence that he or she is able to offer and believes is necessary to prove the claim.<ref>''Kante, Abdoulaye v. M.E.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2585-93), Nadon, March 23, 1994.</ref> The Federal Court holds that a person whose safety is threatened in his or her country of origin and who is seeking the protection of a country of refuge is necessarily keen to comply with the legal framework that has been established for that purpose.<ref>''Barrientos v Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 5278.</ref> The legally non-binding refugees handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should assist the examiner to the full in establishing the facts of their case and supply all pertinent information concerning themself and their past experience.<ref name=":1">Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935> (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 13 of the article.</ref> The Federal Court states that "refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly, or complying with procedures to regularize their stay."<ref name=":7" /> There is a duty upon an applicant in immigration proceedings to make sure that their documents are complete and accurate.<ref>''Malhi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 392 (CanLII), at para 19, <<nowiki>https://canlii.ca/t/jwbjd#par19</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2023-06-27.</ref> See the Basis of Claim form instructions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. Indeed, where the Minister is not participating in a case, rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 5 – Relationship to the Administration of Justice {{!}} The Law Society of British Columbia |url=https://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/support-and-resources-for-lawyers/act-rules-and-code/code-of-professional-conduct-for-british-columbia/chapter-5-%E2%80%93-relationship-to-the-administration-of/#5.1-2.2 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.lawsociety.bc.ca}}</ref> For details about how this principle takes shape in the RPD Rules, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]]. *'''Concerns about defects of procedural fairness should be raised by parties at the earliest opportunity.''' The general rule is that a party should raise allegations about procedural fairness at the earliest possible opportunity.<ref>''Mohammadian v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 FC 371, 185 FTR 144.</ref> For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity]]. *'''Claimants will comply with the law and be honest.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, "the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information.... There is a duty on an applicant to ensure that their submissions are complete and correct".<ref name=":5">''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 107, at paragraph 34.</ref> The Federal Court has stated that "refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order".<ref name=":7" /> In Canada, such legal obligations require that a claimant answer truthfully all questions put to them in the refugee claim process<ref>''Singh v. Canada,'' IMM-12081-23, decision dated October 1, 2024, para. 14; ''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 20, <http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par20>, retrieved on 2020-12-21.</ref> and to disclose material facts pursuant to the duty of candour that foreign nationals seeking to enter Canada have.<ref>''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 40, <https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par40>, retrieved on 2021-04-28.</ref> Applicants have a duty of candour to provide complete, honest and truthful information.<ref>''Goburdhun v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 971 at paras 28.</ref> This is specified in s. 16 of the IRPA which stipulates that "A person who makes an application must answer truthfully all questions put to them for the purpose of the examination". Similarly, the IRPA provides at s. 100(1.1) that "the burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them". This obligation may be read in conjunction with Art. 2 of the Refugee Convention, which provides that, “Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken for the maintenance of public order.”<ref name=":1" /> Similarly, the (legally non-binding) handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should tell the truth.<ref name=":1" /> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. *'''C'''l'''aimants will put their best evidentiary foot forward at their first hearing.''' In ''Tahir v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented about a claimant that "he was required to put his best evidentiary foot forward [at the RPD]. Not having done so, Mr. Tahir could not place better evidence before the RAD."<ref>''Tahir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1202 (CanLII), at para 23, <https://canlii.ca/t/jkd84#par23>, retrieved on 2022-01-26.</ref> Indeed, absent new evidence on an issue, the Refugee Appeal Division cannot consider a new argument, developed for the first time on appeal.<ref>''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, <https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10>, retrieved on 2022-04-01.</ref> See also the commentary to RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]]. *'''Parties are responsible for their own files.''' The Federal Court has noted that there exists "[abundant case law] to the effect that the applicants are responsible for their files and cannot use their own wrongdoing as a means to justify fatal omissions, procedural though they may be."<ref>''Andreoli v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 at para 20.</ref> While "a failure to comply with procedural obligations does not automatically disqualify a claimant from relief on fairness grounds, [] at some point a claimant will be considered the author of their own misfortune."<ref>''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171 (CanLII), par. 26, <http://canlii.ca/t/jc9b0#par26>, retrieved on 2021-01-14.</ref> For example, the Federal Court has held that judicial review should not be granted where an applicant “show[ed] little or no interest in what [was] happening to [her] own application”.<ref>''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 (“''Khan”)'' at para 29, citing ''Mussa v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] FCJ No 2047 at para 3.</ref> The Federal Court holds that "counsel puts into doubt the well-foundedness of his/her case when counsel does not respect the rules of the [Division]."<ref>''Barrientos, Jorge Enrique Valenzuela v.''  MCI (<abbr>no.</abbr> IMM-2481-96), Noël, June 4, 1997.</ref> Furthermore, it is incumbent on applications in immigration applications to inform themselves and inquire into any concepts that they do not fully understand in completing their application.<ref>''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 416 (CanLII), at para 25, <https://canlii.ca/t/k3d36#par25>, retrieved on 2024-03-28.</ref> The court has held that the RPD should not bear responsibility for an Applicant’s failure to corroborate their own story.<ref>''Ibrahim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 497 (CanLII), at para 46, <https://canlii.ca/t/k3trv#par46>, retrieved on 2024-05-03.</ref> *'''Parties should be aware of the information on file.''' The Federal Court holds that applicants must take responsibility to ensure that they understand the written correspondence they receive regarding their refugee claim.<ref>''Sainvry v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 468 (CanLII), par. 16, <https://canlii.ca/t/fxbpj#par16>, retrieved on 2021-06-26.</ref> The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that "the <abbr>RPD</abbr> provides the parties with information as to where the [National Documentation Package] can be found on the Board's website, and it is the parties' responsibility to check the <abbr>IRB</abbr> website for the newest version of the relevant <abbr>NDP</abbr>(s) prior to their hearing."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx> (Accessed August 30, 2020).</ref> This is also stated in the ''Important Instructions'' claimants receive when they make their claim: “You should also check the IRB website for the newest version of the NDP prior to your hearing” and is stated in similar terms in the Claimants’ Guide. === Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Minister === * '''The Minister has a particular duty of candour'''. The Federal Court states that frankness can be expected of the Minister and that the Minister has a duty of candour.<ref>''Oladipupo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 921 (CanLII), at paras 36 and 40, <https://canlii.ca/t/k5thz#par36>, retrieved on 2024-08-27.</ref> See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister]]. For the duty of candour that applies to claimants, see the section above. See also the discussion above regarding rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings where the Minister is not participating in a case and how these may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”<ref name=":24" /> * '''The good faith of counsel and immigration officers can be presumed.''' There is a long line of jurisprudence from the Federal Court holding that most immigration officers have no vested interest in the outcome of a claim and their official records and actions can generally be relied upon.<ref>''Saifullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1060 (CanLII), at para 35, <https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzf#par35>, retrieved on 2023-09-07.</ref> Similarly, counsel are under professional obligations to act with good faith. For example, the Law Society of Ontario's Rules of Professional Conduct provide that when acting as an advocate, “a lawyer shall represent the client resolutely and honourably within the limits of the law while treating the tribunal with candour, fairness, courtesy, and respect”.<ref>''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 41, <https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par41>, retrieved on 2023-12-28.</ref> === Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimant counsel === Practicing law is an honour and a privilege but it comes with significant responsibilities.<ref>''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, <https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50>, retrieved on 2024-10-01.</ref> Of note: *'''Counsel should be presumed to have acted competently.''' There is a strong presumption that former counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.<ref>''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 87, <http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par87>, retrieved on 2020-04-17.</ref> While this presumption of competency can be applied, the court cautions that it is inappropriate to make findings on the basis of inferences from the experience and expertise of particular counsel, just as it would be inappropriate for the RPD to ask applicants (or their counsel) about such privileged matters directly.<ref>''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, <https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34>, retrieved on 2023-12-28.</ref> However, other Federal Court panels have concluded that it is appropriate to consider that an applicant was represented by experienced counsel.<ref>''Mercado v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 289 (CanLII), at para 38, <https://canlii.ca/t/2c4vw#par38>, retrieved on 2024-07-01.</ref> Furthermore, it is common in other areas of law to consider this factor, for example in class action law it is expected that the court should assess and consider the competence of the representative plaintiff’s counsel.<ref>''Richard v. The Attorney General of Canada,'' 2024 ONSC 3800 (CanLII), at para 411, <https://canlii.ca/t/k5mx6#par411>, retrieved on 2024-07-09.</ref> *'''Counsel will have explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client.''' The Federal Court has held that, "absent contrary evidence, it is reasonable to expect that a legal representative has explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client. This includes the obligation to provide acceptable documentation regarding the refugee claim, including as to identity, the onus on the claimant to prove their claim, and the need to put their “best foot forward” to do so."<ref>''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.</ref> See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#1) Incompetence]]. *'''Deficiencies in counsel's conduct are properly attributed to their clients.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, "the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information and are bound by the submissions made by those who represent them in the process".<ref name=":5" /> The general rule is that you do not separate counsel's conduct from their client. Counsel is acting as agent for the client and, as harsh as it may be, the client must bear the consequences of having hired poor counsel.<ref>''Jouzichin v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1994), 52 ACWS (3d) 157, 1994 CarswellNat 1592.</ref> This principle is reflected in the instructions in the Basis of Claim form that every claimant receives as part of the claimant process, which note that "If you have counsel, you are responsible for making sure that your counsel meets the deadlines."<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version <<nowiki>https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf</nowiki>>, Appendix page 2.</ref> In most instances, reliance on legal advice will not excuse a failure to submit significant information in support of a claim.<ref>''Shirzad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 89 (CanLII), at para 37, <https://canlii.ca/t/jm412#par37>, retrieved on 2022-07-22.</ref> That said, there are exceptions to this principle where counsel’s conduct falls sufficiently below the standard expected of competent counsel: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#In what contexts will counsel incompetence render a hearing unfair?]]. As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.<ref name=":21">''Glowacki v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1453 (CanLII), at para 22, <https://canlii.ca/t/jljcw#par22>, retrieved on 2022-01-06.</ref> *'''Counsel have a duty of candour and the tribunal should be able to trust and rely on the representations made by them.''' It is said that in court, judges ought to be able to rely on the representations that counsel make as officers of the Court.<ref>''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 34, <https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par34>, retrieved on 2024-10-01.</ref> Tribunal members may expect no less of counsel. As the court noted in ''Diakité v Canada,'' our justice system functions in large part because the Court expects to be able to trust and rely on the representations made by officers of the Court.<ref>''Diakité v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2024 FC 170 at paragraph 48.</ref> The same may also be said of tribunal members and the reliance they place on the representations made by counsel. While a lawyer shall seek to fearlessly advocate for their client, they must do so honourably, in compliance with the law, and in a manner that complies with their professional obligations. This includes their duty of candour. Counsel must never mislead or attempt to mislead. If counsel has inadvertently done so, then counsel must correct it the moment it comes to their attention. == IRPA ss. 3(2) and 3(3): Interpretation principles as derived from the Act == This section will set out the objectives and application provisions in the Act and then provide commentary on some specific ones. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., one of the enduring features of Canadian immigration law since the 1976 ''Immigration Act'' has been "a complex and contradictory set of objectives".<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 27.</ref> Those objectives, in so far as they concern refugees, read as follows in the current IRPA:<pre>Objectives — refugees 3... (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted; (b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement; (c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution; (d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment; (e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings; (f) to support the self-sufficiency and the social and economic well-being of refugees by facilitating reunification with their family members in Canada; (g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and (h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals. Application (3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that (a) furthers the domestic and international interests of Canada; (b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs; (c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations; (d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada; (e) supports the commitment of the Government of Canada to enhance the vitality of the English and French linguistic minority communities in Canada; and (f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.</pre>The above objectives can be compared to the section of the IRPA that sets out objectives for the immigration (as opposed to humanitarian or refugee) streams:<pre>Objectives — immigration 3... 3 (1) The objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are (a) to permit Canada to pursue the maximum social, cultural and economic benefits of immigration; (b) to enrich and strengthen the social and cultural fabric of Canadian society, while respecting the federal, bilingual and multicultural character of Canada; (b.1) to support and assist the development of minority official languages communities in Canada; (c) to support the development of a strong and prosperous Canadian economy, in which the benefits of immigration are shared across all regions of Canada; (d) to see that families are reunited in Canada; (e) to promote the successful integration of permanent residents into Canada, while recognizing that integration involves mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian society; (f) to support, by means of consistent standards and prompt processing, the attainment of immigration goals established by the Government of Canada in consultation with the provinces; (f.1) to maintain, through the establishment of fair and efficient procedures, the integrity of the Canadian immigration system; (g) to facilitate the entry of visitors, students and temporary workers for purposes such as trade, commerce, tourism, international understanding and cultural, educational and scientific activities; (h) to protect public health and safety and to maintain the security of Canadian society; (i) to promote international justice and security by fostering respect for human rights and by denying access to Canadian territory to persons who are criminals or security risks; and (j) to work in cooperation with the provinces to secure better recognition of the foreign credentials of permanent residents and their more rapid integration into society.</pre>There is a statutory interpretation convention to the effect that statements of objectives in legislation serve to constrain executive discretion in implementing the law. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., however, the objectives of the IRPA "are so plentiful and far-ranging that they arguably serve to support any potential discretionary implementation choice."<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 29.</ref> As such, in Catherine Dauvergne's view, the objectives "are so complex that they can neither guide nor constrain."<ref name=":20">Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, <<nowiki>https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 732.</ref> Shauna Labman writes that the twenty-five separate paragraphs addressing the objectives and application of the act add to the IRPA's "contradictions and confusions".<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 43.</ref> Dauvergne writes that these provisions "serve no purpose other than to announce that the government is aware of how thorny an issue immigration is in Canadian politics and to ensure that the law is able to mirror prevailing political views without amendment."<ref name=":20" /> Indeed, the Federal Court has concluded that even if an RPD Rule is non-compliant with one of these objectives, this would not render it ''ultra vires'' of its enabling provision in the Act.<ref>''Uppal v.  Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 13, <https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par13>, retrieved on 2021-07-14.</ref> === IRPA Section 3(2)(a) - The refugee program is about saving lives and offering protection === <pre>Objectives — refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;</pre> ==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ==== This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”<ref name=":14">Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 <<nowiki>https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf</nowiki>> (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 14 of the document.</ref> ==== The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the ''Refugee Convention'' ==== Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. The protection envisaged is not just protection from ''refoulement'', but also the suite of positive rights enumerated in the Refugee Convention. In the words of Donald Galloway, Canada’s obligation under the Refugee Convention is not merely the negative duty of not returning a person to a place where they face a risk to their life or their freedom is threatened – the duty found explicitly within Article 33 of the Convention. Canada’s duty also embraces the wider positive duty to recognize the status (and a host of other rights) of individuals who are unable to or are justified in not availing themselves of protection in their country of origin.<ref>Donald Galloway, ''Populism and the failure to acknowledge the human rights of migrants,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259.</ref> The Refugee Convention enumerates a number of core rights that all refugees benefit from, and then additional entitlements may accrue as a function of the nature and duration of the refugee's attachment to the asylum state. The most basic set of rights inhere as soon as a refugee comes under a state’s ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' jurisdiction; a second set applies when he or she enters a state party’s territory; other rights inhere only when the refugee is lawfully within the state’s territory; some when the refugee is lawfully staying there; and a few rights accrue only upon satisfaction of a durable residency requirement.<ref>Hathaway, J. (2005). ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.</ref> In sum, the rights discussed in the Convention are those that follow: {| class="wikitable" |Within state’s jurisdiction |Art 3: Non discrimination Art 12: Personal status Art 13: Acquisition of movable and immovable property (same as foreigners) Art 16: Access to the courts and legal assistance (same as citizens) Art 20: Rationing access (same as citizens) Art 22(1): Elementary education (same as citizens) Art 22(2): Secondary and tertiary education (same as foreigners) Art 29: Fiscal charges/taxation (same as foreigners) Art 30: Transfer of assets Art 33: Non-refoulement |- |Physical presence |Art 4: Freedom of religion (same as citizens) Art 25: Administrative assistance Art 27: Identity papers Art 31: Freedom from penalisation for illegal entry |- |Lawful presence |Art 18: Self-employment (same as foreigners) Art 26: Freedom of movement (same as foreigners) Art 32: Non expulsion |- |Lawful stay or habitual residence |Art 14: Artistic rights and industrial property (same as citizens) Art 15: Right of association (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners) Art 17: Wage-earning employment (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners) Art 19: Liberal professions (same as foreigners) Art 21: Housing (same as foreigners) Art 23: Public relief (same as citizens) Art 24: Labour legislation and social security (same as citizens) Art 28: Travel documents |- |Long-term residence |Art 34: Facilitate naturalisation<ref>Colin Yeo, ''Book review: The Rights of Refugees Under International Law by James Hathaway'', April 15 2021, freemovement.org.uk (blog), <https://www.freemovement.org.uk/book-review-the-rights-of-refugees-under-international-law-by-james-hathaway/> (Accessed April 25, 2021). </ref> |} The big picture rationale behind the inclusion of these rights in the Convention was the objective of preventing refugees from becoming legal non-persons. In the words of the UK House of Lords, "the general purpose of the Convention is to enable the person who no longer has the benefit of protection against persecution for a Convention reason in his own country to turn for protection to the international community."<ref>''Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2000] 3 All ER 577 (UK HL, July 6, 2000), per Lord Hope of Craighead.</ref> After the First World War, the academic Alleweldt states, the typical problem of refugees was the lack of any legal status in the state of refuge, which deprived them automatically of many rights and opportunities. Accordingly, the parties to the Convention envisaged, for humanitarian reasons as well as for practical reasons of cooperation, providing refugees with a status which would comprise a key set of their human rights and freedoms.<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention,'' Alleweldt, at p. 232 (paras. 26-27).</ref> In short, the rights guaranteed to recognized refugees by the Convention are intended to provide them with the rights necessary to start life anew.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 190.</ref> ==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection can be contrasted with the goals for the immigration programs provided in the IRPA ==== Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. This can be contrasted with the broader set of objectives for Canada's immigration programs set out in s. 3(3)(1) of the Act, which include the successful integration of immigrants and maximizing immigration's economic benefits for Canada. This contrast should inform interpretations of the Act. While in immigration law, ''writ large'', the desirability of an immigrant (e.g. their work experience, education, fluency in French or English, or youth) is recognized as a proper consideration for how the government may choose to accord status, refugee law, in contrast, provides the framework for individuals who are fleeing persecution to seek safety in which the primary consideration is to be, in the words of s. 3(2)(a) of the IRPA, saving lives and offering protection. In the words of Molly Joeck, "conflating the two is a dangerous exercise".<ref>Molly Joeck, ''Canadian Exclusion Jurisprudence post-Febles'', International Journal of Refugee Law, 17 September 2021; Advance Article, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab034, page 30.</ref> ==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection points to the importance of decisions being correct ==== Justice Gauthier, referring to the objectives of the ''IRPA'', in particular "saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted," held that the RAD is a "safety net that would catch all mistakes made by the RPD, be it on the law or the facts." This required that the RAD's standard of review, applicable both to questions of law and questions of fact, be correctness.<ref>''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, at paras. 53, 98, and 103, as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 316.</ref> === IRPA Section 3(2)(b) - Fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees === <pre>Objectives — refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;</pre> ==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ==== This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”<ref name=":14" /> ==== The IRPA should be interpreted in a way that ensures Canada fulfills its international legal obligations with respect to refugees ==== Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. There is a well-established presumption that, where possible, Canada’s domestic legislation should be interpreted to conform to international law.<ref>''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292 at para. 53.</ref> The Supreme Court of Canada holds that the provisions of the IRPA "cannot be considered in isolation from the international norms which they reflect".<ref>''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 59.</ref> Section 3(2)(b) of the Act reinforces that, where possible, the provisions of the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that fulfills Canada's obligations pursuant to, ''inter alia'', the ''Refugee Convention''. This is a critical legal constraint on interpretation of the ''IRPA -'' one that Parliament has mandated that immigration adjudicators consider in interpreting the legislation, regardless of whether arguments about international treaties like the ''Refugee Convention'' are explicitly raised by the parties in submissions or not.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers'', 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52>, retrieved on 2024-04-16.</ref> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]]. ==== The Refugee Convention sets out a number of rights to which refugees are entitled ==== See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the Refugee Convention]]. That said, te Convention is not fully incorporated into Canadian legislation. While the terms of the Convention are largely reflected in the IRPA, there are some differences between the operation of the Convention and the operation of the IRPA.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Zaric,'' 2015 FC 837 (CanLII), [2016] 1 FCR 407, at para 18, <https://canlii.ca/t/gk8w0#par18>, retrieved on 2024-03-08.</ref> ==== The ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ==== The rules of treaty interpretation for discerning the content of Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees were codified in the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties''. Arts. 31 and 32 of the ''Vienna Convention'' provide that:<ref name=":13">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 UNTS 331, 23 May 1969 (entry into force: 27 Jan. 1980).</ref> ARTICLE 31: General rule of interpretation 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty; (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context: (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended. ARTICLE 32: Supplementary means of interpretation 1. Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable. ARTICLE 33: Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages 1.When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail. 2. A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty so provides or the parties so agree. 3.The terms of the treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text. 4.Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty, shall be adopted. This said, the ''Vienna Convention'' does not in and of itself apply to the ''Refugee Convention'', given that the ''Vienna Convention'' applies only to treaties which are concluded by states after the ''Vienna Convention'' entered into force on January 27, 1980 (per Article 4 of that Convention)<ref>Leslie Katz, ''The Use of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the Interpretation of the Refugee Convention and the Refugee Protocol,'' CanLII Connects, March 27, 2019, <https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/66071> (Accessed August 28, 2020).</ref> and the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol to the Convention predate this. That said, as Hathaway notes,<ref>Hathaway, J. (2005). International law as a source of refugee rights. In ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law'' (pp. 15-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.002.</ref> the approach to treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention has been recognized by the International Court of Justice as embodying customary norms of treaty interpretation.<ref>''Kasikili/Seduda Island (Botswana v. Namibia),'' Preliminary Objections, [1996] ICJ Rep 803, at 812.</ref> Those rules are generally regarded as a codification of the public international law rules of treaty interpretation as a matter of general (or customary) international law.<ref>M. Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements,’’ (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 17 (Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars’’), at 17–18.</ref> As such, Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention constitute a general expression of the principles of customary international law relating to treaty interpretation.<ref>I. Sinclair, The Vienna Convention and the Law of Treaties (1984) at 153.</ref> In this way, the norms of treaty interpretation embodied in the Vienna Convention are properly considered when interpreting the ''Refugee Convention'', even if its articles do not ''sensu stricto'' apply to the ''Refugee Convention.'' For this reason, in the context of the Refugee Convention, domestic courts in New Zealand,<ref>''Attorney-General v Zaoui and Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security'' [2006] 1 NCLR 289 (Supreme Court of New Zealand) at para. 24</ref> the UK,<ref>''European Roma Rights Centre & Ors, R (on the application of ) v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport & Anor'' [2004] UKHL 55 (UK House of Lords) at para. 18 (per Lord Bingham), at para. 43 (per Lord Steyn), at para. 63 (per Lord Hope).</ref> and Canada<ref>''Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1998 CanLII 778 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 982, par. 52, <http://canlii.ca/t/1fqs6#par52>, retrieved on 2020-11-28.</ref> have seen fit to apply Arts. 31 and 32 of the VCLT when interpreting the Refugee Convention. ==== Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith ==== Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. These obligations must be interpreted in good faith.<ref name=":3">The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019.</ref> This is consistent with Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention'', ''supra'', which states that "a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith". It is also consistent with Article 26 of the ''Vienna Convention'', which requires states to perform their international treaty obligations in good faith. In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.<ref>Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 <<nowiki>https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935</nowiki>> (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.</ref> That said, in Britain Lord Bingham has concluded that "there is no want of good faith if a state interprets a treaty as meaning what it says and declines to do anything significantly greater than or different from what it agreed to do."<ref name=":9">''R v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport, ex parte Roma Rights Centre,'' [2004] UKHL 5, [2005] 2 AC 1 (UK).</ref> Relatedly, Canada's Federal Court has held that "an unduly textual and restrictive interpretation [of the IRPA]" that "would impose a result that is inconsistent with and contrary to the objectives of the IRPA" must be avoided.<ref>''Mwano v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 792, para. 23 <https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/485650/index.do>.</ref> ==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be interpreted in good faith in light of its object and purpose ==== Under Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties'', “a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose”.<ref name=":6">Tristan Harley, ''Refugee Participation Revisited: The Contributions of Refugees to Early International Refugee Law and Policy'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28 November 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa040, at page 4.</ref> This raises the question of what the object and purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'' are. The principal answer that emerges in the jurisprudence relates to the Convention's humanitarian purposes. The UK House of Lords has held that a ‘good faith’ interpretation of the Refugee Convention is one that works to bolster the effectiveness of its protection purpose, and thus seeks a construction consistent with humanitarian aims and not simply a literal linguistic approach.<ref>''Adan v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [1999] 1 AC 293.</ref> These humanitarian aims are underscored in the IRPA with the statement at s. 3(2)(d) that "the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution". The academic Michelle Foster writes that "one perspective is that the aim of the Refugee Convention is fundamentally to pursue a social and human rights inspired purpose, namely to provide for the international protection of those individuals falling within the refugee definition."<ref>Michelle Foster, "A Human Rights Framework for Interpreting the Refugee Convention" in Michelle Foster, ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refugee from Deprivation'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). </ref> The Supreme Court of Canada has noted the human rights purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'', for example remarking upon its "obvious human rights purpose" in ''Németh v. Canada''.<ref>''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56 (CanLII), [2010] 3 SCR 281, par. 33, <http://canlii.ca/t/2djll#par33>, retrieved on 2020-12-19.</ref> Similarly, in ''Ezokola v Canada'' the court refers to the "overarching and clear human rights object and purpose [of the ''Refugee Convention'']".<ref>''Ezokola v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 SCC 40, para. 32.</ref> This is articulated as follows by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v.'' ''Ward'': the underlying objective of the 1951 Convention is "the international community's commitment to the assurance of basic human rights without discrimination."<ref>''Canada (Attorney-General) v. Ward'', [1993] 2 SCR 689.</ref> That said, the following words of caution from the Australian courts are apposite: "the demands of language and context should not be departed from by invoking the humanitarian objectives of the Convention, without an appreciation of the limits placed by the Convention upon achievement of such objectives."<ref>''Applicant A v. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (1997) 190 CLR 225 (Australia), 231 (Brennan CJ).</ref> Indeed, Lord Bingham in the UK has emphasized that the 1951 Convention was "a compromise between competing interests, in this case between the need to ensure humane treatment of the victims of oppression on the one hand and the wish of sovereign states to maintain control over those seeking entry to their territory on the other."<ref name=":9" /> Foster suggests that it is possible to reconcile these two approaches by emphasizing that the 1951 Convention's focus is on "the need for co-operation in order adequately to deal with the humanitarian problem".<ref name=":10">Foster, M., ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation'' (2007), p. 44, as cited in Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 92.</ref> Drawing on Klabbers' view that if a treaty's substantive provisions deal with a particular topic, then it may be surmised that that topic is the treaty's object and purpose, Foster argues that the 1951 Convention's overwhelming purpose is a human rights one. In essence the treaty provides for refugees' rights and entitlements under international law.<ref name=":10" /> ==== The ''Refugee Convention'' does not explicitly prescribe any particular Refugee Status Determination procedure ==== The objectives of this Act include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. How does that relate to refugee procedure? Canada's refugee status determination process reflects Canada's international obligations, including those stemming from the ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'' of 1951. The challenge of refugee status determination is determining who is a “refugee” and, conversely, who is not. As to the process by which this task should be accomplished, neither the treaty nor the statute is of much direct assistance: there are 46 articles in the ''Refugee Convention'' and 22 paragraphs in the ''Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'', none of which address the issue of Refugee Status Determination (RSD).<ref>Jones, M., & Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 3.</ref> In the words of the UNHCR’s ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria'', “the Convention does not indicate what type of procedures are to be adopted for the determination of refugee status.”<ref>Jones, M., & Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 4.</ref> ==== The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the ''Refugee Convention'' ==== Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. In ratifying the ''Refugee Convention'', Canada has made a number of commitments, the most important of which is arguably the principle of ''non-refoulement'' enshrined in Article 33 of the ''Refugee Convention.'' How do such commitments relate to the procedures Canada selects for refugee status determination? Hofmann and Löhr write that, with respect to the 1951 Convention, it might be stated that the Convention does not necessitate (or prohibit) any specific procedure as such, but obliges states not to introduce procedures which would result in applicants for asylum being denied the rights that Canada undertook to respect when signing the Convention. This flows from the foundational principle of international law ''pacta sunt servanda'', the rule that agreements must be kept,<ref>Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935> (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 11 of the article.</ref> in this case Canada's agreement to abide by the terms of the Convention. With respect to procedures, international courts have established the principle that a state's procedural rules must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions of its international commitments. This has been held by, among others, the International Court of Justice in the ''LaGrand'' ''(Germany v. United States of America)'' case, where it ruled that the duty incumbent on states to ensure that their international obligations be fully respected implies that domestic procedural law must be construed in such a way as to give full effect to a purposive interpretation of the state's international legal commitments.<ref>ICJ. ''LaGrand'', Judgment, ICJ Reports (2001), pp. 497-498, paras. 89-91.</ref> For example, if a state uses deficient procedures, which lead to prohibited ''refoulement'', the introduction of such procedures constitutes ''per se'' a violation of Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and its prohibition on ''non-refoulement''.<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 1100.</ref> This has implications for the procedures that a state selects; for example, UNHCR states that a consequence of a state’s ''non-refoulement'' obligation is a ‘duty of independent inquiry’.<ref>UNHCR, UNHCR Intervention before the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the case between C, KMF, BF (Applicants) and Director of Immigration, Secretary for Security (Respondents) (31 January 2013) para 74 http://www.refworld.org/docid/510a74ce2.html accessed 6 January 2019.</ref> Such a duty requires states to identify individuals in need of protection before returning or transferring them to a third country.<ref>Azadeh Dastyari, Daniel Ghezelbash, ''Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eez046, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046</ref> ==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be regarded as a living instrument that evolves to meet contemporary needs ==== States have expressly recognized the Refugee Convention as “the foundation of the international protection regime [with] enduring value and relevance in the twenty-first century”.<ref>“Ministerial Communiqué,” UN Doc. HCR/MIN/COMMS/2011/16, Dec. 8, 2011, at [2], as cited in James C. Hathaway, ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law,'' April 2021, ISBN: 9781108810913, <<nowiki>https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/95899/excerpt/9781108495899_excerpt.pdf</nowiki>> (Accessed March 6, 2021), at page 9.</ref> The UK House of Lords has concluded that "It is clear that the signatory states intended that the Convention should afford continuing protection for refugees in the changing circumstances of the present and the future world. In our view the Convention has to be regarded as a living instrument."<ref>''Sepet (FC) and Another (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2003] UKHL 15, United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 20 March 2003, available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/cases,GBR_HL,3e92d4a44.html</nowiki> [accessed 26 December 2020].</ref> This is consistent with statements from the Supreme Court of Canada that "international conventions must be interpreted in light of current conditions".<ref>''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 87.</ref> Indeed, the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' delierately does not constrain the meaning of terms in a treaty to their meaning at the time of the treaty's conclusion. A limitation to this effect was deleted from an earlier draft of Art. 31, para. 3(c), of that Convention on the basis that this could restrict the evolution of the law and that, in any event, the correct meaning of the provision would be derived from an "interpretation of the term 'in good faith'".<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 103 (para. 84).</ref> ==== There can only be one true interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ==== See below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]]. ==== Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement ==== Section 3(2)(b) of the Act provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include 1) fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees, and 2) affirming Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement. Resettlement falls into the second category, as opposed to the first, insofar as Canada does not have an international legal obligation to resettle refugees from abroad. When negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', the international community recognized the importance of burden sharing and prominently placed it in the preamble to the Convention, but burden sharing was not made into a binding legal obligation.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 5.</ref> Indeed, as Hathaway notes, when negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', governments were emphatic in their rejection of a duty to reach out to refugees located beyond their borders, accepting only the more constrained obligation not to force refugees back to countries in which they might be persecuted.<ref>Hathaway, J. (2005). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859 at page 161.</ref> Subsequent international efforts to articulate an individual right of asylum at international law have been unsuccessful - for example, the 1967 UN General Assembly Declaration on Territorial Asylum is non-binding and a proposed ''Convention on Territorial Asylum'' never materialized.<ref>Adamu Umaru Shehu, ''Understanding the Legal Rights of Refugee, Migrants, and Asylum Seekers Under International Law'', Journal of Conflict Resolution and Social Issues, Vol 1 No 2 (2021) <http://journal.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/JCORSI/article/viewFile/1824/1275> (Accessed February 13, 2021), pages 40-41.</ref> For more details on burden sharing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the Refugee Convention]]. === IRPA Section 3(2)(c) - Fair consideration is to be granted to those who come to Canada claiming persecution === <pre>Objectives — refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;</pre> ==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ==== This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”<ref name=":14" /> This is also reflected in the IRB's mission statement, including its emphasis on the Board acting on behalf of Canadians: "Our mission, on behalf of Canadians, is to make well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly, and in accordance with the law."<ref name=":23" /> ==== The importance of Board procedures being fair to the public perception of the refugee program ==== In addition to ensuring overall fairness and facilitating the giving of evidence, procedural fairness is also about maintaining the integrity of the refugee determination process in the eyes of the public. For example, stakeholders may come to question the integrity of the system if they observe unfair, biased, stereotyped, arbitrary, or otherwise inappropriate processes that do not provide fair consideration to those who come to Canada and file a claim. As the legal philosopher Patricia Mindus argues, arbitrariness undermines legitimacy and erodes trust in the law in a deep way that is not easy to remedy.<ref>Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712</nowiki> at page 16.</ref> Ensuring procedural fairness is in this way integral to maintaining the reliability of the hearing and refugee determination process and public support therefor. Part of the Board's role in ensuring that fair consideration is provided to those who come to Canada claiming persecution relates to the nature of the reasons that are offered in their cases. As Thériault argues, "reasons encourage the acceptance of decisions and reinforce confidence in the judicial system. The act of writing reasons helps to ensure that decisions are arrived at rationally and imposes on judges a form of self-discipline. Reasons allow parties to understand why a case was decided a certain way. Reasons allow appeal judges to assess the merits of decisions under review. Reasons are also necessary for the proper development of the common law through the principle of ''stare decisis'', and serve an educational purpose by informing both the legal community and those outside it of the content and evolution of legal rules."<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 332.</ref> ==== This provision relates to the Canadian Bill of Rights provision on principles of fundamental justice ==== Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This tracks Section 2(e) of the ''Canadian'' ''Bill of Rights'', which states that no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to "abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgement or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to ... (e) deprive a person of the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations."<ref>''Canadian Bill of Rights,'' SC 1960, c 44, s 2, <http://canlii.ca/t/7vnh#sec2>, retrieved on 2020-12-22.</ref> ==== This provision relates to Canada's international obligations ==== Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of this "fair consideration", see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings]]. ==== The focus of this provision is on those who are claimants within Canada ==== Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This provision can be interpreted as being focused on those who come to Canada claiming protection (asylum seekers) as opposed to those who are abroad (awaiting resettlement) given that resettled refugees do not come to Canada "claiming" protection as their claim has generally been accepted prior to that point. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. An alternative interpretation of this phrase could be that "those who come to Canada claiming persecution" uses Canada as an eponym in place of the Government of Canada, as opposed to the territory of the country, though this is arguably a doubtful interpretation of the phrase. === IRPA Section 3(2)(d) - Offering safe haven === <pre>Objectives — refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;</pre> ==== The idea that the objectives of the refugee provisions in the Act involve offering safe haven implicitly means that the grant of refugee status involves a judgment of the source country ==== Section 3(2)(d) of the objectives of the Act provides that its objectives with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to specified persons. The idea of offering a safe haven in Canada implicitly involves a judgment that the source country is not providing that safe haven. As Plaut writes, in this way, according refugee status inherently involves passing judgment on the source country: "what is the Geneva Convention but a moral judgement of offending countries' policies? Any time a nation accepts a person as a legitimate refugee it is judging the refugee's country of origin."<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 124.</ref> He goes on to write that, "accpeting an individual refugee under the Convention appears to imply that his/her country of origin, by creating refugees on its territory, does not live up to proper international standards."<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 140.</ref> ==== The objective of this Act is to offer safe haven to specified persons and this is an enduring commitment unless an asylee's status ceases ==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution for a Convention reason, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment of punishment. This obligation, which partly tracks the criteria of the ''Refugee Convention'', reflects the fact that the 1951 Convention can be viewed as a third party agreement: a treaty whereby the contracting states take on obligations towards each other for the benefit of a third party, namely the refugees who are, per the terms of the treaty, provided with refugee rights.<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 2).</ref> As Haddad writes, the refugee is someone who has exited their state of origin by crossing an international border and hence has become an issue of concern on the international agenda and a ward of international society.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 198.</ref> The "safe haven" that is to be offered to refugees is independent of other types of tenuous immigration status that Canada offers such as permanent residence. An applicant’s asylum status is not affected because their permanent residence status was lost or because their application for permanent residence was refused.<ref>''Gaspard v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 29, paras. 15-16.</ref> Even where a refugee moves onward from a state which has granted international protection, that state bears ongoing obligations towards the individual, unless their status has ceased.<ref>''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 21, <http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par21>, retrieved on 2020-12-21.</ref> Indeed, even those who are granted status as protected persons by the IRB may not meet the criteria to become permanent residents or citizens in Canada: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility#Other grounds of inadmissibility in the IRPA do not render claimants ineligible for a refugee hearing, but may nonetheless have consequences even where a claim is accepted]]. That said, it is clear that refugee status ends with the application of the cessation clauses in the Convention.<ref>Brid Ni Ghrainne, ''Internally displaced persons and international refugee law'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 34.</ref> For example, Article 1(C)(3) of the Refugee Convention provides that refugee status is terminated upon naturalization, i.e. a situation where a refugee “acquire(s) a new nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new nationality.”<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <<nowiki>https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2</nowiki>> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 38.</ref> Once the criteria in one of the cessation clauses in the Refugee Convention are met, then 'refugeehood' can rightfully be regarded as having ceased. Until then, it may be observed that refugeehood is inherently characterized by a temporal uncertainty; indeed, as Agier notes, that the word ‘refuge’ itself ‘denotes a temporary shelter, while waiting for something better.’<ref>Agier, Michel. 2008. On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.</ref> See also the following discussion of the interaction between the cessation clause in the Refugee Convention and the acquisition of Canadian citizenship: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#This provision applies even to those who have become Canadian citizens]]. === IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights === <pre>Objectives — refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are (e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;</pre> ==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures ==== Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures. Section 162(2) of the IRPA provides that each Division shall deal with all proceedings before it as informally and quickly as the circumstances and the considerations of fairness and natural justice permit; for further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. The starting point regarding the position of an alien, at common law, was summa­rized by Lord Denning as follows:<blockquote>At common law no alien has any right to enter this country except by leave of the Crown; and the Crown can refuse leave without giving any reason. If he comes by leave, the Crown can impose such conditions as it thinks fit, as to his length of stay, or otherwise. He has no right whatever to remain here. He is liable to be sent home to his own country at any time if, in the opinion of the Crown, his presence here is not conducive to the public good; and for this purpose, the executive may arrest him and put him on board a ship or aircraft bound for his own country. The position of aliens at common law has since been covered by various regulations; but the principles remain the same.<ref>''R. v. Governor of Pentonville Prison,'' [1973] 2 All E.R. 741 at p. 747, as cited in ''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, <https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs>, retrieved on 2023-09-29.</ref> [internal citations omitted]</blockquote>The reality of having largely unstoppable flows of desperate people who do not have a legal right to enter or remain in Canada has been one that the refugee determination system has had to repeatedly contend with. In this way, Hathaway writes when describing the situation that spawned one of the Refugee Convention’s historical antecedents, the credibility of border controls and of the restriction of socioeconomic benefits to nationals is at stake with refugee programs: by legitimating and defining a needs-based exception to the norm of communal closure, refugee law can sustain the protectionist norm. In this way, “so long as the admission of refugees [is] understood to be formally sanctioned by states, their arrival [ceases] to be legally destabilizing.”<ref>Hathaway, J. (2021). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd Ed. Page 21.</ref> This motivation has a number of implications. The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “there is compelling public interest, in Canada, in having refugee status determined as soon as is practically possible after a claim is made.”<ref>''Seth v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1993] 3 F.C. 348 (C.A.).</ref> As the Canadian Bar Association has submitted, a lack of expeditiousness "leads to legitimate claims languishing in the system and encourages the proliferation of unmeritorious claims."<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 48.</ref> The Supreme Court of Canada emphasizes the importance of proportionality when selecting a procedure, as "the best forum for resolving a dispute is not always that with the most painstaking procedure".<ref>''Hryniak v Mauldin'', 2014 SCC 7 (CanLII), [2014] 1 SCR 87, para. 28, as cited in ''Ejere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 749 (CanLII), at para 7, <https://canlii.ca/t/gspj8#par7>, retrieved on 2024-03-23.</ref> These goals are reflected in the structures and procedures enshrined in the Act, including: * <u>The control over proceedings that has been granted to decision makers:</u> To increase the efficiency of hearings, procedures were amended following passage of the ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' (2010) and the ''Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act'' (2012) to give decision makers greater control over refugee protection proceedings.<ref>Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, <https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf> (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 13.</ref> The fact that each Division of the IRB is required to deal with all proceedings before it as informally and expeditiously as the circumstances of fairness and natural justice permit supports, for example, the right of a tribunal Member to control the process and not waste time on matters that are irrelevant.<ref>''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, <https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13>, consulté le 2024-08-19.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(5): In deciding whether to allow a witness to testify, the Division must consider any relevant factors]]. * <u>Ways that duplicative processes have been excised from the Act:</u> The Refugee Appeal Division, when considering issues of efficiency, has observed that an interpretation of the Act which would reduce duplication of work and having an additional, unnecessary, hearing is to be preferred.<ref>''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 101305 (CA IRB), par. 70, <http://canlii.ca/t/jc74v#par70>, retrieved on 2020-12-21.</ref> The Federal Court has noted a sympathy "to any argument intended to achieve judicial economy in avoiding unnecessary procedures".<ref>''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at paras 32-33, <https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par32>, retrieved on 2024-07-29.</ref> This principle can be seen in the legislative history of section 97 of the Act. Section 97 was introduced with the transition from the ''Immigration Act'' to the IRPA, and in this way expanded the scope of asylum protection to include persons who are at risk of torture and to persons who are at risk of cruel and inhumane treatment upon deportation to their country of nationality or former habitual residence. Rebecca Hamlin writes that there is no evidence to suggest that Parliament considered the introduction of section 97 to be monumental when it discussed IRPA before voting on it in 2002. When the bill was being debated, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Elinor Caplan assured members of Parliament the IRPA "gives us the ability to streamline our procedures, so that those who are in genuine need of our protection will be welcomed in Canada more quickly and those who are not in need of protection will be able to be removed more quickly. That streamlining is extremely important." Immediately after IRPA went into force, the IRB Legal Services division produced a guide for decision-makers on how to make section 97 decisions; the guide states that these decisions were subsumed under the IRB mandate to avoid the "delays and inconsistencies" of the previous "fragmented" and "multilayered approach". * <u>Fairness requirements to hold a claim in abeyance pending additional evidence:</u> The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.<ref>''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence]]. ==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system ==== Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights states that "''Because of their vulnerable situation, refugees may face pressures to exaggerate or conceal information about human rights violations they have suffered or witnessed. For example, they may exaggerate problems they have experienced if they believe that they will have a better chance of receiving humanitarian assistance or refugee status.''"<ref>United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''<<nowiki>https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf</nowiki>>, page 23.</ref> As Harold Troper notes, a concern that the refugee program must seek to address is the worry that "many of the refugee claimants, including some who successfully made it through the determination process, were not really legitimate refugees but individuals looking for a way around tough Canadian immigration regulations."<ref>Troper, Harold,  "Immigration in Canada". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published April 22, 2013; Last Edited September 19, 2017. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration</ref> Indeed, fraudulent applications are said to have "plagued" a number of Canada's immigration programs, and are not simply a concern with the in-Canada asylum system.<ref name=":17">Oakland Ross, "Canada Is Conned into Taking Rebels; Colombians Given Refugee Status; Bogota Arrests 3 Civil Servants," ''Toronto Star'' (8 September 2004), A1, as cited in Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 139.</ref> For example, under the former source country class in the IRPA for resettlement, the ICRC indicated that individuals used fraudulent referrals allegedly from the ICRC at the Canadian embassy.<ref>Francisco Rico Martinez, "The Future of Colombian Refugees in Canada: Are We Being Equitable?" (2011), 35-36, online: ''Canadian Council for Refugees'' <http://ccrweb.ca/files/ccr_colombia_report_2011.pdf>.</ref> In 2004, a scheme was discovered by Colombian authorities in which substantial bribes were being paid to civil servants employed by the Colombian National Senate for documents identifying individuals as victims of death or abduction threats from either the guerrillas or the paramilitaries. The documents were reportedly used at the Canadian embassy in Bogota to achieve source country class resettlement for at least fifty people.<ref name=":17" /> The Immigration and Refugee Board has stated that one of the challenges that it faces is to ensure that individuals and groups cannot use refugee claims as a means to circumvent our national immigration policies.<ref>Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 3.</ref> When the IRB came into existence, the government programme delivery strategy stated that the removal of non-credible refugee claimants was the law’s "cornerstone".<ref>David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', 1989, Summerhill Press, Toronto, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 143.</ref> This necessarily involves a balancing, one which Jennifer Bond and David Wiseman discuss when they write that the procedural framework governing Canada's asylum system contains a number of mechanisms aimed at enabling both flexibility and rigour.<ref>Jennifer Bond & David Wiseman, ''Imperfect Evidence and Uncertain Justice: An Exploratory Study of Access to Justice Issues in Canada's Asylum System,'' 53 U.B.C. L. Rev. 1 (2020), page 19.</ref> These considerations also relate to what the Supreme Court of Canada refers to as the importance of maintaining "the dignity of refugee status".<ref name=":18">''Febles v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 SCC 68 [2014] 2 FCR 224.</ref> The UNHCR refers to similar considerations when it writes that "to preserve the civilian character of asylum, States...need to assess the situation of arrivals carefully so as to identify armed elements and separate them from the civilian refugee population."<ref>National Documentation Package, Sudan, 28 March 2024, tab 14.8: ​UNHCR Position on Returns to Sudan​. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. May 2023.</ref> The Federal Court of Appeal writes that "maintenance of the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system is a valid purpose to consider, and one which the system requires as a duty to be taken seriously by all concerned."<ref>''Azizi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FCA 406.</ref> ==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings ==== Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees are to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. This can be considered in conjunction with section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of "fair consideration", it should be considered in conjunction with s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA, which provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. When considering such human rights instruments, regard may properly be had of the provision of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' that provides individuals with extensive rights relating to a fair trial in the determination of a person's "rights and obligations in a suit at law",<ref name=":15">UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html [accessed 6 February 2021], Article 14.</ref> which, as Macharia-Mokobi argues, may fairly be held to cover refugee status determination procedures.<ref name=":16">E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, <http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es> (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 162.</ref> This also reflects the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:<blockquote>The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly have affirmed the principle that human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination ... have agreed as follows: ...<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>This has implications for the procedures that are used and the evidence that is accepted in them. For example, any statement or evidence obtained as a result of torture is not to be relied on as evidence in any proceeding.<ref>''Wong v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 862 (CanLII), at para 37, <https://canlii.ca/t/k53vz#par37>, retrieved on 2024-07-18.</ref> In the words of Lord Hoffmann from the UK House of Lords, "The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it."<ref>''A & Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2005] UKHL 71, at para. 82, as cited in ''Mahjoub (Re)'', 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), <https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw>, at page 4.</ref> As Justice Blanchard writes, "the admission of such evidence is antithetical to and damages the integrity of the judicial proceedings."<ref>''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), <https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw>, para. 66.</ref> For more information on fair procedures for refugee status determination, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]]. === IRPA Section 3(2)(g) - Protecting the health and safety of Canadians and maintaining the security of Canadian society === <pre>Objectives - refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ... (g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and </pre> ==== This is worded identically to s. 3(1)(h) of the Act ==== Section 3(1)(h) of the IRPA is worded identically, stating that "the objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are (''h'') to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society". That provision was considered in ''Medovarski v Canada'', in which the Supreme Court of Canada noted that "the objectives as expressed in the IRPA indicate an intent to prioritize security":<blockquote>The objectives as expressed in the ''IRPA'' indicate an intent to prioritize security. This objective is given effect by preventing the entry of applicants with criminal records, by removing applicants with such records from Canada, and by emphasizing the obligation of permanent residents to behave lawfully while in Canada. This marks a change from the focus in the predecessor statute, which emphasized the successful integration of applicants more than security: e.g., see s. 3(1)(''i'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''j'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''e'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''d'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''h'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''i'') of the former Act. Viewed collectively, the objectives of the ''IRPA'' and its provisions concerning permanent residents, communicate a strong desire to treat criminals and security threats less leniently than under the former Act.<ref>''Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 SCC 51 (CanLII), [2005] 2 SCR 539, par. 10, <http://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5#par10>, retrieved on 2020-12-25.</ref></blockquote>This objective is implemented through the grounds of inadmissibility found in ss. 34-42 of the IRPA.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 408.</ref> Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/33-43 - Inadmissibility]]. === IRPA Section 3(2)(h) - To promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals === <pre>Objectives - refugees (2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ... (h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals. </pre> ==== While the IRPA may use terms similar to that of Canada's Criminal Code, they need not be interpreted identically ==== In ''Rana v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented that:<blockquote>[47] More generally, although broadly speaking both the ''Criminal Code'' and the ''IRPA'' share a concern with public safety and security, they do not “operate in tandem” or function together as parts of a single regulatory scheme, not even with respect to the specific matter of terrorism (cf. ''Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v Rex'', 2002 SCC 42 (CanLII) at para 46 [''Bell ExpressVu'']). They do not deal with the same subject matter in the way that is necessary to engage the principle that statutes ''in pari materia'' should be construed together and can be explanatory of one another (cf. Ruth Sullivan, ''Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes'', 6^th ed (Markham: LexisNexis, 2014) at 416-21). As a result, in my view this principle does not justify applying the meaning of “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' to the term “terrorism” in section 34(1) of the ''IRPA''. I must, therefore, respectfully disagree with my colleague Justice Brown, who relied on this principle in ''Ali v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 182 (CanLII) [''Ali''], to import the meaning given to “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' into the ''IRPA'' for the purposes of a finding under section 34(1)(f) of the latter (see ''Ali'' at paras 42-44; see also ''Alam'' at paras 26-28)''.''<ref>''Rana v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2018 FC 1080, para. 47.</ref></blockquote> ==== The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations thereon ==== The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations on those points. For example, the Federal Court has noted that:<blockquote>Canada has numerous and significant international obligations to combat terrorism, including: ''International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism'', 12 December 1999, UNTS 2178 at 197; ''International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings'', 15 December 1997, UNTS 2149 at 256; ''International Convention against the Taking of Hostages'', 17 December 1979 UNTS 1316 at 205; ''Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts]'' (UNSC, 56th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/1373(2001) SC Res 1373); ''Security Council Resolution 2322 (2016) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts],'' UNSC, 2016, S/RES/2322; ''Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) [on addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters],'' (UNSC, 69th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/2178 (2014) SC Res 2178)), which form a crucial part of the interpretive context for the ''IRPA'' (''IRPA,'' ss 3(1)(i) and 3(2)(h).<ref>''Talukder v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1489 (CanLII), at para 73, <https://canlii.ca/t/k6zb1#par73>, retrieved on 2024-09-24.</ref></blockquote> === IRPA Section 3(3)(b) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs === <pre>Application (3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that (b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;</pre> ==== It is important that the public perceive the determinations made under the Act as being legitimate ==== Section 3(3)(b) of the Act provides that that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that enhances public awareness of immigration and refugee programs. As the Court held in ''Rezaei'', the Board's stakeholders "include not only the claimants who appear before the Board and its Divisions, but also the Canadian public at large, which is served by effective mechanisms for the application of immigration policy.”<ref>''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD), para. 70.</ref> The Board must seek to maintain the support of both groups of stakeholders. The Supreme Court of Canada has linked preserving "the integrity and legitimacy of the refugee protection system" to "the necessary public support for [the system's] viability".<ref name=":18" /> Refugee lawyer David Matas speaks to a policy concern related to this when he states that if the public lacks confidence in the refugee determination system “people will eventually give up all hope in the system. ... [T]hose concerned with protecting refugees will adopt extra-legal rather than legal strategies - a Canadian sanctuary movement is possible”.<ref>David Matas and Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 146.</ref> Refugees pose a problem for the Canadian government quite different from that of other foreigners and it is necessary that decisions on asylum clearly communicate either why an individual should be entitled to stay in Canada or else why they can be returned to their state.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 7.</ref> This said, it does not appear to be an objective of the refugee system to denounce foreign states. === IRPA Section 3(3)(c) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations === <pre>Application (3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that (c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;</pre> ==== Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and international organizations. This provision of the Act relates to Canada's international obligations. Opinions and interpretations by the UNHCR are of particular interest because of Article 35 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that member states have an obligation to facilitate the duty of UNHCR in supervising the application of the provisions of the Convention. Article 35 of the Refugee Convention and Article 2(1) of the 1967 Protocol stipulate that “[t]he States Parties to the present Protocol undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [...] in the exercise of its functions, and shall in particular facilitate its duty of supervising the application of the provisions of the present Protocol”.<ref>United Nations General Assembly. (1967). “Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.” United Nations Treaty Series, Volume 606, Page 267.</ref> Furthermore, the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'' reads:<blockquote>The High Contracting parties, ... noting that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is charged with the task of supervising international conventions providing for the protection of refugees, and recognizing that the effective co-ordination of measures taken to deal with this problem will depend upon the co-operation of States with the High Commissioner, ... have agreed as follows: ...<ref name=":4">UNHCR, ''Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,'' Document dated December 2010 <https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10> (Accessed August 30, 2020), at page 13 of the document.</ref></blockquote>Furthermore, UNHCR is entrusted by the United Nations General Assembly with supervision of the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention.<ref>See the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution 428(V), 14 December 1950.</ref> As such, statements emanating from the UNHCR, such as those in its handbook, are considered highly influential in how refugee adjudication should be approached, even if its clauses are not, in and of themselves, law in Canada.<ref>''Canadian Council for Refugees v R,'' 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 208, <http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par208>, retrieved on 2020-03-22 (decision overturned at the Federal Court of Appeal on other grounds).</ref> The Federal Court of Appeal noted as much in ''Rahaman v. Canada'', holding:<blockquote>in Article 35 of the Geneva Convention the signatory states undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and, in particular, to facilitate the discharge of its duty of supervising the application of the Convention. Accordingly, considerable weight should be given to recommendations of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme on issues relating to refugee determination and protection that are designed to go some way to fill the procedural void in the Convention itself.<ref>''Rahaman v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration,'' 2002 ACWSJ Lexis 1026 (Can. FCA, Mar. 1, 2002), per. Evan’s J.A.</ref></blockquote>This holding is consistent with caselaw in Britain that UNHCR’s guidance concerning the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention “should be accorded considerable weight”.<ref>''Al-Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745, para 36.</ref> The UK Supreme Court has held that “the accumulated and unrivalled expertise of this organisation, its experience in working with governments throughout the world, the development, promotion and enforcement of procedures of high standard and consistent decision-making in the field of refugee status determinations must invest its decisions with considerable authority”.<ref>''IA (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2014] UKSC 6; [2014] 1 WLR 384, para 44.</ref> That said, there is no requirement that panels of the Board expressly mention UNHCR guidelines in their reasons.<ref>''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1410 (CanLII), at para 34, <https://canlii.ca/t/jlcdb#par34>, retrieved on 2022-08-02.</ref> Furthermore, the UNHCR's supervisory role does not include a mandate to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Refugee Convention.<ref name=":11">Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 79.</ref> Accordingly, the UNHCR can only issue ''guidance'' on the Convention's interpretation. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal from ''Jayasekara v Canada'', UNHCR’s statements "cannot override the functions of the Court in determining the words of the Convention."<ref>''Jayasekara v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FCA 404, at para. 39.</ref> Furthermore, there are also a multitude of pronouncements emanating from the UNHCR, with different levels of persuasiveness. Specifically, English jurisprudence persuasive holds that pronouncements of the UNHCR Executive Committee have been held to warrant greater weight than publications merely penned by UNHCR staff, such as the “Guidelines on International Protection” issued by the UNHCR’s Department of International Protection.<ref>''Secretary of State for the Home Department v. MA (Somalia),'' [2018] EWCA Civ 994 (Eng. CA, May 2, 2018).</ref> That said, even the UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusions are not binding on States, even if they may be instructive in interpreting and applying the 1951 Convention.<ref name=":11" /> ==== Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the ''Refugee Convention'' ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision reflects the importance of "burden sharing" and "responsibility sharing" in the refugee regime. It is said that the Refugee Convention is based on two principles: ''non-refoulement'', the rule that asylum seekers cannot be turned away or forced to return to their countries of origin; and ''responsibility sharing'', the idea that member nations should share the costs, labour, and risks of refugee aid.<ref>Mai-Linh K. Hong (2020) ''Navigating the Global Refugee Regime: Law, Myth, Story'', Amerasia Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00447471.2020.1776571, page 3.</ref> While the first principle is explicitly outlined in the operative clauses of the Convention, the second is implicit in the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:<ref>Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 3.</ref><blockquote>The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries, and that a satisfactory solution of a problem of which the United Nations has recognized the international scope and nature cannot therefore be achieved without international co-operation, ... have agreed as follows: ...<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>James Hathaway writes in ''The Law of Refugee Status'' that burden sharing was historically one of the core motivations for the ''Refugee Convention'': <blockquote>... the majority of the states that drafted the Convention sought to create a rights regime conducive to the redistribution of the post-war refugee burden from European shoulders. The Europeans complained that they had been forced to cope with the bulk of the human displacement caused by the Second World War, and that the time had come for all members of the United Nations to contribute to the resettlement of both the remaining war refugees and the influx of refugees from the Soviet bloc. Refugees would be more inclined to move beyond Europe if there were guarantees that their traditional expectations in terms of rights and benefits would be respected abroad. The Convention, then, was designed to create secure conditions such as would facilitate the sharing of the European refugee burden.<ref>James C Hathaway, ''The Law of Refugee Status'', Markham, Ont: Butterworths, 1991, at 6-11.</ref></blockquote>Today, most refugees reside not in Europe, but in low-income states; the world’s six richest countries host under 10% of the world’s refugee population, while 80% of the world’s refugee population live in countries neighbouring their own.<ref>Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 4.</ref> The majority of these countries are low-income ones, with significant resource and governance challenges of their own.<ref>Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 2.</ref> As an example, Canada has welcomed 1,088,015 refugees since 1980<ref>UNHCR Canada, ''Refugees in Canada'', Data to 2017 <https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/refugees-in-canada/> (Accessed December 26, 2020). </ref> through both the resettlement and in-Canada asylum processes. Between 1979 and 2018, a total of 707,421 refugees were resettled to Canada, including 313,401 refugees who came through the private sponsorship program, 385,014 through the Government-Assisted Refugee program, and 9,006 through the Blended Visa Office Referred (BVOR) program.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 155.</ref> The remainder came through the in-Canada asylum system. All together, these refugee numbers represent about 3% of the current Canadian population. In comparison, Jordan today hosts refugees equivalent to 9% of its current population and Lebanon hosts refugees equivalent to more than 20% of its current population, all with substantially fewer financial resources than Canada has.<ref>World Bank, ''Refugee population by country or territory of asylum,'' 2019 <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG> (Accessed December 26, 2020).</ref> Responsibility sharing, as a concept, has been said to refer to the 'sharing' of people, while burden sharing refers to the sharing of financial resources and other costs related to refugees.<ref>Julian M. Lehmann, A''t the crossroads: The 1951 Geneva Convention today'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 9.</ref> These principles have a number of implications. First, it is to this end that the UNHCR Executive Committee has encouraged states to continue to promote, where relevant, regional initiatives for refugee protection and durable solutions.<ref>UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion N° 81(k), 1997.</ref> The Federal Court has noted that "in principle, international refugee law does not confer upon refugees the right to choose their country of asylum".<ref>''Mohamed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 16302 (FC), 127 FTR 241 at 4.</ref> The Federal Court also notes that international refugee law "does not authorize their irregular movement between successive countries solely in order to benefit from more favourable conditions."<ref name=":7" /> The Federal Court has also cited with approval the UNHCR document ''Guidance on Responding to Irregular Onward Movement of Refugees and Asylum-seekers'' (2019) which includes a related discussion.<ref name=":7" /> One manifestation of this principle in the IRPA is through the responsibility sharing arrangement between the "Five Eyes" countries established by s. 101(c.1) of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]]. All this said, under international law refugees are under no obligation to apply for asylum in any particular state at any specific stage of their flight from danger.<ref>Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, <nowiki>https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103</nowiki> at page 13.</ref> Indeed, the 1951 Convention at the time of its adoption was seen as an instrument of responsibility sharing and, to this end, binding obligations upon states were considered a requirement for effective international cooperation, as well as more equal commitments and sharing of responsibility with regard to refugee problems.<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 1).</ref> In this way, in-country asylum systems have come to be seen as durable methods of responsibility sharing. Shauna Labman writes about the comparative "fragility and vulnerability" of state resettlement programs in contrast to asylum when she notes the fact that politicians have more control over resettlement levels than they do asylum numbers, and in fact resettlement programs can simply disappear.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 46.</ref> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. In contrast, the “non-refoulement” rule has been called "the only binding principle for allocating refugee responsibilities in international law".<ref>Philipp Lutz, Anna Stünzi, Stefan Manser-Egli, ''Responsibility-Sharing in Refugee Protection: Lessons from Climate Governance'', International Studies Quarterly, 25 February 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab016</ref> ==== States should do everything in their power to prevent the problem of refugees from becoming a cause of tension between states ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision can be seen to reflect the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:<blockquote>The High Contracting parties, ... expressing the wish that all States, recognizing the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent this problem from becoming a cause of tension between States, ... have agreed as follows: ...<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Relatedly, in 1967, the UN General Assembly adopted a ''Declaration on Territorial Asylum'' directed toward States. The Declaration states that granting asylum is a peaceful and humanitarian act that cannot be regarded as unfriendly by any other State.<ref>UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', <https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper> (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 15.</ref> Indeed, the modern refugee regime can be seen as one institution that supports the stability of states and their borders in that it provides a mechanism for individuals to be recognized after they cross a border and arguably may thereby reduce calls for borders to be reconfigured to reflect shifting ethnic or political differences.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 137.</ref> ==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that prevents the possibility of “refugees in orbit” ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Canada’s Senate, in amending relevant bills, has been said to have tried to ensure that the safe third country provisions in the IRPA do not result in “refugees in orbit”, refugees forced to travel from country to country in search of protection.<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection, Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 161.</ref> There are different definitions of what this term means. The classic "refugees in orbit" were the Jews of antiquity, being admitted to many states on a temporary basis, but securing permanent residence in none. In Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut's words, Christian Europe dubbed them "the wandering Jew" and treated them in accordance with what such otherness implied:<blockquote> Wanderers seemed to be a natural part of the human landscape; they arrived, stayed and often departed. As long as they were "other" and not allowed to integrate, they presented no political danger. They were simply there to be utilized, and could be discarded when they were of no further use. They had no right to permanent settlement and in a sense remained "refugees in orbit".<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, pages 44-45.</ref></blockquote> In this way, refugees in orbit may be those who have been displaced and moving - some constantly, some intermittently - for years, even decades or generations.<ref>Siobhán McGuirk, Adrienne Pine, eds., ''Asylum for Sale: Profit and Protest in the Migration Industry'', PM Press: 2020, ISBN: 9781629637822, page 2.</ref> Audrey Macklin provides a more contemporary example of the "refugees in orbit" concept, stating that a “refugee in orbit” situation is constituted when:<blockquote>Country A designates country B as a safe third country, thereby entitling country A to refuse to adjudicate the claim of an asylum seeker who arrived in country A via country B. However, in the absence of a readmission agreement, country B may refuse to re-admit the asylum seeker, and send the person to country C, who may in turn bounce the person concerned to country D, and so on.<ref>Audrey Macklin, “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement” (2005) 36 Colum HRL Rev 365 at 373-74.</ref></blockquote>The phrase and concept of refugees "in orbit" was a common one when the Safe Third Country Agreement provisions were being enacted in Canada's immigration legislation in the 1980s. Specifically, the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, which examined Bill C-55 in 1988, indicated that they had concerns about the safety involved in the 'safe country' provision of that bill. As Alan Nash describes, it was felt that the bill provided no formal mechanism to examine the fate of people to be returned to the safe third country. Individuals might easily be sent elsewhere by the country, perhaps leading to ''refoulement'' and jeopardizing their lives. The Senate Committee therefore proposed an amendment that would have provided for return to a safe third country only if a Refugee Division member and an adjudicator at an inquiry were convinced that the safe country would be willing to receive the claimant or to determine the individual's claim on its merits. In their view, this would have minimized the danger that asylum-seekers would be put "into orbit" or sent to another country.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 56.</ref> While this recommendation was not accepted, measures were ultimately instituted to prevent this problem. For more details, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries]], and in particular Article 3 of the Safe Third Country Agreement, which exists to prevent this. Also of note, Article 33(1) of the Refugee Convention has long been interpreted as prohibiting not only the direct return of refugees to the country where they fear persecution, but also their indirect return via a third country.<ref>''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Bugdaycay'' [1987] AC 514, 532.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement]]. ==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Grey argues that the claim of an individual seeking refugee protection is addressed not to the country of refuge as such, but to that country as a representative of the international community.<ref>Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025</nowiki></ref> In this way, the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that avoids fragmentary jurisprudence which undermines the coherence of the international protection system.<ref>Mathilde Crepin, ''The Notion of Persecution in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Relevance for the Protection Needs of Refugees in the 21st Century,'' Dissertation, King’s College London, 2019, <https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/> (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 70 of document’s pagination.</ref> Courts in the UK have phrase this obligation thusly: "in principle there can only be one true interpretation of a treaty".<ref name=":12">''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Adan'' [2001] 2 AC 477, 516 (Lord Steyn).</ref> As such, decisions from the UK frequently stress that each State "must search, untrammelled by notions of its national legal culture, for the true autonomous and international meaning of the treaty".<ref name=":12" /> For the same reason, decisions in Canada frequently canvass jurisprudence from other countries when interpreting the meaning of the Refugee Convention and the IRPA.<ref>See, e.g., ''Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 SCC 40 (CanLII), [2013] 2 SCR 678, paras. 69-77, <http://canlii.ca/t/fzq5z#par69>, retrieved on 2020-12-19.</ref> This is appropriate given that, in the words of the Plaut report that preceded the establishment of the IRB, "whether or not a person is a refugee is a question which is not so much one of Canada law; rather, it belongs to the realm of international definition and justice."<ref name=":22">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention), Article 32.</ref> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. ==== The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ==== Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations. Some of the central non-governmental organizations in the Canadian immigration sphere are the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants and Canada's provincial law societies. As such, the Board should strive to construe and apply the IRPA in a way that facilitates cooperation with those bodies. Issues of this sort can arise where an individual is providing legal advice for consideration without being a member in good standing of such a body and where a member of such a body is acting beyond their allowed scope of practice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice#IRPA Sections 91-91.1]]. === IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms === <pre>Application (3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that (d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;</pre> ==== The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high ==== The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”<ref name=":0" /> This obligation arises not only from Canada’s domestic administrative law, but also from Canada’s international commitments and obligations. The Refugee Convention provides that the expulsion of a refugee ‘shall be only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law’.<ref name=":22" /> In ''Agiza v. Sweden'', the UN Committee against Torture found that article 3 of the CAT carries with it an implicit right to an ‘effective, independent and impartial review of a decision to expel’.<ref>UN doc CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (20 May 2005).</ref> The Board's duty of fairness is also said to be heightened when it is dealing with self-represented claimants: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]]. That said, while this is the common law rule, the extent of procedural fairness in the refugee process has been set out by provisions of the IRPA in many situations and the court notes that "these statutory requirements govern notwithstanding any common law rule."<ref>''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 28, <https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par28>, retrieved on 2024-07-03.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings]]. ==== Charter issues should generally be raised before the Division ==== Under most circumstances in the immigration context an applicant is required to raise Charter issues before the relevant administrative tribunal within the respective proceeding. In the present context, for example, the IRB is competent to address Charter issues. If unsuccessful, the claimant would then be able seek leave for judicial review of that decision before the Federal Court.<ref>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 86.</ref> For further discussion on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]]. ==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination ==== Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under the Act are consistent with the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination. This provision tracks the obligation in Article 3 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that the "Contracting States shall apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin".<ref name=":19">UN General Assembly, ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'', 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html [accessed 25 April 2021].</ref> One can observe a transformation over the past century in the nature of international migration, including that it has an increasingly multiethnic and global character. When the 1951 ''Refugee Convention'' was being negotiated, it had a primarily European orientation, and the prospect of refugees coming in significant numbers from further afield was thought to be nil. For example, the UK delegate to the conference of plenipotentiaries that negotiated the 1951 Convention, asserted there that "[the risk of European states facing] a vast influx of Arab refugees was too small to be worth taking into account."<ref>Krause, U. Colonial roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its effects on the global refugee regime. ''J Int Relat Dev'' (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9 at page 17.</ref> This thinking about the makeup and source of refugees seeking asylum has shifted dramatically to the point where today it is recognized that most refugees are in low income countries and that individuals claim asylum in Canada against countries throughout the world. Indeed, it can be observed that while “asylum seeker” is not on its face or ''de jure'' a racial category, in the contemporary Canadian migration regime, it is a ''de facto'' racialized category, comprised largely of non-White persons.<ref>Achiume, E. Tendayi. “Digital Racial Borders.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 115, 2021, pp. 333–338., doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52.</ref> Board Members are to exercise their discretion without discrimination or reliance on stereotype, as doing so, in the words of the Federal Court, “reveals a level of ignorance and prejudice which is not only unusual in general, but is particularly astonishing on the part of a decision maker who is in a position to adjudicate sensitive claims.”<ref>''Herrera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 1233.</ref> See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Where a member pursues questioning with a discriminatory attitude]]. ==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada ==== Section 3(3)(d) of the Act states that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Chart of Rights and Freedoms, including its principle of the equality of English ad French as the official languages of Canada. For a discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Language of proceedings]]. === IRPA Section 3(3)(f) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory === <pre>Application (3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that (f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.</pre> ==== In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law ==== Canada is what is referred to as a "dualist state" in that international law and municipal law are treated as separate spheres of law. As such, in order for international obligations undertaken by the state by way of treaty to form part of the national law, these international law rules have to be transformed into national law rules through the use of enabling legislation.<ref>Statement applies ''mutatis mutandis'' to Canada, and is derived from E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, <<nowiki>http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es</nowiki>> (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 166.</ref> That said, it is a well-established principle of statutory interpretation that legislation will be presumed to conform to international law.<ref>''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2007] 2 SCR 292, par. 53, <http://canlii.ca/t/1rq5n#par53>, retrieved on 2020-09-03.</ref> The presumption of conformity is based on the rule of judicial policy that, as a matter of law, courts will strive to avoid constructions of domestic law pursuant to which the state would be in violation of its international obligations, unless the wording of the statute clearly compels that result.<ref>R. Sullivan, ''Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes'' (4th ed. 2002), at p. 422.</ref> The Supreme Court of Canada articulated this rule in ''Baker v. Canada'' when it adopted the following statement from ''Driedger on the Construction of Statutes:''<blockquote>[T]he legislature is presumed to respect the values and principles enshrined in international law, both customary and conventional. These constitute a part of the legal context in which legislation is enacted and read. In so far as possible, therefore, interpretations that reflect these values and principles are preferred.<ref>''Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 699 (SCC), [1999] 2 SCR 817, par. 70, <http://canlii.ca/t/1fqlk#par70>, retrieved on 2020-12-22.</ref></blockquote> ==== International human rights instruments are determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary ==== Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA goes beyond the general principle of statutory interpretation described above. When interpreting any provision of IRPA, account must be had of Canada’s international human rights obligations and provisions should be interpreted in a manner consistent with Canada’s international obligations, where possible. In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the words “shall be construed and applied in a manner that complies with …” are mandatory and appear to direct courts to give the international human rights instruments in question more than persuasive or contextual significance in the interpretation of IRPA. By providing that IRPA “is to be” interpreted and applied in a manner that complies with the prescribed instruments, paragraph 3(3)(f), if interpreted literally, makes them determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary.<ref>''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 75 (F.C.A.).</ref> As Bastarache J. held in ''Pushpanathan,'' the "overarching and clear human rights object and purpose is the background against which interpretation of individual provisions must take place".<ref>''Pushpanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [1998] 1 SCR 982 (Supreme Court of Canada).</ref> That said, unambiguous provisions of the IRPA must be given effect even if they are contrary to Canada’s international obligations or international law.<ref>''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56, [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281 at para. 35.</ref> Sharryn Aiken, et. al., write in ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary'' that there was considerable excitement in migrant advocacy circles regarding para 3(3)(f) of the IRPA stating that the Act is to be construed in a manner that "complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory." They note that this provision seemed to provide a potential shortcut for direct access to international human rights principles.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 307.</ref> However, on the basis of the Federal Court of Appeal's decision ''de Guzman v. Canada'' those authors conclude that "The ''de Guzman'' decision ensured that para 3(3)(f) is understood to reflect existing Canadian law with respect to international obligations and therefore to be essentially meaningless window dressing that adds nothing new to the interpretive framework for Canadian immigration law."<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 309.</ref> That said, the courts have held that one of the effects of this provision is to mandate immigration adjudicators to consider relevant international law, including the principle of ''non-refoulement'', regardless of whether or not this has been raised as an argument by the parties.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52>, retrieved on 2024-06-12.</ref> ==== Regard should be had to international human rights instruments that Canada is signatory to, whether or not Canada has ratified them ==== In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the sources of international law described in paragraph 3(3)(f) comprise some that are binding on Canada in international law, and some that are not. The paragraph applies to instruments to which Canada is signatory. At international law, an instrument is not legally binding on a signatory State until it has also ratified it, unless the instrument provides that it is binding when signed. Signature normally evinces an intention to be bound in the future, although it may also impose an immediate obligation on the signatory not to take measures to undermine the agreement.<ref>''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 76 (F.C.A.).</ref> Being a signatory to a treaty has a particular meaning in international law, in that it is usually a step prior to a party becoming a party to the treaty. Article 18(a) of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' provides that "A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: (a) It has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; ...".<ref name=":13" /> That said, it is apparent that the instruments appropriately covered by this provision are not limited to instruments which Canada has signed, but not ratified. The Supreme Court of Canada has noted, for example, that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]]. ==== What are the international human rights instruments to which Canada is a signatory? ==== As the Federal Court of Appeal has noted, the IRPA "does not list, let alone set out the text of, the measures to which paragraph 3(3)(f) applies."<ref name=":8">''de Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FCA 436 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 655, par. 58, <http://canlii.ca/t/1m8q8#par58>, retrieved on 2020-12-22.</ref> It went on to note that the phrase "international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory" is "far from self-defining".<ref name=":8" /> The Supreme Court of Canada has noted that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]]. The Department of Justice provides the following list, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', which may also serve to inform an interpretation of this provision:<ref>Government of Canada Department of Justice, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', Date modified: 2019-07-30, <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/abt-apd/icg-gci/ihrl-didp/tcp.html> (Accessed April 17, 2020).</ref> * Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1952) * International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1970) * International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976) * International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1976) ** Optional Protocol to the <abbr>ICCPR</abbr> (complaint mechanism) (1976) ** Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (2005) * Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1981) ** Optional Protocol to <abbr>CEDAW</abbr> (complaint mechanism) (2002) * Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987) * Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1991) ** Optional Protocol to the <abbr>CRC</abbr> on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict (2000) ** Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2005) * Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2010) ** Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018) A number of additional treaties could by added to this list, including: * The International Labour Organization ''Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 182) * The International Labour Organization ''Minimum Age Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 138) * The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court * The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime * The phrase "international human rights instruments" could be taken to include regional instruments in the Inter-American system that Canada has signed. Canada is not a party to the ''American Convention on Human Rights''. Nevertheless, as a member of the Organization of American States, it is bound by the terms of the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' (“American Declaration”).<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 320.</ref> This instrument specifies the fundamental rights to which each person is entitled, and which each member state of the Organization of American States (OAS), like Canada, is bound to uphold. The OAS Charter and the American Declaration are a source of legal obligations applicable to Canada.<ref>IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 of July 14, 1989, "Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights," Ser. A No. 10, paras. 45-46.</ref> Canada has also ratified several other inter-American human rights treaties, including the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women''<ref>Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women (A-44), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 29, OASTS No 3 (entered into force 29 December 1954). </ref> and the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women''.<ref>Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women (A-45), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 30, OASTS No 23 (entered into force in Canada 23 October 1991). </ref> * The Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III may be added to this list, but see the following commentary on international humanitarian law. Regard may also be had to Canada's ''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', which affirms "the Declaration as a universal international human rights instrument with application in Canadian law".<ref>''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', SC 2021, c 14, s 4, <https://canlii.ca/t/b9q3#sec4>, retrieved on 2024-03-29.</ref> One of the rationales for applying the IRPA in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory is that the Minister can examine ‘interim measures requests’ to refrain from removing foreign nationals. Such requests can be issued by the bodies of four international human rights treaties to which Canada is signatory: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.<ref>Ahouga, Y. (2024) “Legal and Policy Infrastructures of Returns in Canada. WP2 Country Dossier” in ''GAPs: De-centring the Study of Migrant Returns and Readmission Policies in Europe and Beyond''. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10836598, page 16.</ref> When attempting to interpret this term, regard may be had of the interpretation that the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has given to its constituting protocol, which gives it jurisdiction over the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights as well as "any other relevant Human Rights instrument ratified by the states concerned."<ref>African Union, ''Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights'', June 10, 1998, <https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-treaty-0019_-_protocol_to_the_african_charter_on_human_and_peoplesrights_on_the_establishment_of_an_african_court_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf>.</ref> That court has provided significant interpretation of this similar phrase, including how instruments can have certain provisions that are human rights ones and other provisions that are not human rights ones. For some of the above Conventions, it is unambiguous that the IRPA is to be interpreted in conformity with provisions of them; the statute includes an excerpt from the ''Convention against Torture'', for instance: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/2-3 - Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]]. See also the provision of the IRPA regarding ''non-refoulement'' and how that concept relates to some of the above instruments: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement#Section 115 of the IRPA prohibits refoulement to persecution for a Convention reason, torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment, subject to exceptions]]. ==== This provision may not apply to international humanitarian law instruments and texts which are not signed ==== Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. This arguably excludes a number of types of instruments, including: * <u>Instruments that are not human rights instruments, but are instead humanitarian law instruments:</u> Canada has signed the Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III. These may be relevant to refugee determinations. For example, the ''Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)'', which at Art. 45, para. 4 prohibits transferring a protected person "to a country where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for his or her political opinions or religious beliefs."<ref>UNHCR, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', <https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper> (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 14.</ref> However, this instrument forms part of international humanitarian law, not international human rights law, and thus may be argued not to fall within the ambit of IRPA s. 3(3)(f). For example, the International Law Commission has generally distinguished between the two areas of law.<ref>International Law Commission, ''Draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, with commentaries,'' 2011, <https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf>, at annex (page 2).</ref> * <u>Instruments that are not signed:</u> For example, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a treaty, but instead an unenforceable, non-binding (yet aspirational) resolution of the United Nations General Assembly.<ref>UNGA Res. 217A(III), adopted Dec. 10, 1948</ref> By its terms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not designed to describe binding obligations by only a 'common standard of achievement', as stated in the preamble to the declaration.<ref>The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention'', by Alleweldt, at p. 232 (para. 28).</ref> As such, given that this document was not signed, and as such countries cannot be said to be signatories to this declaration, it should not be regarded as one of the instruments contemplated by s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA. * <u>Customary international law:</u> While there are other cannons of interpretation that read Canadian legislation in conformity with customary international law, such an interpretation would appear not to be required by this provision on its own terms. As such, while the UK Supreme Court has observed that "it may be that the principle of ''non-refoulement'' forms part of customary international law", that fact, if true, is not in itself germane to this provision of the IRPA.<ref>''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, <<nowiki>https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf</nowiki>>, para. 25.</ref> But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law]]. ==== The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights ==== Section 3(3)(f) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that the ''Refugee Convention'' itself should be considered a “human rights instrument”, within the meaning of s. 3(3)(f) of the Act:<blockquote>s. 3(3)(''f'') instructs courts to construe and apply the ''IRPA'' in a manner that “complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory”. There can be no doubt that the ''Refugee Convention'' is such an instrument, building as it does on the right of persons to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries as set out in art. 14 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''.<ref>''B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2015] 3 SCR 704, par. 49, <https://canlii.ca/t/gm8wn#par49>, retrieved on 2021-04-25.</ref> [internal citations omitted]</blockquote>In addition, the ''Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'' is also considered to be an international human rights instrument.<ref>''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 54, <https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par54>, retrieved on 2024-06-12.</ref> This is consistent with the practice of other courts. The preamble to the Convention itself notes that "The High Contracting parties, considering that the United Nations has, on various occasions, manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavoured to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms, ... have agreed as follows:".<ref name=":4" /> Brennan CJ of the High Court of Australia relied on this preamble when making the following comment about the ''Refugee Convention'': "the preamble places the Convention among the international instruments that have as their object and purpose the protection of the equal enjoyment by every person of fundamental rights and freedoms."<ref>''Applicant A v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (n 86) 231–232 (per Brennan CJ).</ref> In 2018 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an Advisory Opinion entitled “The Institution Of Asylum And Its Recognition As a Human Right In The Inter-American System Of Protection” which concluded that asylum is a human right.<ref>Advisory Opinion OC-25/18, as cited in Esraa Adnan Fangary, ''A Peculiar Leap in the Protection of Asylum Seekers: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Jurisprudence on the Protection of Asylum Seekers'', The Age of Human Rights Journal, 16 (June 2021) pp. 31-53 ISSN: 2340-9592 DOI: 10.17561/tahrj.v16.6134 at page 35.</ref> This is also consistent with the practice of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNHCR is said to have adopted this approach that sees the ''Refugee Convention'' as a part of human rights law and has pronounced that “the human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral part.”<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print.</ref> The Commissioner himself has stated: <blockquote>The issue of human rights and the problems of refugees are so inextricably linked that it is hardly possible to discuss one without referring to the other. Human rights violations are a major cause of refugee flows and also a major obstacle to the solution of refugee problems through voluntary repatriation. More positively, safeguarding human rights is the best way to prevent conditions that force people to become refugees; respect for human rights is a key element in the protection of refugees in the country of asylum; and improved observance of human rights standards is often critical for the solution of refugee problems by enabling refugees to return safely home ...<ref>Address of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 1993, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 88.</ref></blockquote>Furthermore, the weight of academic commentary places the ''Refugee Convention'' within the corpus of human rights instruments. McAdam argues that refugee law is a specialized area ''within'' human rights law.<ref>McAdam, J. 2010. Status anxiety: Complementary protection and the rights of non-convention refugees. ''University of New South Wales Faculty of Law Research Series'', working paper 1, University of New South Wales, Sydney.</ref> Similarly, Hathaway argues that refugee rights should be understood as a mechanism by which to answer situation-specific vulnerabilities that would otherwise deny refugees meaningful benefit of the more general system of human rights protection. In this way, he states, "refugee rights do not exist as an alternative to, or in competition with, general human rights."<ref>Hathaway, James C. ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 10.</ref> This provision in the IRPA should be read in conjunction with section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees including upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. These legislative provisions speak to the way that the plight of refugees is inextricably linked with human rights violations. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, “the plight of refugees and human rights violations are not two problems, but different facets of the same problem. Human rights violations are at the root cause of mass exoduses.”<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 274.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]. Finally, the fact that asylum is related to human rights does not preclude it from being a branch of other areas of law; in the words of the UK Supreme Court, asylum can perfectly naturally be regarded as an aspect of immigration law.<ref>''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, <https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf>, para. 133.</ref> == References == <references responsive="" /> 7wpf99eog8ubmpqj9rczbghm6o07cat 0 414455 4443525 4442084 2024-11-02T21:39:25Z Refcanimm 3267488 /* Covid-19 */ 4443525 wikitext text/x-wiki == History of asylum and the concept of sanctuary == In both the international and Canadian contexts, the very existence of a refugee determination system is a recent development. Since time immemorial, people have moved to flee persecution, war, religious intolerance, governmental instability, and criminal sanction. However, it is only in the twentieth century in which the international community began to respond to such persons on the move in the organized fashion that entailed the creation of a refugee status determination system.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 13.</ref> The word "asylum" is younger than its concept and practice.<ref name=":90">W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 11.</ref> Eve Lester states that flight and requests for hospitality and asylum are concepts as old as life itself.<ref name=":33">Eve Lester, Australian responses to refugee journeys: Matters of perspective and context, in Jordana Silverstein and Rachel Stevens ''Refugee Journals: Histories of Resettlement, Representation, and Resistance'', Feb. 4, 2021, ANU Press, <https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/47330/book.pdf?sequence=1> (Accessed March 20, 2021), at page 26.</ref> There are myriad examples of such population movements. Around 1280 BCE the Egyptians and Hittites agreed to a pact that provided for extradition: it stipulated that people who fled from one jurisdiction to the other had to be returned, and would not be granted asylum, but that in such cases the returned refugee would not be punished in their homeland.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum : A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1995, page 36.</ref> In 721 BCE, after the Assyrian King Sargon II conquered Israel and its capital Samaria, tens of thousands of Israelites were banished and spread across the lands of the Assyrian Empire, eventually assimilating with the locals.<ref name=":72">Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 110.</ref> In 375 CE the Roman Emperor Valens granted asylum to thousands of Goths who were fleeing tribes of Huns who had invaded their territory.<ref name=":72" /> Later examples include the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492: in March 1492, the Alhambra Decree was issued, which ordered all the Spanish Jews to either baptize or to leave Spain within four months. As a result, more than a hundred thousand Jews left Spain and took refuge in Portugal, France, the Netherlands, the Ottoman Empire, and other places.<ref>Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 111.</ref> At that point, Sultan Bayezid II sent the Ottoman Navy to Spain in order to safely evacuate Jews to Ottoman lands.<ref>Egger, Vernon O. (2008). ''A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community''. Prentice Hall. p. 82. ISBN <bdi>978-0-13-226969-8</bdi>.</ref> During the reign of Mary Tudor from 1553 to 1558, a Queen known as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, 30,000 Englishmen fled to Holland,<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 38.</ref> while yet more fled to other parts of Europe such as the free city of Frankfurt.<ref name=":92">Mayes D. Strange brethren. Refugees, religious bonds, and reformation in Frankfurt, 1554–1608. By Maximilian Miguel Scholz. (Studies in Early Modern German History.) Pp. xvi + 246 incl. 8 ills and 1 map. Charlottesville, Va–London: University of Virginia Press, 2022. £39.95. 978 0 8139 4675 7. ''The Journal of Ecclesiastical History''. 2024;75(2):380-382. doi:10.1017/S0022046924000277</ref> Other mass population movements occurred to escape instability, as when many English escaped to France during the Interregnum of 1649-1660.<ref>Hazal Barbaros, ''Post Tenebras Lux: The Huguenot Diaspora in Early Modern London and its Reflections in Refugee Wills'', Master’s Thesis, August 2021, Department of History, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara, <http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/76474/10412602.pdf?sequence=1> (Accessed August 28, 2021), page 8 of document.</ref> Historically, asylum and sanctuary were associated with particular places where, upon reaching them, an individual was inviolable and beyond the reach of the law. Such places included altars, temples, churches, particular cities, and ships.<ref name=":90" /> Ancient Greece, for example, had a strictly governed system for offering sanctuary at dedicated shrines.<ref>Laura Madokoro, ''On public sanctuary: exploring the nature of refuge in precarious times,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259, page 96.</ref> Indeed, the word "asylum" dates from this time and its roots in the Greek word ''asylia'' refer to the notion of someone who cannot or should not be seized.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 27.</ref> Specifically, the verb ''asylao'' means to violate or lay waste, while the adjective ''asylos/asylon'' represents the opposite, namely, that which is inviolable.<ref name=":90" /> For its part, the Hebrew word ''miqlat'' describes special cities set aside for asylum or refuge.<ref name=":90" /> The Book of Numbers describes six designated cities, the ''arei miqlat'', or "cities of refuge", at which someone who had killed unintentially could find security until the death of the reigning High Preist.<ref>Chapter 35 of the Book of Numbers, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum : A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1995, page 18.</ref> Ecclesiastical asylum existed throughout Western Europe during the Middle Ages.<ref>Behrman, S. (2018). Law and Asylum: Space, Subject, Resistance (1st ed.). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730348</nowiki> at page 31.</ref> It transferred the sacredness of the biblical altar to its own realm and granted the right of asylum to those who sought refuge in churches or monasteries.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum : A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1995, page 19.</ref> Church asylum differed from that described by the Hebrew Bible in that it was extended even to those who had committed crimes with intent. While this text focuses on what might be termed the Western and North American traditions of asylum, asylum has existed as an ancient practice throughout the world.<ref>Behrman, S. (2018). ''Law and Asylum: Space, Subject, Resistance'' (1st ed.). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730348</nowiki> at page 3.</ref> Gil Loescher states that every major world religion contains teachings on the importance of providing protection to those in need.<ref>Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 22.</ref> Migration is a major theme of the Jewish Torah and rabbinical scholars have argued that the concept of ''non-refoulement'' has an analogue in ancient biblical Jewish legal principles of refugee protection.<ref>Gilad Ben-Nun, ''Migration and Society: Advances in Research'' 4 (2021): 124–136, doi:10.3167/arms.2021.040112, at page 126.</ref> Deuteronomy 23:16, for example, inveighs: "''You shall not turn over to his master a slave who seeks refuge with you from his master. He shall live with you in any place he may choose among the settlements in your midst, wherever he pleases; you must not ill-treat him.''" There are a number of references in the Bible to sanctuary for the oppressed and needy,<ref>Deuteronomy 10:19, 19:1–13, 23:16–17, 24:17–18; Exodus 21:12–14, 22:21, 23:9; Leviticus 19:33–34; Numbers 35:9–34, as cited in Behrman, S. (2018). Law and Asylum: Space, Subject, Resistance (1st ed.). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730348</nowiki> at page 3.</ref> and it is said that the New Testament tells of Jesus and his family as refugees who were accepted in Egypt.<ref name=":90" /> Islam also continued older traditions of asylum from the Arab civilizations that existed prior to the seventh century.<ref name=":74">Behrman, S. (2018). ''Law and Asylum: Space, Subject, Resistance'' (1st ed.). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730348</nowiki> at page 4.</ref> Indeed, Islam dates its birth to the exile of the Prophet Mohammad to Medina, where the Prophet and his followers took refuge after facing persecution from the rulers of Mecca.<ref name=":61">John Aku Ambi, ''Appraisal of The Principle of Burden-Sharing in Refugee Protection'', NAUJILJ 12(2) 21, <https://www.ajol.info/index.php/naujilj/article/download/215310/203063> (Accessed October 9, 2021), page 18.</ref> Islam then codified asylum into law in a way that was consistent with the duty the Quran places on Muslims to offer asylum to all.<ref name=":74" /> It is said that normally a request for ''dijwar'' (protection) had to be accepted (Quran 9:6), but how long it would last was not covered by any hard or fast rules.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum : A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1995, page 21.</ref> China has its own traditions of asylum dating back thousands of years.<ref name=":93">Bassiouni MC, International Extradition and World Public Order (AW Sijthoff, 1974), 88.</ref> The Chinese also concluded a number of treaties dealing with fugitives and strangers, for example in 544 BCE, the prince of Cheng concluded a treaty with a coalition of princes who had invaded his territories that specified that in future fugitives from justice would be surrendered.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum : A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1995, page 37.</ref> There are also many recorded Chinese examples of the acceptance of forced or voluntary exiles by other nations involving members of the nobility and royal households.<ref>Regarding Chinese examples dating from the eighth century BCE: Roswell S. Britton, ''Chinese Interstate Intercourse Before 700 BC,'' The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct., 1935), pp. 616-635 (20 pages), at 616ff, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 51, at endnote 7.</ref> India, too, has its own traditions of asylum dating back thousands of years.<ref name=":93" /> For example, when Jewish people fled pogroms in Persia in 1839, they found refuge in the Sikh Empire city of Rawalpindi.<ref>Dr. Yvette Alt Miller, ''When Jews Found Refuge in the Sikh Empire'', September 3, 2023, <https://aish.com/when-jews-found-refuge-in-the-sikh-empire/> (Accessed May 12, 2024).</ref> The Aztecs are also said to have had a tradition of offering asylum.<ref name=":90" /> Behrman notes that some have argued that the Southern African philosophy of ''ubuntu'', which emphasizes a collective approach to human rights and which focuses on the needs of the most vulnerable in society, contains a principle of hospitality to the stranger above and beyond the notion of asylum as commonly understood in the Global North.<ref name=":74" /> == History of the concept of the refugee == As discussed above, victims of circumstance forced to seek sanctuary in foreign lands have been known throughout history.<ref name=":86">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Ottawa: Studies in Social Policy, Institute for Research on Public Policy, page 88.</ref> This phenomenon has been referred to through a number of terms, including refuge, migration, exodus, asylum, sanctuary, fugitives, exiles, and ''émigrés.'' The specific term 'refugee' is of a more recent pedigree, having been first coined in the 1600s in France. The concept's genealogy is entwined with the emergence of the modern view of state sovereignty at that time in Europe. This section traces the history of these two concepts and how the refugees of the 17th century differed from earlier exiles and moving persons. The world today is divided into sovereign states. All individuals are to be organized into populations and divided territorially amongst these states. In this way, the international state system is both a way of organizing political power, and also a means of organizing people.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 48.</ref> It was with the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 that the inter-state legal and political relationships which undergird this system were first established, and the feudal society of the medieval world was superseded by this modern society of sovereign territorial states.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 49.</ref> Key concepts of modern international relations emerged at this point, including the inviolability and fixity of borders and non-interference in the domestic affairs of foreign sovereign states. In this way, the concept of state sovereignty that emerged with the Peace of Westphalia helped build the modern concept of the state which partitions the world into a vast juxtaposition of independent territorial units.<ref>Chetail, V. (2019). ''International Migration Law''. London, England: Oxford University Press, page 16.</ref> One of the facets of this system was that territory was consolidated, unified, and centralized under a sovereign government and the population of the territory now owed final allegiance to this sovereign. The sovereign state could demand, among other things, religious and linguistic conformity to ensure such allegiance.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 50.</ref> Within a few decades of the Peace of Westphalia, the term “refugee” was coined. The word refugee can be traced to its origins in the French word ''réfugié'' that was used to identify the Huguenots, hundreds of thousands<ref>Reports of the number of people who left France at this time vary. Julia Morris cites a figure of 1 million in Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 4. Emma Haddad writes "From the 1670s to the start of the eighteenth century it is estimated that between 200,000 and 500,000 French Protestants left France as refugees to seek protection abroad" in Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351 at page 52. Aleshkovski, et. al., write: "By the time the Edict of Nantes was cancelled, there were approximately 800 thousand Protestants in France. The vast majority was forced to leave France for Britain, the Nether- lands, Switzerland, and German States." in Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 113. In contrast, Hazal Barbaros writes: “The number of immigrants varies according to sources. To begin with, the total number of members of the Reformed Church of France is estimated to be around 900,000. Some sources indicate that the most likely number of emigrants is 200,000 approximately, whereas the others give hyper-inflated figures like 800,000 which basically means France was deprived of nearly the whole of its Protestant population. Concerning those who chose England as their destination, the number is approximated to be between 40,000 to 50,000.” See Hazal Barbaros, ''Post Tenebras Lux: The Huguenot Diaspora in Early Modern London and its Reflections in Refugee Wills'', Master’s Thesis, August 2021, Department of History, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara, <http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/76474/10412602.pdf?sequence=1> (Accessed August 28, 2021), pages 9-10 of document.</ref> of Reformed Protestant French migrants who escaped the French Catholic monarch to move to non-Catholic European countries<ref>Melanie Baak, Once a Refugee, Always a Refugee? The haunting of the refugee label in resettlement, in Jordana Silverstein and Rachel Stevens ''Refugee Journals: Histories of Resettlement, Representation, and Resistance'', Feb. 4, 2021, ANU Press, <<nowiki>https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/47330/book.pdf?sequence=1</nowiki>> (Accessed March 20, 2021), at page 56.</ref> around the time of Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.<ref>Hazal Barbaros, ''Post Tenebras Lux: The Huguenot Diaspora in Early Modern London and its Reflections in Refugee Wills'', Master’s Thesis, August 2021, Department of History, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, Ankara, page 7 of document. </ref> This edict had previously allowed Protestant Huguenots to practice their religion openly.<ref>Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 23.</ref> With the revocation of the edict, the legal guarantees that had protected Protestant religious practice in France for a century ended. Calvinist churches were destroyed, Ministers were forcibly exiled, Protestants were forced to convert, and restrictions were put in place on their access to public office and the professions.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351 at page 52.</ref> The term "refugee" was adopted into the English language as these Huguenots arrived in England.<ref name=":60">Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 28.</ref> Protestants in New France were similarly affected - forced to either abjure Protestantism, return to France, or leave for an English Protestant colony in the new world.<ref>Jaenen, Cornelius J.. "Huguenots". ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', 16 December 2013, ''Historica Canada''. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huguenots. Accessed 06 April 2021.</ref> What arguably distinguishes the phenomenon of the refugee from the earlier exiles and moving persons was how their movements interacted with the newly emergent state system. In this way, it is no coincidence that the term "refugee" emerged at this time in the 17th century alongside the rise of the modern conception of the state. Indeed, Harsha Walia labels the very concept of an asylum seeker a "state-centric taxonomy only possible because of a prevailing assumption of the border as a legitimate institution of governance".<ref>Albeit she is referring to the related term of “asylum seeker” in this quote. See: Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 6.</ref> As Betts and Collier argue, what was new post-Peace of Westphalia was the way that governments began to conceive of themselves as being able to govern refugee movements.<ref>Betts, Alexander, and Paul Collier. ''Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World''. 2017: New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Page 36.</ref> This raised two principal questions: when could states offer refuge, and when could would-be refugees expect it? The question of when and whether states could offer refuge was hotly contested. Many states considered it within their power to prohibit emigration. For example, after the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s, Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire prohibited Jewish emigration from his lands on the grounds that it would create a significant loss both to the economy and the treasury of the Sultan.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 49.</ref> Historically, and as discussed below in the section on pre-Confederation Canada, the institutions of slavery and servitude were also major restrictions on the right to move in any direction. As the Huguenots fled France in the 1600s, Louis XIV demanded that these "traitors" be returned on the grounds that most had left France without his permission. When the Swiss failed to execute an order repatriating these refugees, relations between Switzerland and France deteriorated, and the French threatened the Swiss with war.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 41.</ref> Ultimately, most Huguenot refugees who went to Geneva were denied citizenship - probably because the authorities feared that the French would retaliate for such an "offence" - and the Swiss began to urge the refugees to seek permanent asylum elsewhere. In the end, no armed conflict between France and Switzerland took place.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 42.</ref> Nonetheless, the question of the right of states to offer refuge, and states' ability to restrict departures, persisted as a cause of inter-state discord. From the 1840s, the right of states to offer refuge became more clearly defined. After the repression of the Hungarian uprising of 1848 by the Hapsburgs, many Hungarians fled to the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Russia (which had a role in suppressing the uprising) and Austria requested the refugees' refoulement. Turkey replied that its honour was at stake, as well as the humanity of the Sultan, and since both France and the United States sided with Turkey, Russia and Austria relented.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 39.</ref> The other question that emerged at this time was when could would-be refugees expect to receive refuge. Rebecca Hamlin contrasts the concept of the refugee, which entails crossing an international border and appealing to a state for protection, with practices from earlier in European history when appeals for protection could be made to families, individuals, and religious leaders, not just states.<ref name=":60" /> For the most part, the question of who could avail themselves of refuge was not seriously explored. It went without saying that one could only seek refuge among those willing to offer hospitality; for example, when protestants fled England for Frankfurt in the 1550s, an initial embrace of the refugees shortly gave way to unease at their growing number and an eventual ban on the refugees’ form of worship, which caused many to move on to more hospitable locales.<ref name=":92" /> As will be detailed below, it was not until 1920 that there was a serious concern with delimiting the scope of the term refugee and which individuals might be entitled to such status.<ref name=":86" /> Emma Haddad sets out this evolution in more detail and argues that the phenomenon of the "refugee" that emerged alongside the state system, and developed into the twentieth century, came to be marked by its new scale, bureaucratized processes, clear definitions of insiders and outsiders occasioned by newly locked borders and assumptions about the nation state being the proper home for individuals, and the lack of obvious receiving countries as national identities increasingly superseded religious ones.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 62.</ref> == Refugee and population movements in pre-confederation Canada == Turning to Canada, (im)migration processes, of various sorts, including ones involving the search for refuge, have long been present in this territory. Asking about the history of refugee processes in Canada’s territory raises an ontological question about who should qualify as a refugee when one looks at population flows of centuries past. To the extent that refugees may be regarded as those with experiences marked by discrimination, displacement across borders, a severing of the bond between the individual and their government, and an overriding apprehension of persecution in their home community, persons meeting such criteria have a long history in this land. That said, the concept of the refugee is indeed a modern one, as described above, and applying it to population movements of pre-confederation Canada is surely anachronistic. In Rebecca Hamlin's words, "to look back and place a refugee/migrant binary onto crossings of the past does not accurately reflect the realities of those events."<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 29.</ref> It is nonetheless appropriate to review (not erase) the history of population movements in the territory of Canada, both indigenous and colonial, and to chart how the contemporary concept of the refugee has been deeply linked with the modern colonial state. Indeed, it is argued that if it insufficiently highlights such linkages, migration studies scholarship may complicit in a “willing amnesia” that “imagines away” First Nations’ claims and rights.<ref>Stephanie J. Silverman, Immigration Detention in Canada: Concepts and Controversies, Forced Migration in/to Canada: From Colonization to Refugee Resettlement, Edited by Christina R. Clark-Kazak, <nowiki>ISBN 9780228022176</nowiki>, page 298.</ref> To start, movement and displacement of persons in the territory of Canada is not new. Some First Nations were highly itinerant, as with the Blackfoot who would follow bison across the prairies to hunting grounds where they would utilize bison jumps and runs.<ref>Dempsey, Hugh A.. "Blackfoot Confederacy".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, 18 July 2019, Historica Canada. <nowiki>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-nation</nowiki>. Accessed 25 October 2021.</ref> The Blackfoot Confederacy joined the Blackfoot, Blood and Piegan nations located in the Great Plains region of Canada and the United States. They shared a common nomadic lifestyle based on the movement of bison, which they relied on for their sustenance. Warfare between First Nations also led to indigenous persons fleeing aggression and moving to new regions. For example, in the 16th century, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) embarked on campaigns to subjugate or disperse neighbouring groups while pursuing an ancient ideal that they “extend the rafters of the longhouse” by absorbing their neighbours into one nation and thereby produce a universal peace.<ref>Heidenreich, C.E.. "Huron-Wendat".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, 10 October 2018, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/huron. Accessed 01 January 2021.</ref> In 1649 the Haudenosaunee dispersed the French-allied Huron-Wendat from their homeland by destroying villages. Haudenosaunee dispersal campaigns then impacted the Petun, Neutral and Erie in the 1650s, with those nations dissolving and their members either joining together to form new communities or joining pre-existing Iroquoian nations.<ref name=":21">Peter G. Ramsden and Zach Parrott, "Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)" ''in The Canadian Encyclopedia'', August 28, 2015 <https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iroquois> (Accessed December 30, 2020). </ref> Forced displacement of Indigenous persons also resulted from the actions of the colonial regimes that took hold in Canada and the United States. European powers established their North American colonies on lands that they seized from the pre-existing Indigenous nations. These seizures involved the imposition of borders and attendant physical, social, and cultural displacement. As discussed below, this had a number of consequences, including that many First Nations persons were killed by disease and warfare and had their mobility and way of life disrupted by this new colonial order. Finally, the concept of the refugee may also be thought of as a legal concept, and in this respect the First Nations in Canada have long faced questions about how to define and justify the conditions of community membership. Today such questions are primarily viewed through the lens of immigration and citizenship in the Canadian legal regime, but in indigenous legal regimes they may equally be viewed through the concepts of family law, house group membership, and kinship rights, among others.<ref>For a discussion of the universality of such concepts, see: Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 3.</ref> Indeed, a multitude of indigenous laws and legal traditions have persisted in the territories of Canada, both prior to, and then alongside, this country's colonial legal order. As John Borrows writes, the earliest practitioners of law in North America were its Indigenous inhabitants.<ref>John Borrows, Canada’s Indigenous Constitution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010) at 301.</ref> These indigenous laws and legal traditions have been defined by their diversity, continuity, repression, survival, and adaptability.<ref name=":32">Bhatia, Amar. "We Are All Here to Stay? Indigeneity, Migration, and ‘Decolonizing’ the Treaty Right to Be Here." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, vol. 13, no. 2, 2013, p. 61.</ref> Bhatia writes, for example, about a number of First Nations' legal principles that relate to citizenship and welcoming the other,<ref name=":32" /> such as the Dish With One Spoon wampum agreement, an Indigenous citizenship law made between Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabe nations in 1701.<ref>Craft, A. 2013. Breathing Life into the Stone Fort Treaty An Anishinabe Understanding of Treaty One. Vancouver, BC: Purich Publishing.</ref> Arima, for their part, writes about First Nations' legal principles related to family relations, such as the way that the Nootka on Vancouver Island would intermarry with persons from the Coast Salish groups on the mainland, despite otherwise less than amicable relations between the nations.<ref>Arima, E.Y., "Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published February 07, 2006; Last Edited November 12, 2018. <nowiki>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nootka-nuu-chah-nulth</nowiki></ref> In such ways, setting the terms on which welcome will be offered to the other has a long legal, not just practical, history in Canada. Turning to the colonial regimes in North America, they used force to establish themselves and to erect international boundaries. The international boundary between Canada and the United States was officially agreed upon in 1846 but surveying and marking it on the prairie wasn't completed until 1874.<ref name=":95">Turtle Mountain – Souris Plains Heritage Association, Heritage Explorer, ''Dakota Claim in Canada'', <https://vantagepoints.ca/stories/dakota-claim-canada/> (Accessed July 15, 2024).</ref> These borders have served to restrict First Nations' mobility - British North America and the United States of America required the First Nations to subject themselves to these emergent entities, even where pre-existing living arrangements did not neatly fit on one side of the border or the other. For example, Crees and Chippewas from Canada became considered "foreign Indians" in the United States and deportable "illegal immigrants" despite ties to lands in the present-day United States that pre-date that country's founding.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 25.</ref> The subversive chant "we didn't cross the border, the border crossed us" is, for this situation, entirely apt.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 23.</ref> For their part, the Dakota and Lakota nations were labelled American “Indians” who only came to Canada as "refugees" in the 1860s, despite archeological evidence, historical records, and oral knowledge indicating their presence in present-day Canada dates back at least 800 years.<ref name=":95" /> The background to this was that in 1851, the Dakota signed a treaty with the American government in which the Dakota were forced to surrender all of their land. The Dakota attempted to turn their situation around in the summer of 1862 with the coordination of an armed revolt. What is known as the Dakota War or Sioux Uprising of 1862 was not a success, and in November of that year about 1000 Dakota arrived outside the gates of Fort Garry on the Red River (now the city of Winnipeg) seeking refuge from the American military. They arrived claiming that they had an historic right to be on British soil and that the lands were in fact part of their traditional territory. At the time, the Canadian government totally ignored the issue of whether or not the Dakota had title to Canadian lands, but “tolerated” the Dakota presence in Canada and allowed them to stay. This was partly a matter of grace, but also largely due to the fact that there was no sufficient army existent in Canada at the time to force the Dakota to leave. There are nine Dakota and Lakota bands in Canada today—four in Saskatchewan and five in Manitoba.<ref name=":96">CBC News, ''Canada to formally apologize to 9 Dakota, Lakota Nations for historic designation as refugees,'' Jul 14, 2024 <https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-sask-apology-dakota-lakota-1.7263101>.</ref> The government's use of the term "refugee" in this context has been considered controversial to offensive, with one Dakota elder asking the poignant question: “How would you like to be called a refugee in your own country?”<ref name=":95" /> Starting in 2024, the Canadian government committed to dealing with the Dakota and Lakota as First Nations with rights in Canada, not simply as refugees.<ref name=":96" /> Moving from the dislocation wrought by international boundaries to what occurred within national boundaries, the colonial regimes erected borders which limited mobility, including the borders involved in the reserve system, which abrogated many relationships with traditional territories, and involved related social, cultural, and political displacements.<ref>Melissa May Ling Chung, ''The Relationships Between Racialized Immigrants And Indigenous Peoples In Canada: A Literature Review'', MA Thesis, 2012 <https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA%3A1429> (Accessed December 30, 2020).</ref> Many Indigenous persons were compelled to reside on reserves, and, after the 1885 Northwest Rebellion, the federal government developed a pass system — a process by which Indigenous people had to present a travel document authorized by an Indian agent in order to leave and return to their reserves.<ref>Nestor, Rob, "Pass System in Canada". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published July 10, 2018; Last Edited July 13, 2018. <nowiki>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pass-system-in-canada</nowiki></ref> Even apart from the reserve system, the movements of many First Nations persons were controlled by settlers in Canada, as when a xenophobic hysteria overtook Victoria, BC upon the arrival of Smallpox in 1862, something which led to the police emptying nearby Indigenous encampments at gunpoint, burning them down, and towing canoes filled with smallpox-infected Indigenous people up the coast. Over the next year, as these Indigenous persons returned to their home communities, they took Smallpox with them, and at least 30,000 Indigenous people are reported to have died from the disease, representing about 60 per cent of the extant First Nations population.<ref>Joshua Ostroff, ''How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia,'' August 1, 2017, Maclean's, <https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia/> (Accessed October 30, 2021).</ref> Indeed, one of the most significant effects of colonialism was the large number of First Nations persons in Canada who died of diseases introduced by European colonists. One of the effects of such deaths was the emergence of post-contact communities such as the Abenaki, an aboriginal group in present-day New Brunswick and Quebec which emerged when numerous smaller bands and tribes, who shared linguistic, geographical, and cultural traits, joined together into a new political grouping after their original tribes were destroyed by disease and warfare.<ref>Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997). "Abenaki History". Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2010.</ref> Apart from the effects of such epidemics and forced movements, the newly created nation of Canada also effected the social and cultural displacement of the pre-existing aboriginal peoples. In the words of the section of the final report of the ''Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples'' on displacement and assimilation: <blockquote>[The impact of colonialism on indigenous populations was profound.] Perhaps the most appropriate term to describe that impact is 'displacement'. Aboriginal peoples were displaced physically — they were denied access to their traditional territories and in many cases actually forced to move to new locations selected for them by colonial authorities. They were also displaced socially and culturally, subject to intensive missionary activity and the establishment of schools — which undermined their ability to pass on traditional values to their children, imposed male-oriented Victorian values, and attacked traditional activities such as significant dances and other ceremonies. In North America they were also displaced politically, forced by colonial laws to abandon or at least disguise traditional governing structures and processes in favour of colonial-style municipal institutions.<ref>Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa: The Commission, 1996. Print, at page 132 <http://data2.archives.ca/e/e448/e011188230-01.pdf> (Accessed January 1, 2021).</ref></blockquote>At times Indigenous communities relied upon the newly created international boundaries when seeking refuge from such displacement. For example, after American troops destroyed 40-50 Cayuga villages in the present-day US in 1779, many peoples of the Cayuga tribe fled the United States to seek refuge in British North America, and in so doing relied on these new borders for their associated guarantee of safety.<ref>Emerson Klees. ''Persons, Places, and Things around the Finger Lakes Region''. Rochester, Finger Lakes Publishing, 1994. Page 10.</ref> In the 1700s and 1800s, the British instituted policies to encourage immigration to British North America. The people that the British encouraged to relocate included persons who would rightfully be termed refugees today. For example, 50,000 United Empire Loyalists, supporters of the British in the American revolution, migrated north in response to American republicanism.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 6.</ref> Many of them migrated northward either because they did not wish to become citizens of the new American republic or because they feared retribution for their public support for the British during the War of Independence.<ref name=":23">Troper, Harold. "Immigration in Canada".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, 19 September 2017, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration. Accessed 30 December 2020.</ref> These included Mohawks and other members of the Six Nations Indians stripped of their lands in the Ohio Valley because they sided with the British during the American Revolution.<ref>Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 2.</ref> The retribution meted out to loyalists in the United States included beatings, imprisonment, and other forms of harassment.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 36. </ref> Among the loyalists who migrated northward were an estimated 2000 members of the aboriginal peoples bordering the Thirteen Colonies who had supported the British cause, believing that an alliance with the British offered the best hope for preserving their independence and protecting their territories from land-hungry colonists.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 40.</ref> Loyalists were allowed to bring their slaves to present-day Canada. Later, the loyalists also included thousands of free(d) black persons, some of whom had heeded a British proclamation issued early in the war offering freedom to any slave who deserted his (''sic'') American master during the Revolution and volunteered to serve with the King's forces. Most of the new black arrivals responded to an offer made late in the conflict that guaranteed that all slaves who made formal claim to protection behind British lines would receive their freedom.<ref name=":24">Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 42.</ref> Upon arrival, many of these black loyalists faced the scourge of racism and dismal agricultural prospects in Nova Scotia, where they primarily settled, and, bitterly disappointed, 1,200 sailed for Sierra Leone to start afresh on the west coast of Africa in 1792.<ref name=":24" /> Nonetheless, over the next century an estimated 30,000 African Americans came to Canada as the final stop on the underground railroad, seeking protection from slavery in that country.<ref name=":6" /> While they received ''de jure'' freedom, they did not always receive ''de facto'' security as attempts were made to illegally kidnap black freemen refugees in Canada and return them to former owners in Southern states.<ref>Henry, Natasha. "Fugitive Slave Act of 1850".  ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', 21 June 2023, ''Historica Canada''. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fugitive-slave-act-of-1850. Accessed 25 February 2024.</ref> While it is the case that black and indigenous persons did flee the United States for Canada, the fact is that a racial logic was at work in the Canadian colonial project which shaped who the regime saw fit to welcome.<ref name=":65">Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 47.</ref> We can see this logic of colonialism in Canada's history, both in terms of how First Nations were treated, but also with how the state responded to ethnic and national outsiders. In the 1700s, the British enacted deliberate policies to reinforce the British character of its North American possessions. This included the forced deportation of French-speaking Acadians from present-day Nova Scotia. In 1755, Lieutenant-Governor Lawrence and his council decided that the Acadians should be dispersed among the several colonies on the continent through forced transhipment. More than 3000 Acadians were transported to southern British colonies in the present-day United States that year. In total, three-quarters of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia was removed. As many as a third of the passengers died on the ships. Many Acadians sought refuge on Prince Edward Island and in Cape Breton, but they gained only temporary respite. In 1758, another British expedition against Louisbourg forced its surrender; 6000 more Acadians were then forcibly removed from their homes.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 34-35.</ref> Some of the homes were then burned. Furthermore, the land grants the Crown awarded to United Empire Loyalists often included territories formerly occupied by the Acadians, thereby preventing the Acadians from returning are reoccupying the lands, for example in the region of Fort Sainte-Anne, now Fredericton, and in the area around the Annapolis River in Nova Scotia, where formerly Acadian lands were granted to settlers from New England beginning in 1759. While the governments in pre-Confederation Canada made explicit efforts to entice persons who can aptly be titled refugees to choose to come to the country, they were generally individuals who hailed from the "right countries" and were of desired races, religions, and nationalities. For example, John Graves Simcoe, the first lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, issued a proclamation in 1792 inviting Americans to emigrate to Upper Canada. This included a special appeal to the members of pacifist religious communities, including Quakers, Mennonites, and Dunkards, which promised them an exemption from military service.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 45-46.</ref> == The emergence of legal restrictions on immigration in colonial Canada == During its earliest centuries, Canada and its colonial forebears had neither an official immigration policy, nor the means to control the movement of individuals at the border.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 14. This speaks to the US experience, which was similar to the Canadian.</ref> This tracks the experience of other western states at the time. In Chetail's summary, the 17th century rise of the nation state, and its implicit corollary—territorial sovereignty—did not generally coincide with the introduction of border controls.<ref name=":41">Chetail, V. (2019). ''International Migration Law''. London, England: Oxford University Press, page 39.</ref> Quite the contrary, the admission of (the right kinds of) foreigners was viewed as a means of strengthening the power of the host state, primarily for demographic and economic reasons. As a result, until the 19th and early 20th centuries, displaced, persecuted, and poor populations in Europe and North America were able to simply move to new jobs and opportunities in new regions.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 6 (para. 2).</ref> While the federal Parliament had been given jurisdiction over "Naturalization and Aliens" pursuant to section 91(25) of the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', Canada's first post-confederation immigration law'','' the 1869 ''Act Respecting Immigration and Immigrants'', reflected the laissez-faire zeitgeist by saying nothing about which classes of immigrants should be admitted and which categories should be proscribed.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 71.</ref> Passports, for example, were not generally required for European and North American travel prior to the First World War.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 5.</ref> Given all of this, defining a refugee was not a major concern for the reigning powers.<ref>Mathilde Crepin, ''The Notion of Persecution in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Relevance for the Protection Needs of Refugees in the 21st Century,'' Dissertation, King’s College London, 2019, <https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/> (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 42 of document’s pagination.</ref> While, from the point of view of western states, people prior to World War I enjoyed a certain freedom of movement in the world, by no means did these comparatively open-door immigration practices result in a practical and non-discriminatory freedom of movement for all. Restrictions on freedom of movement took many forms. Some of the earliest restrictions on movement which were imposed by states were imposed on the ''internal'' movement of both nationals and non-nationals within each state's territory. In Europe such internal migration restrictions were mainly imposed for tax purposes,<ref name=":41" /> and in British North America, as discussed above, one of the principal reasons for such restrictions was the control of the aboriginal population through reserve and pass systems. Furthermore, even at this time, not all migrants were welcomed by Canadian society. Even while all British subjects formally had the right to settle anywhere in the Empire, including the British Dominion of Canada,<ref>Alia Somani, ''Untangling the Strands of Memory: Historicizing the 1914 Komagata Maru Incident and the Concept of Refugeeness'', Chapter 2 in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 55.</ref> as Jan Raska describes, the Canadian government admitted migrants based on prevailing sociocultural, economic, and political views of the ‘desirable’ immigrant.<ref name=":20">Jan Raska, ''Canada’s Refugee Determination System'', Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, August 21, 2020, <https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/canada-s-refugee-determination-system> (Accessed January 1, 2021). </ref> The seemingly ''laissez-faire'' immigration policies of early Canada existed, to an important extent, because of ''de facto'' travel restrictions which particularly limited travel to Canada for those of "undesirable races", not least of which were the lack of economical transportation modes to the new world from anywhere except western Europe for several centuries.<ref name=":65" /> Even for those who were able to migrate to a new country at this time, the comparatively open-door immigration practices did not result in historical refugees enjoying the suite of rights set out in the modern Refugee Convention. For example, as Emma Borland writes, the French Huguenots of the 17th century did not receive an entirely welcoming reception in the United Kingdom and were not granted permanent residence.<ref>Emma Borland, ''Temporal pillars of fairness: reflections on the UK's asylum adjudication regime from an original refugee-centred position'', PhD Thesis, 2020, Cardiff University, <https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/132879/> (Accessed June 30 2021), page 38.</ref> Instead, the Huguenots kept the status of foreigner, rather than being considered ‘subjects’, and therefore had only limited rights in England at that time.<ref>Bernard Cottret, ''The Huguenots in England: Immigration and Settlement C.1550-1700'' (Cambridge University Press 1991) 53.</ref> In any event, the comparatively ''laissez-faire'' attitude towards immigration which had prevailed began to increasingly give way as the capacity of the state to monitor and govern the populace increased.<ref name=":41" /> The concept of asylum took on a newfound importance in the 1800s in Europe as countries began to conclude bilateral treaties committing to extradite criminals, which limited individuals' hitherto freedom to abscond from one state to another. States did see fit to exclude from such extradition regimes those who had perpetrated political crimes, on the basis that they should properly be granted asylum from prosecution.<ref>Laabidi, A and Nacir, R. (2021) Asylum Between Yesterday and Today, A Comparison Between Islamic Law and International Law. Review of International Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(5), [tel:3602-3611 3602-3611]. doi: 10.48047/rigeo.11.05.246, page 3607.</ref> For example, the 1826 ''Registration of Aliens Act'' restricted the British government from deporting political refugees, thus recognizing that a refugee, once granted asylum, could not be returned.<ref name=":73">Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 114.</ref> Similarly, in 1833, Article 6 of the Belgian Extradition Act ('''Loi sur les extraditions''’) enshrined the principle of the non-extradition of any political refugee, with the exception of those refugees who threatened public security.<ref name=":73">Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 114.</ref> The concept of a political asylee in Latin America was similarly codified in a series of regional conventions dating from the 1889 Convention on the International Penal Law.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 103; Siobhán McGuirk, Adrienne Pine, eds., ''Asylum for Sale: Profit and Protest in the Migration Industry'', PM Press: 2020, ISBN: 9781629637822, page 15.</ref> Yet more restrictive immigration policies began to be imposed at the turn of the 20th century, concomitant to the emergence of the modern welfare system. In Thériault's chronology, as states became more financially involved in the welfare of their populations, they became increasingly concerned with the perceived additional burden of new immigrants and refugees.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 18.</ref> Furthermore, increased global mobility at this time began to make racially-inflected concerns about immigration more acute.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 34.</ref> The barriers that states began to erect increasingly affected those who would today be termed refugees; exceptions to Canada’s growing immigration restrictions were generally not made based on the reason why an individual wished to depart their home state. As James Hathaway puts it, "what mattered was not the motive for immigration, but rather the immigrant's potential to contribute to the development of Canada".<ref>Hathaway, James C., 1988. "Selective Concern: An Overview of Refugee Law in Canada", ''McGill Law Journal'' 33, no. 4: 676-715, at 679.</ref> All this said, despite lacking a refugee policy as such, the government occasionally attempted to ease and facilitate the entry of victims of religious and political persecution.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 15.</ref> A number of the people that the Canadian government specifically sought to entice to come to Canada during this period could, incidentally, rightfully be thought of as refugees, including: * In the 1870s and 1880s the Canadian government sought to entice Mennonites to settle in western Canada. The Mennonite search for a new home was precipitated by the introduction of a policy of Russification in the schools of the Ukraine, where they lived, and by the implementation of universal conscription, which went against their pacifist beliefs.<ref name=":25">Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 75.</ref> The Canadian government not only offered them freedom from military service, but also freedom from swearing the oath of allegiance, a requirement which conflicted with their religious beliefs.<ref name=":25" /> The Mennonites were the first non-British group to receive direct financial assistance from the Canadian government to come to Canada.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 37.</ref> 7500 established themselves in Manitoba in the 1870s.<ref>Knowles, V. (2016), Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration and immigration policy, 1540-2015, 4th edn., Toronto: Dundurn Press, 212, as cited in ''Canadian immigration and immigration policy 1867-2020,'' Valerie Knowles, in Ervis Martani and Denise Helly, Asylum and resettlement in Canada, Genova University Press, <https://gup.unige.it/sites/gup.unige.it/files/pagine/Asylum_and_resettlement_in_Canada_ebook.pdf>, page 45.</ref> * Following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in March 1881, violent pogroms took place throughout Russia, and hundreds of Jews were massacred, while others were systematically turned out of their homes and ordered from their villages. At this point, millions of Russians fled in search of refuge.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 99.</ref> Hundreds of them availed themselves of group-settlement opportunities in western Canada. The first party of more than 200 Russian Jewish refugees to arrive in Canada in 1882 faced what Trebilcock and Kelley describe as "formidable obstacles" to their resettlement.<ref name=":52">Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock, ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 75-76.</ref> For example, when the federal government and the Jewish community settled on an appropriate piece of land for the new arrivals, the plan was abandoned after neighbouring Mennonites objected to living beside Jews. Eventually, a number of settlements succeeded and by the turn of the century, the Jewish population of Canada was approximately 17,000, almost ten times that of 1880.<ref name=":52" /> Then, from 1900 to 1921, a further 138,000 Jews immigrated to Canada, many of them refugees fleeing yet further pogroms in Czarist Russia and Eastern Europe.<ref name=":16">Janet Dench, "A Hundred Years of Immigration to Canada, 1900-1999: A Chronology Focusing on Refugees and Discrimination" (2000), online: ''Canadian Council for Refugees'' <https://ccrweb.ca/en/hundred-years-immigration-canada-1900-1999>.</ref> * Persecuted Doukhobors also began to arrive from Russia at this point, as well.<ref name=":16" /> Indigenous people from the United States also immigrated northward. For example, after the Battle at Little Bighorn in what is now the state of Montana in 1876, Sitting Bull’s Dakota (Sioux) forces killed American Lieutenant-Colonel George Armstrong Custer and 262 of his men. Afterwards, facing the full might of the United States army, Sitting Bull tried to negotiate peace, but rejected the Americans’ terms. Then, many Sioux began crossing the border into Canada, near Wood Mountain, SK (then part of the North-West Territories). North-West Mounted Police Inspector James Morrow Walsh met with Sitting Bull in 1877 and assured him protection from the US army in exchange for peaceful compliance of Canadian law. However, the welcome was far from hospitable. The Canadian government, fearful that the chief’s presence would incite intertribal warfare and eager to clear the Prairies for white settlement, refused Sitting Bull’s request for a reserve for his people. An ensuing lack of food gradually induced the Sioux to return to the United States to accept American promises of rations.<ref>Macewan, G. (2017). Sitting Bull. In ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sitting-bull</nowiki></ref> Over time, amendments to Canada's immigration legislation began to explicitly enshrine the country’s discriminatory policies in statute. These amendments were in keeping with the rise of such restrictions in other western countries at this time. indeed, by 1930 every independent state in the Western Hemisphere had passed legislation limiting migration on racial grounds.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 35.</ref> That said, as Somani puts it, racism at the Canadian border was masked by a performance of legality. The intentions of early politicians in Canada was to model this country's political and social institutions and values on the British motherland.<ref>Parasram, A., & Mannathukkaren, N. (2021). Imperial afterlives: citizenship and racial/caste fragility in Canada and India. ''Citizenship Studies'', ''28''(3), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1984494, page 8.</ref> Canada was reluctant to incorporate racial restrictions into its immigration laws too overtly, lest this undermine the notion of a cohesive British empire and undermine geopolitical relationships, say with the Japanese, or lend support to independence movements, for example that in India.<ref>Alia Somani, ''Untangling the Strands of Memory: Historicizing the 1914 Komagata Maru Incident and the Concept of Refugeeness'', Chapter 2 in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 61.</ref> To this end, Canadian policies which ''de facto'' discriminated on the grounds of class, race, sex, and disability<ref>Dirks, Gerald E.. "Immigration Policy in Canada".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, 23 October 2020, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration-policy. Accessed 30 December 2020. See also the discussion of the act passed in 1885 "to restrict and regulate Chinese immigration" (the head-tax act) in Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 71.</ref> were couched in neutral language, as with a power accorded to Cabinet to exclude any class of immigrant where it deemed that such exclusion was “in the best interests of the country”.<ref name=":37">George Melnyk and Christina Parker, ''Finding Refuge in Canada: Narratives of Dislocation'', February 2021, Athabasca University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9781771993029</nowiki>, page 8.</ref> The specific exclusionary measures employed in Canada included: * <u>Documentation requirements:</u> Canada, like many states at the beginning of the 20th century, implemented a requirement that travellers to Canada carry passports. As Kaprielian-Churchill writes, the passport requirement appears to have been implemented for the purposes of exclusion.<ref>Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 282.</ref> It was strictly applied to Asian immigrants, for example, while not being required for more favoured classes of immigrants. I order to enforce such requirements, the government instituted an immigration inspection service at 37 points of entry along the Canada-United States border in the Central Canada District, which stretched from Toronto, Ontario to Prague, Manitoba.<ref>Knowles, V. (2016), Strangers at our gates: Canadian immigration and immigration policy, 1540-2015, 4th edn., Toronto: Dundurn Press, 212, as cited in ''Canadian immigration and immigration policy 1867-2020,'' Valerie Knowles, in Ervis Martani and Denise Helly, Asylum and resettlement in Canada, Genova University Press, <https://gup.unige.it/sites/gup.unige.it/files/pagine/Asylum_and_resettlement_in_Canada_ebook.pdf>, page 48.</ref> *<u>Restrictions based on ethnicity, including r</u><u>acially selective taxation:</u> The Chinese head tax was used to selectively exclude this groups of migrants.<ref name=":6" /> It was first imposed by the ''Chinese Immigration Act'' of 1885, which is described as the first piece of Canadian legislation to exclude immigrants based on ethnic origin.<ref name=":66">CAPIC ACCPI, ''The History of Canadian Immigration Consulting'', Oct. 15 2017, Kindle Edition, North York: ON, ISBN 978-1-7751648-0-0-7.</ref> The head tax on Chinese immigrants was set at $50 in 1885, raised to $100 in 1900,<ref>''An Act respecting and restricting Chinese Immigration,'' SC 1900, c 32, s 6.</ref> and then raised to $500 in 1903.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 144.</ref> In contrast, the standard fare to enter the country for other immigrants was one dollar per passenger over one year of age.<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 297.</ref> That $500 sum would be roughly $12,900 today, was equivalent to the savings from two years’ worth of wages, and was said to be enough to purchase two homes in Montreal. Roughly 97,000 Chinese people paid the tax to come to Canada between 1885 and 1923.<ref>David How, et. al., ''100 Years of Resilience: Reflections on the “Chinese Exclusion Act”'', The Advocate, Vol. 82 Part 1 January 2024, at page 20.</ref> Later, the 1923 ''Chinese Immigration Act'' eliminated the duties placed on earlier Chinese immigrants,<ref name=":66" /> but instead outright prohibited the permanent settlement of almost all Chinese migrants. While exceptions were formally made for diplomats, merchants having invested at least $2,500 in an established business (and their wives),<ref>Robert J. Shalka, ''The Resettlement of Displaced Persons in Canada (1947-1952): Lobbying, Humanitarianism, and Enlightened Self-Interest (Part 2),'' CIHS Bulletin, June 2021, Issue 97, <[https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bulletin-97-June-2021.pdf&hl=en_GB http://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bulletin-97-June-2021.pdf]> (Accessed July 18, 2021), at page 16.</ref> people of Chinese origin born in Canada,<ref>''An Act respecting Chinese Immigration'', SC 1923, c 38, s 5.</ref> and students, only 15 Chinese immigrants were admitted to Canada in the 23 years following this Act.<ref name=":66" /> It was repealed in 1947.<ref>Laura Madokoro, ''Erasing Exclusion: Adrienne Clarkson and the Promise of the Refugee Experience'', Chapter 3 in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 72.</ref> *<u>Restrictions on “races deemed unsuitable to the climate and requirements of Canada”:</u> Section 38(c) of the 1910 Immigration Act allowed the Governor-in-Council to “prohibit ... the landing in Canada ... of immigrants belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada.” Black American immigrants were routinely excluded as being “unsuited to the climate” of Canada.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 81.</ref> The Cabinet of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier approved a formal immigration ban in 1911 excluding immigrants of African descent: “''His Excellency in Council, in virtue of Sub-Section (c) of Section 38 of the Immigration Act, is pleased to Order and it is hereby Ordered as follows: ... For a period of one year from and after the date hereof the landing in Canada shall be and the same is prohibited of any immigrants belonging to the Negro race, which race is deemed unsuitable to climate and requirements of Canada.''”<ref>Order in Council - Décrets du Conseil (12 August 1911), Library and Archives Canada (RG 2-A-1-a, vol 1021, PC 1911-1324), online: <pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/order-in-council-pc-1911-1324> [perma.cc/MT3E-6CPG], as cited in https://cjhr.ca/download/2826/.</ref> Stasiulis argues that this was the first explicitly racial exclusionary policy in the Western Hemisphere and that it was designed to block entry to Black farmers from the United States who were fleeing persecution from the Klu Klux Klan in Oklahoma.<ref>Parasram, A., & Mannathukkaren, N. (2021). Imperial afterlives: citizenship and racial/caste fragility in Canada and India. ''Citizenship Studies'', ''28''(3), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1984494, page 308 (page 9 of article).</ref> Section 38(c) of the 1910 Immigration Act would also be used by the Canadian government to enact and enforce policies that restricted pan-Asian immigration until new regulations were enacted in 1967.<ref name=":89" /> *<u>Racial restrictions on immigration incentive and loan programs:</u> Loan an incentive programs, such as the 1950s Assisted Passage Loan Scheme, provided loans to those who could not afford their own transportation to Canada. Loans were provided to those from Europe, but not to those from Africa or Asia.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 329.</ref> * <u>Restrictions on re-entry to Canada:</u> Following the passage of the 1923 Chinese Immigration Act, pre-existing Chinese immigrants already within Canada were generally permitted to remain, but they could only return to China for a visit if it was a one-way trip.<ref>David How, et. al., ''100 Years of Resilience: Reflections on the “Chinese Exclusion Act”'', The Advocate, Vol. 82 Part 1 January 2024, at page 22.</ref> * <u>Racially-based internment:</u> The internment of Ukrainians was directed at excluding and controlling these migrants.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 127.</ref> Earlier, Chinese persons had been restricted to living in Chinatowns in many parts of Canada.<ref>David How, et. al., ''100 Years of Resilience: Reflections on the “Chinese Exclusion Act”'', The Advocate, Vol. 82 Part 1 January 2024, at page 21.</ref> Japanese Canadians were unable to return to the coast until 1949 following their internment during World War II.<ref name=":89">David How, et. al., ''100 Years of Resilience: Reflections on the “Chinese Exclusion Act”'', The Advocate, Vol. 82 Part 1 January 2024, at page 23.</ref> *<u>Refusal to process immigration paperwork for racial reasons:</u> Of the more than 1 million American immigrants reported to have emigrated to Canada between 1896 and 1911, fewer than 1000 of them were African Americans. Trebilcock and Kelley report that there was relatively limited interest in settling in Canada shown by the African-American community and that the Canadian government did less than nothing to cultivate such interest. On those occasions when department officials or immigration agents were approached by African Americans wishing to emigrate to Canada, government policy was restrictive. At times, requests were simply ignored by Canadian immigration agents or put 'on file' indefinitely.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 156-157.</ref> * <u>Health-based restrictions:</u> Immigration legislation passed in 1906 tightened entry requirements for those who were diagnosed as "insane", "idiotic", or "epileptic".<ref name=":69">''An Act respecting Immigration and Immigrants'', SC 1906, c 19, ss. 24-28, as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 298.</ref> Facially neutral legislative provisions were also employed in discriminatory ways; for example, while nothing in the ''Immigration Act'' specifically barred black Americans, any immigrant could effectively be denied access to Canada for health reasons under the Act's medical provisions. The government in 1911 instructed immigration inspectors along the American border to reject all black persons as unfit for admission on medical grounds. As Harold Troper notes, "there was no appeal."<ref name=":23" /> * <u>Class-based restrictions:</u> In 1879, an order-in-council was passed to prohibit the landing in Canada of "indigents and paupers" unless the master of the ship carrying them deposited sufficient funds to provide temporary assistance and cover inland travel expenses.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 82.</ref> Then with the 1906 ''Act respecting Immigration and Immigrants'' Parliament tightened the entry requirements for those deemed to be "paupers" or "destitute".<ref name=":69" /> The government amended the ''Immigration Act'' in 1910 to prohibit all "charity cases" who had not received written authority to immigrate to Canada from the superintendent of immigration at Ottawa or the assistant superintendent of emigration for Canada in London. As Valerie Knowles writes, this clause was inspired by the large number of impoverished British immigrants who had arrived in Canada with the assistance of charitable organizations eager to rid Britain of paupers and to provide them with a new start in Canada.<ref name=":26">Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 111.</ref> * <u>Restrictions based on the manner of coming to Canada:</u> Canada used facially neutral legislation regarding the manner in which individuals came to Canada to discriminate against racial minorities. The ''Chinese Immigration Act'' of 1885 limited the number of Chinese persons a ship could carry to one for every fifty tons of cargo, as compared to one European for every two tons of cargo.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 98.</ref> Later, the 1906 “continuous journey regulation” authorized the Minister to prohibit entry of immigrants unless they came to Canada from the country of their birth or citizenship "by a continuous journey on through tickets purchased before leaving the country" (the wording was subsequently amended slightly).<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 149.</ref> This regulation famously prohibited the landing of all but 20 of the 376 passengers, most of whom were Sikhs, on the SS Komagata Maru in 1914.<ref>Alia Somani, ''Untangling the Strands of Memory: Historicizing the 1914 Komagata Maru Incident and the Concept of Refugeeness'', Chapter 2 in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 56.</ref> The boat was not allowed to dock in Vancouver, and, after a two-month stalemate, the Komagata Maru was forced to turn around and sail back across the Pacific Ocean. While these would-be immigrants had not started out as refugees,<ref>George Melnyk and Christina Parker, ''Finding Refuge in Canada: Narratives of Dislocation'', February 2021, Athabasca University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9781771993029</nowiki>, page 9.</ref> 26 of its passengers were killed by the British Indian police upon arrival in India,<ref name=":66" /> who suspected that the passengers had become aligned with a group based in North America that was committed to the overthrow of the British Raj in India.<ref name=":6" /> This continuous journey rule had particular implications for refugees, regardless of race, because its requirement that tickets be purchased in the country of birth or in Canada, an impossible requirement for most refugees who, by definition, would be loath to return to their country to embark on a voyage to Canada.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 90.</ref> Furthermore, the restrictive intent behind the continuous journey rule was exemplified by actions that the Canadian government took to stop the only direct ship service between India and Canada, the Canadian Pacific shipping line's Calcutta-Vancouver service.<ref name=":66" /> Later, the federal government would come to prohibit the landing of "skilled and unskilled workers" in Western seaports in 1913; that restriction had predictable racial effects considering who it was who was likely to arrive in Canada via the Pacific ocean.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 187.</ref> Another Canadian interdiction effort from the early 1900s involved authorities responding to consternation among prairie residents about a possible influx of African-American settlers<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 145.</ref> by instructing railway staff not to sell train tickets to Black people coming from the US.<ref name=":34">Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 88.</ref> * <u>Religious restrictions:</u> For a three-year period starting in 1919, Doukhobors, Mennonites, and Hutterites were specifically prohibited entry into Canada because of, in the words of the relevant order-in-council, "their peculiar customs, habits, modes of life and methods of holding property, and because of their probable inability to become readily assimilated or to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship within a reasonable time after their entry."<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 135.</ref> The Hutterites are said to have provoked particular resentment in Canada at this time on account of their pacifism and consequent refusal to bear arms in the World War.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 128.</ref> *<u>Sex-based policies:</u> In 1938, male residents of Canada who were able to support their intended wives were able to sponsor a fiancée. Female residents of Canada were not extended the same ability to sponsor a spouse.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 254-255.</ref> Canada's 1947 ''Citizenship Act'' permitted Canadian women who married non-Canadians to retain their citizenship, but these women could not pass on their Canadian citizenship to their children born abroad, since those children were presumed to receive their citizenship from the responsible parent, their father.<ref>''Bjorkquist et al. v. Attorney General of Canada,'' 2023 ONSC 7152 (CanLII), at para 128, <https://canlii.ca/t/k1vdj#par128>, retrieved on 2023-12-28.</ref> *<u>Political-opinion-based restrictions:</u> In 1910, the Immigration Act was amended to provide for the exclusion and deportation of those professing anarchist views.<ref>Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 13.</ref> Exceptions to these restrictive policies were made for those with temporary status in Canada, for example fifteen thousand Chinese men were brought to Canada to construct the country's first transcontinental railroad.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2021, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 158.</ref> However, exceptions were generally not made based on the reason why an individual wished to depart their home state - indeed, until the 1970s, Canada made no formal distinction between refugees and other migrants.<ref name=":37" /> == League of Nations era == It was in the wake of the First World War and the Russian Revolution that the term "refugee" came to be widely used. While the term "refugee" does date to the 17th century, it had not been widely used until this point. It was during the 1920s that the term "refugee" began to emerge with more frequency and long-standing "competitor terms", like asylum, protection, and hospitality, began to be "relegated to oblivion". As Hamlin describes it, the term refugee "was a product of this period."<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 36.</ref> Amidst rising public concern about this issue, and in response to an appeal from the International Committee of the Red Cross,<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 19.</ref> Member states of the League of Nations approved the creation of a refugee office in 1921 and appointed Fridtjof Nansen as the first High Commissioner for Refugees.<ref name=":31">Peter Gatrell, Anindita Ghoshal, Katarzyna Nowak & Alex Dowdall (2021) ''Reckoning with refugeedom: refugee voices in modern history'', Social History, 46:1, 70-95, DOI: 10.1080/03071022.2021.1850061 . </ref> In 1922, Nansen created the so-called 'Nansen Passport' for Russian refugees.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 6 (para. 1).</ref> This was an international identity certificate facilitating the movement and resettlement of refugees uprooted by the events of World War I, the Russian revolution, and the Armenian genocide in Turkey. This institutional innovation provided several million post-WWI European refugees with a way to seek protection and assistance.<ref name=":31" /> It has also been pinpointed as the beginning of international refugee law.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, <nowiki>https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135</nowiki> at page 8.</ref> In 1925, the Refugee Service of the International Labor Organization (ILO) took on responsibility for issuing these Nansen Passports. Five years later, following Nansen's death, the League of Nations abolished the position of the High Commissioner<ref>Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 121.</ref> and entrusted this humanitarian aspect of refugee work to the Nansen International Office for Refugees, or International Refugee Office for short.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 20.</ref><ref>Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 284.</ref> Thériault states that at first it was generally assumed that the refugee problem was temporary and that countries voluntarily afforded refugees relatively generous benefits. However, by the late 1920s, European states began to recognize the enduring nature of the refugee problem and increasingly refused to integrate refugees. This led to a shift in international refugee law, as efforts to have states adopt agreements that imposed substantial obligations, such as the 1922 and 1924 arrangements regarding the issuance of the Nansen Passport to Russian and Armenian refugees, began to meet with limited state interest.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2> (Accessed July 10, 2021), pages 21-22.</ref> Canada, for one, refused to sign onto any of these international initiatives.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 89.</ref> The Canadian government steadfastly refused to recognize the Nansen Passport on the basis that Canada would only accept such passport bearers if they were returnable to another country in the event that they became criminals or insane, something that Kaprielian-Churchill describes as a smokescreen and means of rejecting refugees.<ref>Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 281.</ref> In fact, even once other countries strove to accommodate the Canadian demand for returnability, Canadian officials continued to refuse refugees, finding other grounds for rejection.<ref>Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 290.</ref> In 1931, Canadian officials spoke with pride that only "a dozen refugees" had been admitted to Canada on the League of Nations' Nansen Passport.<ref name=":19">Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203 at page 297.</ref> In order to address the fact that the agreements underpinning the Nansen Passport lacked the status of treaty law,<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 13 (para. 26).</ref> the League of Nations convened an international conference in 1933 to negotiate a ''Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees''. Canada had remained a colony of the British Empire until 1931, meaning that there was no such thing as “Canadian foreign policy” before then, as Britain did not permit its colonies to sign treaties, form alliances, or pretty much interact in any meaningful way with other countries without London’s approval.<ref>Canadian Foreign Policy, ''The Canada Guide'', 2021 <https://thecanadaguide.com/basics/foreign-policy/> (Accessed December 25, 2021).</ref> In 1931, the U.K. passed the Statute of Westminster giving its self-governing white colonies the right to make their own foreign policy choices. It is thus of some significance that, two years later, Canada neither attended the conference which negotiated the ''Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees'', nor subscribed to the ensuing agreement.<ref>Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 291.</ref> Nonetheless, this Convention is remembered as the first attempt to create a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of refugees<ref>Tamta Zaalishvili, ''Multifaceted Asylum Triangle: Does Fragmentation of the Right to Asylum and the Non-Refoulement Rule Deters the Functioning of Equitable and Predictable Burden- and Responsibility-Sharing Mechanism on Refugees?'', Groningen Journal of International Law, 9(1), 2021, 174–194, <https://doi.org/10.21827/grojil.9.1.174-194>, at page 180.</ref> and the time the principle of ''non-refoulement'' was first incorporated into international law.<ref>Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 122.</ref> The League of Nations did take steps related to the international protection of minorities, something that is said, in retrospect, to have been one of the evident origins of the post-WWII refugee regime.<ref>Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024; eeae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025, at page 7.</ref> The stark limits on Canada's willingness to take in refugees can be illustrated by looking at the main refugee groups that sought sanctuary during this period. As Irving Abella and Petra Molnar write, xenophobia and anti-semitism permeated Canada and "there was little public support for, and much opposition to, the admission of refugees [to the end of the Second World War]".<ref name=":6" /> For example, in the 1930s Canada restricted the admission of European Jews who sought safe haven from antisemitism and the emergence of fascism in Germany, but welcomed Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia in search of refuge given that they were considered to be more "desirable" immigrants.<ref name=":20" /> Armenian refugees were also subject to Canada's exclusionary policies. The Ottoman Empire began the mass killing, relocation, and deportation of its Armenian population in 1915. This claimed more than 1 million lives and resulted in more than half a million displaced persons. While 80,000 Armenian refugees would receive sanctuary in France, and 23,000 in the United States, fewer than 1,300 were admitted to Canada.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 205.</ref> Canada justified its restrictive resettlement policies by employing a narrow definition of who qualified for refugee protection (to the extent that it discussed the categorization whatsoever). For example, when Jewish organizations in Canada asked the Canadian government for permission to resettle Jewish refugees displaced in Europe, the government demurred, claiming that, since many had left Russia with the consent of the authorities, they could not be considered refugees.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 204.</ref> Canada also did not support efforts to expand the conception of who was entitled to refuge. In 1938, the US government brought together 30 countries for a conference on the subject of the worsening refugee situation in Europe. Canada was a reluctant participant, tarrying for months before accepting the US invitation to attend the Evian, France event. Valerie Knowles describes Canada's participation at the summer 1938 conference as having been "minimal" and states that it was to Canada's relief that the delegates at the conference accomplished little more than to produce a statement of lofty principles not actually necessitating more liberal immigration policies.<ref name=":28">Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 153.</ref> The work of the Nansen International Office for Refugees, or IRO, was halted this year, largely due to the position of the USSR, and despite the about 600 thousand refugees still under the Office's protection.<ref>Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 123.</ref> That said, the separate Office of the High Commissioner of the League of Nations for Refugees continued to operate until 1946.<ref>Aleshkovski, I. A., Botcharova, Z. S., & Grebenyuk, A. (2021). The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars. In Social Evolution & History (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Uchitel Publishing House. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05</nowiki> at page 125.</ref> The Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (ICR) that was established that year, mandated to assist Jews from Germany and Austria, operated without Canadian involvement.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 9.</ref> Nonetheless, one aspect of Evian's legacy is that it is seen as a key moment in what Hathaway has called "the individualization of refugee law", because when the ICR was founded, it set forth a definition of a refugee that focused for the first time on why people were being displaced, something that would come to influence the 1951 Refugee Convention.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, pages 39-40.</ref> Canada also appears to have disregarded the notion of ''refoulement'' in its deportation decisions. For example, in its zeal to expel Communists, Canada removed persons who would be persecuted in their home countries. Hans Kist reportedly died of torture in a German concentration camp after being sent to that country from Canada.<ref name=":53">Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 248.</ref> Kelley and Trebilcock write that many activists sent to fascist countries such as Italy, Germany, Finland, and Croatia were also in danger of losing their lives upon return.<ref name=":53" /> That said, some people appropriately regarded as refugees did move to Canada during this time through Canada's regular immigration streams. In fact, Prime Minister Mackenzie King asserted that between 1932 and 1943 most of the immigrants who entered Canada were refugees.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 262.</ref> For example, between 1923 and 1930 close to 20,000 Mennonites from Russia were permitted to settle in Canada. As Kelley and Trebilcock set out the history, German-speaking Mennonite refugees from Russia came to Canada to escape hardship they were experiencing following the Russian revolution. Their refusal to take up arms during the revolution had alienated and angered both sides of the conflict, and Mennonites increasingly became the victims of brutal assaults and intimidation, which continued after the civil war ended. Throughout the 1920s, land expropriation, official intolerance of their religion, and threats of forcible relocation to Siberia prompted thousands to seek a safe haven elsewhere.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 199.</ref> == WWII-era refugee policies == Canadian refugee policy continued to be marked by antisemitism and xenophobia throughout the Second World War. Sanctuary was provided to many persons of favoured ethnicities, principally the British, and was denied to others. At the beginning of the war, Canada began to allow for the admission of British children in danger overseas. The government agreed to the admission of 5,000 British children and their mothers and more than 4,500 British children and 1,000 mothers came to Canada. The movement was abruptly terminated in 1940 when two ships carrying children to Canada were torpedoed.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 269.</ref> Entry for non-British persons was not facilitated in the same way. For example, a visible manifestation of the antisemitism which marked Canada's immigration and refugee policy at this time was the 1939 decision to deny admission to 930 Jewish refugees on the SS St. Louis seeking asylum from Nazi Germany. These refugees were instead sent back to what awaited them in Germany. When, later in the war, in 1943, Canada did announce that it intended to admit some Jewish refugees who had made their way to the Iberian peninsula, this is said to have "ignited a storm of protest from anti-refugee interests". Quebec opposition leader Maurice Duplessis held rallies in which he charged that that provincial and federal Liberals were set to allow the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to, in his words, settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec in return for election financing.<ref name=":27">Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 150.</ref> Ultimately, Canada admitted fewer than 5,000 Jewish refugees during the Second World War, something Trebilcock and Kelley call one of the worst records of any democracy in providing assistance to the persecuted Jews of Europe.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 260.</ref> In contrast, the US allowed 240,000, Britain 85,000, China 25,000, Argentina and Brazil over 25,000 each, and Mexico and Colombia received some 40,000 between them.<ref name=":6">Irving Abella and Petra Molnar, ''Refugees'', The Canadian Encyclopedia, June 21, 2019, <https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/refugees> (Accessed May 9, 2020).</ref> When a Canadian immigration official was asked how many Jews the country would admit after the war, their famous response was, “None is too many.”<ref>Marlene Epp, “Refugees in Canada: A Brief History,” Immigration And Ethnicity In Canada 35 (2017), <https://cha-shc.ca/_uploads/5c374fb005cf0.pdf> (Accessed May 9, 2020), at 8 and Noakes, Taylor. "None Is Too Many".  ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', 21 July 2022, ''Historica Canada''. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/none-is-too-many. Accessed 25 February 2024.</ref> Measures were also employed to exclude and restrict persons considered "enemy aliens" during the Second World War. Canada enacted mass internment policies that placed so-called German enemy aliens - Nazi sympathizers and Jewish refugees alike - into camps.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 19.</ref> Regulations under the War Measures Act also restricted entry by Japanese immigrants, provided for the deportation of Canadian citizens of Japanese descent,<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 84.</ref> and effected the internment of Japanese persons.<ref name=":6" /> In February 1942 the government ordered the expulsion of some 22,000 Japanese Canadians from a 100-mile swath of the Pacific Coast. The majority were relocated in the interior of British Columbia, often in detention camps in isolated ghost towns. Japanese Canadians were forced to remain in these detention camps until the end of the war. Then, after the conclusion of hostilities, about 4,000 would surrender to pressure and leave Canada for Japan under the federal government's "repatriation" scheme. Of these, more than half were Canadian-born and two-thirds were Canadian citizens.<ref name=":28" /> During the war, the British government also transported 2,500 "enemy aliens" to Canada. For the most part, these were German and Austrian nationals, many of them highly educated Jews, who had been living in Great Britain when the war erupted. Valerie Knowles describes their reception in Canada as follows:<blockquote>The Canadian government agreed to receive these male civilian internees in the belief that it would be assisting hard-pressed Britain by accepting custody of a number of "potentially dangerous enemy aliens". Canadian authorities were therefore astonished to see a large assortment of teenage boys, university students, priests, and rabbis step ashore at Quebec. Despite their misgivings, however, the Canadians proceeded to place all in camps that resembled maximum security prisons. And it was here that scientists, theologians, musicians, teachers, artists, and writers, among others, would be forced to bide their time for months to come.<ref name=":27" /></blockquote>Knowles notes that, fortunately for these prisoners, the British government soon realized that it had done a possibly grave injustice to many of the internees and initiated steps to have them released. In 1945, Canada reclassified these one-time prisoners as "Interned Refugees (Friendly Aliens) from the United Kingdom" and invited them to become Canadian citizens. 972 chose to do so.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 151.</ref> While Canada admitted a limited number of refugees during WWII, the number of refugees and displaced persons in other countries at this point was high: globally 175 million people—approximately 8 percent of the world population—were displaced in the aftermath of World War II.<ref>Fransen, S., & Haas, H. (2021). Trends and Patterns of Global Refugee Migration. In Population and Development Review. Wiley. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12456</nowiki></ref> How to respond to them in a post-war environment became an increasing preoccupation of the Allied powers. == United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) == In 1943, with the end of World War II in sight, the allied powers began to lay the foundations of a post-war refugee regime. In that year, they established the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) in preparation for the liberation of Europe.<ref name=":30">Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 21.</ref> The War had created a refugee crisis of at least 10 million, and perhaps as many as 14 million, stateless persons in Europe alone.<ref>The number of "at least 10 million" is provided in Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 7. The number "perhaps 14 million" is provided in Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 11.</ref> At war’s end, there were over a million displaced persons and refugees in crowded shelters maintained by United Nations agencies in Europe. Some of these people were concentration camp survivors, others were individuals who had been dispatched to labour camps in Germany and Austria, and still others were those refusing to be repatriated to communist regimes.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 157.</ref> Canada provided funding to the UNRRA, which operated more than 800 displaced persons camps in Europe;<ref>Robert J. Shalka, ''The Resettlement of Displaced Persons in Canada (1947-1952),'' in Canadian Immigration Historical Society, Bulletin 96, March 2021, <http://cihs-shic.ca/bulletin-96-march-2021/> (Accessed April 17, 2021), page 8.</ref> distributed about $4 billion worth of goods, food, medicine, and tools, at a time of severe global shortage; and focused on the repatriation of displaced persons back to their home countries in Europe in 1945-46.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 155.</ref> The activities of the UNRRA immediately began to be enmeshed in Cold War politics. The organization was faced with large numbers of displaced persons who were reluctant to return to countries where communist parties were taking a firm hold. Many Polish, Ukrainian, and Baltic persons were thus residing in camps, asking to be referred to a non-communist country, as opposed to their country of citizenship. Soviet officials objected to any willingness to countenance such demands. While the UNRRA was returning large numbers of displaced persons to their countries against their will at this point - perhaps some 2 million<ref name=":81">Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 23.</ref> - this was becoming increasingly untenable.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 22.</ref> Many of those being returned were fearful of returning to Stalin's Russia, and indeed significant numbers were executed and/or sent to labour camps.<ref name=":81">Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 23.</ref> In response to this situation, in December 1946 Western governments decided to stop funding the UNRRA and to transfer the task of organizing resettlement work from the UNRRA to a new entity, the International Refugee Organization. Unlike the UNRRA, the IRO had no Soviet participation<ref name=":31" /> and its chief function was not repatriation, but instead the overseas resettlement of refugees and displaced persons.<ref name=":58">Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 34.</ref> The 1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization made some of this political context clear by denying protection to those who had collaborated with Axis countries, committed extraditable crimes, or engaged in the subversion of UN Member States.<ref>Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024; eeae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025, at page 8.</ref> As Shauna Labman writes, it was at this point that the focus of refugee law and institutions shifted from an individual's ''inability'' to return home to their ''unwillingness'' to return home.<ref name=":30" /> In retrospect, this move to accommodate those with objections to returning to communist countries represented a sea-change in the international approach to refugees. Previously, international organizations had dealt only with specific groups of refugees, such as Russian or German refugees, and, in Gil Loescher's words, governments had never attempted to formulate a general definition of the term 'refugee'. For the first time, therefore, with the establishment of the IRO, the international community was making refugee eligibility dependent on the individual rather than group membership and accepted the individual's right to flee from political persecution to a safe country.<ref name=":58" /> Alan Nash situates this within the politics of the time, noting that the West was seeking to legitimate its refusal to repatriate by developing the principle of ''non-refoulement'', which had heretofore featured little in previous refugee agreements by using an approach to managing refugees that extended relief to those who were unable or unwilling to adapt to the ideologies of their own countries and for whom continued residence there was intolerable.<ref name=":86" /> To achieve its mandate, the IRO had its own specialized staff, a fleet of more than 40 ships, and, most importantly, the political and economic support of the developed world. With the opening up of this IRO resettlement program, the number of repatriations to Eastern Europe was reduced to a small trickle and the IRO began operations that would relocate more than 1 million Europeans to the Americas, Israel, Southern Africa, and Oceania.<ref>Hathaway, James C. ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 27.</ref> After the Second World War, the Canadian government began to receive more pressure both domestically and internationally to fulfill its humanitarian responsibility of hosting displaced persons.<ref>Mark Rook, ''Identifying Better Refugee Policies for an Evolving Crisis'', April 21, 2020, University of Pennsylvania Honors Thesis, <https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ppe_honors> (Accessed May 9, 2020), page 128.</ref> In 1946, the Canadian government signed an order-in-council that allowed Canadians to sponsor displaced family members in Europe.<ref name=":5">Marlene Epp, “Refugees in Canada: A Brief History,” The Canadian Historical Association Immigration And Ethnicity In Canada Series 35 (2017), <https://cha-shc.ca/_uploads/5c374fb005cf0.pdf> (Accessed May 9, 2020), at 10.</ref> In 1947, Canada began to accept refugee referrals from the International Refugee Organization.<ref name=":7">Shauna Labman, ''Refugee Protection in Canada: Resettlement's Role'', Canadian Diversity Magazine, Volume 17 No. 2 2020, <https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/79384/Labman%203C.pdf?sequence=1> (Accessed June 20, 2020), at page 7 of the document.</ref> Canada also deployed its own immigration officers overseas for the purposes of selecting from among the displaced persons.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 45 (para. 14).</ref> Collectively, these arrivals comprised what was called the Displaced Persons Movement, which successfully resettled 186,154 persons to Canada over the course of six years.<ref name=":5" /> Of these, 100,000 entered Canada between 1947 and 1951 through what were termed labour-sponsored movements whereby an employer could show the government that a job could not be filled locally and the government in turn would have the IRO refer two or three potential immigrants from among available refugees for each needed labourer.<ref name=":55">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 340-341.</ref> During the four and a half years of IRO operations, Canada would accept 12% of all refugees resettled by the organization, when compared to Australia at 18%, Israel at 13%, and Britain at 8%.<ref name=":58" /> The terminology used at this time is not consistent: at times 'displaced persons' were contrasted with refugees in that displaced persons were those willing to return to their country of nationality post-war whereas refugees were not;<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 134.</ref> at times the terms 'refugee' and 'displaced person' were used as synonyms; and at times the term 'displaced persons' was used to refer to what we now think of as 'internally displaced persons', in contrast to 'refugees' who had fled across a border from their home state.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 135.</ref> When announcing the government's willingness to allow the movement of war survivors to Canada on May 1 1947, Prime Minister Mackenzie King articulated the government's position as follows: "It is not a 'fundamental human right' of any alien to enter Canada. It is a privilege. It is a matter of domestic policy. Immigration is subject to the control of the parliament of Canada."<ref>Statement to the House of Commons, May 1, 1947, as cited in Kaprielian-Churchill, I. (1994). Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport. ''International Migration Review'', ''28''(2), 281–306. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800203</nowiki> at page 297.</ref> Despite such protestations to the contrary, this speech is seen as the beginning of Canada accommodating the concept of human rights enshrined in the then-new United Nations Charter. For example, in deference to the UN Charter, Mackenzie King announced that the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 would be repealed and that Chinese residents of Canada would be able to apply for naturalization.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 163.</ref> Similarly, it was at this time that Canada was involved in discussions about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which would emerge in 1948 recognizing that “everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.”<ref>Smieszek M. (2021) Rights of Asylum: Overview of International and European Laws Concerning Inclusion and Exclusion. In: The Evolving Psyche of Law in Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74413-7_2 at 2.2.</ref> Despite this growing accommodation to human rights rhetoric, King's realpolitik was reflected in Canada's actions: the tens of thousands of displaced persons that Canada accepted during this post-war period were "carefully selected, and most of them would have satisfied our standards if they had been applying as immigrants", according to one contemporary author.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 34.</ref> Furthermore, it is arguable that the Holocaust had surprisingly little effect on refugee policies in the immediate post-war decades, especially in comparison to the effect of Cold War power politics on Canada's actions.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 21.</ref> 1947 also saw the birth of the concept of Canadian citizenship, with the coming into force of the ''Canadian Citizenship Act'' that January''.''<ref>''Taylor v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1053 (CanLII), at para 2, <https://canlii.ca/t/1p7ch#par2>, retrieved on 2021-09-05.</ref> Before the Citizenship Act, the people of this country were British subjects. The new Act eliminated the classification "British subject"<ref name=":66" /> and merged the pre-existing legal concepts of “nationality” and “citizenship” into a single status, that of “Canadian citizen”, and in so doing sought to create a unifying symbol for Canadians.<ref>''Taylor v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1053 (CanLII), at para 122, <https://canlii.ca/t/1p7ch#par122>, retrieved on 2021-09-11.</ref> == The founding of the UNHCR, negotiation of the Refugee Convention, and growing refugee intake == The International Refugee Organization had a time-limited mandate. The assumption of the international community was that refugees and displaced persons were a creation of war, hence an end to the fighting would mean an end to the existence of such individuals.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 129.</ref> However, as the IRO's June 1950 termination date neared, refugees continued to abound in Europe. Indeed, they were increasingly arriving across Western European borders from the Eastern Bloc.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 10.</ref> As a result, on December 3, 1949, the UN General Assembly decided to establish the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).<ref name=":61" /> A year later, on December 14, 1950, the ''Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'' was passed by the UN General Assembly, which defined the UNHCR's mandate to provide for the protection of refugees and forcibly displaced people and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local assimilation, or resettlement to a third country.<ref>Mark Rook, ''Identifying Better Refugee Policies for an Evolving Crisis'', April 21, 2020, University of Pennsylvania Honors Thesis, <https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ppe_honors> (Accessed May 9, 2020), page 6.</ref> The UNHCR began its work on January 1, 1951 with a staff of 99 and a budget of $300,000.<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 79.</ref> It ha a humanitarian mandate and was to be of an entirely non-political character.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 5.</ref> At that point, the IRO was engaged in an extended wind-up of its operations, which it completed in 1952.<ref>Chetail, V. (2019). ''International Migration Law''. London, England: Oxford University Press, page 58.</ref> The UNHCR, too, was intended to be temporary, with the UN General Assembly giving the organization a 3-year mandate to address the needs of displaced Europeans from World War II.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, <nowiki>https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135</nowiki> at page 1.</ref> At the same time, negotiation of what would become the foundational treaty for modern refugee protection, the 1951 ''United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'', was underway. The preparatory work for the Convention started in 1948,<ref>Terje Einarsen, ‘Drafting History of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), ''The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary'' (OUP 2011).</ref> with the initiation of the UN Secretary-General’s ‘Study on Statelessness’.<ref name=":57">Giladi, R. (August 2021). ''Jews, sovereignty, and International Law: Ideology and ambivalence in early Israeli legal diplomacy''. Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198857396, page 229.</ref> The first round of negotiations in the drafting of the Refugee Convention then began through what was termed the ''Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems,'' which was appointed by the UN Economic and Social Council on 8 August 1949.<ref name=":51">Smieszek M. (2021) The Conflicted Making of International Refugee Law. In: The Evolving Psyche of Law in Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74413-7_4, at 4.5.</ref> The ''Ad Hoc'' Committee was said to comprise a small circle of government representatives possessing ‘special competence’ on the subject, in the words of the relevant ECOSOC resolution.<ref>ECOSOC Res.248(IX) (8 August 1949).</ref> It was mandated to consider, and act on, the recommendations made in the Secretary-General’s ‘Study on Statelessness’.<ref name=":57" /> Cold War politics were felt during these discussions largely through the absence of the eastern block countries—the USSR and Poland first ‘walked out’ and then boycotted the ''Ad Hoc'' Committee in protest of the participation of (Nationalist) China.<ref>Giladi, R. (August 2021). ''Jews, sovereignty, and International Law: Ideology and ambivalence in early Israeli legal diplomacy''. Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198857396, page 238.</ref> The committee, chaired by Canadian Leslie Chance, met from 16 January to 16 February 1950, and prepared the first draft of a refugee convention.<ref>Molloy, M. J., & Madokoro, L. (2017). Effecting Change: Civil Servants and Refugee Policy in 1970s Canada. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''33''(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40448, page 53.</ref> The ''Ad Hoc'' Committee then provided its report to the Social Committee of the UN Economic and Social Council. Discussions among the 15 country representatives on the Social Committee then took place over the course of eight meetings from 31 July to 10 August 1950.<ref name=":51" /> A draft text was voted on by ECOSOC, and the text then passed to the UN General Assembly. On December 14, 1950, the General Assembly debated and then adopted a draft of the text by 41 votes to 5, with 10 abstentions.<ref>Smieszek M. (2021) The Conflicted Making of International Refugee Law. In: The Evolving Psyche of Law in Europe. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74413-7_4, at 4.7.</ref> From there, a committee entitled the ''UN Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons'' was formed to conduct the final negotiations on the Convention.<ref>Ira, L. Frank. (1977). “Effect of the 1967 United Nations Protocol on the Status of Refugees in the United States.” The International Lawyer, Volume 11, Number 2, American Bar Association, at 294.</ref> The much-discussed ''travaux préparatoires'' of the Refugee Convention are from these meetings, which ran from July 2 to July 25, 1951, with the Convention being signed three days later on July 28.<ref>United Nations, ''Final Act of the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons'', 25 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3e2becbb4.html [accessed 3 August 2021]</ref> Pursuant to this Refugee Convention, refugee status was a label held by individuals on the grounds of their personal circumstances. This contrasted with earlier definitions that had generally applied to all nationals of a particular state or persons of a particular ethnic group from that state, and in so doing required the asylum seeker to provide a more personalized account of their experiences as well as the general situation in the country of origin. Thereby, the scope of protection was narrowed and the importance of individual screenings increased.<ref>Karin Åberg, ''Examining the Vulnerability Procedure: Group-based Determinations at the EU Border'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, September 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdab011, page 16.</ref> Cold War politics played an important role in the countries that participated in this conference—while 26 nations attended the negotiations,<ref name=":85">Cohen GD. The Post-war Refugee Problem and Its Repercussions for 2015. Journal of Modern European History. February 2022. doi:10.1177/16118944221077424</ref> other than Yugoslavia, no Soviet bloc country was present.<ref>Giladi, R. (August 2021). ''Jews, sovereignty, and International Law: Ideology and ambivalence in early Israeli legal diplomacy''. Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198857396, page 241.</ref> While the Soviet Union had wanted a different approach from the individualized one that emerged from the conference, its absence from the negotiations led to Western nations prevailing in stressing the search for individual liberty as the central feature of refugee protection.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 57.</ref> A contrasting Soviet view can be see in that country's 1976 Constitution:<blockquote>'''Article 38.''' The USSR grants the right of asylum to foreigners persecuted for defending the interests of the working people and the cause of peace, or for participation in the revolutionary and national-liberation movement, or for progressive social and political, scientific, or other creative activity.</blockquote>Canada was seen to be a leader at the conference drafting the Convention: it was one of twenty-six countries to send a delegate to participate in the conference;<ref name=":20" /> a Canadian, Leslie Chance, chaired the conference;<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 35.</ref> Canada was the country in the Americas that presented the most proposals during the process of drafting the Convention, voicing comments during discussions that were otherwise dominated by the European states; and Canada was a part of the working group vested with the responsibility of drafting arguably the key part of the Convention - the definition of a refugee in Art. 1 of the document.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Regional Developments: Americas'', at p. 210 (para. 19).</ref> Canadian chairman Leslie Chance reported “we have been regarded throughout as taking a forward attitude.”<ref name=":2">As quoted in Christopher Anderson, “Restricting Rights, Losing Control: The Politics of Control over Asylum Seekers in Liberal Democratic States – Lessons from the Canadian Case, 1951-1989,” ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'', 43.4 (2010): 945.</ref> As an aside, Chance's statement could be regarded as somewhat self-serving given the shifting positions Canada took at the conference, for example arguing, ''contra'' France and the United Kingdom, for the inclusion of temporal and geographical limitations in the Convention, prior to flipping that position and arguing against such restrictions.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 56 (para. 38).</ref> In any event, Canada did ultimately advocate at the conference "in favour of the widest possible definition" and took the position that "the purpose of the Convention was to protect refugees, not states."<ref>Conference of Plenipotentiaries, UN Doc. A/CONF.2/SR.21 (1951), p. 6. See also Krause, U. Colonial roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its effects on the global refugee regime. ''J Int Relat Dev'' (2021). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9</nowiki> at page 16.</ref> The ensuing Convention provides a definition of a refugee and outlines the rights to which such people are entitled. The rights are a series of claims individuals can make against states: principally, the right not to be forcibly returned to a country in which there is a risk of serious harm (''non-refoulement''), as well as, for those recognized as refugees, key civil, political, economic, and social rights.<ref>Betts, Alexander, and Paul Collier. ''Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World''. 2017: New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Page 37.</ref> While other Commonwealth states like Australia and Britain ratified this resultant Convention, Canada declined to do so.<ref>Giladi, R. (August 2021). ''Jews, sovereignty, and International Law: Ideology and ambivalence in early Israeli legal diplomacy''. Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198857396, page 262.</ref> By way of explanation, then Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson announced that the government was concerned the Convention would give the refugee “the right to be represented in the hearing of his appeal against deportation” and, further, that the Convention would “grant rights to communists or to other persons who believed in the destruction of fundamental human rights and freedoms.”<ref name=":2" /> The Canadian government also noted with concern that, "some sections of the Convention appeared to prohibit states from deporting 'bona fide' refugees, even on grounds of national security".<ref>Gerald E Dirks, ''Canada's Refugee Policy: Indifference or Opportunism'' (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977), 180.</ref> This reflected the RCMP’s belief that the Convention would restrict Canada’s right to deport refugees on security grounds and the government’s suspicion that the International Refugee Organization was infiltrated by communists.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 345.</ref> Without Canada, the Refugee Convention entered into force on April 22, 1954.<ref>UNHCR, ''States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol'', <https://www.unhcr.org/protection/basic/3b73b0d63/states-parties-1951-convention-its-1967-protocol.html> (Accessed August 28, 2020).</ref> Despite not signing the Convention, in the ensuing years Canada inexorably became more involved in refugee matters: * <u>Pledging to respect non-refoulement obligations:</u> Despite not signing the Convention, Canada pledged to nonetheless uphold the Convention’s non-refoulement obligation. In practice, Canada had no difficulty in ensuring compliance with what it viewed to be the requirements of the Convention because, from the late 1940s, and in line with US practice,<ref>Rebecca Hamlin, ''Crossing: How We Label and React to People on the Move'', Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021, ISBN 9781503627888, page 44.</ref> Canada's Immigration Branch had invoked an administrative ban on deportations to any Communist country.<ref name=":42">Raphael Girard, ''Asylum Policy in Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 2. See also: Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 300.</ref> Haddad notes that such a commitment was not onerous as the numbers emerging from behind the Iron Curtain were minimal for the simple reason that "refugees could not escape".<ref name=":62">Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 143.</ref> * <u>Financially supporting UNHCR:</u> Canada financially supported the UNHCR from its establishment.<ref name=":7" /> That said, Canada's contributions to UNHCR for the maintenance of refugees during this period have been described as "minimal" and in 1952 the Canadian government eliminated the UNHCR’s Canadian office.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 93.</ref> * <u>Becoming a member of UNHCR ExCom:</u> In 1959, began to sit on the then-new UNHCR Executive Committee, an advisory body of states that gives guidance to the High Commissioner.<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 250.</ref> The UN General Assembly established the Executive Committee of the Programme of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 1958, several years after the founding of the UNHCR. ExCom is responsible for approving the Office's annual budget and programme, for setting standards and reaching conclusions on international refugee protection policy issues, and for providing guidance on UNHCR's management, objectives, and priorities. In the 1950s, this group started with 24 member states.<ref name=":59">Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, pages 62-63.</ref> ExCom members need not have ratified the ''Refugee Convention'', but are instead selected ‘on the basis of their demonstrated interest in and devotion to the solution of the refugee problem’.<ref>UNHCR Statute, art 4.</ref> * <u>Growing refugee resettlement and admissions:</u> At the time of UNHCR's creation, one of its principal tasks was to resolve the situation of those in displaced persons camps in Europe. Despite an initial expectation that this could be accomplished quickly, as of 1960 the UNHCR was still running refugee camps in Europe for persons displaced during WWII.<ref>Bon Tempo, Carl J. 2008. ''Americans at the gate: the United States and refugees during the Cold War''. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Page 98.</ref> For its part, by this time Canada had admitted nearly 250,000 displaced persons from Europe,<ref name=":17">Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 20.</ref> many of whose journeys to Canada had been subsidized by a Canadian government seeking to recruit more workers for a booming economy.<ref name=":22">Encyclopedia, The Canadian. "Canadian Refugee Policy".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, 10 November 2020, Historica Canada. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-refugee-policy. Accessed 30 December 2020.</ref> In the years following the UNHCR's creation, Canada also allowed for refugee entry on an ad-hoc basis for those displaced from other regions and for other reasons, ranging from small groups, such as when Canada admitted 39 Palestinian families in the wake of the displacement occasioned by the founding of the State of Israel,<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 173.</ref> to larger movements, including the 37,000 Hungarian refugees Canada admitted following the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.<ref>Mark Rook, ''Identifying Better Refugee Policies for an Evolving Crisis'', April 21, 2020, University of Pennsylvania Honors Thesis, <https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ppe_honors> (Accessed May 9, 2020), page 129.</ref> Indeed, while Canada did not immediately accede to the 1951 Convention, Cabinet was quick to approve the usage of the Convention definition of refugee when selecting refugees for resettlement.<ref>Canadian Immigration Historical Society, CIHS Bulletin Issue #110, September 2024, ISSN 1485-8460, <https://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Bulletin-110-2024-09.pdf>, page 1.</ref> * <u>Increasing procedural fairness for migrants in Canada:</u> Canada also saw a movement towards increasing the extent of procedural fairness offered to migrants in Canada, providing for the creation of immigration appeal boards in 1952 which could hear appeals from decisions to deport aliens. Details of the IABs and their history follow below. That said, Canada's overall immigration laws continued to restrict persons for reasons of race, class, and health, and "national security" concerns related to the fear of communism, which were used to reject more than 29,000 applications to enter Canada between 1946 and 1958.<ref name=":17" /> == Non-discrimination measures == The 1952 Immigration Act empowered Cabinet to limit the admission of migrants by reason of a large number of grounds that allowed for Canada's discriminatory policies, including:<blockquote>(i) nationality, citizenship, ethnic group, occupation, class or geographical area of origin, (ii) peculiar customs, habits, modes of life or methods of holding property, (iii) unsuitability having regard to the climatic, economic, social, industrial, educational, labour, health or other conditions or requirements existing ... in Canada ... or (iv) probable inability to become readily assimilated or to assume the duties and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship ...<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 330.</ref></blockquote>Furthermore, to this point Canada's immigration service had been plagued by widespread corruption. Among applicants, the Deputy Minister Keenleyside noted, there was a widespread belief that "even the simplest and most proper requests had to be lubricated with monetary or more personal favours."<ref>Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 27.</ref> By the 1960s, values were changing across Canada, and around the world, and Canada’s racially-based, Eurocentric approach to immigration and refugee policy was becoming less and less aligned with how the country both viewed itself and wished itself to be seen. Canada’s unofficial ban on black immigrants was costing it diplomatic legitimacy with newly independent former colonies and, by 1961, Britain had begun to pressure Canada to change its policies, as it had an open door to immigrants, such as those from the West Indies, that were barred entry into Canada.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 337.</ref> Further, this race-based approach clearly contradicted the then-new Canadian Bill of Rights, which prohibited discrimination by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, or sex.<ref>Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 <https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf> (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 9 of the document.</ref> Canada began to repeatedly liberalize who it was prepared to admit, for example admitting 325 tubercular refugees and their families around 1960, the first time that Canada had waived its health requirements for refugees.<ref name=":16" /> In 1962, Prime Minister Diefenbaker's Immigration Minister tabled new regulations in the House that eliminated racial discrimination as a major feature of Canada's immigration policy. With this revision, historian Valerie Knowles states that the last vestige of discrimination which remained in the immigration regulations was a provision that allowed immigrants from Europe and the Americas to sponsor a wider range of relatives, something that was inserted at the last moment because of a fear that there would be an influx of sponsorships by persons from India.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 187.</ref> In 1965, Canada ratified the four Geneva Conventions which form the basis of international humanitarian law,<ref>Humanrightscommitments.ca, ''Geneva Conventions and Protocols'', <http://humanrightscommitments.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Geneva-Conventions.pdf> (Accessed September 26, 2021).</ref> including the 1949 ''Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Individuals in Times of War'' which includes a provision that refugees should not be considered enemy aliens if they had formerly had the nationality of an enemy power.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 78.</ref> Then, in 1966 Lester B. Pearson's government created the ''Department of Manpower and Immigration'' and mandated it with the responsibility of processing refugees without “discrimination by race, country or religion”.<ref name=":2" /> That department set to work and in 1967 all vestiges of discrimination were removed from the immigration regulations, if not the statutes themselves, and the government implemented its much-vaunted 'points system' in the regulations to guide the selection of many categories of immigrants.<ref name=":26" /> That said, Canada's immigration laws continued to restrict persons who were "undesirable", which was used as a basis for screening prospective immigrants for "national security" concerns related to feared communist subversion.<ref>Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 33.</ref> This was used to reject more than 29,000 applications to enter Canada between 1946 and 1958.<ref name=":17" /> == Immigration Appeal Boards == Immigration Appeal Boards, which could hear appeals from decisions to deport aliens, became a feature of the ''Immigration Act'' in 1952. Each board would consist of three staff members from the immigration department selected by the executive on an ''ad hoc'' basis. The ability to have recourse to an immigration appeal board was, from the time of their creation, limited: all appeals were to be heard by the Minister unless, at the Minister's discretion, the appeal was directed to an IAB.<ref name=":67">''An Act respecting Immigration'', SC 1952, c 42, s 31.</ref> Furthermore, the Minister could also reverse any decision of an IAB.<ref name=":68">Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 331.</ref> 1962 regulations expanded the jurisdiction of these boards to include appeals from all deportation decisions under the Act.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 338.</ref> In this way, while immigration to Canada continued to be considered a privilege, and not a right, basic due process protections were coming to be seen as properly extended to aliens. Specifically, as Trebilcock and Kelley note, it was coming to be accepted that the rules governing admission or deportation of aliens should be reasonably well specified and transparent, and that deportation decisions should generally be open to challenge before a neutral tribunal.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 351.</ref> That said, at this point, the Immigration Appeal Boards played what Trebilcock and Kelley describe as “a very minor role” in immigration decisions because their jurisdiction was limited to questions of law, and in view of the large discretionary powers granted to the immigration department, errors of law were quite rare.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 349.</ref> Furthermore, given that the boards were controlled by immigration officials, they could be considered neither neutral nor independent. In March 1967, the ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'' changed this. This Act emerged from what was called the Sedgwick Report, drawn up by Joseph Sedgwick, Q.C., a one-man board of inquiry which had been commissioned by the government to study a series of highly controversial deportations. In June 1964, Sedgwick was asked by the Federal Government to inquire into serious allegations made in the House of Commons and elsewhere that certain aliens have been unlawfully detained and deprived of access to counsel.<ref>Statistics Canada, Immigration Policy and Administration, 223, <https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1966/196602510223_p.%20223.pdf> (Accessed October 21, 2024).</ref> The principal features of the newly reconstituted Board following the passage of the 1967 ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'' were: * <u>Independence:</u> Chief among the recommendations was the establishment of a completely independent Immigration Appeal Board.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 191-192.</ref> The Board was no longer controlled by immigration officials, but was instead a quasi-judicial entity independent of the Department of Manpower and Immigration. The Governor in Council now appointed the members of the IAB to serve fixed terms.<ref name=":70">Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 300.</ref> In 1973, the IAB's independence was further strengthened through legislative amendments which provided that some IAB members would be appointed on a permanent basis, while others would be appointed to serve renewable two-year terms.<ref name=":70">Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 300.</ref> * <u>Broader jurisdiction:</u> The Board assumed the status of a court of record.<ref>''Immigration Appeal Board Act'', SC 1966-67, c 90, s. 11.</ref> A right of appeal to the Board was created for everyone who had been ordered deported from Canada, and for denial of Canadian citizens’ family sponsorship applications.<ref>Raphael Girard, ''Effects of Postwar Immigration Selection Policy on Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada,'' in Canadian Immigration Historical Society, Bulletin 96, March 2021, <http://cihs-shic.ca/bulletin-96-march-2021/> (Accessed April 17, 2021), page 4.</ref> Persons could appeal to the IAB on grounds of law, fact, mixed fact and law,<ref name=":54">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 371.</ref> or compassion.<ref name=":16" /> As of 1972, could stay a deportation where there were reasonable grounds for believing that if execution of the order was carried out the person concerned will be punished for activities of a political character or will suffer unusual hardship, or because of the existence of compassionate or humanitarian considerations that in the opinion of the Board warranted the granting of special relief.<ref>''Boulis v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1972 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1974] SCR 875, <https://canlii.ca/t/1nfn8>, retrieved on 2024-05-22.</ref> As described below, from 1973 the grounds for appeal came to include those who believed themselves to be refugees in accordance with the 1951 Geneva Convention. However, even prior to this time, any person who had been refused landing and ordered deported could appeal to the IAB, and the Board could order that person to be landed. Because the Board had a flexible and generous compassionate jurisdiction, in Plaut's view, refugees were "to a large extent" accommodated under the IAB's procedures, and "there was therefore no real need for a specific refugee determination process".<ref name=":83" /> * <u>Final authority over deportation decisions:</u> Under the 1952 ''Immigration Act'', the IAB consisted of Immigration Branch officials who made recommendations to the Minister, which the Minister could accept or reject at their discretion. Decisions of the newly reconstituted IAB were instead final (subject only to judicial review, as set out below).<ref name=":55" /> * <u>Leave requirement for judicial review:</u> IAB decisions were final, subject to an appeal, with leave, to the Supreme Court of Canada on questions of law, including jurisdiction.<ref name=":54" /> As commentators have noted, these leave requirements have effectively served to "insulate" such administrative decisions from judicial review.<ref>Molly Joeck, ''Canadian Exclusion Jurisprudence post-Febles'', International Journal of Refugee Law, 17 September 2021; Advance Article, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab034, page 17.</ref> The 1967 changes to the Immigration Appeal Board are said to have proceduralized and judicialized immigration policy to an unprecedented degree and to have presaged calls for similar due process protections in the determination of refugee claims.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 357.</ref> That said, the Board had a statutory limit of 7 to 9 judges<ref name=":44">David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 7.</ref> (later increased to 10) and was unable to keep pace with the scale of removals being ordered.<ref name=":39">Raphael Girard, ''Effects of Postwar Immigration Selection Policy on Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada,'' in Canadian Immigration Historical Society, Bulletin 96, March 2021, <[http://cihs-shic.ca/bulletin-96-march-2021/ http://cihs-shic.ca/bulletin-96-march-2021/]> (Accessed April 17, 2021), page 5.</ref> Almost immediately, the Board was swamped with a backlog that, at existing case processing rates, was expected to take decades to go through.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 202.</ref> For example, as of August 1973 the IAB had a backlog of 17,000 cases, which it was deciding at a rate of 100 cases per month.<ref name=":56">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 373.</ref> In effect, anybody wanting to achieve ''de facto'' permanent residence in Canada needed only to lodge an appeal of their deportation with the Immigration Appeal Board to be added to the Board's backlog, which began to extend into the 21st century.<ref name=":39" /> As a result, in 1973 the government amended the ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'' to abolish the universal right of appeal for all persons in Canada. Instead, only permanent residents, valid visa holders, and persons claiming to be refugees or Canadian citizens were given a right of appeal.<ref name=":56" /> In order to clear the backlog, the government also instituted a one-time amnesty program, which more than 39,000 people availed themselves of, including a significant number of US draft dodgers.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 202-203.</ref> == Negotiation of the 1967 Refugee Protocol == The 1951 Convention was seen by many as a Convention that reflected European experience - and by its terms was limited to those fleeing persecution ‘as a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951'. In the 1950s, refugees were emerging in other parts of the world in increasing numbers. In the 1950s, for example, anti-communist and nationalist Chinese refugees fled to Hong Kong in large numbers. In the 1960s, decolonization in Africa saw the scale of the refugee phenomenon there grow. Estimates put the total refugee population of Africa at 400,000 in 1964, a figure that had reached one million by the end of the decade.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 149.</ref> To wit, in the early 1960s, 150,000 Tutsi refugees fled Rwanda for Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania and Zaire; more than 80,000 refugees from Zaire could be found in Burundi, the Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania by 1966; the first Sudanese war that ended in 1972 created 170,000 refugees; and there were 250,000 refugees from Rhodesia in Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana by the end of the 1970s. UNHCR responded in a number of ways. In 1957 it developed what was called its ‘good offices’ mandate, which allowed the organization to bypass the geographical limitations of the Geneva Convention and assist in, ''inter alia'', Hong Kong.<ref name=":85" /> In the mid to late 1960s, negotiations started to expand the temporal and geographic scope of the 1951 ''Refugee Convention''. The Organization of African Unity's move to negotiate a regional refugee convention for Africa was feared by the UNHCR as something that could limit its authority and undermine the (supposedly) universal regime it shepherded.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 154-155.</ref> The 1967 Protocol was UNHCR's response. As articulated by the UNHCR, the motivation behind this initiative was to ensure that the ''de facto'' racial distinctions built into the 1951 Convention yielded to a growing anti-discrimination postcolonial zeitgeist:<blockquote>The Convention had led to an unfortunate discrimination among the different groups of refugees, in particular with regard to the African refugees. Such discrimination conflicted with the Statute of his Office and was contrary to the universal spirit of the Convention itself.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 14.</ref></blockquote>The resultant protocol was signed at New York in January 1967. It entered into force that October. The changes that the protocol made to the 1951 Refuge Convention were straightforward: extending the territorial and temporal scope of the Refugee Convention to cover refugees outside of Europe and those displaced for newly emerging reasons.<ref>Savitri Taylor, Klaus Neumann, ''Australia and the Abortive Convention on Territorial Asylum: A Case Study of a Cul de Sac in International Refugee and Human Rights Law'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa006, [https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa006 <https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa006]>, page 4.</ref> Canada was a laggard in signing the instrument. It initially refused to commit to the initiative to negotiate a protocol to the ''Refugee Convention'' on the basis that it was preparing what it termed its ''White Paper on Immigration.''<ref>Robert F Barsky, ''From the 1965 Bellagio Colloquium to the Adoption of the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa013, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa013.</ref> In 1966 Canada released this ''White Paper'' to, in researcher Clare Glassco's words, "test the waters" for making more fundamental changes to the immigration regime.<ref name=":63" /> Reaction to the White Paper was, however, tepid to negative.<ref name=":66" /> As a result, it would be three years until Canada would come to sign onto the 1967 Refugee Protocol. == Canada's ratification of the ''Refugee Convention'' and ''Protocol'' == Among many initiatives, the 1966 ''White Paper on Immigration'' committed to the establishment of an immigration admissions policy that would be free from discrimination on the grounds of "race, colour or religion". Further, the Paper proposed both the introduction of a refugee determination process within Canada’s borders, as well as the ratification of the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. As immigration official E.P. Beasley noted in 1966, in reference to the need for a clear refugee policy, in his view Canada had “become a country of first asylum,” and, thus, “the time may have come to set forth in legislation machinery and a methodology for determining these individual cases more precisely and more fairly.”<ref name=":63">Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 <https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf> (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 10 of the document.</ref> The concept of a "first country of asylum" in this context refers to a situation where Canada is the first country that grants protection to an individual, as opposed to resettling individuals who have already found temporary protection elsewhere.<ref>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Global Consultations on International Protection/Third Track: Asylum Processes (Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures)'', 31 May 2001, EC/GC/01/12, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b36f2fca.html [accessed 6 May 2020], paras. 10-11.</ref> An overall 'concept of control' had arguably traditionally governed Canada's refugee admission policies, a concept designed to control the 'quality' of those admitted, to ensure refugee selection overseas, and to prevent uncontrolled movement into Canada.<ref name=":75">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page x.</ref> At this time, Canada was increasingly seeing itself as a country of first asylum as Cold War crises caused thousands to seek safe haven in the West.<ref name=":20" /> That said, reaction to the White Paper was sharply negative,<ref name=":66" /> which accounts for why it took a further three years to make significant reforms to the immigration regime. In May 1969 Canada ratified the 1957 ''Agreement Relating to Refugee Seamen''.<ref>Whatconvention.org: International Legal Search Engine, ''Ratifications of the Agreement relating to Refugee Seamen, 1957'', <https://www.whatconvention.org/en/ratifications/47?sort_by=comments&order=asc> (Accessed September 25, 2021).</ref> Then, a month later, in June 1969 Canada ratified the 1951 ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'' as well as the 1967 ''Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees''.<ref>Canada acceded to the Refugee Convention on June 4, 1969: Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 295. See also: Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print. Page 34.</ref> A statement by the Department of Manpower and Immigration at the time said that accession "would not alter the generous treatment Canada had traditionally extended to refugees".<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 38.</ref> Indeed, at that time, most refugees were from Eastern Europe, and it was Canadian policy not to return them forcibly, and as such they were generally given immigrant status. Very few persons at that time entered Canada from the parts of the world that are major refugee-producing hotspots today. Furthermore, at that time refugees could apply for residency from within Canada and be considered under our general immigration policy.<ref name=":83">W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 54.</ref> Despite ratifying the aforementioned international instruments regarding refugees in 1969, no statute-based, official refugee policy existed in Canada for affirmative claims until the implementation of the 1976 ''Immigration Act''.<ref>Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 <https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf> (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 5 of the document.</ref> Instead, refugee claims were dealt with on an ''ad hoc'' basis by the then Department of Manpower and Immigration.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 14.</ref> In 1972, the regulation permitting immigration applications to be made from within Canada was revoked.<ref name=":84">W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 55.</ref> This policy change would drive more people in Canada who did not want to be removed to avail themselves of the country's nascent refugee determination procedures. In 1973 the Canadian government established its first formal administrative structure to deal with refugee claimants. An interdepartmental committee comprised of representatives from the Departments of External Affairs and Manpower and Immigration met to assess individual claims and forward their recommendations to the Minister of Manpower and Immigration who had the authority to decide whether a refugee claimant could remain in Canada or would be deported.<ref name=":20" /> Furthermore, the ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'' was amended that year to empower the Board to quash a deportation order against a person it determined to be a Convention refugee<ref name=":42" /> and to also grant special relief in other cases because the claimant would suffer undue hardship or where humanitarian and compassionate considerations could be invoked.<ref name=":78">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 39. See also W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 15.</ref> While refugees were given a statutory right of appeal to the IAB, the term "refugee" was not defined.<ref name=":84">W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 55.</ref> At this point, inland claims occurred at the level of hundreds per year. Individual orders-in-council granted a person status in Canada at the Minister’s discretion and were based in part on humanitarian, economic, and political considerations.<ref name=":20" /> Hathaway states that this was one of the flaws of the system: it was wholly within the Board's (or Minister's) discretion to grant or withhold landing in any particular case; as a result, there was no guarantee that refugees would received protection from Canada.<ref name=":78" /> This in-Canada assessment system complemented the overseas assessments then ongoing. Canada had issued a “Guideline for Determination of Refugee Status” in 1970 to give immigration officers criteria for selecting refugees overseas.<ref>Canadian Council for Refugees, ''Brief History of Canada’s Responses to Refugees'', 2009, Canadian Council for Refugees, <https://ccrweb.ca/sites/ccrweb.ca/files/static-files/canadarefugeeshistory2.htm> (Accessed May 9, 2020).</ref> That year Cabinet also approved what was termed the Oppressed Minority policy, which provided for the selection of oppressed people who were not Convention refugees because they were still in their home countries.<ref>Molloy, M. J., & Madokoro, L. (2017). Effecting Change: Civil Servants and Refugee Policy in 1970s Canada. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''33''(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40448, page 55.</ref> Canada incorporated its obligations under the Refugee Convention and Protocol into domestic law at the same time as series of international efforts to expand the scope of those treaties were underway. Some of these international efforts were successful, for example Canada ratified the Protocol to the Agreement relating to Refugee Seamen in 1975.<ref>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Protocol to the Agreement relating to Refugee Seamen'', 30 March 1975, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38218.html [accessed 25 September 2021].</ref> Other efforts were fruitless. In 1967 the United Nations adopted a Declaration on Territorial Asylum<ref>UN General Assembly, ''Declaration on Territorial Asylum'', 14 December 1967, A/RES/2312(XXII), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f05a2c.html</nowiki> [accessed 28 December 2020].</ref> which provided, in Article 3, that no person entitled to invoke Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights should be subjected to measures such as rejection at the frontier. A conference was then held in 1977 to embody this, and other provisions, in a revised convention, a proposed UN Convention on Territorial Asylum.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Background: Interpretation of the 1951 Convention'', at p. 104 (para. 87). See also the following discussion of contemporary thinking about the needs for a new treaty: Richard Plender, ''Admission of Refugees: Draft Convention on Territorial Asylum,'' 15 San Diego L. Rev. 45 (1977). Available at: <nowiki>https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol15/iss1/6</nowiki></ref> While a draft was produced,<ref>UNHCR, ''Note on International Protection Addendum 1: Draft Convention on Territorial Asylum (Submitted by the High Commissioner)'', 26 September 1974, A/AC.96/508/Add.1 <https://www.unhcr.org/afr/excom/excomrep/3ae68c023/note-international-protection-addendum-1-draft-convention-territorial-asylum.html> (Accessed December 28, 2020).</ref> the conference ultimately ended in failure.<ref>''Regina v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport and another (Respondents) ex parte European Roma Rights Centre and others (Appellants),'' [2004] UKHL 55, <https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldjudgmt/jd041209/roma-1.htm> para. 17.</ref> == Establishment of the Federal Court and increasing judicial scrutiny of immigration decisions == Immigration law during the first century of Canada's nationhood has been said to have been implemented in a "highly discretionary and largely unaccountable" manner.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 253.</ref> It had previously been the case that the ''Immigration Act'' included a very strong privative clause, which courts had largely respected. The 1910 Act stated that "no court, and no judge or officer thereof shall have jurisdiction to review, quash, reverse, restrain or otherwise interfere with any proceeding, decision or order of the Minister or of any Board of Inquiry, or officer in charge ... relating to the detention or deportation of any rejected immigrant ... upon any ground whatsoever, unless such person is a Canadian citizen or has Canadian domicile."<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 140 and 212.</ref> As Trebilcock and Kelley summarize, courts of the day, on the whole, respected these limitations imposed upon them.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Pages 165, 212-213.</ref> The comments of one Quebec Superior Court judge on this privative clause from a 1921 decision are illustrative:<blockquote>... what Parliament intended, and what Parliament actually provided in the language of this statute, was that all questions as to the entry of immigrants into Canada should be determined exclusively by the machinery of the Department of Immigration, namely by the board of inquiry and immigration officers, subject only to an appeal to the Minister, and without any powers of review or control by the Courts ... ... no Court or Judge may interfere with the proceedings of a board of inquiry, either on the grounds of misunderstanding or misrepresentation of the law, or of the regulations, nor on account of admission of illegal evidence, nor of error in weighing the evidence heard, nor on account of any informality or omissions which may fairly be classed as a matter of procedure, or of departmental regulation.<ref>''Lancet v O'Connell'' (1921), 61 Que. S.C. 9 (Que. S.C.), per Gibson J., as cited in Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 213.</ref></blockquote>This began to shift so that principles of fairness and due process began to assume an increasing importance in the system. Per the 1967 ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'', challenges to IAB decisions could be filed directly with the Supreme Court of Canada, with that court's leave.<ref>''Immigration Appeal Board Act'', SC 1966-67, c 90, s. 23(1).</ref> Thereafter, the scope of the privative clause in the Act was reduced and in 1971, the Federal Courts, both Trial and Appellate, were established. At this point, Parliament amended the ''Immigration Appeal Board Act'' to direct applications for judicial review of IAB decisions on any question of law to the Federal Court of Appeal, which would have the discretion to grant leave and hear a matter.<ref name=":70">Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 300.</ref> Furthermore, the decision of the Minister rejecting a claim to Convention refugee status was reviewable by the Federal Court Trial Division at this time, given that the Trial Division had jurisdiction to issue the traditional prerogative writs where the Court of Appeal did not have jurisdiction. That said, the supervisory jurisdiction of the Federal Courts was usually invoked by way of a judicial review of the IAB decision to the Federal Court of Appeal, rather than by way of reviewing the Minister's subsequent decision at the Federal Court Trial Division.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 166.</ref> Raphael Girard credits the court's decisions with embedding principles of procedural fairness and transparency of decision making in the immigration Ministry's day-to-day operations.<ref name=":40">Raphael Girard, ''Effects of Postwar Immigration Selection Policy on Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada,'' in Canadian Immigration Historical Society, Bulletin 96, March 2021, <http://cihs-shic.ca/bulletin-96-march-2021/> (Accessed April 17, 2021), page 6.</ref> The Federal Court's immigration caseload would come to account for a large majority of its work and cause long queues of cases seeking judicial review. As of the mid-1980s, when judicial reviews were directed to three-member panels of the Federal Court of Appeal, roughly 75% of judicial review applications before that court were for the review of refugee determinations by the IAB.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 168.</ref> Two decades later, in the years preceding the implementation of the Refugee Appeal Division at the IRB in 2012, judicial review of inland refugee matters made up around half of the Federal Court’s caseload.<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 346.</ref> == 1976 ''Immigration Act'' == The revised ''Immigration Act'' introduced into Parliament in 1976, and brought into force two years later, was a watershed moment for Canadian immigration policy. It overhauled the statute for the first time more than two decades, expunged the last vestiges of open discrimination in the Act, for example by lifting a ban prohibiting gay men and women from immigrating,<ref name=":20" /> and, after a broad national debate, introduced a series of objectives into the statute which largely remain to this day. It did all of this through provisions that, with their detail and specificity, served to constrain executive decision making.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 457.</ref> It was with the introduction of the 1976 ''Immigration Act'' into Parliament that the government reinforced its willingness to assume its international share in refugee resettlement.<ref name=":19" /> It was this legislation that, for the first time, incorporated Canada's ''Refugee Convention'' obligations into statutory form.<ref>J. Liew & D. Galloway, ''Immigration Law, 2nd edn''., Toronto, Irwin Law, 2015, at 26. See also Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 39.</ref> One of the objectives stated in the Act was "to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted".<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 39. See also W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 15.</ref> The new Act recognized Convention refugees as a class of immigrants that could be selected abroad for permanent residence in Canada.<ref name=":43">Raphael Girard, ''Asylum Policy in Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 3.</ref> The legislation also gave legal standing to the pre-existing ''ad hoc'' committee for advising the Minister of Immigration on individual refugee claims from people at the border or in Canada, the Refugee Status Advisory Committee (RSAC).<ref name=":43" /> The RSAC process established in 1978 was as follows: those who sought refugee status in Canada had to first present themselves to an immigration officer. If they were found to be inadmissible (as was usually the case), then they would be sent to an immigration inquiry for a determination about whether they should be removed from the country. It was at this point that the individual could request refugee status, in which case the removal order was stayed and the person was brought before a senior immigration officer for an interview regarding the substance of the refugee claim. The senior immigration officer then sent the transcript of the interview to the RSAC. The RSAC reviewed the application and made a recommendation to the Minister as to whether to accept or deny the claim for protection.<ref name=":46">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 401.</ref> The program was very small: it processed only a few hundred claims per year throughout the late 1970s.<ref name=":1">Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print. Page 47.</ref> In the year that the revised ''Immigration Act'' came into force, for example, 4,130 refugees were admitted to Canada, all of whom were fleeing communism.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 239.</ref> Those who were not granted refugee status by the RSAC or the Minister had recourse to make an application on humanitarian and compassionate grounds. Such applications were considered by what was termed the Special Review Committee, which acted in an advisory capacity to the Minister.<ref name=":46" /> Furthermore, the Minister could determine that a person, though declared a refugee, should not be permitted to remain in Canada.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 28.</ref> Both groups had a right to appeal to the ''Immigration Appeal Board'', whose proceedings were conducted in public.<ref name=":4">Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, <https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf> (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 7.</ref> The IAB reviewed the documentary record and was authorized to grant an oral hearing on the merits of the claim for any applicant who, on the basis of the documentary record, showed that there were reasonable grounds to believe that the claim could be established.<ref name=":46" /> This legislative provision was interpreted to mean that the IAB could grant an oral hearing on the application only if the IAB determined that the application would probably be successful. Under this system, in its last year of operation, about nine percent of claimants determined by the Minister not to be refugees were determined by the Board to be refugees.<ref>David Matas, ''Closing the Doors'', 1989, Summerhill Press, Toronto, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 141.</ref> Access to the entire system was predicated on the fact that an individual was the subject of an inquiry into their immigration status, which essentially meant that they lacked legal status to remain in Canada. Other persons physically present in Canada, but with some form of (temporary) status had no right to make a claim or have it considered under the refugee claim process. This restriction led to what Rabbi Gunther Plaut termed an "administrative nightmare". In an effort to afford persons legally in Canada the benefits of the refugee status determination process, the Immigration Ministry instituted an extra-legal procedure known as the "in-status" claim. The claimant was considered in the same fashion as a person who made a claim while subject to an inquiry into their immigration status. There were problems with this. First, it lacked finality: if refused, the person could then make a second claim and undergo the whole process provided by the legislation anew. Furthermore, "in-status" claimants were ineligible for employment authorizations while they waited for their claim to be processed, their eligibility to work depending instead on the working permissions (or lack thereof) accorded to them by their pre-existing immigration status in Canada.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, pages 36-37.</ref> In the 1970s, most refugees that Canada accepted came via overseas resettlement, not an in-Canada asylum process. In the early 1970s Canada accepted its first non-European refugees by resettling a group of 228 Tibetan refugees and developing a “Tibetan Refugee Program” to host them.<ref>Lindsay Van Dyk, “Canadian Immigration Acts and Legislation,” Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, 2020, <nowiki>https://pier21.ca/research/immigration-history/canadian-immigration-acts-and-legislation</nowiki>.</ref> Tibetan refugee hosting opened the doorway to other refugee resettlement, as Canada accepted more than 7,000 ethnic South Asians expelled from Uganda under the dictatorship of Idi Amin in 1972-73, the first non-white refugees admitted to Canada in large numbers.<ref>George Melnyk and Christina Parker, ''Finding Refuge in Canada: Narratives of Dislocation'', February 2021, Athabasca University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9781771993029</nowiki>, page 10. CAPIC ACCPI, ''The History of Canadian Immigration Consulting'', Oct. 15 2017, Kindle Edition, North York: ON, ISBN 978-1-7751648-0-0-7 places the number accepted at "almost 8000".</ref> Canada then admitted 7,000 Chilean refugees fleeing Pinochet’s regime in 1973 and about 10,000 Lebanese refugees fleeing the Lebanese Civil War between 1975 and 1978.<ref>Marlene Epp, “Refugees in Canada: A Brief History,” Immigration And Ethnicity In Canada 35 (2017), <https://cha-shc.ca/_uploads/5c374fb005cf0.pdf> (Accessed May 9, 2020), at 15.</ref> In the 1970s, the U.S. was the largest source country of immigration, in part because of the large numbers of draft dodgers and deserters unwilling to fight in Vietnam who found refuge in Canada.<ref name=":16" /> Historian Valerie Knowles states that it is impossible to arrive at hard numbers for the number of draft resister and deserters who escaped to Canada during the Vietnam War, but estimates range from 30,000-40,000 from the Canadian Council for Refugees to between 80,000-200,000 according to Mark Fruitkin, a "draft resister" and author.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 214.</ref> Later that decade, from 1978 and 1981, 60,000 refugees from Southeast Asia were accepted - a figure that represents 25 percent of the number of immigrants admitted in these years.<ref name=":17" /> During this time, Canada resettled more refugees from overseas than any other country on a per capita measurement.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 41.</ref> Canadian immigration officials also travelled to El Salvador to interview prisoners at risk from paramilitary death squads there and grant refuge in Canada to some of those at risk, an example of processing claims in another country.<ref>Claire Higgins, ''In-country programs: procedure and politics'', in Satvinder Singh Just (ed.), ''Research handbook on international refugee law,'' 2019, Northhampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, at page 55.</ref> That said, decisions to accept these groups of individuals were ''ad hoc'' and highly political; for example, fearing that most of the Chilean political refugees were too left wing, and not wishing to alienate either the American or new Chilean administrations, the Canadian government restricted their numbers, which is what limited Canada to only accepting about 7,000 Chileans during that 30-year conflict.<ref name=":6" /> Similarly, after Canada accepted some Ugandan Asian refugees, there was marked public opposition to the move, with a poll in 1972 indicating that only 45 percent of Canadians approved of the government's decision; some in the government came to view this initiative as having cost the government seats in that year's election.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 213.</ref> With the passage of Immigration Act 1976 and its coming into force on 1 April 1978, the delegation of the power to Employment and Immigration Canada (EIC) to define the norms for the selection of immigrants was rescinded and retained for parliament through the establishment of admissible classes in the Act and in the Regulations. EIC could no longer devise humanitarian resettlement programs or any other program by administrative fiat as had been permitted when Immigration Act 1952 governed immigration to Canada. The 1976 Act created an admissible class for Convention refugees, and through section 6(2) it provided regulation-making authority for other humanitarian classes that could be designated. On proclamation of the Act on 1 April 1978, however, no designations had taken place but three resettlement programs were underway, including Eastern Europeans, Chile/Argentina, and Indochinese. Operational difficulties cropped up almost immediately. Having to test the Convention eligibility of each Vietnamese applicant prior to determining admissibility was very cumbersome and sharply reduced productivity. Jewish migrants from the Soviet Union refused to advance claims to refugee status because they considered the term itself objectionable. Chileans and Argentinians were clearly not Convention refugees since they were still in their own countries. To provide continuity for the programs that had been authorized before the passage of the new Act, EIC devised an Order in Council in November that designated three additional humanitarian classes pursuant to section 6(2). The self-exiled class covered Soviet Jews and other Eastern Europeans; the Indochinese designated class did away with the need to test each applicant for Convention eligibility; and the Latin American designated class (LADC) applied to persecuted Chileans and Argentinians still resident in their own countries, including those in prison.<ref>Raphael Girard, Canadian Immigration Historical Society, CIHS Bulletin Issue #110, September 2024, ISSN 1485-8460, <<nowiki>https://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Bulletin-110-2024-09.pdf</nowiki>>, page 3.</ref> To address demands from civil society to have more of a role in refugee sponsorship, and criticism about government refugee sponsorship decisions, in 1978 Canada established a Private Sponsorship Program through which citizens could assist fully or partially in privately sponsoring new refugees.<ref>Martine Panzica, ''A Difficult Line To Walk: NGO and LGBTQ+ Refugee Experiences with Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Canada,'' MA Thesis, August 2020, <https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/79707/Panzica-Martine-MA-IDS-August-2020.pdf?sequence=5> (Accessed August 31, 2020), page 21.</ref> To date more than 300,000 refugees have come to Canada through this program.<ref>See [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the Refugee Convention]].</ref> == Founding of the Immigration and Refugee Board == The background to the creation of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada lay in concerns about the rigour, capacity, independence, and fairness of the pre-existing refugee status determination system in the 1980s. To begin with, throughout the 1980s there were concerns about the rigour of Canada's asylum system and about potential abuse of the system. In the words of Deborah Anker, in the early 1980s the government undertook to amend what it painted as a fragile asylum system being taken advantage of by ‘illegitimate’ immigrants.<ref name=":50">The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law edited by Costello, Cathryn; Foster, Michelle; McAdam, Jane (3rd June 2021), Part III, Ch.16, page 302.</ref> One of the formative events in the creation of the IRB was the perceived crisis situation which emerged in the late 1980s when the federal government recalled Parliament for an emergency session to amend the ''Immigration Act'' after 174 Sikh persons arrived by lifeboat near the fishing village of Charlesville, Nova Scotia.<ref name=":20" /> At that time, the Canadian Employment and Immigration Advisory Council reported that most business and labour leaders felt the government had "lost control of the border".<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 41.</ref> Such concerns about the integrity of the system were exemplified by the Reform Party platform in the 1980s which invoked what has been labelled "inflammatory language" about "immigration abuses, bogus refugees, [and] improper selection of immigrants".<ref name=":8">Gaucher, M. (2020). Keeping your friends close and your enemies closer: Affective constructions of "good" and "bad" immigrants in Canadian conservative discourse. ''Canadian Ethnic Studies, 52''(2), 79-98. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/3d2484b69771e5bb213a1b2b030f2677/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47027 (Accessed July 4, 2020).</ref> The Progressive Conservative government of the day stated that "many claims have been fraudulent. Recent data show that an average of 70 per cent of claims are unfounded".<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 34.</ref> One response to these concerns, implemented in the mid-1980s, was what Deborah Anker describes as a series of restrictive measures, including the elimination of employment authorization and various social services for refugee claimants, and a new practice of returning refugee claimants travelling from the US to that country until their Canadian hearing date approached.<ref name=":50" /> There were also concerns about the capacity of the pre-IRB system as a result of a growing number of refugee claims that were being made during the decade. Rebecca Hamlin states that Canada signed the above-noted international treaties making commitments to refugee protection before it began to consider itself to be a country of first asylum and before asylum seekers started coming to its shores in significant numbers.<ref name=":0">Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print. Page 33.</ref> In 1980 Canada received what today looks like a very modest 1,488 refugee claims.<ref name=":4" /> By the middle of the 1980s, however, that number had grown to the point where such a large number of people were making in-country asylum claims that the system had become completely overloaded, with 8,260 claims being made in 1985.<ref name=":4" /> In 1987, some 27,000 refugee claims were initiated.<ref name=":87">Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 3.</ref> The effect of this increase in claims, and the resources dedicated to refugee status determination, by 1988 it was taking an average of five to seven years for a claim to be processed.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 76.</ref> This increase in Canada mirrored similar increases elsewhere in the world, for example, while in 1976 Western European nations received 20,000 asylum seekers, in 1980 there were 158,000 such applicants and by 1986, more than 200,000 claims were being made annually.<ref>David A Martin, ed, ''The New Asylum Seekers'': ''Refugee Law in the 1980s: The Ninth Sokol Colloquium on International Law'', The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, at 4-6.</ref> In response to these growing numbers, as well as concerns about political interests potentially affecting decision-making on claims, in 1982 decision-making was transferred to a newly reorganized Refugee Status Advisory Committee,<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 217.</ref> which for the first time was made clearly independent of the immigration department, with its own Chairman and an increased budget. Its independence was structurally enshrined by the fact that it reported directly to the Minister, instead of being a component of the Foreign Branch of the CEIC.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 20.</ref> This allowed it to, for the first time, compile authoritative and independent documentation on refugee-producing situations around the world.<ref name=":43" /> This system involved only written submissions, assessed by the committee in private, with the committee ultimately making recommendations to the Minister of Immigration.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Refugee Protection in Canada: Resettlement's Role'', Canadian Diversity Magazine, Volume 17 No. 2 2020, <https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/79384/Labman%203C.pdf?sequence=1> (Accessed June 20, 2020), at page 8 of the document.</ref> While in 1983 a pilot to provide such claimants with an oral hearing began in Toronto and Montreal,<ref name=":20" /> this simply involved an RSAC member who sat in on the examination and who could discuss any concerns that they had with the claimant and counsel. Under this model, the process was still bifurcated as that Member did not themselves make the actual decision; the decision was still made by the Minister on the advice of an RSAC panel who themselves had not seen the claimant.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 33.</ref> The Committee consisted equally of members from private life, the Department of Immigration, and the Department of External Affairs.<ref>David Matas, Fairness in Refugee Determination, 1989 18-1 ''Manitoba Law Journal'' 71, 1989 CanLIIDocs 150, <https://canlii.ca/t/spb3>, retrieved on 2021-01-22, page 95.</ref> As such, concerns about the independence of the refugee determination process from Canada's foreign policy persisted. The granting of refugee status could be seen to make a statement about the state of origin, and it was argued that Canada had a history of restricting the grant of refugee status on political grounds, focusing it in particular on Communist states and demonstrating a reluctance to recognize refugees from newly emerging post-Colonial states, lest such grants of refugee protection be perceived as an admission that western powers' policies and actions had been the cause of refugee flows.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 151.</ref> In the 1980s, for example, there were attempts by the Department of External Affairs to reverse RSAC decisions, indicating the extent to which the system was under observation.<ref>''The Globe and Mail'', 16 May 1988, A1, A9, as cited in Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 68.</ref> This impetus for change was bolstered by a series of court decisions which undermined the extant framework for the refugee system. To that point, the system had distinguished between "in status" and "out-of-status" persons, contemplating refugee claims only for those individuals under inquiry for having violated the ''Immigration Act''.<ref>R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 297.</ref> In 1985, the Federal Court held that distinction to be unfair and inoperative.<ref>''Tonato v. M.E.I.'', [1985] 1 F.C. 925 (F.C.T.D.).</ref> Furthermore, another 1985 decision, ''Singh v. Minister of Employment and Immigration'', established that where the credibility of a claimant is at stake, an oral hearing before the then-''Immigration Appeal Board'' was required. In so ruling, the Supreme Court of Canada set aside the previous system under which an application for an oral hearing had to be made.<ref>David Matas, Fairness in Refugee Determination, 1989 18-1 ''Manitoba Law Journal'' 71, 1989 CanLIIDocs 150, <https://canlii.ca/t/spb3>, retrieved on 2021-01-22, page 92.</ref> The ''Singh'' decision is often seen as a watershed that enforced ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' protections for migrants on arrival on Canadian soil, thereby requiring an overhaul of the refugee determination process to ensure that fair oral hearings started to be offered as a matter of course.<ref name=":4" /> One immediate response to the ''Singh'' decision was to expand access to oral hearings and to increase the capacity of the system in order to facilitate such access. In 1985, Bill C-55 modified the IAB to ensure that all refugees had the opportunity to have an oral hearing during their appeal and the bill increased the number of IAB members from eighteen up to fifty.<ref>UNHCR.ca, ''Seven Decades of Refugee Protection in Canada:1950-2020'', <https://www.unhcr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Seven-Decades-of-Refugee-Protection-In-Canada-December-14-2020.pdf> (accessed June 13, 2021), page 13.</ref> To address this constellation of challenges, the Canadian governments of the day commissioned a series of major studies, principally the 1981 Task Force on Immigration Practices and Procedures, the 1981 McDonald Royal Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the RCMP which reviewed the security screening process in immigration, the 1983 Robinson Report entitled ''Illegal Migrants in Canada'', the 1984 Ratushny Report entitled ''A New Refugee Status Determination Process for Canada'', the 1984 Deschênes Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals in Canada, and the 1985 report by Rabbi Gunther Plaut entitled ''Refugee Determination in Canada''. Each of these reports recommend approaches for a new asylum determination system that would address both the right to be heard, and balance the competing interests of fairness and efficiency.<ref name=":4" /> The 1981 Task Force provided a report entitled "The Refugee Status Determination Process" which made three main recommendations: 1) the RSAC should be independent of immigration and external policy considerations, 2) the use of the Convention refugee definition should observe the spirit as well as the letter of the law, and 3) claimant should be given an oral hearing as part of the preliminary determination stage. Finally, the report also recommended that the ''Immigration Act'' "be amended to replace the present determination process with a central tribunal which would hear and determine refugee claims."<ref name=":79">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 45.</ref> The government took some immediate steps in response to the 1981 Task Force report. For example, with respect to the recommendation that the spirit of the Convention refugee definition be observed, the Minister issued new guidelines which instituted that the benefit of the doubt be given to claimants.<ref name=":79">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 45.</ref> The government also took other steps to increase the fairness of the system for refugee claimants, including replacing job-specific employment documents with generic authorizations in 1985<ref name=":79" /> and dropping the requirement for an inquiry to be convened before a clamant would qualify for employment authorization - thereby eliminating an obstacle that had resulted in waits of up to eight months for employment authorization.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, pages 47 and 52.</ref> What ultimately emerged from all of these reports, events, and related legislative machinations of the 1980s was a new asylum system centred around a tribunal model. The relevant legislation, Bill C-55, or the ''Refugee Reform Act'', was introduced in the House of Commons in 1986. This bill was supplemented by Bill C-84, the ''Refugee Deterrents and Detention Act.'' This latter, more restrictive piece of legislation, responded concerns about ships arriving on Canada's coast, criminality, and people smuggling.<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 224.</ref> There was lengthy debate about these bills at an emergency session of Parliament.<ref>Reginald Whitaker, ''Double Standard: The Secret History of Canadian Immigration'', 1987, Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denys Ltd., at page 9.</ref> The Senate conducted an extensive inquiry into Bill C-84, and rejected the bill twice.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 62.</ref> Ultimately, after a new Immigration Minister agreed to additional amendments, the two bills were passed by the House of Commons and the Senate in 1988 and were given royal assent on July 21 of that year.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 1.</ref> Features and aspects of the new system included: * <u>Creation of an independent tribunal:</u> The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada came into existence as an independent administrative tribunal on January 1, 1989 with 115 members.<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 170.</ref> At that time, the IRB consisted of two divisions: the Convention Refugee Determination Division and the Immigration Appeal Division, which replaced the previous Immigration Appeal Board. Gordon Fairweather, a former Attorney General of New Brunswick and the first Chief Commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission, was appointed as the first Chairman of the IRB.<ref name=":20" /> As the respective names imply, one of the biggest changes was the move from a Refugee Status ''Advisory Committee'' which had left ultimate decision-making in the hands of the Minister it advised, to a fully independent tribunal.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 131.</ref> *<u>CRDD Oral hearings:</u> The new refugee determination process included an oral refugee claim hearing with two IRB members presiding.<ref>Pia Zambelli, “Paradigm Shift: Towards a New Model for Refugee Status Determination in Canada” (2018) 51:1 ''UBC Law Review'' 229 at 229.</ref> *<u>Eligibility criteria:</u> In 1988, the Canadian Parliament ‘introduced the concept of eligibility criteria into the legislation’ governing refugee claimants by revising the Immigration Act. The eligibility criteria have since been a prerequisite to claim refugee status in Canada.<ref>Didem Doğar, Unrecognizing Refugees: The Inadmissibility Scheme Replacing Article 1F Decisions in Canada, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024; eeae001, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae001.</ref> *<u>Eligibility and credible basis screening procedure:</u> The ''Immigration Act'' included a procedure whereby all applicants had a hearing before a panel of two in which a claimant had the burden of proving that they were eligible to have their claim determined and that there was a credible basis for the claim.<ref>Marlys Edwardh and Daniel Brodsky, Media Access to Refugee Proceedings in Canada, 1991 29-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 701, 1991 CanLIIDocs 227, <https://canlii.ca/t/slxm>, retrieved on 2021-01-19, page 702.</ref> The panel included an immigration officer and a member of the CRDD. If either of the two panel members were persuaded, then the claim would be heard at a full hearing before the CRDD. The Minister was represented at such proceedings by a case presenting officer (CPO). In port-of-entry cases, “designated counsel” was provided for refugee claimants at first-level hearings, at the expense of the Minister, for the purpose of avoiding delay in processing claims. When this system was being introduced, the government estimated that this screening process could be completed in between three and seven days.<ref name=":76">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 32.</ref> Reasons were required to be provided for decisions in this screening process.<ref name=":76">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 32.</ref> There was a low threshold for a credible basis finding: the ''Immigration Act'' provided that if either the adjudicator or the CRDD Member was of the opinion that there was any credible or trustworthy evidence on which the Refugee Division might determine the claimant to be a Convention refugee, they were to determine that the claimant had a credible basis for the claim.<ref>''Immigration Act'', s. 46.01(6).</ref> As of October 1989, 5% of claims had been determined to lack a credible basis pursuant to this process.<ref>R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 301.</ref> *<u>Governor-in-Council appointees:</u> Up to 65 full-time Members of the Convention Refugee Determination Division could be appointed by the Governor in Council.<ref name=":44" /> If workload required, additional part-time Members could be recruited.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 31.</ref> * <u>Non-adversarial processes:</u> The CRDD hearing into a claim was to be conducted in a non-adversarial manner. As part of this, the Minister was entitled only to present evidence and could not cross-examine the claimant or make representations, save where exclusion was at issue.<ref name=":44" /> Panels of the CRDD were assisted by an IRB employee called a Refugee Hearing Officer (RHO).<ref name=":44" /> The RHO was the new name for what had been referred to as the case presenting officer under the previous Refugee Status Advisory Committee system.<ref name=":82">W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 29.</ref> * <u>Private proceedings:</u> In contrast to the public proceedings at the former IAB, CRDD proceedings were normally conducted ''in camera''.<ref name=":44" /> * <u>Informal processes:</u> IRB management aimed to ensure that the Board respected its quasi-judicial status and avoided the trappings of a conventional court system, pushing the idea of brief written decisions and also supporting oral decisions.<ref>V. Peter Harder, ''Peter Harder Reminisces about the Early Years of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 13.</ref> *<u>No countries designated pursuant to the safe third country regime:</u> One concern raised by civil society with the new legislation was the Safe Third Country Regime that it introduced. In response to public criticism of the Safe Third Country Regime, Barbara McDougall, who was then Minister of Employment and Immigration, became persuaded that the United States might send refugee claimants deported from Canada back to Central America where their lives would be in jeopardy. As a result, she announced in December 1988 that she was "prepared to proceed with no country on the safe third country list ... We think the new system will be able to function without it."<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 228.</ref> *<u>Limitations on judicial review:</u> As was the case for the IAB, judicial review of determinations made by the IRB could only proceed with leave.<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 305.</ref> However, the act provided that deportations would not take place until the Court had made a decision on the application for judicial review.<ref name=":77">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 33.</ref> *<u>Post-determination risk assessment:</u> The government instituted a policy in 1989 to conduct a risk review for refused refugee claimants where time had passed between their refusal and deportation to assess claims regarding new risks.<ref name=":16" /> Specifically, unsuccessful refugee claimants were able to apply for post-determination review by an immigration official to evaluate whether removal would result in compelling personal risk. This review assessed "risk to life, inhumane treatment, or extreme sanctions," and could provide protection to persons not covered by the 1951 Convention and Protocol.<ref>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 87.</ref> Approximately 2-3% of such applications were accepted.<ref>Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 89.</ref> As discussed below, this process eventually became the foundation for what is now s. 97 of the IRPA. *<u>Cessation and vacation provisions:</u> Under this new law, the Minister was able to apply to the Refugee Division for a determination, before a panel of three of its members, that a person was no longer a Convention refugee on the grounds that the refugee obtained their status by fraudulent means or misrepresentation, or that the refugee no longer needs protection.<ref name=":77">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 33.</ref> An application for vacation first required leave from the Chairperson. The IRB represented a fresh start for asylum policy-making in Canada. As part of the transition to the new system, the government instituted several expedited review programs for people with pending asylum applications. The first was a limited one called the 1986-87 Administrative Review.<ref name=":91" /> A subsequent one, that came into effect in 1989 alongside the IRB, was designed to "clear the decks" and allow for a fresh start in asylum policy-making.<ref name=":1" /> While the government eschewed the term,<ref name=":94">Minister of Employment and Immigration, Press Release, March 20, 1990, 90-04.</ref> it essentially amounted to a general amnesty for refugee claimants who had entered Canada before 21 May 1986, one where individuals were permitted to stay in Canada and become permanent residents if they were already employed or likely to secure employment in the near future and had no medical, security, or criminal concerns.<ref name=":20" /> Formally, claims were divided into four groups: * Group I: People whose claims were previously examined under oath. Generally, these claims were examined first on the rationale that these claimants had been in Canada the longest time. Employment and Immigration Canada officials began reviewing these claims in March 1989. If, on review, a credible basis for the refugee claim was recommended, the case proceeded to a special panel composed of an adjudicator and a member of the CRDD. If those panels decided favourably on the recommendation for credible basis, the claimants were able to apply for permanent residence without the necessity for a further hearing. * Group II: People who arrived in Canada between May 1986 and February 1987 and who were issued Minister's permits. * Group III: People whose immigration inquiries were adjourned to have their claims examined under oath but these examinations were not conducted. * Group IV: People whose inquires were not opened or were not yet adjourned to have their claims examined. Claimants from Group I found to have no credible basis for their claim and those from Groups II-IV were interviewed at what were called Canada Immigration Centres. If those claimants could demonstrate sufficient humanitarian and compassionate reasons allowing them to remain in Canada, such as family class links, no further review was necessary and the claimants could apply for permanent residence.<ref name=":91">Employment and Immigration Canada, ''The backlog clearance process: Refugee claims made in Canada before January 1, 1989'' (pamphlet), 1989, document IM 059/12/89, Cat. No. MP23-109/1989, ISBN 0-662-57178-9.</ref> While under the previous system 30% of applicants had been accepted,<ref>David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, <nowiki>ISBN 0-920197-81-7</nowiki>, page 267.</ref> under the expedited review program, acceptance rates were much higher - approximately 85% of the 28,000 applicants processed in 1986, for example, were accepted. Nonetheless, the government rejected any suggestion that this amounted to an amnesty, stating in a press release in 1990 that "'to declare an amnesty would be to tell the world that Canada tolerates disrespect for its laws. I cannot do that,' the Minister stated."<ref name=":94" /> All told, a backlog of 125,000 cases accumulated between the ''Singh'' decision and the coming into effect of the reformed refugee determination system in 1989, cases which were addressed through this expedited review program.<ref name=":40" /> While the expedited review program was supposed to be able to process the outstanding applications within two years, it took much longer to do so, keeping, in the words of the Canadian Council for Refugees Executive Director Janet Dench, "refugees in limbo and separated from their families for years".<ref name=":66" /> Claimants who were ordered deported through this backlog process required ministerial consent to return to Canada as visitors or immigrants.<ref name=":91" /> == Juridification of the refugee system and broader interpretations of the refugee definition == A longer-term implication of the ''Singh'' decision and the resultant changes to the refugee system, including the creation of the IRB, has arguably been the increasing 'juridification' of the refugee process.<ref>For context on this phenomenon see: Matthew J. Gibney, ‘The State of Asylum: Democratization, Judicialization and Evolution of Refugee Policy in Europe’, (2001) New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper, No. 50.</ref> Colin Scott defines juridification as the “process by which relations hitherto governed by other values and expectations come to be subjected to legal values and rules”.<ref>Colin Scott, “The Juridification of Regulatory Relations in the UK Utilities Sector”, in Julia Black, Peter Muchlinski & Peter Walker, eds, Commercial Regulation and Judicial Review (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1998) 19 at 19.</ref> A legal conception of asylum has edged out other conceptions of the institution and process, including the political and religious conceptions of asylum that were previously dominant.<ref>Behrman, S. (2018). ''Law and Asylum: Space, Subject, Resistance'' (1st ed.). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203730348</nowiki> at page xxvii.</ref> This change had implications for how the system was administered. For example, the reasons offered for decisions by the Refugee Status Advisory Committee in the 1980s were scant; as refugee lawyer David Matas describes it, the reasons often consisted of "merely a few sentences" which "seldom related the findings of fact on which their conclusions were based".<ref>David Matas, Fairness in Refugee Determination, 1989 18-1 ''Manitoba Law Journal'' 71, 1989 CanLIIDocs 150, <https://canlii.ca/t/spb3>, retrieved on 2021-01-22, page 100 (quote lightly edited to change tense).</ref> In short, he states, what were offered were conclusions, as opposed to reasons. The reasons offered by the IRB would generally be more fulsome. This transition was consistent with international trends at the time - for example, it was not until 1984 that the Home Secretary in the UK was even required to give reasons for an asylum decision.<ref>Emma Borland, ''Temporal pillars of fairness: reflections on the UK's asylum adjudication regime from an original refugee-centred position'', PhD Thesis, 2020, Cardiff University, <<nowiki>https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/132879/</nowiki>> (Accessed June 30 2021), page 67.</ref> In this way, as the juridification of the system emphasized the importance of individuals retaining counsel, it is no coincidence that it was in 1986 that a group of immigration consultants assembled to form the immigration industry association in Canada, the Association of Immigration Counsel of Canada.<ref name=":66" /> From 1978, immigration legislation permitted regulations to be made with respect to the licensing of immigration consultants, however that had not been done. Questions that arose about the legality of the immigration consultant regime were put to rest in the 1990s with legal proceedings that the Law Society of British Columbia brought against Jaswant Singh Mangat, who ran Westcoast Immigration Consultants Ltd., providing representation for a fee before the Immigration and Refugee Board. After a BC judge issued an injunction against these activities on the basis that Mangat was not called to the bar in British Columbia, his became a test case, ultimately resolving in 2001 when the Supreme Court of Canada concluded that non-lawyer immigration consultants were in fact legal and authorized by the ''Immigration Act''.<ref name=":66" /> At this time there was no system regulating immigration consultants and there was nothing in Canadian law which would prohibit an unlicensed individual from charging a fee to represent a client in an immigration matter.<ref name=":66" /> This would not arrive until after 2002. With the end of the Cold War, and this juridification of the refugee system, the nature of who was recognized as a refugee began to shift - the concept went from being primarily about flight from Communism to a broader human rights-based conception of who was entitled to protection. Between the 1950s and the 1970s, argued the refugee scholar Gil Loescher, "recognizing persecution and the identifying perpetrators caused no headaches and the grant of asylum was generally used to reaffirm the failures of Communism and the benevolence of the West."<ref name=":85" /> The newfound IRB began to interpret the ''Refugee Convention'' in a way that was characterized as "expansive" and "progressive". In 1991, Canada became one of the first countries in the world to recognize sexual orientation-related persecution as a basis for claiming asylum.<ref>Molnar, Petra. "LGBTQ+ Refugees in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 14 May 2018, Historica Canada. <nowiki>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lgbtq2-refugees-in-canada</nowiki>. Accessed 30 December 2020.</ref> In 1993, the ''Immigration Act'' was amended to give the Chairperson the authority to issue guidelines.<ref name=":45" /> The amendment to the legislation came into force on February 1, 1993.<ref name=":80">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online <https://web.archive.org/web/20071115153143/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb18_e.htm> (Accessed November 9, 2023).</ref> Canada then issued guidelines on the handling of gender-based asylum claims on March 9, 1993,<ref name=":80" /> something that was associated with a growing acceptance of claims related to gender-based persecution.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 122.</ref> While 80% of Canada's refugee entrants in the 1980s were men,<ref name=":75">Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page x.</ref> the system became more gender balanced by the late 1990s. In 1996, the IRB adopted guidelines on child refugee claimants, reportedly the first such policy initiative of its kind adopted by any state system.<ref name=":10">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: <nowiki>https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html</nowiki> [accessed 18 August 2020].</ref> Much later, in 2017, the Board implemented guidelines on the adjudication of claims involving Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression (SOGIE).<ref name=":12">Lee, E.O.J., Kamgain, O., Hafford-Letchfield, T. ''et al.'' Knowledge and Policy About LGBTQI Migrants: a Scoping Review of the Canadian and Global Context. ''Int. Migration & Integration'' (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-020-00771-4.</ref> The acceptance rate for claims also went up dramatically - during the 1980s, about 70 per cent of claims for refugee status made in Canada were rejected after examination;<ref name=":87" /> the acceptance rate grew over the 1990s and subsequently. These progressive interpretations of Canada's refugee obligations were influenced by Canada's human rights obligations and international human rights procedures that refugee claimants may access. The Government of Canada ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991. This supplemented earlier instruments that Canada had ratified, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights. Claimants today can bring individual complaints to seven UN treaty bodies established pursuant to such treaties, as well as to the special procedures established by the UN Human Rights Council, in particular, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants. The Committee against Torture is by far the most solicited UN treaty body and between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of all individual complaints submitted thereto concern alleged violations of the principle of ''non-refoulement'' enshrined in Article 3 of the Convention.<ref>Chetail, V. (2019). ''International Migration Law''. London, England: Oxford University Press, page 73.</ref> A similar dynamic has applied to the development of applications to remain in Canada for humanitarian and compassionate reasons, something that many apply for either as an alternative to applying for refugee status, or apply for after a refugee claim has been rejected. At one point, refugee advocates charged that such applications were useless. In 1993, Mary Jo Leddy charged that such applications were "useless for refugees" and stated that during the last year no requests for a humanitarian and compassionate review had been granted in Ontario.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 136.</ref> == Growing claim numbers and efficiency measures == The arguable corollary to this broadened conception of the refugee definition was an increasing difficulty of distinguishing refugees from other migrants.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 165.</ref> Indeed, because poverty may be a contributory cause of human rights abuse, many refugees will be migrating to better economic conditions.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 2.</ref> Such challenges, the individualistic status determination model employed in Canada, as well as a ballooning number of claims, quickly resulted in backlogs. Soon after the IRB started in 1989, the number of asylum seekers reaching Canada began to rise, from a rate of several thousand a year, to reach 37,000 in 1992.<ref name=":48">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 381. See also the following statement that Canada "received more than 40,000 refugees in 1992" in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 302.</ref> This happened concomitant to several global crises, including the implosion of the former Yugoslavia in 1991-92, which saw a number of persons come to Canada and claim asylum. At this point, Canada also fast tracked the admission of more than 25,000 refugees from Bosnia through its resettlement program.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 282.</ref> While originally the Immigration and Refugee Board projected that cases would be dealt with in as little as eight weeks and no more than several months,<ref>Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 10.</ref> increasingly this was not happening. Bill C-86, passed by the Senate in December 1992, was a response to this influx of claimants. The bill was perceived to be primarily concerned with boosting the system's efficiency. It did this in a number of ways: * First was by eliminating a screening system for claims at the IRB and transferring authority for determining whether an applicant was eligible to claim refugee status from the Board to senior immigration officers at the immigration department.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 240.</ref> In the name of efficiency, Bill C-86 transferred the eligibility determination step to the department and abandoned the screening process designed to eliminate claims with “no credible basis”.<ref>Canadian Council for Refugees, ''The challenge of fair and effective refugee determination,'' 23 July 2009 <https://ccrweb.ca/files/fairdetermination.pdf> (Accessed April 24, 2020).</ref> When the ''Immigration Act'' was amended to eliminate the two-stage screening process, a new test for determining that claims have no credible basis was added to the statute, but it assumed a different function: instead of screening out claims at a preliminary stage, it served to restrict the post-determination rights of unsuccessful claimants whose claims were found not to be supported by any credible evidence.<ref>''Rahaman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2002 FCA 89, [2002] 3 FC 537, <[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fca/doc/2002/2002fca89/2002fca89.html?searchUrlHash=AAAAAQAaUmFoYW1hbiBhbmQgY3JlZGlibGUgYmFzaXMAAAAAAQ&resultIndex=1 https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fca/doc/2002/2002fca89/2002fca89.html]> at paras 14-16.</ref> * The CRDD was granted the authority to accept a claim without conducting an oral hearing, what was called the “expedited process”. As part of the expedited process, an RHO would interview the claimant and make a recommendation to a CRDD member as to whether the claim should be accepted without a hearing or whether a hearing was needed. In 1993, between 25 and 30 per cent of all claims were processed through this expedited process. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing#What is the history of the Board's processes to accept claims without a hearing?]]. * The GIC was given the power to designate, from among the full-time members of the Refugee Division, members to be coordinating members (CMs) at the ratio of one CM for every fifteen members of the Refugee Division. * Changes were also made to the process for seeking judicial review of the Board's decisions. From the time that the IRB had been created, panels of the Federal Court of Appeal had been conducting the judicial reviews, where they granted leave. February 1992 reforms to the ''Federal Courts Act'' transferred judicial review jurisdiction over credible basis decisions to the Federal Court Trial Division.<ref>Mary C Hurley, Principles, Practices, Fragile Promises: Judicial Review of Refugee Determination Decisions Before the Federal Court of Canada, 1996 41-2 ''McGill Law Journal'' 317, 1996 CanLIIDocs 50, <https://canlii.ca/t/2bhf>, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 334.</ref> In 1993, amendments to the ''Immigration Act'' came into force which vested single judges of the Trial Division with original judicial review jurisdiction over all decisions of the Convention Refugee Determination Division.<ref>These amendments had been passed by Parliament in 1990, but took several years to be brought into force. See: Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 305 and Mary C Hurley, Principles, Practices, Fragile Promises: Judicial Review of Refugee Determination Decisions Before the Federal Court of Canada, 1996 41-2 ''McGill Law Journal'' 317, 1996 CanLIIDocs 50, <https://canlii.ca/t/2bhf>, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 320. </ref> The move from multi-member panels to single judges for judicial reviews was yet another efficiency measure implemented for this high volume system. New IRB Rules of Practice were also made at this time, the ''Convention Refugee Determination Division Rules'' SOR/93-45. In 1994, as a concession to pragmatism, the government decided not to return certain refused refugee claimants to their countries of origin, particularly certain claimants from China. It did this by introducing the Deferred Removal Orders Class (DROC), which allowed applications for landing from refused refugee claimants who had not been removed after three years, subject to certain conditions. The Class was particularly aimed at resolving the situation of some 4,500 Chinese claimants waiting in limbo.<ref name=":66" /> In this way, the initiative was a compromise: providing a sort of amnesty for the existing backlog of claimants, who had waited while deportations to China were suspended following the Tiananmen Square massacre, while also announcing that deportations of new refused claimants would recommence. Later, Canada also introduced special measures to address the situations of claimants who were not being recognized through regular procedures. In January 1997 the government introduced the Undocumented Convention Refugees in Canada Class (UCRCC), which offered a means for some refugees from Somalia and Afghanistan who were unable to satisfactorily establish their identity to become permanent residents, but imposing a five year wait from the date of their refugee determination.<ref name=":16" /> Moreover, the position of the Refugee Hearing Officer continued to be seen as an important part of the efficiency and integrity of the system. This position assisted CRDD Members by conducting research and being responsible for questioning during hearings. In 1995, the position was renamed to be called a Refugee Claim Officer.<ref name=":45">David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 8.</ref> Furthermore, measures have been implemented to streamline the asylum process for those in Canada, professionalize the provision of advice, and make claiming asylum in Canada less desirable, including by: * <u>Limitations on appeal:</u> One efficiency measure that was implemented at the time of the IRB's founding was that refugee claimants no longer had the ability to appeal a refusal of their claim under this revised system. As David Matas writes, this aspect of the new process was much criticized by legal counsel for refugees at the time.<ref>David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press, Toronto, 1989, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 145.</ref> Claimants whose claims were declined continued to have recourse to seek judicial review at the Federal Court. However, a leave requirement was introduced in amendments to the ''Immigration Act'' in 1989''.''<ref>Liew, J. C. Y., Zambelli, P., Theriault, P.-A., & Silcoff, M. (2021). Not Just the Luck of the Draw? Exploring Competency of Counsel and Other Qualitative Factors in Federal Court Refugee Leave Determinations (2005-2010). ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''37''(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40655 at page 63.</ref> As a result of this, those seeking judicial review at the Federal Court required leave of the court to have their case heard. Leave to appeal has been granted in about 10 per cent of cases and reasons for refusal of leave are not granted.<ref name=":49">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 445.</ref> * <u>Broader restrictions on eligibility to claim:</u> In 1994, authority was provided to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration to issue a danger opinion against a refugee applicant on the basis of serious criminality. This had the effect of staying the refugee proceedings, removing the case from the jurisdiction of the IRB.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 447.</ref> As well, Bill C-44 came into force on July 10, 1995, providing for the redetermination of eligibility to have a claim referred to the Refugee Division.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''Legal References'', Last updated: 2006 04 20, online <<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20080329150414/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hbcitations_e.htm</nowiki>> (Accessed November 9, 2023).</ref> This allowed for the suspension of the processing of a claim at the CRDD and for revoking the referral of the claim to the CRDD if a senior immigration officer determined that the claim was ineligible to be referred to the CRDD. * <u>Restrictions on employment for claimants:</u> In the early 1990s, the government prevented refugee claimants from working. This was changed later in the 1990s. * <u>Move from two-person panels to one-person panels:</u> As the Convention Refugee Determination Division was originally conceived, refugee claimants would appear before panels of two decision-makers, only one of whom needed to accept their claim for their application to be successful. This at the time was conceived of as a cost-saving measure when compared to the three-member panels on the prior Refugee Status Advisory Committee<ref name=":82" /> and the three-member panels of the prior Immigration Appeal Boards.<ref>W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 30.</ref> A further cost-saving initiative was announced in March 1995 to move from two-member panels to one-person panels.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, pp. 244-245.</ref> While the legislation would not be changed to make one-person panels the norm until the next decade, one-person panels ''de facto'' became the norm in the 1990s anyways. During that period, refugee determinations were usually made by one member sitting alone, with the "consent" of the applicant to do so. Catherine Dauvergne writes that by the time of the legislative amendment in 2002 that formalized this practice, two-person panels had already become rare.<ref>Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, <https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f>, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 728.</ref> *<u>Increased focus on effecting removals:</u> Citizenship and Immigration Canada describes removal as a key tool within the refugee system.<ref>Detention, Removals and the New Assisted Voluntary Returns Program (CIC – DRAVRP), Backgrounder, as cited in Edward Ou Jin Lee, ''Queer and Trans Migrants, Colonial Logics, and the Politics of Refusal'', Chapter 6 in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 150.</ref> *<u>Professionalization of immigration consultants:</u> Steps were taken to professionalize the non-lawyer immigration consultants who can represent individuals before the IRB, including the 1996 creation of an Immigration Practitioners Certificate Program at Seneca College in Ontario, the first such program in Canada.<ref name=":66" /> == Growing claim numbers and deterrence measures == There was a time when the refugee "problem" was thought to be solvable.<ref name=":29">Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 17.</ref> The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was originally set up for only three years. The office was renewed by the UN General Assembly thereafter, but only for successive five-year periods. UNHCR's temporary nature, and repeated renewals, continued until December 2003. At that time, the UNGA removed the temporal limitation and created a framework for refugee protection set to continue indefinitely, "until the refugee problem is solved".<ref name=":29" /> In Shauna Labman's words, the removal of the temporal limitation on UNHCR's mandate speaks to the recognition of the increasing unlikelihood of such a resolution.<ref name=":29" /> Ebbing expectations of any permanent solution to refugee issues have come at the same time as refugee numbers have grown, asylum claimants have come from further afield, and concomitant refugee status determination costs have increased. This has been driven by reductions in the cost of international air travel, and the end of the Cold War, and with it a sharp reduction in the number of countries placing limits on the ability of nationals to leave their state (viz. the fall of the Berlin Wall).<ref name=":62" /> In response, in Bríd Ní Ghráinne's words, states have begun to employ increasingly "creative" means to constrain refugee flows and restrict the number of individuals they recognize as refugees.<ref name=":3">Bríd Ní Ghráinne, ''Safe Zones and the Internal Protection Alternative'', 2020-04-16, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, DOI: 10.1017/S0020589320000019 <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589320000019> (Accessed April 18, 2020), page 341.</ref> Such measures have included curtailing the entry of refugees onto their territories through what she terms “relatively invisible—and hence politically expedient—''non-entrée'' measures”<ref name=":3" /> which have been deployed by Canada to an increasing extent in recent decades. Canada's geographic location, buffered by the U.S., Mexico, and three oceans, has long made it difficult for irregular migrants to reach its territory.<ref>Ernesto Castaneda, ''Fortress North America: Theorizing a Regional Approach to Migration Management,'' American University, <[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66598692/Fortress_North_America_4_23_21_Castaneda_Danielson_Rathod-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1626553200&Signature=Sszz1nlFvj16tw1o-ugkUpZorOqRJpaAqCAIGZhMutAkLubShL~iqScCGE0IUam4suCH-Vr4LLHlJCaE1FP3pv2xK-VF5C7BVHu1mxpJzjjUmTgV-3Q93sS2sorw6qPQ8SWsYYmQpNsJuruYdnBwfAXN~eTisxAoCUVzmXJX-Z5Gs8p~J1-0Py3fWaWz8n9TKYnqwgl3SB~02IMrwZ4y3e96IQbpuhUxzX7B33VUvY20u3tRo5qzbIo2qU~T2n4m9u~5PMgfWTJHEkKg4377JUBKw6JL1QGIDloajZ~476V494ip4ndLudQGoXUeqXwdxuef93yBshofC~A7hvBJMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66598692/Fortress_North_America_4_23_21_Castaneda_Danielson_Rathod-with-cover-page-v2.pdf]> (Accessed July 18, 2021), at page 7.</ref> As the number of claimants in the country has risen in recent decades, Canada has increasingly turned towards the following ''non-entrée'' measures: * <u>Restrictive visa policies:</u> Until the late 1970s Canada had many fewer direct flights from other countries and it also had no visa requirement for any country in the western hemisphere.<ref>Rob Vineberg, ''Canada’s Imposition of a Visitor Visa Requirement on Haitians: the First in the Western Hemisphere,'' CIHS Bulletin, June 2021, Issue 97, <[https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bulletin-97-June-2021.pdf&hl=en_GB http://cihs-shic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Bulletin-97-June-2021.pdf]> (Accessed July 18, 2021), at page 10.</ref> Instead, many travellers to Canada had to switch flights in the United States, something which generally required a visa to that country. In the late 1970s, direct flights to Canada from other countries began to spring up and Canada began to implement an in-Canada asylum system. Canada simultaneously began to require visas for entry into Canada, something which restricted access to the asylum process.<ref name=":12" /> In 1987 the government began to require that individuals travelling via Canada to another country have a transit visa to pass through Canada if they came from a country whose citizens required a visitor visa to visit Canada.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 53.</ref> Such visa requirements expanded to the point that today citizens of states considered to be "refugee producing" generally require visitor visas that are described as "extremely difficult to obtain".<ref>Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), page 18.</ref> For example, the rejection rate for visa applications from refugee-producing countries such as Somalia, Yemen, Afghanistan, and Syria is nearly 75 per cent.<ref name=":50" /> *<u>Carrier sanctions:</u> Carrier sanctions refer to obligations placed on airlines and other transportation services to take care that they not transport anybody without a visa, if they are required to have one.<ref>Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, at p. 1108 (para. 66).</ref> The Department of Citizenship and Immigration charges a carrier what has been labelled a "hefty" administration fee<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 121.</ref> for each traveller arriving with improper documents.<ref>Francois Crepeau, ''The Foreigner and The Right to Justice in The Aftermath of September 11'', Refugee Watch Newsletter, <<nowiki>http://refugeewatch.org.in/RWJournal/25.pdf</nowiki>> (Accessed June 26, 2021) at item 1.7.</ref> *<u>Criminalization of people smuggling:</u> Canada has used provisions criminalizing human smuggling as a means to deter asylum claims, for example bringing charges against a US humanitarian worker for smuggling (an offence under IRPA that carries a maximum life sentence) for transporting twelve Haitian asylum seekers to the USA–Canada border.<ref>Audrey Macklin, “Asylum and the Rule of Law in Canada: Hearing the Other (Side)”, in Susan Kneebone, ed, Refugees, Asylum Seekers and the Rule of Law: Comparative Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) 78 at 105-06.</ref> Furthermore, in 1993 the passage of Bill C-86 established an expanded list of criteria by which an applicant might be determined inadmissible.<ref>Maria Cristina Garcia, ''Canada: A Northern Refuge for Central Americans,'' Migration Policy Institute, April 1 2006, <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/canada-northern-refuge-central-americans> (Accessed July 18, 2021).</ref> * <u>Biometric requirements:</u> In the early 1990s, the government introduced a requirement that asylum applicants be fingerprinted.<ref name=":15">Nicholas Alexander Rymal Fraser, ''Shared Heuristics: How Organizational Culture Shapes Asylum Policy'', Department of Political Science, University of Toronto (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020, <<nowiki>https://search.proquest.com/openview/f925dea72da7d94141f0f559633da65a/1</nowiki>> (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 84 of PDF.</ref> The government also then introduced and gradually expanded biometric requirements for visa applicants; by the end of 2018, all visitors requiring visas also required biometrics.<ref>Johanna Reynolds and Jennifer Hyndman, ''Shifting Grounds of Asylum in Canadian Public Discourse and Policy'', in Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 38 (Page 47 of PDF).</ref> Measures were also taken to use such biometric identifiers as part of information-sharing agreements with other countries. The Canada-US Smart Border Declaration of December 2001 committed that the two countries would develop common biometric identifiers and engage in the exchange of information.<ref name=":64">Idil Atak, Claire Ellis, and Zainab Abu Alrob, ''Refugee system as a bordering site: security, surveillance, and the rights of asylum seekers in Canada,'' in Graham Hudson and Idil Atak (eds.), ''Migration, Security, and Resistance: Global and Local Perspectives'', 2022. New York: Routledge, page 3 of section.</ref> A 2003 agreement between the countries entitled ''Sharing of Information on Asylum and Refugee Status Claims'' allows for the automated, systematic sharing of information between Canada and the US about asylum seekers, including biometric and biographic data.<ref name=":64" /> * <u>First country of asylum principles:</u> Canadian immigration legislation has permitted the designation of safe countries since 1988.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 911.</ref> This provision was used to authorize the safe third country agreement between Canada and the United States in 2004 (see below). * <u>Stricter port-of-entry interviews and security screening:</u> In the early 1990s, the government introduced deterrence measures design to push down the number of refugee claims, including stricter port-of-entry interviews.<ref name=":15" /> Then, in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the then Immigration Minister announced that there would be much greater utilization of the strategy of Front-End Security Screening (FESS) for refugees as they arrive in Canada.<ref>Obiora Chinedu Okafor, ''Refugee Law After 9/11: Sanctuary and Security in Canada and the United States'', UBC Press 2020, Law and Society Series, <nowiki>ISBN 9780774861465</nowiki>, page 91.</ref> More detail on FESS screening is available at: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#Regulation 159.9(3)(b): The process for investigations and inquiries related to sections 34 to 37 of the Act is referred to as the FESS process]]. * <u>Pushback operations:</u> The ''Immigration Act'' of the 1980s included authority for the Minister to direct a ship not to enter Canada’s waters where the Minister believed on reasonable grounds that the ship was bringing any person to Canada in contravention of the Act or Regulations; this provision was subject to a six-month “sunset clause” and was not used before it expired.<ref>An Act to amend the Immigration Act, 1976, and the Criminal Code in consequence thereof, S.C. 1988, c. 36 (Bill C-84, the ''Refugee Deterrents and Detention Act'').</ref> More recently, pushback and interception operations have occurred overseas. For example, in 1998 Canadian officials arranged for the interception by the Senegalese navy of a boat carrying 192 Tamil persons from Sri Lanka, individuals who were then returned to Colombo before they could arrive in Canada.<ref>Andrew Brouwer and Judith Kumin, ''Interception and Asylum: When Migration Control and Human Rights Collide,'' <https://www.unhcr.org/afr/4963237d0.pdf> (Accessed December 19, 2020), at page 21.</ref> In 2011, Indonesian authorities funded by Canada's Human Smuggling Envelope programme intercepted the Alicia, carrying 84 Sri Lankan Tamils. Human Smuggling Envelope funding also supported the interception of The Ruvuma in Ghana in 2012, which according to authorities was bound for Togo and Benin, where hundreds of Sri Lankan refugees were stranded.<ref>Idil Atak and Claire Ellis, ''The externalization of Canada’s border policies: extending control, restricting mobility'', in Ervis Martani and Denise Helly, ''Asylum and resettlement in Canada: Historical development, successes, challenges and lessons'', Genova University Press, <https://gup.unige.it/sites/gup.unige.it/files/pagine/Asylum_and_resettlement_in_Canada_ebook.pdf>, page 122.</ref> *<u>Overseas interdiction:</u> CBSA employees called migration integrity officers work overseas, ensuring that individuals who are travelling to Canada have proper travel documentation.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 34.</ref> Canada's interdiction programs abroad are a component of what is termed its Multiple Borders Strategy (MBS). Under the MBS, liaison officers are tasked with preventing persons who lack Canadian authorization or other required documents from boarding planes or boats bound for Canada.<ref name=":14">Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 909. </ref> In 2012 the government reported that there were 63 such officers in 49 locations worldwide.<ref>Hansard, Testimony of Pierre Sabourin, Vice-President, Operations Branch, Canada Border Services Agency, before the Citizenship and Immigration Committee, 41st Parl, 1st Sess, No 21 (14 February 2012), online: <https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/41-1/CIMM/meeting-21/evidence>.</ref> Between 2001 and 2014, such liaison officers intercepted over 86,000 persons offshore.<ref>Efrat Arbel, "Bordering the Constitution, Constituting the Border" (2016) 53:3 Osgoode Hall LJ 824 at 839.</ref> For example, in 2018, 7,208 people, mostly from Romania, Mexico, India, Hungary, and Iran, were barred from boarding flights to Canada due to "improper documentation".<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 88.</ref> *<u>Funding for border enforcement in countries of transit:</u> Canada funds border enforcement in the global South to prevent departure.<ref>Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), page 5.</ref> Rebecca Hamlin situates the rise of this regime to deter asylum claims in the following way: "the rise of the regime of deterrence is, in part, a story of unintended consequences, because international commitments made by each country in a particular political moment came back to haunt future generations of policymakers. Had these countries' leaders anticipated the financial, security, and political challenges of the present-day situation, they might not have been as willing to make commitments that, at the time, were largely an abstraction."<ref name=":0" /> == The 2002 move from the Immigration Act to the IRPA == In the late 1990s, the federal government began a process to overhaul the then-''Immigration Act,'' including with a lengthy public consultation period.<ref name=":18">Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 29.</ref> It commissioned a report entitled ''Not Just Numbers: A Canadian Framework for Future Immigration'' which set out priorities for the reformed system, some of which were accepted and others (like removing jurisdiction for determining refugee status from the IRB and transferring it to civil servants<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 420.</ref>) which were not. The resulting ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' (“IRPA”) was an entirely new statute and represented the first complete revision of immigration legislation in Canada since 1978.<ref>Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration & Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], <<nowiki>https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478</nowiki>> (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 158 of the PDF.</ref> It emerged from Bill C-11, titled ''An Act respecting immigration to Canada and the granting of refugee protection to persons who are displaced, persecuted or in danger.''<ref name=":88">''Sidhu v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1681 (CanLII), at para 45, <https://canlii.ca/t/k1rpc#par45>, retrieved on 2024-01-20.</ref> The IRPA received Royal Assent on November 1, 2001<ref name=":88" /> (or December 2001<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 302.</ref>) and came into force on June 28, 2002. The shift from the ''Immigration Act'' to the IRPA that June marked a new era of asylum policy in Canada - one that has been described as being focused on relieving administrative burdens. In the drafting and development of the IRPA, considerable public attention was devoted to the question of whether to have one act governing immigration matters and a separate act governing refugee law. The idea, motivated by concern about the fundamental differences between immigration and refugee law, and advocated for in the ''Not Just Numbers'' report, was ultimately rejected; however, the Act's new title and the establishment of a separate division of the legislation devoted to refugees reflect this concern.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 27.</ref> Highlights of the new legislative framework include the following: * <u>Framework legislation:</u> Compared to the previous legislation, the IRPA was described as framework legislation, with more details to be found in the regulations.<ref name=":45" /> *<u>Consolidated grounds for refugee protection:</u> The IRPA expanded the categories of persons entitled to refugee protection. Under the former immigration legislation, the only category of person who was clearly entitled to protection at the IRB was a person who fell within the definition of “Convention refugee”. IRPA expanded the scope of coverage to include persons who are at risk of torture, death, and cruel and unusual treatment upon deportation to their country of nationality or former habitual residence.<ref>Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration & Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], <https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478> (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 159 of the PDF.</ref> Canada had ratified the ''Convention Against Torture'' in 1987, but did not implement it directly in Canadian domestic law until this point''.''<ref>Obiora Chinedu Okafor, ''Refugee Law After 9/11: Sanctuary and Security in Canada and the United States'', UBC Press 2020, Law and Society Series, <nowiki>ISBN 9780774861465</nowiki>, page 25.</ref> Rebecca Hamlin writes that there is no evidence to suggest that Parliament considered the introduction of IRPA section 97 to be monumental when it discussed the legislation before voting on it in 2002. When the bill was being debated, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Elinor Caplan assured members of Parliament the IRPA "gives us the ability to streamline our procedures, so that those who are in genuine need of our protection will be welcomed in Canada more quickly and those who are not in need of protection will be able to be removed more quickly. That streamlining is extremely important."<ref name=":9">Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 170.</ref> Immediately after IRPA went into force, the IRB Legal Services division produced a lengthy guide for decision makers on how to make section 97 decisions; the guide states that these decisions were subsumed under the IRB mandate to avoid the "delays and inconsistencies" of the previous "fragmented" and "multilayered approach".<ref name=":9" /> *<u>Focus on compliance with international human rights instruments:</u> The IRPA introduced a provision to Canada's immigration legislation specifying that it was to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. *<u>Shift from the CRDD to the RPD:</u> The Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) was renamed the Refugee Protection Division (RPD), to reflect the fact that it now had jurisdiction over the consolidated grounds for refugee protection. The Adjudication Division was also renamed the Immigration Division (ID). *<u>Creation of the RAD:</u> The IRPA created the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD), which would review negative decisions on their merits, though this took ten years to fully implement.<ref>Marlene Epp, “Refugees in Canada: A Brief History,” Immigration And Ethnicity In Canada 35 (2017), <https://cha-shc.ca/_uploads/5c374fb005cf0.pdf>, at 24-25.</ref> Specifically, after the Act was passed, ''Citizenship and Immigration Canada'' announced that as a result of “pressures on the system” implementation of the RAD would be delayed.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 88.</ref> * <u>Shift to single-member RPD panels:</u> Because the IRB backlog was a huge concern, the staff time required to support the RAD was created through a shift from two-member panels to single-member hearings (or, occasionally, three-member RPD panels) so that half the number of Board members would generally be required for each case.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Pages 49-50.</ref> This was as opposed to the two-member CRDD panels, or the use of single member CRDD panels on consent that had existed previously. * <u>PRRA:</u> The IRPA transitioned from the Post-Determination Refugee Claimants in Canada Class (PDRCC) to the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA) process.<ref>''Covarrubias v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2007] 3 F.C.R. 169, para. 27.</ref> The procedure compensates for the inability of claimants to make a second refugee claim, even when changes in circumstances in the country of origin occurred after a first claim was denied.<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 303.</ref> The way PRRA functions is that a refused asylum seeker can apply for a PRRA to assess whether the risk faced by the refugee claimant has changed since their decision was rendered.<ref name=":71">Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), pages 18-19.</ref> PRRA is an administrative review of an application done on the basis of a written submission.<ref name=":47">Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 443.</ref> When the government announced the creation of CBSA in 2003, originally the plan was to transfer PRRA responsibility to them, but in the wake of pressure from NGOs, PRRA responsibility remained with Citizenship and Immigration Canada.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 262</ref> As discussed below, in 2012 the IRPA was amended to limit access to the PRRA during the twelve months following the rejection of a claim. At the same time, before the IRPA, refugee claimants were allowed to make a second claim to the CRDD if they had been out of Canada for at least 90 days. However, with the advent of the IRPA, claimants could only submit one claim to the RPD even if they leave the country and return. * <u>Clarification of the Chairperson's powers:</u> The powers of the IRB Chairperson were clarified and added to, including the power to designate coordinating members; to delegate certain powers; to assign GIC-appointees to a Division; to take any action necessary to ensure that IRB members carry out their duties efficiently and without undue delay; and, in addition to the power to issue guidelines in writing to members, the Chairperson now also had to the power to identify IRB decisions as “jurisprudential guides” to assist members in carrying out their duties. *<u>Increased security provisions:</u> Sharryn Aiken, et. al., write that the most significant shift signalled by the IRPA is that it demonstrated a marked security turn in Canadian immigration law. They note that "this is hardly surprising in legislation that was passed in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States.<ref name=":18" /> Peter Showler writes that the government almost scrapped IRPA to introduce a law much tougher on refugees, but that Immigration Minister Elinor Caplan decided to proceed with the IRPA in the end.<ref>Peter Showler, ''My Time at the Immigration and Refugee Board'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 16.</ref> This law included a number of security-related measures, including: **<u>Increased authority to detain claimants:</u> The IRPA expanded the authority of immigration officers to detain refugee claimants where they represented a flight risk, a danger to the public, and/or their identity was in doubt. This expanded authority resulted in the number of individuals detained pursuant to the ''Immigration Act'' rising substantially, from 8,000 people in the year 2000 to some 11,500 in 2003.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 426.</ref> **<u>Broader grounds of ineligibility to claim refugee protection because of criminality:</u> When compared to the 1976 Act, IRPA included broadened grounds restricting the eligibility of refugee claimants to have their refugee claims determined.<ref>Kelley, Ninette, and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 425.</ref> **<u>Anti-smuggling measures:</u> The past century has seen what Gil Loescher describes as "dramatic growth" in human trafficking and trans-continental people smuggling.<ref>Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 15.</ref> Provisions in the IRPA for the first time implemented Canada's obligations under the ''Palermo Convention'' together with its ''Smuggling Protocol'' and ''Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children''.<ref>''B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2015] 3 SCR 704, par. 54, <https://canlii.ca/t/gm8wn#par54>, retrieved on 2021-04-25.</ref> Smugglers became eligible for a sentence of life imprisonment upon criminal conviction.<ref>Vinh Nguyen and Thy Phu (eds.), ''Refugee States: Critical Refugee Studies in Canada'', 2021, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, <https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/106645/1/Refugee_States_UTP_9781487541392.pdf> (Accessed July 17, 2021), Page 37 (Page 46 of PDF). </ref> **<u>Ministerial interventions:</u> With the advent of the IRPA, the Minister was granted the authority to intervene in all refugee claims. While the above overhaul of the system represented considerable change, it is also notable that some of the changes argued for in the ''Not Just Numbers'' report were ultimately rejected. For example, that report had recommended that the processing of overseas and inland refugee claims be unified within a single system with shared decision-makers for both. Having a single system reflected a desire for more consistent decision-making on refuge status, but, in Shauna Labman's words, "[brushed over] the additional necessity of the selection aspect in overseas resettlement."<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 43.</ref> The proposal was not adopted. == Post-IRPA measures == Following the introduction of the IRPA, a number of measures were taken which had a continued focus on system integrity, efficiency, and reducing backlogs at the RPD. These included: * <u>Reverse-order questioning:</u> The year following the introduction of the IRPA, in 2003, the IRB Chairperson issued Guideline 7 on the Conduct of a Hearing, which created a new order for questioning during an RPD hearing. The new order of questioning in a hearing of a claim for refugee protection was that, if the Minister is not a party, any witness, including the claimant, would be questioned first by the RPD and then by the claimant’s counsel.<ref>David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, <https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf> (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 10.</ref> * <u>Refusal to introduce the RAD:</u> Over the next decade subsequent to the coming into force of the IRPA, there were several attempts by some members of Parliament to pass another act forcing the implementation of the RAD, including a very near success in summer 2008.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 89.</ref> *<u>Creation of CBSA:</u> The Canada Border Services Agency was established in 2003. It operates as part of the Department of Public Safety Canada, also created in 2003 following the model of the US Department of Homeland Security. <ref>Karine Côté-Boucher and Mireille Paquet, "Immigration enforcement: why does it matter who is in charge?" in Dauvergne, C. (2021). ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration''. Edward Elgar Publishing, page 87.</ref> *<u>Increasingly merit-based Member appointment process:</u> Additionally, there were changes to the appointment process for Governor in Council Members of the Division. Such GIC appointments to the IRB have always been controlled by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, although reforms implemented in the 1990s started to provide greater scope for management of the IRB to participate in the selection and reappointment of Members based on more merit-based criteria. These efforts were reversed in the winter of 2006 when the newly elected government introduced changes to give the Minister greater control and discretion. The Chair of the IRB, Jean-Guy Fleury, unexpectedly resigned at this time, eight months before the end of his mandate, leading to speculation that he did so in protest, having been a strong advocate for a more merit-based appointment process.<ref name=":49" /> Similarly, there were early exits of a deputy chair and the IRB executive director, as well as the resignation of all five members of an advisory panel that selected Immigration and Refugee Board adjudicators, who released a public letter indicating that they were resigning in protest.<ref>Nicholas Keung, ''PM defends refugee board changes'', Toronto Star, March 1, 2007, <https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/03/01/pm_defends_refugee_board_changes.html> (Accessed December 25, 2021).</ref> *<u>Introduction of the Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States:</u> STCAs are bi- or multi-lateral agreements requiring refugees to seek refuge in the first country they reach, prohibiting them from seeking asylum in the other state(s) party to the agreement.<ref name=":34" /> A provision for safe third country agreements was included in Canada's ''Immigration Act'' in the 1980s. Canada attempted to negotiate such an agreement with the United States in the decades following, initially without success. For example, in 1993 Canada entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with the United States with the intent of the latter being declared as a safe third country,<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 99.</ref> but in 1998 the Canadian government announced that negotiations with the U.S. pursuant to that Memorandum of Agreement, negotiations which aimed to see the US designed a safe third country, were being abandoned.<ref name=":16" /> It was only in the wake of 9/11 that Canada was able to successfully conclude such negotiations.<ref>Obiora Chinedu Okafor, ''Refugee Law After 9/11: Sanctuary and Security in Canada and the United States'', UBC Press 2020, Law and Society Series, <nowiki>ISBN 9780774861465</nowiki>, page 219.</ref> Specifically, on December 5, 2002, Canada signed its STCA with the United States.<ref>Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “A Partnership for Protection: One Year Review,” Executive Summary (November 2006) at 5.</ref> That agreement came into effect on December 29, 2004, the first time that the safe third country regime in Canada's immigration legislation was first utilized.<ref>Mark Rook, ''Identifying Better Refugee Policies for an Evolving Crisis'', April 21, 2020, University of Pennsylvania Honors Thesis, <https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ppe_honors> (Accessed May 9, 2020), page 132.</ref> The agreement, modelled on the multilateral Dublin Regulation among European Union member states'',''<ref name=":35">Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), page 7.</ref> prohibits most persons from seeking asylum at a regular land port of entry in either country if they first landed in the other one.<ref name=":34" /> The immediate impact of the STCA was to significantly lower the number of inland refugee claims in Canada; there was a 49 percent drop in claims made at the Canada-US border after the agreement came into effect.<ref name=":34" /> This trend, however, did not last.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 912.</ref> For those who did make a claim at the Canadian border, the vast majority fitted within one of the exceptions to the agreement - in 2005, of the 4033 claims made at the border, only 303 refugee claimants were returned to the United States as ineligible to apply in Canada.<ref name=":47" /> *<u>Enlargement of UNHCR ExCom:</u> Canada has continued to sit on the UNHCR ExCom. Its size has grown from 25 states in the 1950s to 106 today. As a result, Gil Loescher writes, ExCom has become too large and politicized and it is frequently not an effective decision-making body.<ref name=":59" /> *<u>Regulation of immigration consultants:</u> The Canadian Society of Immigration Consultants was established to regulate the activities of immigration consultants providing representation for a fee in 2004, the first time that such a regulatory body had been established in Canada.<ref name=":66" /> As well, on June 22, 2006, the Prime Minister offered a public apology in the House of Commons to the Chinese-Canadian communities impacted by the head tax and previous exclusionary legislation. The government agreed to pay $20,000 in compensation to the survivors, or their spouses, who had paid the head tax; there were about 20 left alive at that point.<ref name=":89" /> == Refugee reform in 2010 and 2012 == Two pieces of legislation made significant changes to the refugee system in 2010 and 2012, the ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' (BRRA, 2010) and the ''Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act'' (PCISA, June 2012). The BRRA received royal assent on June 29, 2010. It was passed by Parliament during a minority government and among its substantial amendments to the IRPA were some compromises proposed by the opposition parties. A federal election was subsequently held on May 2, 2011 and following that election, the BRRA was amended by the new majority government in Parliament, before the substantial provisions of the BRRA came into force on December 15, 2012. Those subsequent amendments came in the form of PCISA. Key portions of PCISA were originally part of the ''Preventing Human Smugglers from Abusing Canada’s Immigration System Act'' (Human Smugglers Act), which was introduced as Bill C-49 in October 2010. After the May 2011 Canadian federal election caused Bill C-49 to die on the order paper, the newly formed majority government re-introduced the provisions as Bill C-4 in June 2011. This ''Human Smugglers Act'' was then incorporated into Bill C-31, PCISA, in June 2012.<ref>Bond, Jennifer. "Failure to Report: The Manifestly Unconstitutional Nature of the Human Smugglers Act." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 51.2 (2014) : 377-425, <http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol51/iss2/1>, pages 378-379.</ref> As Neil Yeates describes it, the thrust of these reforms was for faster processing of claims, with a view that ''bona fide'' claimants would be more quickly approved, and failed claimants, after access to the new Refugee Appeal Division of the IRB, would be more quickly removed from Canada.<ref>Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, <https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf> (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 1.</ref> Various changes were made to assist this, including: * <u>Legislated timelines for hearings:</u> The legislation included accelerated timelines for scheduling refugee hearings,<ref name=":35" /> with a requirement that a hearing take place within 60 days of a claimant making their claim.<ref name=":38">George Melnyk and Christina Parker, ''Finding Refuge in Canada: Narratives of Dislocation'', February 2021, Athabasca University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9781771993029</nowiki>, page 12.</ref> This initial date for the RPD hearing was fixed by an immigration officer. * <u>Implementation of the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD).</u> As part of this reform, the RAD came into being on December 15, 2012.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 89.</ref> The RAD, as implemented at this point, had a broader mandate than that envisioned when the legislative provisions for the RAD were originally enacted at the time that the IRPA came into force. For example, the IRPA originally allowed the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal to present only written submissions. This was subsequently modified by the BRRA to allow them to submit documentary evidence as well, albeit “only evidence that arose after the rejection of their claim or that was not reasonably available, or that the person could not reasonably have been expected in the circumstances to have presented.”<ref>''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 32, <https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par32>, retrieved on 2022-04-22.</ref> * <u>Public servant decision-makers:</u> First-level decision makers at the IRB’s Refugee Protection Division began to be public servants appointed in accordance with the ''Public Service Employment Act'' as opposed to Governor-in-Council appointees. The shift away from Governor-in-Council appointees reflected a key recommendation from the government's own immigration-law advisory committee, namely that qualified public servants should be named to the Immigration and Refugee Board, not political appointees.<ref>Valerie Knowles, ''Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015'', March 2016, ISBN 978-1-45973-285-8, Dundurn Press: Toronto, p. 248.</ref> *<u>Elimination of the Refugee Protection Officer position:</u> A position that had variously gone by the name Refugee Hearing Officer (<abbr>RHO</abbr>), Refugee Claim Officer (<abbr>RCO</abbr>), and Refugee Protection Officer (<abbr>RPO</abbr>)<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection'', January 31, 2004, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Pages/Credib.aspx2> (Accessed January 27, 2020), at foreword.</ref> was eliminated on the basis that it would no longer be necessary given the expertise that the public servant decision-makers would possess. These roles had previously assisted Members by conducting questioning at hearings. * <u>Creating a list of Designated Countries of Origin (DCOs)</u>, countries that were not generally considered to be refugee-producing, and where measures to deter and expedite such claims were consequently legislated.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 36.</ref> The Designated Country of Origin list was introduced in 2012 as part of the ''Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act''. The initiative was modelled on the European Safe Country of Origin list, which is used in that asylum system.<ref name=":35" /> The implications for asylum seekers coming from DCOs included an expedited hearing process with shortened timelines, no access to the Refugee Appeal Division, no automatic stay of removal for failed claimants seeking judicial review, limited access to PRRA, and no eligibility for a work permit or health care for the first 180 days during which they were awaiting a decision on their claim.<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 331.</ref> Designation as a safe country was dependent on a combination of qualitative observations of countries’ levels of democratic process and human rights records and on two quantitative thresholds, including when 75 percent or more of previous claims by nationals of a country had been rejected by the IRB or 60 percent or more of previous claims by nationals of a country had been withdrawn. The initial DCO list included 25 countries and was eventually expanded to include 42 countries.<ref name=":13">Chantel Spade & Tearney McDermott, ''‘Safe’ countries and ‘fraudulent’ refugees: Tools for narrowing access to Canada’s refugee system,'' Spotlight on Migration No. 2020/4, August 2020, Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement (RCIS), <[https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/RCIS/publications/spotlightonmigration/2020_4_Spade_Chantel_McDermott_Tearney_Safe_countries_and_fraudulent_refugees_Tools_for_narrowing_access_to_Canada%E2%80%99s_refugee_system.pdf https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/RCIS/publications/spotlightonmigration/2020_4_Spade_Chantel_McDermott_Tearney_Safe_countries_and_fraudulent_refugees_Tools_for_narrowing_access_to_Canada’s_refugee_system.pdf]> (Accessed September 13, 2020), page 3 of PDF.</ref> On May 17, 2019, following a series of Federal Court rulings<ref>e.g. ''Y.Z. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2016] 1 FCR 575, 2015 FC 892.</ref> in which specific provisions of the DCO policy were struck down for not complying with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Government of Canada announced that it would remove all countries from the DCO list<ref name=":13" /> and that the DCO regime would eventually be repealed through legislative amendment.<ref>Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, News Release, “Canada Ends the Designated Country of Origin Practice” (17 May 2019), online: <https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-&#x20;refugees-citizenship/news/2019/05/canada-ends-the-designated-country-of-origin-practice.html>.</ref> * <u>Creating the concept of Designated Foreign Nationals:</u> The PCISA reforms established a regime for what are termed Designated Foreign Nationals.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 51.</ref> DFNs, as defined in the Act, are groups of two or more refugee claimants suspected by the Minister of Public Safety 'irregular arrival' with the aid of smugglers.<ref name=":36">Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), page 8.</ref> The implications of being so designated include that DFNs will be automatically detained until their refugee claim is determined if they are sixteen years of age or older.<ref name=":38" /> This built on the way that mandatory detention had already been utilized in Canada after the arrival of Tamil refugees aboard the MV ''Ocean Lady'' and MV ''Sun Sea'' in 2010.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2021, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 102.</ref> Furthermore, even if their claim is accepted, DFNs are unable to apply for permanent resident status for five years,<ref name=":38" /> as well as being unable to obtain a travel document and unable to sponsor family members.<ref name=":36" /> Soon after the introduction of these provisions in the Act, they were invoked by the government in multiple cases.<ref>See, e.g., ''Miclescu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 465 (CanLII), at para 5, <https://canlii.ca/t/hzzc5#par5>, retrieved on 2021-09-04 and ''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 67018 (CA IRB), at para 8, <https://canlii.ca/t/g1l9n#par8>, retrieved on 2021-09-04.</ref> *<u>Reforms to PRRA:</u> In 2012, Parliament amended the IRPA to limit access to PRRA within twelve months following the rejection of a claim.<ref>Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 304.</ref> Henceforth, the way PRRA has functioned is that if a refused asylum seeker is not removed from Canada within a year of the last decision on their refugee claim, they may be eligible for a PRRA to assess whether the risk faced by the refugee claimant changed over that year.<ref name=":71" /> An exception to this 12-month bar was made for claimants from DCOs, who were restricted from applying for PRRA for 36 months following their initial decision; this lengthier PRRA bar was struck down as a violation of s. 15 of the ''Charter'' in ''Feher v. Canada''.<ref>''Feher v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', [2019] FCJ No. 308 (FC).</ref> The ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' also transferred authority over the PRRA from the Minister to the IRB, although this transfer was never actually brought into force,<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 171.</ref> and was eventually repealed effective 2022. * <u>Limitations on the Interim Federal Health Program:</u> The Interim Federal Health Program provides refugee claimants with access to health care while their claims are pending. As part of a strategy to create disincentives for refugee claimants to come to Canada, on December 15, 2012 the government cut access to health care for some categories of claimants.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 916.</ref> This policy change was introduced via Orders in Council which limited access to health care in Canada while select refugee claims were pending, principally claims from claimants who originated from DCOs.<ref>Donald Galloway, ''Populism and the failure to acknowledge the human rights of migrants,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259, page 205.</ref> Such claimants were entitled to receive much lower levels of health care than other claimants. This policy was declared unconstitutional by the Federal Court in 2015, with the court concluding that the resultant regime amounted to "cruel and unusual treatment" prohibited by the ''Canadian'' ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms''.<ref name=":22" /> This decision is one in a line of similar cases from courts that have pushed back against restrictive asylum legislation around the world. For example, the UK House of Lords, in ''Limbuela'', found that decisions made to refuse support to asylum seekers risked violating the prohibition on inhuman and degrading treatment due to the risk of a claimant being "obliged to sleep in the street, save perhaps for a short and foreseeably finite period, or was seriously hungry, or unable to satisfy the most basic requirements of hygiene".<ref>''Limbuela v Secretary of State for the Home Department'' [2005] UKHL 66 [9], as cited in Emma Borland, ''Temporal pillars of fairness: reflections on the UK's asylum adjudication regime from an original refugee-centred position'', PhD Thesis, 2020, Cardiff University, <https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/132879/> (Accessed June 30 2021), page 75.</ref> * <u>Cessation:</u> The new legislation provided for the loss of permanent resident status for certain persons if the RPD allows an application from the Minister for the cessation of their refugee protection. This renders such persons inadmissible to Canada. The current version of the Refugee Protection Division rules came into force on October 26, 2012 following the coming-into-force of this legislation.<ref>Tastsoglou, Evangelia and Shiva Nourpanah. "(Re)Producing Gender: Refugee Advocacy and Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Refugee Narratives." Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 51 no. 3, 2019, p. 37-56. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ces.2019.0019, page 42.</ref> The Immigration and Refugee Board, in its public comments, emphasized these rules and the importance of decisions being guided by them. This aligned with comments at the time from the Immigration Minister Jason Kenney of this sort: "I think most Canadians intuitively understand that broad public support for immigration, and, frankly, diversity in our society is contingent on having a well-managed, rules-based, fair immigration system. I think they understand that we all have a stake in maintaining such a system".<ref name=":8" /> Following the coming into force of this new legislation and RPD rules in 2012, there was a 49 percent decline in asylum claims.<ref>Ernesto Castaneda, ''Fortress North America: Theorizing a Regional Approach to Migration Management,'' American University, <[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66598692/Fortress_North_America_4_23_21_Castaneda_Danielson_Rathod-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1626553200&Signature=Sszz1nlFvj16tw1o-ugkUpZorOqRJpaAqCAIGZhMutAkLubShL~iqScCGE0IUam4suCH-Vr4LLHlJCaE1FP3pv2xK-VF5C7BVHu1mxpJzjjUmTgV-3Q93sS2sorw6qPQ8SWsYYmQpNsJuruYdnBwfAXN~eTisxAoCUVzmXJX-Z5Gs8p~J1-0Py3fWaWz8n9TKYnqwgl3SB~02IMrwZ4y3e96IQbpuhUxzX7B33VUvY20u3tRo5qzbIo2qU~T2n4m9u~5PMgfWTJHEkKg4377JUBKw6JL1QGIDloajZ~476V494ip4ndLudQGoXUeqXwdxuef93yBshofC~A7hvBJMw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66598692/Fortress_North_America_4_23_21_Castaneda_Danielson_Rathod-with-cover-page-v2.pdf]> (Accessed July 18, 2021), at page 28.</ref> In addition to the above legislation, in 2011, Bill C-35—which was originally called the ''Cracking Down on Crooked Consultants Act''—amended section 91 of the IRPA. Through regulations made by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, the Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council (ICCRC) then became the regulator of immigration consultants. == 2010s refugee protection initiatives == === Changes to the regime for those with criminal records === Prior to 2013, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act provided that no appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division was available if a permanent resident was inadmissible with respect to a crime that was punished in Canada by a term of imprisonment of at least two years. As of June 19, 2013, the ''Faster Removal of Foreign Criminals Act'' received Royal Assent.<ref>''Pardo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1769 (CanLII), at para 9, <https://canlii.ca/t/k1zfd#par9>, retrieved on 2024-02-09.</ref> It changed the grounds for serious criminality in subsection 64(1) of the IRPA to “at least six months” instead of “at least two years”, restricting appeals to the IAD that has discretion about whether to effect the removal or not. === Resettlement programs === Canada actively resettles thousands of refugees per year within a voluntary burden-sharing scheme. This act places Canada near the top of a small group of approximately thirty countries worldwide willing to offer refugee protection through resettlement in addition to the promise of ''non-refoulement'' in the ''Refugee Convention''.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 59.</ref> Three states have traditionally been the leaders in resettlement: Canada, Australia, and the United States. Combined, they have tended to receive approximately 90 percent of the UNHCR's resettlement referrals.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 6.</ref> By way of example, in the 2017 calendar year, the United States resettled 33,400 refugees, while Canada resettled 26,600 refugees, and Australia resettled 15,100 refugees.<ref>UNHCR, ''Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017'', http://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf at 30.</ref> In line with this tradition, Canada launched a program to resettle more than 25,000 Syrian refugees in 2015. === Sanctuary city movements === Many people do not file for asylum but live in the margins of society as undocumented self-settled migrants fearing arrest, deportation, and other punitive measures.<ref>Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 14.</ref> The 1906 ''Immigration Act'' made it the duty of municipal authorities to report select categories of removable immigrants, including those who had become a charge upon public funds or upon any charitable institution.<ref>Ninette Kelley and Michael J. Trebilcock. ''The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010 (Second Edition). Print. Page 138.</ref> This duty was subsequently removed from Canada’s immigration legislation. Nonetheless, persons without legal immigration status in Canada, whether that of a refugee, refugee claimant, or otherwise, have faced difficulties accessing government and private services lest immigration documents be demanded or they be referred to immigration authorities and deported. In Canada, since 2013, Toronto, London, Vancouver,<ref>Atak I. (2021) “A Responsible and Committed City”: Montréal’s Sanctuary Policy. In: Faret L., Sanders H. (eds) Migrant Protection and the City in the Americas. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. <nowiki>https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74369-7_5</nowiki></ref> Edmonton, Montreal, Ajax,<ref>Paquet M., Benoit N., Atak I., Joy M., Hudson G., Shields J. (2022) Sanctuary Cities and Covid-19: The Case of Canada. In: Triandafyllidou A. (eds) Migration and Pandemics. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_5</nowiki></ref> and Hamilton have all declared themselves sanctuary cities.<ref>Laura Madokoro, ''On public sanctuary: exploring the nature of refuge in precarious times,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259, page 102.</ref> These sanctuary city policies have generally involved ordinances ensuring access to municipal services for the undocumented, though without going so far as prohibiting information-sharing with federal border enforcement authorities altogether. === Expanded information-sharing agreements between Five Eyes countries === The 2010s saw a significant increase in the use of biometric technologies by asylum systems around the world. By the end of 2018, for instance, the UN Refugee Agency alone reported the capture and storage of biometric identity for over 7.1 million refugees.<ref>Achiume, E. Tendayi. “Digital Racial Borders.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 115, 2021, pp. 333–338., doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52.</ref> Canada has long been collecting biometric information from refugee claimants and at this time it began to exchange such information more with partner countries. Canada has long had information-sharing agreements with the United States whereby information about refugee claimants is exchanged. For example, the Canada-US Smart Border Declaration of December 2001 committed that the two countries would develop common biometric identifiers and engage in the exchange of information.<ref name=":64" /> A 2003 agreement between the countries entitled ''Sharing of Information on Asylum and Refugee Status Claims'' allows for the automated, systematic sharing of information between Canada and the US about asylum seekers, including biometric and biographic data.<ref name=":64" /> The exchanged information includes: identity-related information, for example biographic and biometric data; previous refugee claim status (denied, abandoned, or granted); data that would indicate that a claim is inadmissible; and any evidence submitted to support a previous application.<ref name=":64" /> In 2009 the "Five Eyes" countries signed a Data Sharing Protocol to conduct a small number of "immigration checks" through biometric (fingerprint) data exchanges. This arrangement was intended as a pilot for automated data exchanges and it involved commitments to share 3000 fingerprints annually. Canada then reached information sharing agreements with the United Kingdom (2015), Australia (2016), and New Zealand (2016) which moved from the pilot model to the automated sharing of information.<ref name=":64" /> == Irregular border crossing controversy == Since the Board's 1989 founding, the number of people making refugee claims has increased greatly, both in Canada and internationally. Looking at the numbers globally, during decade of the 1980s, there were 2.3 million applications for asylum lodged worldwide, mostly in western Europe, the United States, and Canada. During the 1990s, this number grew to 6.1 million applications filed, and the list of receiving nations grew to include Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, and southern Europe. During the 2000s, there were 5.5 million new applications filed worldwide, and countries such as Ireland, Greece, Poland, and South Africa became popular new destinations.<ref>Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print. Page 5.</ref> Today, roughly one million individuals apply for asylum globally each year,<ref>Mark Rook, ''Identifying Better Refugee Policies for an Evolving Crisis'', April 21, 2020, University of Pennsylvania Honors Thesis, <https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ppe_honors> (Accessed May 9, 2020), page 8.</ref> with those classified as refugees representing 7–8 per cent of the global migrant population.<ref>Julia Morris, ''The Value of Refugees: UNHCR and the Growth of the Global Refugee Industry'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 11 January 2021, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa135 at page 18.</ref> Similarly, in Canada, while the volume of new claims has gone through cycles, volume has trended upwards over time. Soon after the IRB started in 1989, the number of asylum seekers reaching Canada went up from a rate of several thousand a year to reach 37,000 in 1992.<ref name=":48" /> Since then, three notable case decision backlogs have occurred: in 2002 with over 57,000 claims, in 2009 with over 62,000 pending claims,<ref>Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, <https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf> (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 10.</ref> and post-2017, where the Refugee Protection Division had 90,000 claims awaiting decision.<ref>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Claims (New System) Statistics'', Date modified: 2020-02-20, <https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/statistics/protection/Pages/RPDStat.aspx> (Accessed April 27, 2020).</ref> In this context, persons crossing irregularly from the United States into Canada became a significant political issue starting around 2017.<ref name=":8" /> Such crossings occurred primarily at Roxham Road on the Quebec-New York border and at Emerson, Manitoba. From 2017 to 2020 more than 59,000 people crossed the Canada-US border in an irregular manner and claimed asylum in Canada,<ref name=":11" /> in order to evade the restrictions put in place by the Safe Third Country Agreement. This included 20,593 claimants in 2017, 19,419 claimants in 2018, and then 16,077 claimants in 2019.<ref name=":11">Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, "Irregular Border Crosser Statistics" <http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/statistics/Pages/Irregular-border-crosser-statistics.aspx> (Accessed August 23, 2020).</ref> Quebec received approximately 95% of the irregular border crossers from the United States.<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 107.</ref> The total number of asylum claims in Canada similarly rose over this period, going from 23,870 in 2016, to 50,390 in 2017, to 55,040 in 2018, to 64,045 in 2019.<ref>Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), pages 3-4.</ref> The resources dedicated worldwide to Refugee Status Determination (RSD) have been appropriately described as immense. States and UNHCR rendered 1.5 million decisions on individual asylum claims in 2017<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 29.</ref> and as of 2018 there were 3.5 million asylum seekers in the world.<ref>UNHCR, ''Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018'', Published 2019, <https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2018/> (accessed 17 April 2019).</ref> Although exact figures are difficult to determine, academics note that the combined cost of RSD performed by states and UNHCR exceeds the total cost of direct humanitarian assistance provided to refugees by UNHCR.<ref>Jones, M., & Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 7.</ref> In fact, Thériault has estimated that the Global North alone spends $20 billion on RSD,<ref>Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, <https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2> (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 54.</ref> a number which is a multiple of the UNHCR’s budget,<ref>James Hathaway, “Toward the Reformulation of International Refugee Law” (1996) 15:1 Refuge; Amitav Acharya and David B. Dewitt, “Fiscal Burden Sharing” in James Hathaway, ed., Reconceiving International Refugee Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997) at 117.</ref> and, by his estimate, four times the budget made available to agencies that are responsible for the care of the refugee population in the Global South, despite the fact that 85% of refugees reside there. Around the world, irregular arrivals generally have higher success rates for asylum claims than those who apply after arriving on some other temporary visa. For example, in Australia, the historical average success rate for asylum seekers who arrive by boat has been more than 80 per cent. The academic Daniel Ghezelbash states that this is largely due to the effectiveness of visa regimes in identifying persons with potential asylum claims and not giving them a visa which would allow them to travel to the country by regular means.<ref>Daniel Ghezelbash, ''Fast-track, accelerated, and expedited asylum procedures as a tool of exclusion,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259, page 254.</ref> Despite the comparative ''bona fides'' of such claimants, the journeys undertaken by claimants arriving in a country irregularly, and necessitated by state deterrence measures, are often hazardous. For example, several crossers into Canada lost limbs to frostbite after walking for hours in freezing temperatures, and Mavis Otuteye, a 57-year-old Ghanaian grandmother, was found dead from hypothermia in a ditch near the Canada-US border in 2017.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 88-89.</ref> This increase in border crossings between the United States and Canada had political, procedural, and legal consequences, including: * <u>Challenges to Safe Third Country Agreement:</u> There were post-2017 calls to suspend or end the Safe Third Country Agreement, including a legal challenge to the agreement, which, following a 2023 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, is ongoing at the Federal Court.<ref>''Canadian Council for Refugees v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 SCC 17 (CanLII), <<nowiki>https://canlii.ca/t/jxp04</nowiki>>, retrieved on 2023-07-02.</ref> See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries#Constitutionality of the Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States]]. * <u>Increase in claims:</u> The increase in claims caused the government to increase IRB capacity. One of the effects of this increase in refugee claims has been a growing backlog of claims to process at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. In 2017, the IRB launched what it termed an "Irregular Border Crossing Response Team" with 20 decision-makers.<ref>IRB News Release. Ottawa. August 11, 2017. “IRB launching Irregular Border Crossing Response Team to address large and growing number of border crossings in Quebec”. </ref> In its 2019-20 departmental plan, the IRB noted that "an inventory of more than 75,000 claims has accumulated, representing more than two years of work at current funding levels".<ref>George Melnyk and Christina Parker, ''Finding Refuge in Canada: Narratives of Dislocation'', February 2021, Athabasca University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 9781771993029</nowiki>, page 5.</ref> One of the federal government initiatives in response to this surge in claims was to temporarily expand the processing capacity of the IRB. The government increased resources at the Refugee Protection Division so that it could deal with up to 50,000 asylum claims annually by 2021.<ref>CARRERA, Sergio, GEDDES, Andrew (editor/s), ''The EU pact on migration and asylum in light of the United Nations global compact on refugees'', Florence: European University Institute, 2021, Migration Policy Centre, Retrieved from Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository, at: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/70600 at page 28.</ref> *<u>Calls to extend the Safe Third Country Agreement:</u> There were post-2017 calls to extend the application of the Safe Third Country Agreement across the entire Canada-US border. As of 2017, polls indicated that 70 percent of Canadians felt that security along the Canada-US border should increase.<ref>Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 120.</ref> A 2018 Angus Reid poll indicated that more than half of respondents said that Canada was too generous to asylum seekers who cross into Canada irregularly.<ref>Idil Atak, Claire Ellis, and Zainab Abu Alrob, ''Refugee system as a bordering site: security, surveillance, and the rights of asylum seekers in Canada,'' in Graham Hudson and Idil Atak (eds.), ''Migration, Security, and Resistance: Global and Local Perspectives'', 2022. New York: Routledge, page 5 of section.</ref> In their 2019 platform, the Conservative Party of Canada committed to prioritizing "economic migration" and favouring those facing "true persecution" over "bogus" refugee claimants.<ref name=":8" /> The Conservative Party indicated that, if elected, it would hire 250 more CBSA officers and move IRB Members closer to crossing sites to expedite the process.<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 111.</ref> A broadened Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States went into effect in 2023: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries#Text of the Safe Third Country Agreement]]. *<u>Changes to eligibility for referral to the IRB:</u> The irregular border crossing controversy led to Parliament making changes to which claimants were eligible for a hearing before the IRB. In June 2019, amendments were made to the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Bill C-97, the ''Budget Implementation Act, 2019''.<ref>Budget Implementation Act, 2019, No. 1, S.C. 2019, c. 29 (Bill C-97), ''Parliament of Canada'', <https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-97/royal-assent> (accessed April 28, 2022).</ref> These changes introduced new grounds of ineligibility for refugee claimants if they have previously requested asylum in a country with which Canada has an information-sharing agreement or arrangement. In practice this means that individuals who made a previous claim in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, or New Zealand (the "five eyes countries") are ineligible to claim refugee status in Canada and have their claims heard by Immigration and Refugee Board, though if information sharing agreements are made with other countries, they also will be included.<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 112.</ref> This is so regardless of whether a decision was ever made on the previous claim.<ref>Idil Atak, Claire Ellis, and Zainab Abu Alrob, ''Refugee system as a bordering site: security, surveillance, and the rights of asylum seekers in Canada,'' in Graham Hudson and Idil Atak (eds.), ''Migration, Security, and Resistance: Global and Local Perspectives'', 2022. New York: Routledge, page 2 of section.</ref> Those found to be ineligible to make a claim to the IRB may submit an application for a pre-removal risk assessment instead.<ref>Chantel Spade & Tearney McDermott, ''‘Safe’ countries and ‘fraudulent’ refugees: Tools for narrowing access to Canada’s refugee system,'' Spotlight on Migration No. 2020/4, August 2020, Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement (RCIS), <https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/RCIS/publications/spotlightonmigration/2020_4_Spade_Chantel_McDermott_Tearney_Safe_countries_and_fraudulent_refugees_Tools_for_narrowing_access_to_Canada’s_refugee_system.pdf> (Accessed September 13, 2020), page 4 of PDF.</ref> Idil Atak describes this omnibus Bill as having been "adopted hastily in the lead-up to the 2019 federal election" as part of the government's measures to respond to the irregular border crossing controversy<ref>Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, <nowiki>https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103</nowiki> at page 2.</ref> and this can be seen as an example of the Canadian government's capacity to respond to developing circumstances quickly with new immigration legislation.<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 96.</ref> *<u>Changes to the process of referring a claim to the RPD:</u> The ''Budget Implementation Act, 2019'' also amended the IRPA to remove the three-day time limit for making a decision on the eligibility of a claim to be referred to the RPD and removed the “deemed referral” to the RPD if an eligibility decision was not made in that time period.<ref>Budget Implementation Act, 2019, No. 1, S.C. 2019, c. 29 (Bill C-97), ''Parliament of Canada'', <<nowiki>https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-97/royal-assent</nowiki>> (accessed April 28, 2022). See amendments to subsections 100(1) and (3) of the IRPA.</ref> Because of a lack of sufficient counsel in Quebec, the IRB issued a temporary practice notice directing that certain claimants were required to submit only certain basic information in their Basis of Claim Form by their usual deadline, and that their full details could be added at a later date.<ref>IRB News Release. March 29, 2018. “UPDATE - Temporary Procedures regarding the Submission of the Basis of Claim Form in Quebec Extended Until Further Notice”.</ref> * <u>Changes to IRB scheduling:</u> As the backlog of claims at the IRB rose, the average wait time for a first hearing at the RPD grew to two years, as opposed to the statutory timeline of two months for most asylum seekers.<ref>Idil Atak, Claire Ellis, and Zainab Abu Alrob, ''Refugee system as a bordering site: security, surveillance, and the rights of asylum seekers in Canada,'' in Graham Hudson and Idil Atak (eds.), ''Migration, Security, and Resistance: Global and Local Perspectives'', 2022. New York: Routledge, page 4 of section.</ref> The increase in claims triggered a change in how the IRB scheduled and prioritized claims. The ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulation'' allows for exceptions to the time limit for the RPD to hold a hearing in the case of operational limitations.<ref>''Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations'', SOR/2002-227, s 159.9(3).</ref> To deal with its backlog, the IRB began to prioritize older cases for scheduling before newer cases and abandoned the case processing timelines in the Regulations. Previously, when IRCC or CBSA referred a file to the RPD, the claimant was also provided a hearing date; the RPD then postponed that hearing for lack of capacity to hold it within the time limit. As of August 29, 2018, claimants were no longer provided a hearing date at the time of referral.<ref>Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, "Interim Measures: Issuing a Confirmation of Referral to refugee claimants in lieu of a Notice to Appear at the time the claim is referred to the Refugee Protection Division" (last modified 2 January 2019), online: ''Government of Canada'' <http://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/refugee-protection/canada/processing-claims-refugee-protection-post-interview-final-decision/confirmation-referral> (accessed April 28, 2022).</ref> == Covid-19 == In 2020, in response to the Covid-19 virus, fifty-seven countries shut their borders to asylum seekers.<ref>Harsha Walia, ''Border & Rule'', Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, ISBN: 9781773634524, page 10.</ref> At first, the Canadian government announced that all claimants arriving outside ports of entry would be screened for the virus and then quarantined if the test results were positive. The Canadian government changed its position days later, announcing that all claimants would be returned to the United States.<ref>Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 913.</ref> As part of this, the two countries reached a temporary agreement which allows Canada to send back individuals entering Canada from the US to make an asylum claim.<ref>Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103 at page 7.</ref> The agreement applied between official ports of entry along the land border and at air and marine ports of entry. The government also designated Roxham Road as a port of entry for the purposes of the Safe Third Country Agreement and began returning refugee claimants to the US at that point.<ref>Audrey Macklin & Joshua Blum, Country Fiche: Canada, ''ASILE: Global Asylum Governance and the European Union's Role'', January 2021, <https://www.asileproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Country-Fiche_CANADA_Final_Pub.pdf> (Accessed April 2, 2021), page 28.</ref> In response to these measures, the number of those attempting to cross the border irregularly plummeted, for example, 24 irregular migrants sought to make claims between March 16, when the border closed, and May 8, 2020.<ref>Monica Boyd & Nathan T.B. Ly (2021) Unwanted and Uninvited: Canadian Exceptionalism in Migration and the 2017-2020 Irregular Border Crossings, American Review of Canadian Studies, 51:1, 95-121, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2021.1899743 at page 113.</ref> The pandemic saw a number of states temporarily suspend asylum procedures.<ref>Crawley, Heaven. 2021. ''The Politics of Refugee Protection in a (Post)COVID-19 World''. Social Sciences 10:81. [[doi:10.3390/ socsci10030081|https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030081]] at page 6.</ref> Canada was one of them. The Refugee Protection Division shut down all hearings for several months as a result of the pandemic, resuming them in the summer of 2020, including with the introduction of virtual (remote) hearings for the first time. Referrals of claims to the IRB by IRCC and CBSA were delayed or suspended for far longer.<ref>Jay Turnbull, ''They want to work, but thousands of asylum seekers are waiting on the sidelines,'' CBC News, Feb 22, 2021 <https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/asylum-seekers-work-permits-delay-pandemic-1.5921285> (Accessed March 7, 2021).</ref> The Covid-19 pandemic also saw the Canadian government implement one of its periodic amnesty campaigns for asylum seekers, in this case a program that became colloquially known as the Guardian Angels initiative which granted permanent resident status to asylum seekers who were involved with front-line caregiving during the pandemic. This policy was formally called the ''Temporary public policy to facilitate the granting of permanent residence for certain refugee claimants working in the health care sector during the COVID-19 pandemic.''<ref>''Kolawole v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1384 (CanLII), at para 7, <https://canlii.ca/t/k0wrg#par7>, retrieved on 2023-12-28.</ref> The program became operational on December 14, 2020 and ended on August 31, 2021. Bill S-8 amended the IRPA and the Regulations, as a response to Russia’s attack on Ukraine, to ensure that foreign nationals subject to sanctions under the ''Special Economic Measures Act'' are inadmissible to Canada.<ref>Bill S-8, “An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, to make consequential amendments to other Acts and to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations”, S.C. 2023, c. 19. </ref> The amendments also affected eligibility to have a refugee claim referred to the RPD by broadening it. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, and the resumption of international travel, the volume of claims increased, to an all-time high of 144,860 claims in 2023.<ref>Lisa Barkova, Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, ''Costing Asylum Claims from Visa-Exempt Countries'', Published on May 31, 2024, <https://www.pbo-dpb.ca/en/publications/RP-2425-007-S--costing-asylum-claims-from-visa-exempt-countries--analyse-couts-demandeurs-asile-pays-dispenses-obligation-visa>.</ref> == Creation of College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants == In June 2017, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration (CIMM) issued a report entitled ''Starting Again: Improving Government Oversight of Immigration Consultants''. It recommended that the new regulatory body for immigration consultants develop a system of tiered licensing, with the highest level reserved for litigation before the IRB. The ensuing College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants officially opened on December 9, 2021. In 2019, Parliament passed legislation that permitted implementation of the tiered licensing. As a result, the College bylaws provided that a Class L3 license for representation at the IRB would be required “after July 1, 2022, or such other date as may be fixed by the Board by resolution”. In June 2022, the Board of Directors of the College passed a resolution setting July 1, 2023, as the new date for the requirement for a Class L3 licence. This Class L3 licence is also called “IRB-Certification” or the “Specialization Program”.<ref>College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants, 2023, ''Specialization Program'', <https://college-ic.ca/licensee-obligations/ongoing-education-for-rcics/specialization-program> (Accessed December 29, 2023).</ref> == Conclusion == The next chapters in the story of refugee protection procedure in Canada remain to be written. What can be said is that the concept of the ‘refugee’ is as old as the state system, and, in the words of academic Eve Lester, it will remain with us for as long as the state system remains.<ref name=":33" /> As Emma Haddad writes, refugees are the consequence of erecting political boundaries and failing to protect all individuals as citizens, hence pushing insiders outside. So long as these conditions pertain - there are political borders constructing separate states and creating clear definitions of insiders and outsiders, and failures of protection - there will be refugees.<ref>Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, pages 7 and 213.</ref> As Alan Nash observes, the structure for protecting refugees is flawed and subject to a series of opposing tensions. Nevertheless, this structure sets out a charter of the rights and obligations owed to refugees and by doing so lays down the standards by which they should be treated.<ref>Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 9.</ref> == References == <references responsive="" /> lwuplglge14c8auhw5q300724rgy9f1 0 415562 4443567 3836034 2024-11-03T11:12:30Z 188.31.33.194 4443567 wikitext text/x-wiki The biggest liar in the world is your own father,papa,dad or daddy =Component Six – Resource Use & Policy= Our readings for this Component came from recent issues of ''High Country News'', a particularly responsible journal of environmental issues in the American West (https://www.hcn.org). We also viewed the wonderful video "When Humans Were Prey," produced by PBS Eons (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_hl804lSfc). Guest speakers in 2020 were long-time environmental activist Cary Meister, who narrated his experiences in working to establish Wilderness-area designations under the 1960s-era Congressional Act, and Karen Reichhardt, who talked about her long career with the Bureau of Land Management. In 2021, Nancy Meister, partner to Cary, spoke about her many years of environmental advocacy and specifically about organized efforts to lobby the Arizona State Legislature on "Environmental Day at the Capitol." ==A. High Country News, Will California finally fulfill its promise to fix the Salton Sea?, 2021== ===Guiding Questions=== Where did the Salton Sea come from? The Colorado River has periodically filled the Salton Sink (to create the Salton Sea) over the last tens of thousands of years, what is different about it this time? Why don’t people just let it dry up like it has done in the past? In what way(s) does the Salton Sea fit into the category of environmental problems that have been impacted negatively by the pandemic? In what ways is that trend disturbing in the face of the facts that COVID-19 is going to be hard to suppress in this country and, more generally, that pandemics are becoming more likely with the growing global population, not to mention various climate-change issues that are going to require massive emergency responses? In what ways is the Salton Sea a symbol of humans’ arrogance? That is, in what ways is the Imperial Valley embody the collateral damage that can result from economic ventures that are undertaken without a reasonable assessment of possible risk? In what ways are the lake and its looming problems a symbol of our willingness to accept health problems in the local human population? The local natural environment? Why hasn’t more been done to remedy those particular problems, do you suppose? “The feds insist they occupy a supporting role, and agency heads from Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service refused to attend a September congressional hearing to discuss the government’s role in cleaning up the lake.” What seems to be the political issue here? How do the environmental problems of Salton Sea affect more than just the local region? ===Student Discoveries=== While the Salton Sea has been dangerous for many years, not much has been done about this environmental problem. The ball was going to get rolling in 2020; however, we had to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic instead of environmental issues. This is just one more thing COVID-19 has taken from us. Growing global population and climate change are two issues that exist and will only cause more problems in the future; if we recognize this, we must recognize that we must stop simply planning and debating what to do, we have to actually ''do.'' Over the last twenty years, the problems with the Salton Sea have been vaguely planned; however, no major progress has been made towards solving the problem. Fixing this would cost a lot of money that government in California doesn’t want to pay, and especially with a pandemic they aren’t going to focus on this and focus their money elsewhere like they have been doing anyways. The pandemic just makes it worse. Along with more and more people abandoning the place it is essentially becoming desolate and toxic. This is a prime example of human arrogance, or maybe just ignorance at first and then arrogance amongst the local government not wanting to spend the money to recover it even though it poses a huge health risk to locals. Though the difference between this and the pandemic is that there is much more media attention on the pandemic than this. I have never heard of this issue and i even used to live in the Bay Area in California. It is a symbol of our arrogance, and of our bland human desires such as greed. Humans often have a need for some sense of power, as species, we have learned that power cannot be exerted over our own as it is immoral, so we decided to exert it over nature, an ambivalent point in which many people differ in opinions however nature cannot speak to the ears of the ignorant, and that's why we keep harming it, we ignore the systematic destruction of the habitats, of wildlife, of everything that was so beautiful and complex just to satisfy our unending wants. If an action is not put into practice, we will be faced with repeating the same story in regards to environmental problems; as resources are beginning to be focused on environmental problems, something happens that we did not plan for, and those resources are taken away. If we continue this pattern, when will environmental issues be given the attention that they need? Are we going to wait until a massive climate-change issue occurs for there to be an emergency response? It is a perfect example of what can happen due to human arrogance and greed. Due to carelessness of people in the past, people nowadays have to deal with their problems and find a way to deal with it. More importantly, even when people want it to end, they face several issues with the legislature that solutions are promised time and time again but nothing is ever put to action. This has been going on for several years now and the people responsible for fixing it even keep acknowledging that nothing has actually changed but they promise to fix it soon. The environmental problems surrounding the Salton Sea affect more than the local region. The sand emission of these areas can travel across southern California and make its way to Arizona and other nearby states. Which will most likely cause more air pollution and health problems to humans, such as many respiratory illnesses. The upsetting part about this situation is that as years go by, the effects seem to intensify and worsen. Now the Salton Sea is causing an environmental and public health issue. The shoreline has moved back from its original position exposing "la playa." This is not just it. The contract for protecting the Sea is very old and has not been renewed. We can't let the Salton Sea dry up because if we do it would leave exposed the toxic that is coated at the bottom of it. Environmental problems of Salton Sea bring up issues that may occur in other places. The government had to be held responsible for their lack of action and funds. As of 2020, the Imperial County Air Pollution gave violations to the state and feds for failing to perform dust-control projects. Problems like the Salton’s retreating lake will arise and maybe in the future we can take better examples of how to handle the issues. Learning how to deal with toxic lakes will help us with other similar clean-up projects. ==B. High Country News, Will the climate crisis tap out the Colorado River?, 2021== ===Guiding Questions=== What, specifically, do climate scientists mean when they say “the new normal?” How do you think “the new normal” will affect the Salton Sea? Consider the following quote - “Farmers can’t expect that they can plant whatever they want or not expect water to be expensive,”... “Urban areas need to get way more efficient, people need to ditch way more lawns.” - How do you think people will adapt to this change? ===Student Discoveries=== The “new normal” scientists are referring to is the fact that the Colorado River Basin will continue to have less water and hotter days. However, there can be extreme drought years within this new normal such as 2020. There was warmer spring and no summer monsoons to bring water to the Southwest. This “new normal” will continue to bring even less water to the Salton Sea, so it will continue to diminish. I think people as long as they remain ignorant about the truth of the state of nature they will be unable to adapt. Adaptation is a natural response that results from the acknowledgment of an imminent threat to the integrity of the species, and as I said before, there is no need to adapt in the eyes of the people that wish to remain ignorant. However, I do believe future generations are gonna do a greater job to opt for a minimalistic approach to their wants, not by a lot, but at least they are acknowledging some threatening aspects of environmental change and the "new normal". Adapting to change is not easy; it takes a lot of effort to achieve…To change that idea will take time, however, it could eventually be achieved. People can adapt to change, but the effort must be practiced in order to achieve it. By “the new normal” climate scientists mean the change in the climate that affects the water of the area, more specifically as stated in the passage, “less water and hotter days”. This is something that has been happening since the 2000’s and seen as changes from the norm, but now those changes have become the norm. I think that the “new normal” will affect the Salton Sea because since the Colorado River will fill a lot less, it will have less overfill which will cause the Salton Sea to lose its water source and make it dry off. When climate scientist refers to the phrase "new normal" they are describing a warming world. In other words, they are talking about a sustained period in which we experience warmer days and less water. I think that the "new normal" could negatively affect the Salton Sea. If these warmer days continue, then the water cycle could be affected, and there would be less precipitation to fill the lake, which will expose the dusty lakebed and create more health problems. Additionally, these warmer days can also cause more water to evaporate from the rivers, and there would be a significant decline in stream flows and runoffs. I think that the phrase "new normal" when climate scientist say it they are referring to how the situation (being bad) as began to seem ordinary (which should be bad). People are barely putting enough attention to this issue and now classifying it as the "new normal" I feel that they would just ignore it even more.   Since 2000, the Colorado River has faced a period of droughts and extremely high temperatures. In 2020, during warm springtime, seasonal monsoons didn’t happen. As a result, the basin suffered the consequences of low precipitation. According to the study, nature will eventually tell us what we have to do to live. This means that we will no longer have the choice to ignore the environmental issue like we do in the past. This “new normal” will negatively impact the Salton Sea. With the decrease of water levels, the shoreline will recede at a rapid pace. Leaving sandy playa and windblown dust everywhere. This drought will cause salt to go up in the air and cause allergies and other bad symptoms. ==C. High Country News, “Trump targets bedrock environmental law”, 2020== ===Guiding Questions=== What is the basic premise of this article? What changes to the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) are being made? What is the reasoning that is made for these changes? After three years of rolling back regulation, who has benefitied? Who has lost? Given this article came out just before the global outbreak of the Covid-19, do you think there may be parallels among the changing roles of science in federal agencies? Which is more serious, Trump's assault on the truth or his assault on the environment? In what ways are they the same thing? Thinking back to the readings from last week, what public health and safety issues would be addressed by protecting the species you have chosen? ===Student Discoveries=== The main premise to this article is how Trump is trying to weaken the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) because he states they take too long to review the process which slows down the infostructure. The changes Trump has made to NEPA are diminishing the Bears Ears National Monument, tossed out rules protecting water from uranium operations, threw out limits on methane and mercury emissions, weakened the Clean Water Act, and, cleared the way for the Keystone XL pipelines. The basic premise of this article is that Trump is attempting to weaken the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. He believes that there are problems with this act, and it's causing projects to take a long time. Trump claims that these projects are taking ten years to twenty years. According to research, these environmental projects take an average of five years, 5% last more than ten years, and less than 1% exert for more than twenty years. Trump isn't looking at all of the facts, and he is claiming that by weakening the NEPA, it will create more job opportunities. This statement is also incorrect since Trump is cutting projects; it is decreasing the number of jobs for people. Since Trump took office, he has diminished the environmental protection for Bears Ears National Monument. This cut back has caused the protection of water from uranium to cease. With this decision, he not only weakened the NEPA but the Clean Water act along with it. Another project that Trump has affected is the Keystone XL pipeline. The premise of this article is that Trump is attempting to weaken the National Environmental Policy Act, or NEPA- a law that requires environmental reviews for projects that are handled by federal agencies. Trump claims that it is necessary because it is “hampering with economic growth” as it takes 20 to 30 years to have something built. They want to move the Bureau of Land Management out to the west and have more offices scattered throughout the west of the U.S. Some representatives were saying that this should not be done, because this would involve people relocating or losing their jobs, and they pointed out that not many people would want to relocate The main premise of this article is Trump's weakening of the National Environmental Policy Act, NEPA. His problem with this policy is that it slows down infrastructure due to the required environmental reviews. According to him, the review process takes twenty to thirty years, losing jobs and money throughout the process. Once the actual analysis of NEPA was conducted the average process takes less than five years to complete. Some cases do take longer due to their complexity. The basic idea of the article is to explain why President Trump is changing the National Environmental Protection Act. The article mentions that Trump feels environmental projects are taking a long time to complete. When Trump became president, he began to change a lot and especially when it involved the NEPA. Trump did benefit the economy by creating jobs for people across the country. The environment has taken a hit for some of the decisions President Trump has made. The purpose of this article is to show how President Trump is changing the National Environmental Policy Act. Throughout the article is discusses how Trump thinks there is an issue with this act because projects are taking longer than usual to finish. According to Trump he stated that these projects can take up to twenty years but when an analysis of NEPA took place it showed that the average process take about less than five years. Of course if the project is more complex it will take longer. When Trump took office he started making changes to NEPA that drastically impacted the environment negatively. Many of these changes were meant to help the economy by creating jobs. Overall these changes still have not made any impact on changing our environment. In fact it has made things worse and environmental effects and climate change are not being taken into consideration in this matter. The COVID-19 outbreak has seriously changed the way things are operating in the government. Some people even think it’s nature’s way of “karma”. Over the past couple of years things have been changing drastically in regards to the environment but now with the outbreak it has slowed down the harm we are doing to the environment. I feel Trumps impact on the environment is more severe. Given this article came out just before the global outbreak of the Covid-19, I do think there may be parallels among the changing roles of science in federal agencies because they have to now turn their focus to the COVID-19 situation. I think the entire world is shut down and to reverse this everyone has to work together to essentially kill the virus before it kills the population. A really interesting book I read several years ago, ''Fantasyland'', really shaped my perception of some of the origins for this giant disconnect we’re seeing between science and public opinion. I think the Donald started poking his finger in a tear in American society. Then he ripped it wide open. His attacks on the truth probably concern me the most, mainly because of how effective they are with a large percentage of the population. Liars aren’t that harmful if everyone acknowledges they’re liars, it’s when people feel compelled to act like that person’s blatant lies are true that the reception starts getting a little fuzzy and things get dangerous. This disconnect between “the reality-based community” and public perception was surely always there. The strange and sad new twist is that the people that we have elected to government really seem to have no respect, or maybe understanding, for why public policy and our government, in order to be successful in the goal of managing the greater good, despite any political ideology, must be grounded in empirical data and just plain old reality. There are multiple parallels, dismantling the CDC, disregarding the CDC, replacing the scientist’s representatives that work with the CDC with lobbyists. Pretty much replace CDC with EPA. It’s a scary time. I don’t know if we will see our way back from this. Joe Rogan is unknowingly the new Rush Limbaugh and apparent authority on Coronavirus. A cult of personality is at the helm, with a legion of sycophants at his beckon. It seems grim my friends. It's up to us to be our own heroes. I believe that organizations such as NEPA are trying their best in fighting against it but with so many that are trying to erase it such as Trump or those that see it as an income platform it is hard to determine if they will win against them.Since the COVID-19 outbreak, I do believe that there has been a similarity among the changing roles of science in federal agencies due to how serious the virus has become. In the beginning, I believe that the federal agencies thought of the virus as being not that serious but as it became worse took it more seriously due to the severity of it. Trump’s assault on the environment is more serious because of the increasing effect that it has on the environment. If he continues to assault the environment it without a doubt will be the end of the species of animals and plants as we know it. One of the ways that Trump’s assault on the environment and truth is the same thing is his thought is on it which is not being a serious problem. I with a firm belief think that he truly does not realize how serious the truth is as well as the environment with it only being taken as seriously as it has been due to the pressuring of others for him to listen. Taking a look at the mule deer one safety issue would be the highways that are built because it causes vehicle strikes and indirectly through fragmentation of habitat that keep them from obtaining the resources they need and reduce genetic interchange. As a result, these types of conflicts reduce their population ability due to the restriction of being able to gather the resources they need ==D. High Country News, “Boeing’s history reveals connections…”, 2020== ===Guiding Questions=== What is meant by the term "Placelessness" and what are its perils? In what ways is it in conflict with a Sense of Place? If such Placelessness is the modern norm, what are its inevitable implications to the ecosphere? What "placeless" multinational corporations/forces potentially imperil your area? ===Student Discoveries=== I believe what they mean with “placelessness” is somewhere that someone believes they don’t fit. What is meant by the term "Placelessness" is the loss of uniqueness in a specific location. This article talks about how Seattle has been struggling, and that they were going to relocate to Chicago. They are trying to expand the company and taking more land as they relocate. Multinational corporations/forces that are potentially imperiling my area would be the military base. The runway of Yuma's military base is the third-longest in the United States. This runway is taking up more space and decreasing the amount of habitat for many different species. ‘Placelessness” is the loss of uniqueness of place in the structural landscape. If Placelessness is moving from place to place without building connections or emotions, then the environment might actually suffer. People would move to new places, use up the natural resources, and keep moving if people don’t stay long enough to use the resources that are available in that place and try to replace them, then the place might run out of resources. Placelessness is the opposite of a sense of place, I believe that a sense of place is a place where you feel connected and comfortable with your environment. If placelessness is the new norm there are inevitable implications to the ecosphere. There will be animals, plants, people, etc. living in places that they are not well adapted to. In class we constantly discuss the phrase, "sense of place" and when we think about "Placelessness" means being alone or not fitting in. When discussing "sense of place" in class we often refer to being apart of the environment and not intruding on the world around us. A lot of times us humans decide to do what's best for us and not what's best for the animals and nature that also live in our world. The term “Placelessness” means being lost or not having the sense of belonging. For our class this is the opposite of a “sense of place” because a “sense of place” means belonging and being apart of the environment around you not coming in and invading for the convenience of what you think is best. Placelessness seems to be something like one’s disconnect from the local place they occupy. Seeing the effects of plastics on the Colorado River, the draining of the Gila, and our overuse of water really makes me more concerned and helps cutout some of the ambiguity on where to start immediately helping the environment. Without this sense of place, and in a perpetual sense of placelessness, I see where we have gone wrong. I really hope after this idea was shared with us we can help share it with others. The term ‘’Placelessness’’ is referred to be the loss of the natural habitat of a region so that one place looks like the next. One threat to this is the loss of a natural habitat’s uniqueness because of the effect that it has on the habitat’s species in the way that they function. In turn, it conflicts with a Sense of Place because it lacks a habitat having a place in the world. When it comes to a ‘’Sense of Place’’ it depicts a sense of belonging to the world or having a purpose in which ‘’Placeslessness’’ contradicts it with it being the opposite. In the modern age ‘’placelessness’’ has become the norm with its inevitable implications to the ecosphere being the destruction to all civilization whether it be humankind or other species ==E. PBS Eons, “When Humans Were Prey”, 2020== ===Guiding Questions=== Does this video change your understanding of our species, ''Homo sapiens,'' recent evolutionary history?  Have you been taught that humans have a thirst for blood and that is our true nature?  Or have you been taught that it is our ability to cooperate that is our true nature? Even if we did evolve from "killer apes," does that mean we're obligated to continue behaving that way?  What does religion tell us? How do you think these alternative stories influence the way we view ourselves?  Do you think it matters what we think of ourselves?  Why and/or why not? Do you think humans, in general, feel like they belong to the places they live?  Do you feel like you belong to the place you live? ===Student Discoveries=== I don’t believe that doesn’t obligate us human beings to continue behaving that way because we have evolved drastically. We no longer need to act that way because it is no longer necessary for us to live, how were lived and how we live now are two complexly different worlds in which we act totally different. I never thought that we were once considered prey. I always believed that we would hunt and kill other animals. I have heard that saying before since there have been plenty of killings this past couple of years. I've heard people say that killing other things is something that our species has done for many years and that it will never change. I don't believe that we need to continue behaving this way. It's wrong in so many different ways. Many different religions believe that we should respect the animals that are on this earth with us. For example, the Buddhist belief is that we should respect humans and animals. I feel like the alternative stories can influence the way we view ourselves positively and negatively. Depending on the person, we can see this from a negative point of view and try to change our old ways. If a person positively views this, they'll think that if we change our habits, we will demonstrate that we are weak. I believe that it does matter what we think of ourselves. From my point of view, I care about what I think about myself. I feel like this pushes me to try to be the best version of myself every day. I assume that if people worry about what they think of themselves, it can help them try to better their surroundings. Even if we evolved from killer apes that does not mean we are obligated to continue behaving that way. In today’s society, we frown up killing and if committed, the individual can face prison time. Religion is also against killing and in my religion, that is one of the ten commandments that one shall not commit. I would not consider this thirst for blood because I think that like many other animals if humans are not in a life or death situation, they would much rather prefer to not attack someone. I have also been taught that we are social creatures and that we need to cooperate to survive. I've never been taught that it is human nature to have thirst for blood, but have noticed that humans do things that benefit themselves, survival instinct. I never really knew humans were once prey, I always thought we were at the top of the food chain. Evolution has shown otherwise and that we once were prey. We now control the world and we are the most superior in the food chain. It's truly amazing how much things have changed over the years and how we feel this is where we belong now. After watching the video it did not really change my mind about our history of evolution. I feel humans are really good at communicating with each other but we are horrible at adapting to the environment around us. Humans have to constantly “improve” the world around us because we are never satisfied with what we have. It didn’t surprise me that we were once prey but it also shows the development we went through. Now we are the hunters and dominating everything we come in contact with. I feel like humans do believe they belong here and with its high tech world it won’t last as long as people think. I feel like I do belong here but I wish it was different. I feel like technology and domination has taken over the views on what people believe is normal and they need to re-evaluate what needs to be normal. Even if we did evolve from "killer apes," I don’t think that means we're obligated to continue behaving that way. Now we are civilized, and it would be ‘inhuman’ to act like “killer apes”. I think these alternative stories influence the way we view ourselves because it creates a preexisting notation of what we used to be. It absolutely, to me, and objectively, matters what we think of ourselves. We have shown what is possible in great times of crisis before. It’s as simple as a sport’s slogan, “The man that believes he can’t is right.” I’ve seen so many people convinced man is horrible. What I really see in them is a hatred for their powerlessness to overcome their emotions and understand humans are a mixed bag. They inevitably hurt environmentalism by their constant need to be outraged and pessimistic. They repeat the same talking points and when I say, “Well we ought to get together and do something,” they look at the ground and a lot of rocks get shuffled around. If you believe the world is doomed and man is evil, you’re right. It’s hard to be a optimist living in these times, I know I’m not. I’m a pragmatist. I know that getting off my rear, helping where I can and shining a light on the positive helps way more than throwing sticks, and it takes a lot more virtues, chiefly hard work and good emotional fitness. When the decks stacked against you and it doesn’t look like your going to make it out, keep your head and keep working, believing it’s all lost and all bad is the surest way to make it so. After looking at the video it did change my view on homo sapiens in their recent evolutionary history because it showed a side that portrayed a side of them being preyed upon rather being the hunters. Since I was a child, I had always thought that homo sapiens were the hunters towards other predators. I have always been taught that we can cooperate with others in a sense of us being the gathers. All in all, I believe that we are naturally formed as being gathers to better ourselves and share it with the rest of our family by providing for them. More so, even if we did evolve from ‘’killer apes’’ it does not mean that we are obligated to continue behaving that way because of our sense of free will in being able to choose how we live and the actions that we do. Religion tells us that we are obligated to act in a way that benefits everyone or is of good intention, but it also tells us of our ability to choose how we act. In turn, these alternative stories influence the way that we view ourselves through the way that we think by the reminder of being a good person. How we think of ourselves is extremely important because it dictates the way that we act and the amount of effort that we put into the world ==F. Nancy Meister, Prof. Emerita Arizona Western College (visiting speaker, 2021)== ===Description:=== Prof. Nancy Meister gave insight into the world of environmental advocacy and how everyone can get involved in their government to advocate for the environmental issues that are important to them. Nancy Meister is a champion for the environment and an example to all that activism is important in general, but even more so on the local level. Nancy Meister talked about Legislation on environmental issues, to me it was a presentation that portrayed the balance that must prevail when referring to the interaction and exploitation of natural resources. Professor Emerita Nancy Meister is an environmental activist who has played an important role in our state’s legislation. Representing her community, Professor Meister has voiced her concerns to legislation in hopes to bring a change to the environmental issues surrounding the state and encourages us to do the same. I think that the biggest takeaway from the guest speaker we had was that I should try to be more involved in politics and learn more about what I can actually do to help. ===Reflection:=== I was surprised to learn that anyone can take action in their communities and advocate for the issues that are important to them. There is not enough time in the world to address all our needs; however, there is enough to at least make a dent in them and protect our environment, simply by beginning to advocate at the local level. Arizona is a very sunny state, where the sun is out longer in a day for more of the year than in any other area of the United States, especially here in Yuma in the Sonoran Desert. This means that this area has the greatest potential to utilize solar power energy to its fullest degree here . . . The bill was to make it so that energy companies must provide a certain percentage of their energy needed to come from solar power, which would mean they need to install solar panels as a big part of how they gain energy. Environmental Day not just what happens on that day, but what that day represents. Did something special happen on that day? Did a largely recognized historical event took place? Why is that day specifically Environmental Day? The incredible thing is that on that day nothing significant occurred, and I think that makes it so special, you might wonder, why? And it is because that means that people united, and are trying to find ways to protect, and preserve nature they are so passionate about it that they created a day in which to advocate for legislation on environmental issues, standards, and so much more. What makes that day special is that is a day in which everyone accepts that we are not a citizen of our country, but a citizen of this world and I am excited to be a part of that. Environmental issues have been a great concern for many years, yet so little has been done to help it due to the lack of awareness on the subject. The idea of being able to contribute in the decision making process, in the changes being made within the state, brings about a certain proudness in knowing the effort that is being made to do the right thing. One of the biggest reasons why I don’t really follow politics is because it confuses me quickly and there is a lot to be learned. Not just because I have to know the laws and such but because I also have to do research behind every decision and how changing one factor can have a large list of effects on other things. I was amazed to learn that there is time of the year where hundreds of advocates meet up with states legislators to discuss possible solutions to environmental problems. Professor Nancy Miester explained how important it is for us to pay more attention to who and how we vote because the environment also depends on it. This is an important measure for us to take because the right person to vote for will be someone who cares about the environment and is concerned about the major problems. When she mentioned she was opposing a Bill it really showed how much she stands up for what she believes and is willing to speak up about it. What I found interesting was when she said how agricultural are not environmentalist but conservationist. I found Professor Nancy’s lecture on the environmental policies very interesting and insightful. As a democrat who believes in climate change and policies that better the environment I had me questioning whether I was doing enough to support the causes. I know Professor Nancy has gotten to go against people who strongly oppose any political involvement concerning the environment (republicans). This must not be easy, but I can see just how passionate she is for the cause. She even represented LD 13 district even when she doesn’t live there. Although environmental day has been around for 20 years, I never really looked much into it until after the lecture. As you can tell throughout my discussions before this class even started, I was very ignorant on what was going on around the world. ==G. Cary Meister, Designating Wilderness in Arizona (visiting speaker, 2020)== ===Description:=== Only congress can add wilderness, and only congress can take it away. He mentioned that there are legal requirements to assigning a wilderness area that apply to all states and this is why a definition for wilderness was established in the Wilderness Act of 1964. Arizona has a lot of federal lands and the use of the land is controlled by congress either by adding or taking away. The process by which wilderness was designated in Arizona was easy by designating land but became difficult one designating where and how much. After all meetings they developed bills, and set out a boundary map to be checked, the bill then went through both houses but didn’t have the house of representatives’ full support, they only received half of what they thought was wilderness. ===Reflection:=== I'm glad to see that the NEPA is trying to protect the environment. It measures the effect it will have on the environment. Cary Meister began talking about the Organ Pipe National Monument and I was able to connect a lot of information to this location. I did research on the side for this location, and I learned so much about the plant and animal species in this area. I learned how important the organ pipe cactus is and that this park tries to protect these areas. One day I would like to visit this national park so that I am able to see the desert filled with these plants. It's interesting that this park has restricted the use of motorized vehicles. Cary mentioned that they have even prohibited the use of wheelchairs. The definition of a "wilderness" as mandated by the federal government is such a mouthful. Through this presentation we saw I feel like a different side of the conservation of the environment, that is the political side, the red tape of it all. Environmentalists and conservationists already had my utmost respect but after hearing everything they have to go through Mr. Meister's presentation, I must tip my hat to them even more. I'm eternally grateful for all the people who have dedicated a portion (sometimes even most) of their lives to conserving this amazing planet. Is it better to protect these lands so they can remain the same or is it better to exploit them for money possibly destroying the area? In my opinion it is a better idea to protect these lands so they can remain to their roots and the animals in the area can live peacefully without the interaction of human beings. The more people visit an area the more that it will slowly be destroyed. Cary Meister helped me to understand the amount of effort that is put into protecting the wilderness around us. There are many different elements on how to determine wilderness areas. Cary Meisters presentation was very helpful and insightful in regard to helping me get a better idea of water use and the different effects it has. I think it's also nice to see that a man from our very own college is out there fighting for water rights and to be able to spread his knowledge and passion is amazing. Sadly I was not able to capture an image of one of the maps he was showing us but I think it would be very interesting to be able to look at them a little more and discuss the different water solutions he has in mind that we have not thought about. This talk really showed what grassroots organizations could accomplish, with the wilderness coalition fighting tooth and nail alongside John McCain and Mr. Udall to protect wilderness areas from lobbyists. We must not get lulled into thinking we can't fight back anymore and that we can't accomplish what these men and women did. In class, we also touched upon the recent conflict of Trump destroying native land to build his “great” wall. At one point we as a collective must ask ourselves if the destruction of these beautiful landscapes is worth building another capitalist enterprise. Perhaps this conflict is a product of capitalism itself, but that is why we have fighters like Meister who patch the holes left by the greed of our system. ==H. Karen Reichhardt, Multiple Use Management and Public Lands, (visiting speaker, 2020)== ===Desecription:=== Burau of Land Management (BLM). This a federal agency in which focuses on the use and conservation of the land. The office that is located in Yuma Arizona manages around 1.2 million acers in Southwestern Arizona and Southeastern California. The main goal of this agency is to be able to sustain the land for the future generations She talked a lot about her career and how she got to where she is now. She started in Colorado at a community college which she liked geology classes and fell in love with botany, so she received an Associates in geology. She then went to Prescott for her undergrad where she got a degree in biology and geology. She then received her Master’s in Colorado and then got her first job in Tucson, mapping the plants of Grand Canyon national park. She got a job for Army corps of engineers which had one regulation to follow which was the clean water act. She then moved to Yuma working at the Yuma proving grounds as a consultant then received a BLM job which was the most complex. ===Reflection:=== Karen Reichardt began talking about the importance of conserving natural landscapes, and then mentioned an experience she had at the Grand Canyon. This made me reflect on the time that I went to the Grand Canyon a couple of years ago. I wasn't able to do everything that she did when she went, but I was able to walk through the Sky Walk. As she continued she mentioned that people are trying to make a landfill in an area that contains an important plant species. This is great because the organization that Karen is part of is trying to protect that area. Plant species are vital and we should conserve them. Many of these plant species have positive impacts on our environment. It was very inspiring to see the difference Karen Reichardt's career has made in her life. I could tell she truly enjoyed and loved her job as I saw her face light up when she was talking about her past experiences and accomplishments while working for BLM. I hope to feel this same type of energy in my future job and I hope to inspire others like she did today. I really felt for her. What a tough lady, trying to remain true to herself as an environmentalist while working for the BLM. It's hard for anyone not to become a moderate on environmental issues. We just have to accept that it hasn't worked. What has been done in the past has done a large amount of good, like the destruction of the invasive giant salvinia, there's no condemning the brutally hard work good people have done. However, we must also accept this is the information age. We now know it's not enough. It didn't work out. Things must change. The BLM, EPA, and other governmental agencies must stop pretending corporations are in dire need of lobbyists to protect the vulnerable business class from being hurt by radical environmentalists. The idea is laughable. Ossified structures must change or be left behind in helping us to save the planet. There is no more room for moderation on the environment. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), per acre, is the least funded of all the agencies. It really saddens me that there is so much potential good in the world and the fact that the only thing that keeps it from prospering is lack of money. All the organizations and projects that have failed simply due to lack of funding is quite terrible. And the only reason being that the people that ave the means of donating to such organizations don't because they won't make a marginal profit out of it. However, Ms. Karen Reichardt's story was truly inspiring, she's the living example of "when life gives you lemons make lemonade". It was a story of self-discovery. It is only human to give up once the times prove to be a little tough, however she was persistent and always moved forward. And eventually, she got to dare I say a job she loved. I can only hope to one day find myself at a job I am passionate about that brings me joy and brings others good. {{BookCat}} knv122im9b7ox88732ruu39zhsfvcxr 1 438492 4443558 4006015 2024-11-03T10:03:45Z Wrev 1346925 /* Indirect square root computation formula is senseless because it relies on itself */ 4443558 wikitext text/x-wiki == Fixed Point Example == Some fixed-point examples would be useful, especially multiplying and dividing from different Q formats e.g. Q1.7 and Q4.4 to produce a Q5.11 output. [[User:Bluefoxicy|Bluefoxicy]] ([[User talk:Bluefoxicy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bluefoxicy|contribs]]) 14:08, 5 November 2021 (UTC) == Radix-4 == There's a faster Radix-4 mode <math>x_{i+1} = x_i - \sigma d_i y_i 4^{-i}</math> and such with a different K scale factor, too. Should cover that. [[User:Bluefoxicy|Bluefoxicy]] ([[User talk:Bluefoxicy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bluefoxicy|contribs]]) 13:42, 18 November 2021 (UTC) == Indirect square root computation formula is senseless == In the chapter ‚Indirectly computable functions‘ the square root in w is given as the square root of another term depending on w. Although the equation is correct, it accomplishes nothing because the square root is deducted from itself (it should be deducted from another, directly computable function). [[User:Wrev|Wrev]] ([[User talk:Wrev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Wrev|contribs]]) 10:03, 3 November 2024 (UTC) cu9sxmbt3ekk6nkjq3cxm6ly4qj5phv 0 439163 4443566 4007515 2024-11-03T10:58:40Z 78.245.188.10 Correct a typo 4443566 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Nav}}</noinclude> __NOTOC__ == Overview == A <code>Server</code>, which is some hardware, a container, or a VM, contains one or more Database Clusters (<code>Cluster</code> for short). Every cluster is controlled by exactly one instance. If there are many clusters and instances on the same server, the ports of the instances must differ from each other as well as the root directories of the clusters. Each newly created cluster contains the three <code>databases</code> ''template0'', ''template1'', and ''postgres'', each of the three databases contain the schema ''public'' as well as the system schemas ''pg_catalog'', ''information_schema'', ''pg_temp'', and some more. Tables, views, and most other SQL objects reside in such schemas. DBAs can create more clusters, databases, schemas, or SQL objects. </br> [[File:PostgreSQL_cluster_db_schema.svg|center]] </br> == Initialization Phase == Clusters are created with the command <code>initdb</code>. ''template0'' is the very first database during the creation phase of any cluster. In a second step, database ''template1'' is generated as a copy of ''template0'', and finally database ''postgres'' is generated as a copy of ''template1''. Later, the DBA can create more databases within that cluster, e.g.: ''my_db'', with the command <code>createdb</code>. Just like at the beginning, the new database will be a copy of ''template1''. Due to the unique role of ''template0'' as the pristine original of all other databases, no client is allowed to connect to it and modify it. But the DBA can change ''template1''. == Connections == Client connections act at the database level and can access data and SQL objects within any schema of the connected database, as far as they are permitted to do so. If they need access to any object of a different database within the same or another cluster, special techniques like <code>foreign-data wrapper</code> (FDW) or <code>dblink</code> are required (or they use multiple connections and synchronize them at the client-side). == SQL objects == We use the term ''SQL object'' for all objects which you can create with the SQL command <code>CREATE ...</code>, e.g.: database, schema, table, view, materialized view, index, constraint, sequence, function, procedure, trigger, role, data type, domain, operator, tablespace, extension, foreign-data wrapper, and much more. Such SQL objects are arranged in a hierarchical manner: * Database names, tablespaces, and roles (users) are known at the cluster level. E.g.: As mentioned above, a connection works at the database level. Nevertheless, when you create a new role with such a connection, the role is also known by all other databases of the same cluster. * Extensions, e.g.: PostGIS, reside at the database level. After installing an extension, all schemas of this database can use it. But within the other databases of the same cluster, the extension is not known. * Schemas are part of a database. Some of them are predefined. :* ''pg_catalog'' is a schema with tables that describe most of the SQL objects of that database, especially all tables and views. They even describe themself. ''information_schema'' is a similar schema. It contains several tables and views of pg_catalog in a way that conforms to the SQL standard. :* ''public'' acts as the default schema. It should not contain user-defined SQL objects. Instead, it is recommended to create one or more additional schemas to manage application-specific objects like tables or triggers. To access objects in such additional schemas they can be fully qualified, e.g. my_schema.my_table, or by changing the <code>search_path</code>. :* There are different types of SQL objects within a schema: 'relation'-like objects (table, view, materialized view, index, sequence, foreign-table), function, procedure, trigger, constraint, data type, domain, operator, and more. ::*SQL objects in one schema are different from SQL objects in different schemas, even if they use the same name, e.g.: table ''t1'' in ''my_schema1'' is different from ''t1'' in ''my_schema2''. ::* The names of 'relation'-like objects, data types, and domains are unique within their schema: e.g.: you cannot have a table ''employee'' and a view ''employee'' in the same schema. </br> [[File:PostgreSQL objects hierarchy.svg|centre]] <noinclude>{{Nav}}</noinclude> m2nrkth3h3szekskxk96m4env0p69ty 0 445103 4443510 4431539 2024-11-02T19:05:23Z GoreyCat 3384416 /* Practice Problems */ 4443510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Page}} <noinclude>{{navigation|Book=Algebra |current=Real Numbers |previous=Sets |next=Logic and Proofs }}</noinclude> <span style = "font-size:250%;font-family:Georgia, serif"><b>2.4: Properties of Real Numbers</b></span> ---- __TOC__ <!---==Subsets of the Real numbers== In this section, we give names to some of the important classes of number. The first important set of numbers is probably the first set of numbers we are really introduced to, namely the '''Natural Numbers''', which we will call <math>\mathbb{N}</math>. The natural numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{N}=\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. The next set is just a little bigger, and includes the next number we usually learn in elementary school. The natural numbers, together with the number 0 will be called the '''Whole Numbers''', and denoted by <math>\mathbb{W}</math>. The whole numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{W}=\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. Of course we are missing the negative numbers. The set of whole numbers together with all of the negative numbers is called the ''Integers'' denoted by <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>. (You might ask why a letter that looks like Z. The reason is because it comes from the German word for number, Zahlen. English speakers are not the only ones to make important contributions to mathematics! Today, Z is the letter used almost universally.) The integers are: :<math>\mathbb{Z}=\{\ldots, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}.</math> Next, as you might guess we need a set of numbers that includes fractions. The set of all numbers that can be written as a fraction is written is called the '''Rational Numbers''' and is denoted by <math>\mathbb{Q}</math>. You might ask why a letter that looks like Q? Well, first mathematicians save the letter R for real numbers (described below) and F for a general number field (a concept a bit beyond this book). But since a quotient is another word for fraction, and we are not using Q for anything else, it seems the sensible choice. The rational numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{Q}=\left\{\frac{a}{b} \,\Big|\, a,b\in\mathbb{Z} \text{ and } b\neq 0 \right\}</math> What about just the decimal numbers, we spent a long time working with them. As mentioned in the section on [[Algebra/Variables|variables]] the set of all numbers decimal numbers (including those whose that continue indefinitely after the decimal point) is known as the '''Real Numbers''' and is written with the symbol <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. In this case we will not attempt to give a formula that describes the set, and instead just rely on its English description. But we should give a few examples of real numbers. It may seem difficult to believe, but not every number can be written has a fraction. As we will see later, one such number is <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>, but this is far from the only example. Indeed every integer can be written as a decimal just by adding a decimal point and infinitely many zeros to it. For example, {{nowrap|1= 0 = 0.000…}} and {{nowrap|1= -3 = -3.000… }} and we have made those to integers into decimal numbers. What about fractions? Yes every fraction can be written as a decimal simply using long division. We can also add, subtract, multiply and divide any two real numbers to get another real number (as long as we don't divide by 0). Unfortunately it gets to be very difficult to describe why this is. The algorithms we learn in school for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing real numbers all being with the decimal place furthest to the right. If the decimal goes on forever, it is awfully hard to find the decimal furthest to the right. So what do we do? For the moment the answer has to be "not worry about it too much". Later, after we have mastered a few more mathematics courses we will be ready to tackle the task of making sense of the arithmetic of real numbers. In the mean time your intuition about decimal numbers will probably not lead you astray. And where ever possible we will stick to fractions, or expressions like <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, rather than having to deal with infinitely long decimals. Notice, the above list of numbers is increasing. That is, <math>\mathbb{N}\subset \mathbb{W}\subset \mathbb{Z}\subset \mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{R}</math>. There is one last set of numbers it we should name. The '''Irrational Numbers''' is the set of all real numbers which are '''not''' rational numbers, we shall denote this set by <math>\mathbb{I}</math>, though other books may choose other names. To give a formula, we write: :<math>\mathbb{I}=\{x\in\R \mid x\not\in\mathbb{Q}\}.</math> We have never quite given the definition of a set this way. We added emphasis that the numbers ''x'' needed to come from the set of real numbers. This is also a common way to denote a set, though we may not use it much. We should point out there are numbers that are irrational. The most famous example is <math>\textstyle \sqrt{2}</math>, but there are many many more. In fact the square root of any number which is not a perfect square will be an irrational number. As will the cube root of anything which isn't a perfect cube, etc. We should point out that :<math>\mathbb{R}=\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> Why? Well because of the definition of <math>\mathbb{I}</math>. Maybe your thinking "wait, what does this mean again?" Remember that two sets are equal if they have the same elements. So we really should explain why everything in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> '''and''' why everything in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math>. But we will leave this as an exercise to the ambitious reader. === Practice Problems === <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Name the ''smallest'' of the sets given above to which the following numbers belong to.} {0 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> +<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{21} \,</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> +<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {0.0110211 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{49}</math> |type="()"} +<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {-32 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\textstyle\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> </quiz>---> == Types of Numbers == We have already talked about the different types of numbers in '''Chapter 1'''. However, in this section, we will be using more sophisticated language to refer to them, and take a look at each of their unique properties. In mathematics there are names for many different types of numbers and you've encountered lots of these types already and some of these types contain the others. For instance we can start with the whole numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Using subtraction we can build negative numbers by subtracting a bigger number from a smaller giving us an answer in the set {... -3, -2, -1, 0}. Using division we can identify fractions between 0 and 1 by dividing a smaller number by a bigger e.g. {1/2, 2/3, 3/4, ...} or {-1/-2, -2/-3, -3/-4, ....} We can also identify negative fractions between -1 and 0 by dividing a negative number by a positive or a positive number by a negative {-1/2, -2/3, -3/4, ...} or {1/-2, 2/-3, 3/-4, ...}. Every whole number can be written as a fraction, such as <math>\textstyle 2 = \frac{2}{1}</math>. The rational numbers are exactly those numbers which can be written as fractions. Rational numbers are a subset of numbers we call real numbers. Some calculators allow you to differentiate between rational numbers and real numbers by representing the rational number as a fraction. If you use decimal notation the decimals in your rational number may go on forever, for example <math>\textstyle \frac{1}{3}=0.333\ldots</math>. The real numbers include all of the types of numbers mentioned before (whole numbers, negative numbers, fractions, etc.) and others that require special operations such as roots to represent. These other numbers may not have any recognizable pattern to their digits, such as <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>. But, at the end of the day, the real numbers act just like the rational numbers that you're already familiar with. For those readers that are geometrically inclined, one may think of the real numbers as a line (or ruler), where every point on the line corresponds to exactly one number, as in the picture below. [[Image:Real number line for Algebra book.svg|center|400px]] {{TextBox|<center>'''Types of Numbers'''</center> '''Real numbers''' consist of zero (0), the positive and negative integers (-3, -1, 2, 4), and all the fractional and decimal values in between (0.4, 3.1415927, 1/2). Real numbers are divided into rational and irrational numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by ℝ. '''Rational numbers''' are numbers that can be expressed as a ratio (that is, a division) of two integers (<math>{2 \over 3}</math>, <math>0.6</math>, <math>3</math>, <math>-4.7</math>, <math>0.\overline{111}...</math>). If a number has a terminating decimal, or a decimal that ends (<math>3.6</math>, <math>5.263</math>) or repeats (<math>1.\overline{333}....</math>), it is rational. The set of rational numbers is denoted by ℚ. '''Irrational numbers''' have decimal parts that do not terminate or repeat (<math>2.71828...</math>, <math>3.14159...</math>) ''and'' cannot be expressed as a fractional equivalent. For example, the number <math>\sqrt{2} = 1.41421356...</math> does not have an equivalent ratio or division of two numbers. There are several other different "sets" of rational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by 𝕀. '''Natural numbers''', also known as "counting numbers", are the first numbers you learn. The natural numbers include all of the positive whole numbers (1, 24, 6, 2, 357). Note that zero is not included, and fractions or decimals are not included. The set of natural numbers is denoted by ℕ. '''Whole numbers''' are the natural numbers, plus zero. The set of whole numbers is denoted by 𝕎. '''Integers''' are all positive and negative numbers without a decimal part (3, -1, 15, -42). The set of integers is denoted by ℤ.}} == Properties Of Real Numbers == We begin this section with a review of the fundamental properties of arithmetic. It may seem unusual to give so much emphasis to the few properties listed below, but there is a good reason. '''Roughly speaking, all of algebra follows from the 5 properties listed in the table below'''. In the table below, ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' can be any number unless stated otherwise. So let's take a look: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" ! '''Property Name''' ! '''Addition''' ! '''Subtraction''' ! '''Multiplication''' ! '''Division''' |- | Commutative | <math> a + b = b + a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a - b \ne b - a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a + (-b) = (-b) + a </math> | <math> a * b = b * a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a/b \ne b/a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a * 1/b = 1/b * a </math> |- | Associative | <math> (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a - b) - c \ne a - (b - c) </math><br>This does: <br><math> (a - b) - c = a - (b + c) = a + (- b - c) </math> | <math> (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a/b)/c \ne a/(b/c)</math> <br>This does: <br><math>(a/b)/c = a*1/b*1/c = a /b*c </math> |- | Identity | <math>a + 0 = a</math> | <math>a - 0 = a</math> | <math> a*1= a</math> | <math> a/1= a</math> |- | Inverse | <math>a + - a = 0 </math> | <math>a - a = 0 </math> | <math>a * (1/a) = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. | <math>a / a = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. |- | Distributive | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>a*(b - c) = a*b - a*c</math> | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>(a + b)/c = a/c + b/c</math> <br> But wait: <br> <math> a/(b + c) \ne a/b + a/c </math> |} But what does all this mean? The '''commutative property''' is that you can exchange two numbers and still get the same answer. The '''associative property''' is that you can change the grouping (i.e., change the position of the parenthesis) and still get the same answer. The '''identity property''' is that there is a certain number that when operated with a number doesn't change it. The '''inverse property''' is something that results to the identity number. The '''distributive property''' means that you can distribute the operation. Out of all of those properties, the distributive property is the one you'll probably use the most, because it is the only one that mentions both addition and multiplication at the same time. To give an example: these properties even imply fundamental things such as: "multiplication is repeated addition". This book is not going to prove many things, but it would be useful for us to take a look at how this works. We apply the distributive property for a = 7, b = 1 and c = 1. : {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} = 7 + 7 Though it may seem obvious, this is ''identity'' property for multiplication listed above. Now let's try to do the same thing with {{nowrap|{{Algebra/mult|7|3}}}}. : {{Algebra/mult|7|3}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} Just like before, this is just the fact that 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 together with substitution. : {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} Once again, we apply the distributive property. Note that we can apply it to expressions with more than two numbers being added in parentheses. The proof is below. While {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}} is not covered by the distributive property alone, this problem is solved by grouping the last two 1s with parentheses. Rather than writing this as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1)}}, we could write it as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1))}}, then used the distributive property with ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1 and ''c'' = (1 + 1). Then: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1)) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; (1 + 1)}}. Now we apply the distributive property just to the second (taking ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1, and ''c'' = ''1''. Then (looking just at the second term) we have {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. Finally we can substitute this expression for the second term back into the equation to get: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. This looks like a lot of mindless parenthesis juggling, but the point is that the distributive property applies to arbitrarily long sums and products. It is also true that :{{nowrap|1= {{Algebra/mult|''a''|(''b'' + ''c'' + ''d'' + ''e'')}} = {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''b''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''c''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''d''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''e''}}}} Or we could make it even longer! We could have as many terms in the sum as we like; as long as "{{Algebra/mult|a|}}" appears in front of each term on the right hand side we will have a true statement. We will use this fact without justification (that is, without proof). Let's remind ourselves what these properties tell us about arithmetic. Commutativity and Associativity together imply that it doesn't matter what order we add things up in. Let's see why. Associativity says that {{nowrap|1= ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c''}}. This should be thought of as a statement about the sum ''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''. Why? Because usually addition is just defined between two things, so someone writes down something like {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}} some people may first add ''b'' and ''c'' first then add in ''a'', and other people might add ''a'' and ''b'' first and then add in ''c''. This property says (using a formula) that it doesn't matter which way you do it. What about those people who add ''a'' and ''c'' together first? Well, that is where commutativity comes in. It tells us that we don't have add things up in exactly the order people write things down. You can switch things around and still get the same answer. Let's do one more example of using these properties to "juggle parentheses" to see that commutativity says you really can add ''a'' and ''c'' first and get the same answer. {| class="wikitable" |- |''b'' + ''c'' = ''c'' + ''b'' |This is the commutativity of addition applied to ''b'' + ''c'' |- |''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = ''a'' + (''c'' + ''b'') | This follows from substitution |- | ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''c'') + ''b'' |This is just using associativity on the right side of the line above. |} Commutativity and associativity tell you that it doesn't matter in which order you add up {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}}. You will get the same answer regardless of order. The rule holds even if there are more than three terms: There may be 4, 12, or several thousand. These properties would still tell us that it doesn't matter how we add things up. The same properties for multiplication tell us it doesn't matter in what order we multiply things together. We are free to change the order to anything that we find easier. Does it ever really make things easier? Sure! For example if you were asked to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|3}}|{{Algebra/mult|5|(1/4)}}}}, then I would personally think it would be easier to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|(1/4)}}|{{Algebra/mult|3|5}}}} The ''identity'' and ''inverse'' properties really capture what it means to say that "addition and subtraction are opposites" and "multiplication and division are opposites, as long as it isn't zero that we multiply by." We shall leave it as an exercise to the interested reader to think about why this is. You can often simplify expressions using the Distributive Property. This is one of the reasons it is so important. For example, consider the expression {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}. What happens if we use the distributive property on the first term in this expression? Let's work it out. According to the Distributive Property :{{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) = 2''x'' &minus; {{Algebra/mult|2|7}} = 2''x'' &minus; 14}} Plugging this into the expression above we get {{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14 = 2''x'' &minus; 14 + 14 = 2''x''}}. Clearly 2''x'' is a lot easier to evaluate than {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}! ===Commutative properties of Division=== Division is not commutative. That means usually a ÷ b is not equal to b ÷ a, and can be demonstrated simply by example. <math> \frac 1 2 \ne \frac 2 1 </math> While division itself is not commutative, there ''are'' two special cases where the answer is the same if you reverse the order of operation. These cases occur when the answer (quotient) is 1 or when the answer is -1: <math> a \div b = b \div a \iff \mbox{(rewrite as fractions)} </math> <math> \frac a b = \frac b a \iff \mbox{(multiply both sides by} \ ab) </math> <math> a^2 = b^2 \iff \mbox{(take both square roots)} </math> <math> a = \sqrt{b^2} \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -\sqrt{b^2} </math> <math> a = b \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -b </math> <math> a \div b = 1 \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a \div b = -1 </math> == Basic Laws In Algebra == There are several basic laws in algebra. Understanding these will help you to manipulate and solve equations, and to understand algebraic relationships. === 1. Commutative Law === In general, the order of the items can be changed without affecting the results. For addition, <math>A + B = B + A</math> indicates that changing the order of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X Y = Y X</math> indicating that the changing of the order of the items multiplied does not affect the product. Note that the commutative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 2. Associative Law === In general, the grouping of the items can be changed without affecting the results. (Seems to be an extension of the commutative law). For addition, <math>A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X ( Y Z ) = ( X Y ) Z</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items multiplied does not affect the product. As with the commutative law, the associative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 3. Distributive Law === Indicates that common terms can be factored, or that factors can be distributed. '''(A + B) X = (A X) + (B X)''' (The "X" terms on the right are combined into a factor on the left side; the factor "X" on the left is distributed on the right side). Consider the substitution of '''X = (Y + Z)''' into the above equation yields ('''A + B) (Y + Z) = A (Y + Z) + B (Y + Z)'''. Apply the distributive law to each term on the right yields '''A Y + A Z + B Y + B Z'''. We can skip the intermediate step if we multiply the terms identified by “F O I L” in the following expression '''(A + B) (Y + Z) =''' {| class="wikitable" ! Letter || Description || terms |- | F || First terms || '''A Y +''' |- |O || Outside terms || '''A Z +''' |- |I || Inside terms || '''B Y +''' |- |L || Last terms ||'''B Z''' |} === 4. Law of Identity === For '''addition and subtraction''' the law of identity indicates that the addition '''and''' subtraction of a given term or quantity results in the zero, 0, the identity element for addition and subtraction. Alternately, adding the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. '''<math>A - A = 0</math>''' Adding A to both sides of the first equation we get '''(A - A) + A = 0 + A'''. Re-arranging or substituting gives '''0 + A = A''' :Note the special case(s) where '''A = A + 0 = A + 0 + 0''' For '''multiplication and division''' the law of identity indicates that the multiplication '''and''' division of a given term or quantity results in "one," 1, the identity element for multiplication and division. Alternately, multipling or dividing by the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. <math> 1 = \frac{Y}{Y}</math>, or <math> 1 = (\frac{Y}{1}) (\frac{1}{Y})</math> :Note that dividing 1 by a term or quantity gives the reciprocal of the term or quantity. Multiplying by the reciprocal is the same as dividing by the term or quantity. In the above equation on the right '''(Y / 1), and (1 / Y)''' are reciprocals of each other :Note the special case where <math>1 = \frac{1}{1}</math>, Multiplying this equation by “1” gives <math>1(1) = (1)( \frac{1}{1} )</math>, and then dividing by one gives <math>\frac{1(1)}{1} = (1)(\frac{1}{1} ) = </math>. :Simplify this by substititing the first special case equation to get <math>1 = 1(1)</math> , and <math>1 = 1(1)(1) </math>, '''. . .''' By multiplying both sides of the first equation by '''“Y”''' we get <math> (Y)(1) = (Y)(\frac{Y}{Y})</math> , which simplifies and becomes ''' (Y) = (1) Y.''' == Closure == '''Closure''' is a property that is defined for a set of real numbers and an operation. This [[w:Closure (mathematics)|Wikipedia article]] gives a description of the closure property with examples from various areas in math. As an Algebra student being aware of the closure property can help you solve a problem. For instance a problem might state "The sum of two whole numbers is 24." With practice you will be able to see that the possible set of numbers will be either all odd (e.g. (1,23),(3,21), ... etc.) or all even (e.g. (2,22), (4,20), ... etc.). The problem might not explicitly state the idea of whole numbers. It might state that two sides of a square sum to 24. If you remember working a problem like this before you know that the sides of a square need to be equal and you divide by two. The author of the problem might want to be trickier and say that two sides of an equilateral triangle sum to 24 and then ask for the perimeter of the triangle. In this case you might want to write the equation <math>3x = p</math> for the perimeter of an equilateral triangle. This might make it easier for you to see that again you just need to divide 24 by 2 to find the length of one side and plug it into the equation. ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.69</u> (Closure of Operators)''' Complete the following table which represents the closure properties of operations with different types of numbers. Use a check mark to represent closure, and a cross to represent no closure. {| class="wikitable" ! || Addition || Subtraction || Multiplcation || Division || Exponentiation || Root |- |ℕ || || || || || || |- |𝕎 || || || || || || |- |ℤ || || || || || || |- |ℚ || || || || || || |- |𝕀 || || || || || || |- |ℝ || || || || || || |} '''<u>Problem 2.70</u> (Closure of a Set)''' Two letters from the set <math>\{a, b, c, d, e\}</math> are chosen and multiplied together. The results after doing this are as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! * || a || b || c || d || e |- |'''a''' || b || c || e || a || d |- |'''b''' || d || a || c || b || e |- |'''c''' || c || d || b || e || a |- |'''d''' || a || e || d || c || b |- |'''e''' || e || b || a || d || c |} Is the set closed under multiplication? == Order and Absolute Value == <!---Number Line Diagram---> The '''absolute value''' (or '''modulus''') of a real number <math>a</math>, denoted by <math>|a|</math> refers to its distance from zero on the real number line. This value is '''always taken to be nonnegative'''. For example, the illustration on the left shows the following: <center><math>|-5| = 5 \ |3| = 3</math></center> The absolute value of -5 is 5 because it is 5 away from zero, and the absolute value of 3 is 3 because it is 3 away from zero. The absolute value of a positive number or zero is always itself. Conversely, the absolute value of a negative number is its opposite. Likewise, the distance between two numbers on the number line can be thought of as the absolute value of the difference between them. ===Absolute Value and PEMDAS=== ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.71</u> (Ordering Numbers I)''' Order the following set of numbers from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least. <center><math>2.1, -4,\ \frac{1}{2},\ \pi,\ 3.99,\ -\frac{3}{4},\ -0.25,\ \frac{\pi}{3}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 69|answer=<math>a.\ -4, -\frac{3}{4}, -\frac{1}{2}, -0.25, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99</math><br> <math>b.\ 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, -0.25, -\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{3}{4}, -4</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.72</u> (Ordering Numbers II)''' Order the absolute values of the numbers from '''Problem 2.68''' from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least.<br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 70|answer=<math>a.\ 0.25, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99, 4</math><br> <math>b.\ 4, 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, 0.25</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.73</u> (Absolute Value Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expressions that involve absolute values. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ |-88|</math> |<math>b.\ |3-16|</math> |<math>c.\ |-14| + |3|</math> |<math>d.\ ||-5| - 3|</math> |<math>e.\ |1 - \sqrt{3}| + |2 - \sqrt{2}| - |\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}|</math> |- |<math>f.\ 3 - 2|2-10| + 11</math> |<math>g.\ \frac{|-(-5)|-|3|}{-3}</math> |<math>h.\ \frac{2|3*2^2 - 1| - 10|-2|}{6}</math> |<math>i.\ \frac{(5-6)^2 - 2|3-7|}{89 - 3*5^2}</math> |- |} {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 71|answer=a. 88<br> b. 13<br> c. 17<br> d. 2<br> e. 1<br> f. -2<br> g. <math>-\frac{2}{3}</math><br> h. <math>\frac{1}{3}</math> i. <math>-\frac{1}{2}</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.74</u> (Absolute Ratio)''' Simplify the following expression given that <math>x<0.</math> <center><math>\frac{|x|}{x}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 72|answer=-1}} '''<u>Problem 2.75</u> (Range of Values I)''' If <math>24<x<39</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 24| + |x - 39|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 73|answer=15}} '''<u>Problem 2.76</u> (Range of Values II)''' If <math>-12\leq x<12</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 14| + |x - 12| + |x + 12| + |x + 14|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 74|answer=52}} '''<u>Problem 2.77</u> (Range of Values III)''' If <math>-19\leq x \leq y \leq 4</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x + 19| + |x - y| + |y - 4|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 75|answer=23}} '''<u>Problem 2.78</u> (Least Possible Absolute Value)''' If '''n''' is an integer, what is the smallest possible value of the following expression? <center><math>|123 - 5n|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 76|answer=2}} '''<u>Problem 2.79</u> (The Triangle Inequality)''' For any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the third. This relation is represented as follows: <center><math>|a + b| \leq |a| + |b|</math></center> '''a.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 6, 9, and 14 exists.<br> '''b.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 5, 10, and 15 exists.<br> '''c.''' Outside of geometric applications, the above inequality also states that the absolute value of the sum of two numbers '''a''' and '''b''' are less than or equal to the sum of the absolute value of '''a''' and the absolute value of '''b'''. Prove that this relation is true. == Lesson Review == All numbers that we will be working with for the majority of Algebra are called Real Numbers. They consist of Rational and Irrational Numbers. Irrational Numbers are numbers that have infinite, non-repeating decimals, such as pi. Rational Numbers are all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of integers, which include Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, and Rational Numbers. For all Real Numbers, there are a few properties of addition and multiplication: Commutative, Associative, Identity, Inverse, and Distribution. The Distribution will come in handy for the rest of the course. == Lesson Quiz == <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Identify the set(s) of numbers each number is in. If the number does not belong to any set, leave all boxes unchecked} {<math>\sqrt{7}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational +Irrational +Real {<math>\sqrt{-25}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational -Irrational -Real {<math>-\sqrt{36}</math> |coef="3"} -Natural -Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {<math>(-4)^2</math> |coef="5"} +Natural +Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {Identify the property being expressed.} {<math>2 \cdot\! 3 = 3 \cdot\! 2</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Commutative (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = 1</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x + (-x) = 0 \,</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Addition (i) _15 } {Perform the Distributive Property of Multiplication to simplify each of these expressions.} { |type="{}"} <math>3(2x + 7)=</math>{ 6x + 21 (i)|6x+21 (i) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>15(6x - 22)=</math>{ 90x - 330 (i)|90x-330 (i)|30(3x - 11) (i)|30(3x-11) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>3(20x + 42y) - 2(7x + 20y)=</math>{ 46x + 86y (i)|46x+86y (i)|2(23x + 43y) (i)|2(23x+43y) (i) _12 } {Challenge Questions. '''Note:''' Answer the "Why" questions on paper.} {When two rational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in a rational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are added, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When the square root of an irrational number is taken, does it have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {If <math>x(x+1)</math> is irrational, does x have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; ||[[/Answers to "Why" questions/]] </quiz> {{BookCat}} 2a7rblryqygrnogwwjiudgzu74kw7kg 4443512 4443510 2024-11-02T19:06:58Z GoreyCat 3384416 /* Practice Problems */ 4443512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Page}} <noinclude>{{navigation|Book=Algebra |current=Real Numbers |previous=Sets |next=Logic and Proofs }}</noinclude> <span style = "font-size:250%;font-family:Georgia, serif"><b>2.4: Properties of Real Numbers</b></span> ---- __TOC__ <!---==Subsets of the Real numbers== In this section, we give names to some of the important classes of number. The first important set of numbers is probably the first set of numbers we are really introduced to, namely the '''Natural Numbers''', which we will call <math>\mathbb{N}</math>. The natural numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{N}=\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. The next set is just a little bigger, and includes the next number we usually learn in elementary school. The natural numbers, together with the number 0 will be called the '''Whole Numbers''', and denoted by <math>\mathbb{W}</math>. The whole numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{W}=\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. Of course we are missing the negative numbers. The set of whole numbers together with all of the negative numbers is called the ''Integers'' denoted by <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>. (You might ask why a letter that looks like Z. The reason is because it comes from the German word for number, Zahlen. English speakers are not the only ones to make important contributions to mathematics! Today, Z is the letter used almost universally.) The integers are: :<math>\mathbb{Z}=\{\ldots, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}.</math> Next, as you might guess we need a set of numbers that includes fractions. The set of all numbers that can be written as a fraction is written is called the '''Rational Numbers''' and is denoted by <math>\mathbb{Q}</math>. You might ask why a letter that looks like Q? Well, first mathematicians save the letter R for real numbers (described below) and F for a general number field (a concept a bit beyond this book). But since a quotient is another word for fraction, and we are not using Q for anything else, it seems the sensible choice. The rational numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{Q}=\left\{\frac{a}{b} \,\Big|\, a,b\in\mathbb{Z} \text{ and } b\neq 0 \right\}</math> What about just the decimal numbers, we spent a long time working with them. As mentioned in the section on [[Algebra/Variables|variables]] the set of all numbers decimal numbers (including those whose that continue indefinitely after the decimal point) is known as the '''Real Numbers''' and is written with the symbol <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. In this case we will not attempt to give a formula that describes the set, and instead just rely on its English description. But we should give a few examples of real numbers. It may seem difficult to believe, but not every number can be written has a fraction. As we will see later, one such number is <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>, but this is far from the only example. Indeed every integer can be written as a decimal just by adding a decimal point and infinitely many zeros to it. For example, {{nowrap|1= 0 = 0.000…}} and {{nowrap|1= -3 = -3.000… }} and we have made those to integers into decimal numbers. What about fractions? Yes every fraction can be written as a decimal simply using long division. We can also add, subtract, multiply and divide any two real numbers to get another real number (as long as we don't divide by 0). Unfortunately it gets to be very difficult to describe why this is. The algorithms we learn in school for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing real numbers all being with the decimal place furthest to the right. If the decimal goes on forever, it is awfully hard to find the decimal furthest to the right. So what do we do? For the moment the answer has to be "not worry about it too much". Later, after we have mastered a few more mathematics courses we will be ready to tackle the task of making sense of the arithmetic of real numbers. In the mean time your intuition about decimal numbers will probably not lead you astray. And where ever possible we will stick to fractions, or expressions like <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, rather than having to deal with infinitely long decimals. Notice, the above list of numbers is increasing. That is, <math>\mathbb{N}\subset \mathbb{W}\subset \mathbb{Z}\subset \mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{R}</math>. There is one last set of numbers it we should name. The '''Irrational Numbers''' is the set of all real numbers which are '''not''' rational numbers, we shall denote this set by <math>\mathbb{I}</math>, though other books may choose other names. To give a formula, we write: :<math>\mathbb{I}=\{x\in\R \mid x\not\in\mathbb{Q}\}.</math> We have never quite given the definition of a set this way. We added emphasis that the numbers ''x'' needed to come from the set of real numbers. This is also a common way to denote a set, though we may not use it much. We should point out there are numbers that are irrational. The most famous example is <math>\textstyle \sqrt{2}</math>, but there are many many more. In fact the square root of any number which is not a perfect square will be an irrational number. As will the cube root of anything which isn't a perfect cube, etc. We should point out that :<math>\mathbb{R}=\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> Why? Well because of the definition of <math>\mathbb{I}</math>. Maybe your thinking "wait, what does this mean again?" Remember that two sets are equal if they have the same elements. So we really should explain why everything in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> '''and''' why everything in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math>. But we will leave this as an exercise to the ambitious reader. === Practice Problems === <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Name the ''smallest'' of the sets given above to which the following numbers belong to.} {0 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> +<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{21} \,</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> +<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {0.0110211 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{49}</math> |type="()"} +<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {-32 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\textstyle\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> </quiz>---> == Types of Numbers == We have already talked about the different types of numbers in '''Chapter 1'''. However, in this section, we will be using more sophisticated language to refer to them, and take a look at each of their unique properties. In mathematics there are names for many different types of numbers and you've encountered lots of these types already and some of these types contain the others. For instance we can start with the whole numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Using subtraction we can build negative numbers by subtracting a bigger number from a smaller giving us an answer in the set {... -3, -2, -1, 0}. Using division we can identify fractions between 0 and 1 by dividing a smaller number by a bigger e.g. {1/2, 2/3, 3/4, ...} or {-1/-2, -2/-3, -3/-4, ....} We can also identify negative fractions between -1 and 0 by dividing a negative number by a positive or a positive number by a negative {-1/2, -2/3, -3/4, ...} or {1/-2, 2/-3, 3/-4, ...}. Every whole number can be written as a fraction, such as <math>\textstyle 2 = \frac{2}{1}</math>. The rational numbers are exactly those numbers which can be written as fractions. Rational numbers are a subset of numbers we call real numbers. Some calculators allow you to differentiate between rational numbers and real numbers by representing the rational number as a fraction. If you use decimal notation the decimals in your rational number may go on forever, for example <math>\textstyle \frac{1}{3}=0.333\ldots</math>. The real numbers include all of the types of numbers mentioned before (whole numbers, negative numbers, fractions, etc.) and others that require special operations such as roots to represent. These other numbers may not have any recognizable pattern to their digits, such as <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>. But, at the end of the day, the real numbers act just like the rational numbers that you're already familiar with. For those readers that are geometrically inclined, one may think of the real numbers as a line (or ruler), where every point on the line corresponds to exactly one number, as in the picture below. [[Image:Real number line for Algebra book.svg|center|400px]] {{TextBox|<center>'''Types of Numbers'''</center> '''Real numbers''' consist of zero (0), the positive and negative integers (-3, -1, 2, 4), and all the fractional and decimal values in between (0.4, 3.1415927, 1/2). Real numbers are divided into rational and irrational numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by ℝ. '''Rational numbers''' are numbers that can be expressed as a ratio (that is, a division) of two integers (<math>{2 \over 3}</math>, <math>0.6</math>, <math>3</math>, <math>-4.7</math>, <math>0.\overline{111}...</math>). If a number has a terminating decimal, or a decimal that ends (<math>3.6</math>, <math>5.263</math>) or repeats (<math>1.\overline{333}....</math>), it is rational. The set of rational numbers is denoted by ℚ. '''Irrational numbers''' have decimal parts that do not terminate or repeat (<math>2.71828...</math>, <math>3.14159...</math>) ''and'' cannot be expressed as a fractional equivalent. For example, the number <math>\sqrt{2} = 1.41421356...</math> does not have an equivalent ratio or division of two numbers. There are several other different "sets" of rational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by 𝕀. '''Natural numbers''', also known as "counting numbers", are the first numbers you learn. The natural numbers include all of the positive whole numbers (1, 24, 6, 2, 357). Note that zero is not included, and fractions or decimals are not included. The set of natural numbers is denoted by ℕ. '''Whole numbers''' are the natural numbers, plus zero. The set of whole numbers is denoted by 𝕎. '''Integers''' are all positive and negative numbers without a decimal part (3, -1, 15, -42). The set of integers is denoted by ℤ.}} == Properties Of Real Numbers == We begin this section with a review of the fundamental properties of arithmetic. It may seem unusual to give so much emphasis to the few properties listed below, but there is a good reason. '''Roughly speaking, all of algebra follows from the 5 properties listed in the table below'''. In the table below, ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' can be any number unless stated otherwise. So let's take a look: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" ! '''Property Name''' ! '''Addition''' ! '''Subtraction''' ! '''Multiplication''' ! '''Division''' |- | Commutative | <math> a + b = b + a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a - b \ne b - a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a + (-b) = (-b) + a </math> | <math> a * b = b * a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a/b \ne b/a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a * 1/b = 1/b * a </math> |- | Associative | <math> (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a - b) - c \ne a - (b - c) </math><br>This does: <br><math> (a - b) - c = a - (b + c) = a + (- b - c) </math> | <math> (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a/b)/c \ne a/(b/c)</math> <br>This does: <br><math>(a/b)/c = a*1/b*1/c = a /b*c </math> |- | Identity | <math>a + 0 = a</math> | <math>a - 0 = a</math> | <math> a*1= a</math> | <math> a/1= a</math> |- | Inverse | <math>a + - a = 0 </math> | <math>a - a = 0 </math> | <math>a * (1/a) = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. | <math>a / a = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. |- | Distributive | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>a*(b - c) = a*b - a*c</math> | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>(a + b)/c = a/c + b/c</math> <br> But wait: <br> <math> a/(b + c) \ne a/b + a/c </math> |} But what does all this mean? The '''commutative property''' is that you can exchange two numbers and still get the same answer. The '''associative property''' is that you can change the grouping (i.e., change the position of the parenthesis) and still get the same answer. The '''identity property''' is that there is a certain number that when operated with a number doesn't change it. The '''inverse property''' is something that results to the identity number. The '''distributive property''' means that you can distribute the operation. Out of all of those properties, the distributive property is the one you'll probably use the most, because it is the only one that mentions both addition and multiplication at the same time. To give an example: these properties even imply fundamental things such as: "multiplication is repeated addition". This book is not going to prove many things, but it would be useful for us to take a look at how this works. We apply the distributive property for a = 7, b = 1 and c = 1. : {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} = 7 + 7 Though it may seem obvious, this is ''identity'' property for multiplication listed above. Now let's try to do the same thing with {{nowrap|{{Algebra/mult|7|3}}}}. : {{Algebra/mult|7|3}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} Just like before, this is just the fact that 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 together with substitution. : {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} Once again, we apply the distributive property. Note that we can apply it to expressions with more than two numbers being added in parentheses. The proof is below. While {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}} is not covered by the distributive property alone, this problem is solved by grouping the last two 1s with parentheses. Rather than writing this as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1)}}, we could write it as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1))}}, then used the distributive property with ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1 and ''c'' = (1 + 1). Then: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1)) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; (1 + 1)}}. Now we apply the distributive property just to the second (taking ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1, and ''c'' = ''1''. Then (looking just at the second term) we have {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. Finally we can substitute this expression for the second term back into the equation to get: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. This looks like a lot of mindless parenthesis juggling, but the point is that the distributive property applies to arbitrarily long sums and products. It is also true that :{{nowrap|1= {{Algebra/mult|''a''|(''b'' + ''c'' + ''d'' + ''e'')}} = {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''b''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''c''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''d''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''e''}}}} Or we could make it even longer! We could have as many terms in the sum as we like; as long as "{{Algebra/mult|a|}}" appears in front of each term on the right hand side we will have a true statement. We will use this fact without justification (that is, without proof). Let's remind ourselves what these properties tell us about arithmetic. Commutativity and Associativity together imply that it doesn't matter what order we add things up in. Let's see why. Associativity says that {{nowrap|1= ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c''}}. This should be thought of as a statement about the sum ''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''. Why? Because usually addition is just defined between two things, so someone writes down something like {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}} some people may first add ''b'' and ''c'' first then add in ''a'', and other people might add ''a'' and ''b'' first and then add in ''c''. This property says (using a formula) that it doesn't matter which way you do it. What about those people who add ''a'' and ''c'' together first? Well, that is where commutativity comes in. It tells us that we don't have add things up in exactly the order people write things down. You can switch things around and still get the same answer. Let's do one more example of using these properties to "juggle parentheses" to see that commutativity says you really can add ''a'' and ''c'' first and get the same answer. {| class="wikitable" |- |''b'' + ''c'' = ''c'' + ''b'' |This is the commutativity of addition applied to ''b'' + ''c'' |- |''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = ''a'' + (''c'' + ''b'') | This follows from substitution |- | ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''c'') + ''b'' |This is just using associativity on the right side of the line above. |} Commutativity and associativity tell you that it doesn't matter in which order you add up {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}}. You will get the same answer regardless of order. The rule holds even if there are more than three terms: There may be 4, 12, or several thousand. These properties would still tell us that it doesn't matter how we add things up. The same properties for multiplication tell us it doesn't matter in what order we multiply things together. We are free to change the order to anything that we find easier. Does it ever really make things easier? Sure! For example if you were asked to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|3}}|{{Algebra/mult|5|(1/4)}}}}, then I would personally think it would be easier to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|(1/4)}}|{{Algebra/mult|3|5}}}} The ''identity'' and ''inverse'' properties really capture what it means to say that "addition and subtraction are opposites" and "multiplication and division are opposites, as long as it isn't zero that we multiply by." We shall leave it as an exercise to the interested reader to think about why this is. You can often simplify expressions using the Distributive Property. This is one of the reasons it is so important. For example, consider the expression {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}. What happens if we use the distributive property on the first term in this expression? Let's work it out. According to the Distributive Property :{{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) = 2''x'' &minus; {{Algebra/mult|2|7}} = 2''x'' &minus; 14}} Plugging this into the expression above we get {{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14 = 2''x'' &minus; 14 + 14 = 2''x''}}. Clearly 2''x'' is a lot easier to evaluate than {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}! ===Commutative properties of Division=== Division is not commutative. That means usually a ÷ b is not equal to b ÷ a, and can be demonstrated simply by example. <math> \frac 1 2 \ne \frac 2 1 </math> While division itself is not commutative, there ''are'' two special cases where the answer is the same if you reverse the order of operation. These cases occur when the answer (quotient) is 1 or when the answer is -1: <math> a \div b = b \div a \iff \mbox{(rewrite as fractions)} </math> <math> \frac a b = \frac b a \iff \mbox{(multiply both sides by} \ ab) </math> <math> a^2 = b^2 \iff \mbox{(take both square roots)} </math> <math> a = \sqrt{b^2} \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -\sqrt{b^2} </math> <math> a = b \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -b </math> <math> a \div b = 1 \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a \div b = -1 </math> == Basic Laws In Algebra == There are several basic laws in algebra. Understanding these will help you to manipulate and solve equations, and to understand algebraic relationships. === 1. Commutative Law === In general, the order of the items can be changed without affecting the results. For addition, <math>A + B = B + A</math> indicates that changing the order of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X Y = Y X</math> indicating that the changing of the order of the items multiplied does not affect the product. Note that the commutative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 2. Associative Law === In general, the grouping of the items can be changed without affecting the results. (Seems to be an extension of the commutative law). For addition, <math>A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X ( Y Z ) = ( X Y ) Z</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items multiplied does not affect the product. As with the commutative law, the associative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 3. Distributive Law === Indicates that common terms can be factored, or that factors can be distributed. '''(A + B) X = (A X) + (B X)''' (The "X" terms on the right are combined into a factor on the left side; the factor "X" on the left is distributed on the right side). Consider the substitution of '''X = (Y + Z)''' into the above equation yields ('''A + B) (Y + Z) = A (Y + Z) + B (Y + Z)'''. Apply the distributive law to each term on the right yields '''A Y + A Z + B Y + B Z'''. We can skip the intermediate step if we multiply the terms identified by “F O I L” in the following expression '''(A + B) (Y + Z) =''' {| class="wikitable" ! Letter || Description || terms |- | F || First terms || '''A Y +''' |- |O || Outside terms || '''A Z +''' |- |I || Inside terms || '''B Y +''' |- |L || Last terms ||'''B Z''' |} === 4. Law of Identity === For '''addition and subtraction''' the law of identity indicates that the addition '''and''' subtraction of a given term or quantity results in the zero, 0, the identity element for addition and subtraction. Alternately, adding the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. '''<math>A - A = 0</math>''' Adding A to both sides of the first equation we get '''(A - A) + A = 0 + A'''. Re-arranging or substituting gives '''0 + A = A''' :Note the special case(s) where '''A = A + 0 = A + 0 + 0''' For '''multiplication and division''' the law of identity indicates that the multiplication '''and''' division of a given term or quantity results in "one," 1, the identity element for multiplication and division. Alternately, multipling or dividing by the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. <math> 1 = \frac{Y}{Y}</math>, or <math> 1 = (\frac{Y}{1}) (\frac{1}{Y})</math> :Note that dividing 1 by a term or quantity gives the reciprocal of the term or quantity. Multiplying by the reciprocal is the same as dividing by the term or quantity. In the above equation on the right '''(Y / 1), and (1 / Y)''' are reciprocals of each other :Note the special case where <math>1 = \frac{1}{1}</math>, Multiplying this equation by “1” gives <math>1(1) = (1)( \frac{1}{1} )</math>, and then dividing by one gives <math>\frac{1(1)}{1} = (1)(\frac{1}{1} ) = </math>. :Simplify this by substititing the first special case equation to get <math>1 = 1(1)</math> , and <math>1 = 1(1)(1) </math>, '''. . .''' By multiplying both sides of the first equation by '''“Y”''' we get <math> (Y)(1) = (Y)(\frac{Y}{Y})</math> , which simplifies and becomes ''' (Y) = (1) Y.''' == Closure == '''Closure''' is a property that is defined for a set of real numbers and an operation. This [[w:Closure (mathematics)|Wikipedia article]] gives a description of the closure property with examples from various areas in math. As an Algebra student being aware of the closure property can help you solve a problem. For instance a problem might state "The sum of two whole numbers is 24." With practice you will be able to see that the possible set of numbers will be either all odd (e.g. (1,23),(3,21), ... etc.) or all even (e.g. (2,22), (4,20), ... etc.). The problem might not explicitly state the idea of whole numbers. It might state that two sides of a square sum to 24. If you remember working a problem like this before you know that the sides of a square need to be equal and you divide by two. The author of the problem might want to be trickier and say that two sides of an equilateral triangle sum to 24 and then ask for the perimeter of the triangle. In this case you might want to write the equation <math>3x = p</math> for the perimeter of an equilateral triangle. This might make it easier for you to see that again you just need to divide 24 by 2 to find the length of one side and plug it into the equation. == Order and Absolute Value == <!---Number Line Diagram---> The '''absolute value''' (or '''modulus''') of a real number <math>a</math>, denoted by <math>|a|</math> refers to its distance from zero on the real number line. This value is '''always taken to be nonnegative'''. For example, the illustration on the left shows the following: <center><math>|-5| = 5 \ |3| = 3</math></center> The absolute value of -5 is 5 because it is 5 away from zero, and the absolute value of 3 is 3 because it is 3 away from zero. The absolute value of a positive number or zero is always itself. Conversely, the absolute value of a negative number is its opposite. Likewise, the distance between two numbers on the number line can be thought of as the absolute value of the difference between them. ===Absolute Value and PEMDAS=== ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.71</u> (Ordering Numbers I)''' Order the following set of numbers from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least. <center><math>2.1, -4,\ \frac{1}{2},\ \pi,\ 3.99,\ -\frac{3}{4},\ -0.25,\ \frac{\pi}{3}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 69|answer=<math>a.\ -4, -\frac{3}{4}, -\frac{1}{2}, -0.25, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99</math><br> <math>b.\ 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, -0.25, -\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{3}{4}, -4</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.72</u> (Ordering Numbers II)''' Order the absolute values of the numbers from '''Problem 2.68''' from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least.<br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 70|answer=<math>a.\ 0.25, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99, 4</math><br> <math>b.\ 4, 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, 0.25</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.73</u> (Absolute Value Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expressions that involve absolute values. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ |-88|</math> |<math>b.\ |3-16|</math> |<math>c.\ |-14| + |3|</math> |<math>d.\ ||-5| - 3|</math> |<math>e.\ |1 - \sqrt{3}| + |2 - \sqrt{2}| - |\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}|</math> |- |<math>f.\ 3 - 2|2-10| + 11</math> |<math>g.\ \frac{|-(-5)|-|3|}{-3}</math> |<math>h.\ \frac{2|3*2^2 - 1| - 10|-2|}{6}</math> |<math>i.\ \frac{(5-6)^2 - 2|3-7|}{89 - 3*5^2}</math> |- |} {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 71|answer=a. 88<br> b. 13<br> c. 17<br> d. 2<br> e. 1<br> f. -2<br> g. <math>-\frac{2}{3}</math><br> h. <math>\frac{1}{3}</math> i. <math>-\frac{1}{2}</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.74</u> (Absolute Ratio)''' Simplify the following expression given that <math>x<0.</math> <center><math>\frac{|x|}{x}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 72|answer=-1}} '''<u>Problem 2.75</u> (Range of Values I)''' If <math>24<x<39</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 24| + |x - 39|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 73|answer=15}} '''<u>Problem 2.76</u> (Range of Values II)''' If <math>-12\leq x<12</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 14| + |x - 12| + |x + 12| + |x + 14|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 74|answer=52}} '''<u>Problem 2.77</u> (Range of Values III)''' If <math>-19\leq x \leq y \leq 4</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x + 19| + |x - y| + |y - 4|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 75|answer=23}} '''<u>Problem 2.78</u> (Least Possible Absolute Value)''' If '''n''' is an integer, what is the smallest possible value of the following expression? <center><math>|123 - 5n|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 76|answer=2}} '''<u>Problem 2.79</u> (The Triangle Inequality)''' For any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the third. This relation is represented as follows: <center><math>|a + b| \leq |a| + |b|</math></center> '''a.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 6, 9, and 14 exists.<br> '''b.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 5, 10, and 15 exists.<br> '''c.''' Outside of geometric applications, the above inequality also states that the absolute value of the sum of two numbers '''a''' and '''b''' are less than or equal to the sum of the absolute value of '''a''' and the absolute value of '''b'''. Prove that this relation is true. == Lesson Review == All numbers that we will be working with for the majority of Algebra are called Real Numbers. They consist of Rational and Irrational Numbers. Irrational Numbers are numbers that have infinite, non-repeating decimals, such as pi. Rational Numbers are all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of integers, which include Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, and Rational Numbers. For all Real Numbers, there are a few properties of addition and multiplication: Commutative, Associative, Identity, Inverse, and Distribution. The Distribution will come in handy for the rest of the course. == Lesson Quiz == <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Identify the set(s) of numbers each number is in. If the number does not belong to any set, leave all boxes unchecked} {<math>\sqrt{7}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational +Irrational +Real {<math>\sqrt{-25}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational -Irrational -Real {<math>-\sqrt{36}</math> |coef="3"} -Natural -Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {<math>(-4)^2</math> |coef="5"} +Natural +Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {Identify the property being expressed.} {<math>2 \cdot\! 3 = 3 \cdot\! 2</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Commutative (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = 1</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x + (-x) = 0 \,</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Addition (i) _15 } {Perform the Distributive Property of Multiplication to simplify each of these expressions.} { |type="{}"} <math>3(2x + 7)=</math>{ 6x + 21 (i)|6x+21 (i) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>15(6x - 22)=</math>{ 90x - 330 (i)|90x-330 (i)|30(3x - 11) (i)|30(3x-11) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>3(20x + 42y) - 2(7x + 20y)=</math>{ 46x + 86y (i)|46x+86y (i)|2(23x + 43y) (i)|2(23x+43y) (i) _12 } {Challenge Questions. '''Note:''' Answer the "Why" questions on paper.} {When two rational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in a rational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are added, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When the square root of an irrational number is taken, does it have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {If <math>x(x+1)</math> is irrational, does x have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; ||[[/Answers to "Why" questions/]] </quiz> {{BookCat}} l6i1tncm8x2i3aeh8ijg33665w5fhoq 4443514 4443512 2024-11-02T19:08:40Z GoreyCat 3384416 /* Practice Problems */ 4443514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Page}} <noinclude>{{navigation|Book=Algebra |current=Real Numbers |previous=Sets |next=Logic and Proofs }}</noinclude> <span style = "font-size:250%;font-family:Georgia, serif"><b>2.4: Properties of Real Numbers</b></span> ---- __TOC__ <!---==Subsets of the Real numbers== In this section, we give names to some of the important classes of number. The first important set of numbers is probably the first set of numbers we are really introduced to, namely the '''Natural Numbers''', which we will call <math>\mathbb{N}</math>. The natural numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{N}=\{1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. The next set is just a little bigger, and includes the next number we usually learn in elementary school. The natural numbers, together with the number 0 will be called the '''Whole Numbers''', and denoted by <math>\mathbb{W}</math>. The whole numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{W}=\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}</math>. Of course we are missing the negative numbers. The set of whole numbers together with all of the negative numbers is called the ''Integers'' denoted by <math>\mathbb{Z}</math>. (You might ask why a letter that looks like Z. The reason is because it comes from the German word for number, Zahlen. English speakers are not the only ones to make important contributions to mathematics! Today, Z is the letter used almost universally.) The integers are: :<math>\mathbb{Z}=\{\ldots, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\}.</math> Next, as you might guess we need a set of numbers that includes fractions. The set of all numbers that can be written as a fraction is written is called the '''Rational Numbers''' and is denoted by <math>\mathbb{Q}</math>. You might ask why a letter that looks like Q? Well, first mathematicians save the letter R for real numbers (described below) and F for a general number field (a concept a bit beyond this book). But since a quotient is another word for fraction, and we are not using Q for anything else, it seems the sensible choice. The rational numbers are: :<math>\mathbb{Q}=\left\{\frac{a}{b} \,\Big|\, a,b\in\mathbb{Z} \text{ and } b\neq 0 \right\}</math> What about just the decimal numbers, we spent a long time working with them. As mentioned in the section on [[Algebra/Variables|variables]] the set of all numbers decimal numbers (including those whose that continue indefinitely after the decimal point) is known as the '''Real Numbers''' and is written with the symbol <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. In this case we will not attempt to give a formula that describes the set, and instead just rely on its English description. But we should give a few examples of real numbers. It may seem difficult to believe, but not every number can be written has a fraction. As we will see later, one such number is <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>, but this is far from the only example. Indeed every integer can be written as a decimal just by adding a decimal point and infinitely many zeros to it. For example, {{nowrap|1= 0 = 0.000…}} and {{nowrap|1= -3 = -3.000… }} and we have made those to integers into decimal numbers. What about fractions? Yes every fraction can be written as a decimal simply using long division. We can also add, subtract, multiply and divide any two real numbers to get another real number (as long as we don't divide by 0). Unfortunately it gets to be very difficult to describe why this is. The algorithms we learn in school for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing real numbers all being with the decimal place furthest to the right. If the decimal goes on forever, it is awfully hard to find the decimal furthest to the right. So what do we do? For the moment the answer has to be "not worry about it too much". Later, after we have mastered a few more mathematics courses we will be ready to tackle the task of making sense of the arithmetic of real numbers. In the mean time your intuition about decimal numbers will probably not lead you astray. And where ever possible we will stick to fractions, or expressions like <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, rather than having to deal with infinitely long decimals. Notice, the above list of numbers is increasing. That is, <math>\mathbb{N}\subset \mathbb{W}\subset \mathbb{Z}\subset \mathbb{Q}\subset\mathbb{R}</math>. There is one last set of numbers it we should name. The '''Irrational Numbers''' is the set of all real numbers which are '''not''' rational numbers, we shall denote this set by <math>\mathbb{I}</math>, though other books may choose other names. To give a formula, we write: :<math>\mathbb{I}=\{x\in\R \mid x\not\in\mathbb{Q}\}.</math> We have never quite given the definition of a set this way. We added emphasis that the numbers ''x'' needed to come from the set of real numbers. This is also a common way to denote a set, though we may not use it much. We should point out there are numbers that are irrational. The most famous example is <math>\textstyle \sqrt{2}</math>, but there are many many more. In fact the square root of any number which is not a perfect square will be an irrational number. As will the cube root of anything which isn't a perfect cube, etc. We should point out that :<math>\mathbb{R}=\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> Why? Well because of the definition of <math>\mathbb{I}</math>. Maybe your thinking "wait, what does this mean again?" Remember that two sets are equal if they have the same elements. So we really should explain why everything in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> '''and''' why everything in <math>\mathbb{R}</math> is in <math>\mathbb{Q}\cup\mathbb{I}</math>. But we will leave this as an exercise to the ambitious reader. === Practice Problems === <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Name the ''smallest'' of the sets given above to which the following numbers belong to.} {0 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> +<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{21} \,</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> +<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {0.0110211 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\sqrt{49}</math> |type="()"} +<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {-32 |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> {<math>\textstyle\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}</math> |type="()"} -<math>\mathbb{N}</math> -<math>\mathbb{W}</math> -<math>\mathbb{Z}</math> +<math>\mathbb{Q}</math> -<math>\mathbb{I}</math> -<math>\mathbb{R}</math> </quiz>---> == Types of Numbers == We have already talked about the different types of numbers in '''Chapter 1'''. However, in this section, we will be using more sophisticated language to refer to them, and take a look at each of their unique properties. In mathematics there are names for many different types of numbers and you've encountered lots of these types already and some of these types contain the others. For instance we can start with the whole numbers such as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. Using subtraction we can build negative numbers by subtracting a bigger number from a smaller giving us an answer in the set {... -3, -2, -1, 0}. Using division we can identify fractions between 0 and 1 by dividing a smaller number by a bigger e.g. {1/2, 2/3, 3/4, ...} or {-1/-2, -2/-3, -3/-4, ....} We can also identify negative fractions between -1 and 0 by dividing a negative number by a positive or a positive number by a negative {-1/2, -2/3, -3/4, ...} or {1/-2, 2/-3, 3/-4, ...}. Every whole number can be written as a fraction, such as <math>\textstyle 2 = \frac{2}{1}</math>. The rational numbers are exactly those numbers which can be written as fractions. Rational numbers are a subset of numbers we call real numbers. Some calculators allow you to differentiate between rational numbers and real numbers by representing the rational number as a fraction. If you use decimal notation the decimals in your rational number may go on forever, for example <math>\textstyle \frac{1}{3}=0.333\ldots</math>. The real numbers include all of the types of numbers mentioned before (whole numbers, negative numbers, fractions, etc.) and others that require special operations such as roots to represent. These other numbers may not have any recognizable pattern to their digits, such as <math>\sqrt{2}=1.41421356237\ldots</math>. But, at the end of the day, the real numbers act just like the rational numbers that you're already familiar with. For those readers that are geometrically inclined, one may think of the real numbers as a line (or ruler), where every point on the line corresponds to exactly one number, as in the picture below. [[Image:Real number line for Algebra book.svg|center|400px]] {{TextBox|<center>'''Types of Numbers'''</center> '''Real numbers''' consist of zero (0), the positive and negative integers (-3, -1, 2, 4), and all the fractional and decimal values in between (0.4, 3.1415927, 1/2). Real numbers are divided into rational and irrational numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by ℝ. '''Rational numbers''' are numbers that can be expressed as a ratio (that is, a division) of two integers (<math>{2 \over 3}</math>, <math>0.6</math>, <math>3</math>, <math>-4.7</math>, <math>0.\overline{111}...</math>). If a number has a terminating decimal, or a decimal that ends (<math>3.6</math>, <math>5.263</math>) or repeats (<math>1.\overline{333}....</math>), it is rational. The set of rational numbers is denoted by ℚ. '''Irrational numbers''' have decimal parts that do not terminate or repeat (<math>2.71828...</math>, <math>3.14159...</math>) ''and'' cannot be expressed as a fractional equivalent. For example, the number <math>\sqrt{2} = 1.41421356...</math> does not have an equivalent ratio or division of two numbers. There are several other different "sets" of rational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by 𝕀. '''Natural numbers''', also known as "counting numbers", are the first numbers you learn. The natural numbers include all of the positive whole numbers (1, 24, 6, 2, 357). Note that zero is not included, and fractions or decimals are not included. The set of natural numbers is denoted by ℕ. '''Whole numbers''' are the natural numbers, plus zero. The set of whole numbers is denoted by 𝕎. '''Integers''' are all positive and negative numbers without a decimal part (3, -1, 15, -42). The set of integers is denoted by ℤ.}} == Properties Of Real Numbers == We begin this section with a review of the fundamental properties of arithmetic. It may seem unusual to give so much emphasis to the few properties listed below, but there is a good reason. '''Roughly speaking, all of algebra follows from the 5 properties listed in the table below'''. In the table below, ''a'', ''b'' and ''c'' can be any number unless stated otherwise. So let's take a look: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto;" ! '''Property Name''' ! '''Addition''' ! '''Subtraction''' ! '''Multiplication''' ! '''Division''' |- | Commutative | <math> a + b = b + a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a - b \ne b - a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a + (-b) = (-b) + a </math> | <math> a * b = b * a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a/b \ne b/a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a * 1/b = 1/b * a </math> |- | Associative | <math> (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a - b) - c \ne a - (b - c) </math><br>This does: <br><math> (a - b) - c = a - (b + c) = a + (- b - c) </math> | <math> (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a/b)/c \ne a/(b/c)</math> <br>This does: <br><math>(a/b)/c = a*1/b*1/c = a /b*c </math> |- | Identity | <math>a + 0 = a</math> | <math>a - 0 = a</math> | <math> a*1= a</math> | <math> a/1= a</math> |- | Inverse | <math>a + - a = 0 </math> | <math>a - a = 0 </math> | <math>a * (1/a) = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. | <math>a / a = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. |- | Distributive | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>a*(b - c) = a*b - a*c</math> | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>(a + b)/c = a/c + b/c</math> <br> But wait: <br> <math> a/(b + c) \ne a/b + a/c </math> |} But what does all this mean? The '''commutative property''' is that you can exchange two numbers and still get the same answer. The '''associative property''' is that you can change the grouping (i.e., change the position of the parenthesis) and still get the same answer. The '''identity property''' is that there is a certain number that when operated with a number doesn't change it. The '''inverse property''' is something that results to the identity number. The '''distributive property''' means that you can distribute the operation. Out of all of those properties, the distributive property is the one you'll probably use the most, because it is the only one that mentions both addition and multiplication at the same time. To give an example: these properties even imply fundamental things such as: "multiplication is repeated addition". This book is not going to prove many things, but it would be useful for us to take a look at how this works. We apply the distributive property for a = 7, b = 1 and c = 1. : {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} = 7 + 7 Though it may seem obvious, this is ''identity'' property for multiplication listed above. Now let's try to do the same thing with {{nowrap|{{Algebra/mult|7|3}}}}. : {{Algebra/mult|7|3}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} Just like before, this is just the fact that 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 together with substitution. : {{Algebra/mult|7|(1 + 1 + 1)}} = {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} + {{Algebra/mult|7|1}} Once again, we apply the distributive property. Note that we can apply it to expressions with more than two numbers being added in parentheses. The proof is below. While {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}} is not covered by the distributive property alone, this problem is solved by grouping the last two 1s with parentheses. Rather than writing this as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1)}}, we could write it as {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1))}}, then used the distributive property with ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1 and ''c'' = (1 + 1). Then: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + (1 + 1)) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; (1 + 1)}}. Now we apply the distributive property just to the second (taking ''a'' = 7, ''b'' = 1, and ''c'' = ''1''. Then (looking just at the second term) we have {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. Finally we can substitute this expression for the second term back into the equation to get: {{nowrap|1= 7 &middot; (1 + 1 + 1) = 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1 + 7 &middot; 1}}. This looks like a lot of mindless parenthesis juggling, but the point is that the distributive property applies to arbitrarily long sums and products. It is also true that :{{nowrap|1= {{Algebra/mult|''a''|(''b'' + ''c'' + ''d'' + ''e'')}} = {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''b''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''c''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''d''}} + {{Algebra/mult|''a''|''e''}}}} Or we could make it even longer! We could have as many terms in the sum as we like; as long as "{{Algebra/mult|a|}}" appears in front of each term on the right hand side we will have a true statement. We will use this fact without justification (that is, without proof). Let's remind ourselves what these properties tell us about arithmetic. Commutativity and Associativity together imply that it doesn't matter what order we add things up in. Let's see why. Associativity says that {{nowrap|1= ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''b'') + ''c''}}. This should be thought of as a statement about the sum ''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''. Why? Because usually addition is just defined between two things, so someone writes down something like {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}} some people may first add ''b'' and ''c'' first then add in ''a'', and other people might add ''a'' and ''b'' first and then add in ''c''. This property says (using a formula) that it doesn't matter which way you do it. What about those people who add ''a'' and ''c'' together first? Well, that is where commutativity comes in. It tells us that we don't have add things up in exactly the order people write things down. You can switch things around and still get the same answer. Let's do one more example of using these properties to "juggle parentheses" to see that commutativity says you really can add ''a'' and ''c'' first and get the same answer. {| class="wikitable" |- |''b'' + ''c'' = ''c'' + ''b'' |This is the commutativity of addition applied to ''b'' + ''c'' |- |''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = ''a'' + (''c'' + ''b'') | This follows from substitution |- | ''a'' + (''b'' + ''c'') = (''a'' + ''c'') + ''b'' |This is just using associativity on the right side of the line above. |} Commutativity and associativity tell you that it doesn't matter in which order you add up {{nowrap|''a'' + ''b'' + ''c''}}. You will get the same answer regardless of order. The rule holds even if there are more than three terms: There may be 4, 12, or several thousand. These properties would still tell us that it doesn't matter how we add things up. The same properties for multiplication tell us it doesn't matter in what order we multiply things together. We are free to change the order to anything that we find easier. Does it ever really make things easier? Sure! For example if you were asked to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|3}}|{{Algebra/mult|5|(1/4)}}}}, then I would personally think it would be easier to calculate {{Algebra/mult|{{Algebra/mult|4|(1/4)}}|{{Algebra/mult|3|5}}}} The ''identity'' and ''inverse'' properties really capture what it means to say that "addition and subtraction are opposites" and "multiplication and division are opposites, as long as it isn't zero that we multiply by." We shall leave it as an exercise to the interested reader to think about why this is. You can often simplify expressions using the Distributive Property. This is one of the reasons it is so important. For example, consider the expression {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}. What happens if we use the distributive property on the first term in this expression? Let's work it out. According to the Distributive Property :{{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) = 2''x'' &minus; {{Algebra/mult|2|7}} = 2''x'' &minus; 14}} Plugging this into the expression above we get {{nowrap|1= 2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14 = 2''x'' &minus; 14 + 14 = 2''x''}}. Clearly 2''x'' is a lot easier to evaluate than {{nowrap|2(''x'' &minus; 7) + 14}}! ===Commutative properties of Division=== Division is not commutative. That means usually a ÷ b is not equal to b ÷ a, and can be demonstrated simply by example. <math> \frac 1 2 \ne \frac 2 1 </math> While division itself is not commutative, there ''are'' two special cases where the answer is the same if you reverse the order of operation. These cases occur when the answer (quotient) is 1 or when the answer is -1: <math> a \div b = b \div a \iff \mbox{(rewrite as fractions)} </math> <math> \frac a b = \frac b a \iff \mbox{(multiply both sides by} \ ab) </math> <math> a^2 = b^2 \iff \mbox{(take both square roots)} </math> <math> a = \sqrt{b^2} \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -\sqrt{b^2} </math> <math> a = b \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a = -b </math> <math> a \div b = 1 \quad\mbox{ or }\quad a \div b = -1 </math> == Basic Laws In Algebra == There are several basic laws in algebra. Understanding these will help you to manipulate and solve equations, and to understand algebraic relationships. === 1. Commutative Law === In general, the order of the items can be changed without affecting the results. For addition, <math>A + B = B + A</math> indicates that changing the order of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X Y = Y X</math> indicating that the changing of the order of the items multiplied does not affect the product. Note that the commutative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 2. Associative Law === In general, the grouping of the items can be changed without affecting the results. (Seems to be an extension of the commutative law). For addition, <math>A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items added does not affect the sum. For multiplication, <math>X ( Y Z ) = ( X Y ) Z</math> indicates that changing the grouping of the items multiplied does not affect the product. As with the commutative law, the associative law does not apply to subtraction or division. === 3. Distributive Law === Indicates that common terms can be factored, or that factors can be distributed. '''(A + B) X = (A X) + (B X)''' (The "X" terms on the right are combined into a factor on the left side; the factor "X" on the left is distributed on the right side). Consider the substitution of '''X = (Y + Z)''' into the above equation yields ('''A + B) (Y + Z) = A (Y + Z) + B (Y + Z)'''. Apply the distributive law to each term on the right yields '''A Y + A Z + B Y + B Z'''. We can skip the intermediate step if we multiply the terms identified by “F O I L” in the following expression '''(A + B) (Y + Z) =''' {| class="wikitable" ! Letter || Description || terms |- | F || First terms || '''A Y +''' |- |O || Outside terms || '''A Z +''' |- |I || Inside terms || '''B Y +''' |- |L || Last terms ||'''B Z''' |} === 4. Law of Identity === For '''addition and subtraction''' the law of identity indicates that the addition '''and''' subtraction of a given term or quantity results in the zero, 0, the identity element for addition and subtraction. Alternately, adding the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. '''<math>A - A = 0</math>''' Adding A to both sides of the first equation we get '''(A - A) + A = 0 + A'''. Re-arranging or substituting gives '''0 + A = A''' :Note the special case(s) where '''A = A + 0 = A + 0 + 0''' For '''multiplication and division''' the law of identity indicates that the multiplication '''and''' division of a given term or quantity results in "one," 1, the identity element for multiplication and division. Alternately, multipling or dividing by the identity element results in no change to the original value or quantity. <math> 1 = \frac{Y}{Y}</math>, or <math> 1 = (\frac{Y}{1}) (\frac{1}{Y})</math> :Note that dividing 1 by a term or quantity gives the reciprocal of the term or quantity. Multiplying by the reciprocal is the same as dividing by the term or quantity. In the above equation on the right '''(Y / 1), and (1 / Y)''' are reciprocals of each other :Note the special case where <math>1 = \frac{1}{1}</math>, Multiplying this equation by “1” gives <math>1(1) = (1)( \frac{1}{1} )</math>, and then dividing by one gives <math>\frac{1(1)}{1} = (1)(\frac{1}{1} ) = </math>. :Simplify this by substititing the first special case equation to get <math>1 = 1(1)</math> , and <math>1 = 1(1)(1) </math>, '''. . .''' By multiplying both sides of the first equation by '''“Y”''' we get <math> (Y)(1) = (Y)(\frac{Y}{Y})</math> , which simplifies and becomes ''' (Y) = (1) Y.''' == Closure == '''Closure''' is a property that is defined for a set of real numbers and an operation. This [[w:Closure (mathematics)|Wikipedia article]] gives a description of the closure property with examples from various areas in math. As an Algebra student being aware of the closure property can help you solve a problem. For instance a problem might state "The sum of two whole numbers is 24." With practice you will be able to see that the possible set of numbers will be either all odd (e.g. (1,23),(3,21), ... etc.) or all even (e.g. (2,22), (4,20), ... etc.). The problem might not explicitly state the idea of whole numbers. It might state that two sides of a square sum to 24. If you remember working a problem like this before you know that the sides of a square need to be equal and you divide by two. The author of the problem might want to be trickier and say that two sides of an equilateral triangle sum to 24 and then ask for the perimeter of the triangle. In this case you might want to write the equation <math>3x = p</math> for the perimeter of an equilateral triangle. This might make it easier for you to see that again you just need to divide 24 by 2 to find the length of one side and plug it into the equation. == Order and Absolute Value == <!---Number Line Diagram---> The '''absolute value''' (or '''modulus''') of a real number <math>a</math>, denoted by <math>|a|</math> refers to its distance from zero on the real number line. This value is '''always taken to be nonnegative'''. For example, the illustration on the left shows the following: <center><math>|-5| = 5 \ |3| = 3</math></center> The absolute value of -5 is 5 because it is 5 away from zero, and the absolute value of 3 is 3 because it is 3 away from zero. The absolute value of a positive number or zero is always itself. Conversely, the absolute value of a negative number is its opposite. Likewise, the distance between two numbers on the number line can be thought of as the absolute value of the difference between them. ===Absolute Value and PEMDAS=== == Lesson Review == All numbers that we will be working with for the majority of Algebra are called Real Numbers. They consist of Rational and Irrational Numbers. Irrational Numbers are numbers that have infinite, non-repeating decimals, such as pi. Rational Numbers are all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of integers, which include Natural Numbers, Whole Numbers, Integers, and Rational Numbers. For all Real Numbers, there are a few properties of addition and multiplication: Commutative, Associative, Identity, Inverse, and Distribution. The Distribution will come in handy for the rest of the course. == Lesson Quiz == <quiz display=simple points="1/1"> {Identify the set(s) of numbers each number is in. If the number does not belong to any set, leave all boxes unchecked} {<math>\sqrt{7}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational +Irrational +Real {<math>\sqrt{-25}</math> |coef="2"} -Natural -Whole -Integer -Rational -Irrational -Real {<math>-\sqrt{36}</math> |coef="3"} -Natural -Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {<math>(-4)^2</math> |coef="5"} +Natural +Whole +Integer +Rational -Irrational +Real {Identify the property being expressed.} {<math>2 \cdot\! 3 = 3 \cdot\! 2</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Commutative (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = 1</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Multiplication (i) _15 } {<math>x + (-x) = 0 \,</math> |type="{}" coef="2"} { Inverse (i) _15 } Property of { Addition (i) _15 } {Perform the Distributive Property of Multiplication to simplify each of these expressions.} { |type="{}"} <math>3(2x + 7)=</math>{ 6x + 21 (i)|6x+21 (i) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>15(6x - 22)=</math>{ 90x - 330 (i)|90x-330 (i)|30(3x - 11) (i)|30(3x-11) _12 } { |type="{}"} <math>3(20x + 42y) - 2(7x + 20y)=</math>{ 46x + 86y (i)|46x+86y (i)|2(23x + 43y) (i)|2(23x+43y) (i) _12 } {Challenge Questions. '''Note:''' Answer the "Why" questions on paper.} {When two rational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in a rational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are multiplied, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When two irrational numbers are added, does it always result in an irrational number? |type="()" coef="1.5"} -yes +no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {When the square root of an irrational number is taken, does it have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; {If <math>x(x+1)</math> is irrational, does x have to be irrational? |type="()" coef="1.5"} +yes -no {Why? |type="{}" coef="5"} &nbsp; ||[[/Answers to "Why" questions/]] </quiz> {{BookCat}} 6ari73xzuhhkfxn8vh5qvtsiofr0iby 0 445105 4443516 4069362 2024-11-02T19:12:00Z GoreyCat 3384416 /* Practice Problems */ 4443516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/Page}} <noinclude>{{navigation|Book=Algebra |current=Logic and Proofs |previous=Real Numbers |next }}</noinclude> <span style = "font-size:250%;font-family:Georgia, serif"><b>2.6: Logic and Proofs</b></span> ---- ==Even and Odd Numbers== ==Contructing a Proof of a Conditional Statement== ===Properties of Equality=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! '''Property Name''' ! '''Addition''' ! '''Subtraction''' ! '''Multiplication''' ! '''Division''' |- | Commutative | <math> a + b = b + a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a - b \ne b - a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a + (-b) = (-b) + a </math> | <math> a * b = b * a </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> a/b \ne b/a </math> <br>This does: <br><math> a * 1/b = 1/b * a </math> |- | Associative | <math> (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a - b) - c \ne a - (b - c) </math><br>This does: <br><math> (a - b) - c = a - (b + c) = a + (- b - c) </math> | <math> (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) </math> | Doesn't work: <br> <math> (a/b)/c \ne a/(b/c)</math> <br>This does: <br><math>(a/b)/c = a*1/b*1/c = a /b*c </math> |- | Identity | <math>a + 0 = a</math> | <math>a - 0 = a</math> | <math> a*1= a</math> | <math> a/1= a</math> |- | Inverse | <math>a + - a = 0 </math> | <math>a - a = 0 </math> | <math>a * (1/a) = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. | <math>a / a = 1 </math> &nbsp; as long as a &ne; 0. |- | Distributive | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>a*(b - c) = a*b - a*c</math> | <math>a*(b + c) = a*b + a*c</math> | <math>(a + b)/c = a/c + b/c</math> <br> But wait: <br> <math> a/(b + c) \ne a/b + a/c </math> |} 2rgooi38pqfetz6gel86fraa91ujfs1 2 456821 4443488 4443487 2024-11-02T12:01:27Z Dom walden 3209423 4443488 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] One thing we can say about it is that it is integrable... [graph?] As a result, there exists step functions <math>f_1, f_2</math> which are limits of nondecreasing sequences of step functions such that <math>g(x) = f_1(x) - f_2(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. ???</ref> By the definition of <math>f_1</math> and <math>f_2</math>, <math>\int_a^b f_1 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{1,n}</math> and <math>\int_a^b f_2 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{2,n}</math>. If we set <math>h_1 = f_{1,n}</math> and <math>h_2 = f_{2,m}</math> then <math>\int_a^b |f_1 - h_1| < \epsilon</math> and <math>\int_a^b |f_2 - h_2| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math> and <math>m</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195-196.</ref> If we set <math>h = h_1 - h_2</math> then <math>\int_a^b |g - h| < \epsilon</math>. [graph] We partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> [graph?] Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. === Stone–Weierstrass theorem === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. For a subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> metric space => linear space Concepts: - metric spaces - normed spaces - linear spaces - dense - (sub)algebras se7iqhyagcln0u23sojkkixmtvwfqbt 4443490 4443488 2024-11-02T12:53:25Z Dom walden 3209423 4443490 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] One thing we can say about it is that it is integrable... [graph?] As a result, there exists step functions <math>f_1, f_2</math> which are limits of nondecreasing sequences of step functions such that <math>g(x) = f_1(x) - f_2(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. ???</ref> By the definition of <math>f_1</math> and <math>f_2</math>, <math>\int_a^b f_1 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{1,n}</math> and <math>\int_a^b f_2 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{2,n}</math>. If we set <math>h_1 = f_{1,n}</math> and <math>h_2 = f_{2,m}</math> then <math>\int_a^b |f_1 - h_1| < \epsilon</math> and <math>\int_a^b |f_2 - h_2| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math> and <math>m</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195-196.</ref> If we set <math>h = h_1 - h_2</math> then <math>\int_a^b |g - h| < \epsilon</math>. [graph] We partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> [graph?] Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. === Stone–Weierstrass theorem === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. [picture?] First, prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. r0xa7fycoexhdz38d396mpw905c81ph 4443491 4443490 2024-11-02T13:35:05Z Dom walden 3209423 4443491 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] One thing we can say about it is that it is integrable... [graph?] As a result, there exists step functions <math>f_1, f_2</math> which are limits of nondecreasing sequences of step functions such that <math>g(x) = f_1(x) - f_2(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. ???</ref> By the definition of <math>f_1</math> and <math>f_2</math>, <math>\int_a^b f_1 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{1,n}</math> and <math>\int_a^b f_2 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b f_{2,n}</math>. If we set <math>h_1 = f_{1,n}</math> and <math>h_2 = f_{2,m}</math> then <math>\int_a^b |f_1 - h_1| < \epsilon</math> and <math>\int_a^b |f_2 - h_2| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math> and <math>m</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195-196.</ref> If we set <math>h = h_1 - h_2</math> then <math>\int_a^b |g - h| < \epsilon</math>. [graph] We partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> [graph?] Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. === Stone–Weierstrass theorem === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i} = P</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. nkuep3mvu8fxjjzy2c57bdft577pk8i 4443492 4443491 2024-11-02T13:48:46Z Dom walden 3209423 4443492 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] nym4p9jfnb4gpbkxfw06b77beg2q818 4443493 4443492 2024-11-02T13:59:18Z Dom walden 3209423 4443493 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] j83x4d06dzp6x49e2a6b90hymc0spsv 4443547 4443493 2024-11-03T08:59:34Z Dom walden 3209423 4443547 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> The We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] pg0yxokpji96wxjiakdyubu9yw10163 4443548 4443547 2024-11-03T09:01:59Z Dom walden 3209423 4443548 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] hsod1wxp8v1emozuaetx2oa5sp5m5fn 4443549 4443548 2024-11-03T09:06:34Z Dom walden 3209423 4443549 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] omppymih70y6acd58dm6186klmagev2 4443557 4443549 2024-11-03T10:01:44Z Dom walden 3209423 4443557 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Riemann integrable functions. [picture?] First, we prove that the set of step functions is dense in the set of integrable functions. Second, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Finally, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Step functions are dense in Riemann integrable functions''' By the definition of '''Riemann integrability''', the function <math>g(x)</math> is bounded by two step functions :<math>L(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r m_i v(I_i)</math> :<math>U(g, P) = \sum_{i=1}^r M_i v(I_i)</math> for a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>[a, b] = \cup_{i=1}^r \overline{I_i}</math> and where <math>m_i = \inf\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math>, <math>M_i = \sup\{g(x) : x \in I_i\}</math> and <math>v(I_k)</math> is the length of the interval. <math>g(x)</math> is said to be Riemann integrable if, as the partition <math>P</math> becomes more refined, <math>L(g, P) = \int_a^b g(x) dx = U(g, P)</math>. Therefore, we can use <math>L(g, P)</math> (or <math>U(g, P)</math>) to approximate <math>g(x)</math>, because for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math> there is a partition <math>P</math> such that <math>\int_a^b |g(x) - L(g, P)| dx < \epsilon</math>. '''2: Continuous functions are dense in step functions''' If <math>h(x)</math> is a step function, we partition <math>[a, b]</math> as <math>\{I_k : k = 1, \cdots, r\}</math> such that <math>h(x) = c_k</math> when <math>x \in I_k</math>, then <math>h(x) = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d(x, I_k)</math> be the distance from <math>x</math> to <math>I_k</math> and set <math>d_n^k(x) = \frac{1}{1 + n d(x, I_k)}</math>. Then <math>(d_n^k)</math> is a sequence of continuous functions such that <math>\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_a^b |\chi_{I_k}(x) - d_n^k(x)|^p = 0</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> Let <math>d_n = \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k</math>. Then <math>||h - d_n|| = ||\sum_{k=1}^r c_k \chi_{I_k} - \sum_{k=1}^r c_k d_n^k|| \leq \sum_{k=1}^r |c_k| ||\chi_{I_k} - d_n^k|| = 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 195.</ref> '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math> <math>S</math> is dense in L... '''3: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. The function <math>g(x)</math> has a jump (more formally called a discontinuity) at <math>x = e^{-1}</math>. [gx.py] k1j7gz9m4gtr8j7h801s4msrb2h294r 4443559 4443557 2024-11-03T10:08:29Z Dom walden 3209423 4443559 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two Riemann integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math> <math>S</math> is dense in L... '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. 092g2e86habngklwr0f3z9v991ewdx2 4443561 4443559 2024-11-03T10:14:15Z Dom walden 3209423 4443561 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math> <math>S</math> is dense in L...<ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} qsnu227wy863c9rzovwt0bca9jtym5y 4443564 4443561 2024-11-03T10:27:57Z Dom walden 3209423 4443564 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> We just have to prove that <math>S</math> is dense in L. <math>S \subset L(\mu)</math>. If <math>f(x) \in L(\mu), f(x) \leq 0</math> and <math>\{s_n\}</math> such that <math>0 \leq s_n \leq f</math>, so <math>s_n \in L(\mu)</math> and <math>s_n \in S</math>. Since <math>|f - s_n| \leq f</math>, the dominated convergence theorem shows <math>||f - s_n|| \to 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. Therefore, <math>f \in \overline{S}</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} 2nxm6g4vqd00pyyjl22emmx93lnqq1w 4443565 4443564 2024-11-03T10:30:22Z Dom walden 3209423 4443565 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use Stieltjes integrals to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> We just have to prove that <math>S</math> is dense in L. <math>S \subset L(\mu)</math>. If <math>f(x) \in L(\mu), f(x) \leq 0</math> and <math>\{s_n\}</math> such that <math>0 \leq s_n \leq f</math>, so <math>s_n \in L(\mu)</math> and <math>s_n \in S</math>. Since <math>|f - s_n| \leq f</math>, the dominated convergence theorem shows <math>||f - s_n|| \to 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. Therefore, <math>f \in \overline{S}</math>.<ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} 4ed4ddjgh5zt52g0aeodoyr69sevuao 4443568 4443565 2024-11-03T11:15:20Z Dom walden 3209423 4443568 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use [[#Stieltjes integrals|Stieltjes integrals]] to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Stieltjes integrals === For real-valued functions <math>f, g</math> defined on the real interval <math>[a, b]</math> and a partition <math>P = \{I_1, \cdots, I_n\}, I_k = (x_{k-1}, x_k)</math>, for <math>z_k \in [x_{k-1}, x_k]</math> :<math>S(f, g, P) = \sum_{k=1}^n f(z_k) (g(x_k) - g(x_{k-1}))</math> If <math>\lim_{|P| \to 0} S(f, g, P)</math> exists, then this limit is called the '''Riemann-Stieltjes integral''' of <math>f</math> with respect to <math>g</math> denoted <math>\int_a^b f(x) dg(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 251.</ref> Using integration by parts: :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = s(y^{-1}) - s(0) - \int_0^{y^{-1}} s(t) d1 = s(y^{-1})</math> and :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} da(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) da(t)</math><ref>Hardy 1949, pp. 158.</ref> Because when <math>0 \leq t \leq y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt})</math> ranges from <math>e^{-1} g(e^{-1})</math> to <math>e^0 g(e^0)</math> so <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = \frac{e^{yt}}{e^{yt}} = 1</math> and when <math>t > y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = 0</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> We just have to prove that <math>S</math> is dense in L. <math>S \subset L(\mu)</math>. If <math>f(x) \in L(\mu), f(x) \leq 0</math> and <math>\{s_n\}</math> such that <math>0 \leq s_n \leq f</math>, so <math>s_n \in L(\mu)</math> and <math>s_n \in S</math>. Since <math>|f - s_n| \leq f</math>, the dominated convergence theorem shows <math>||f - s_n|| \to 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. Therefore, <math>f \in \overline{S}</math>.<ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} l3qvjpwtywtzkjtolzuyox2o00nw9ol 4443569 4443568 2024-11-03T11:48:26Z Dom walden 3209423 4443569 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use [[#Stieltjes integrals|Stieltjes integrals]] to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Stieltjes integrals === For real-valued functions <math>f, g</math> defined on the real interval <math>[a, b]</math> and a partition <math>P = \{I_1, \cdots, I_n\}, I_k = (x_{k-1}, x_k)</math>, for <math>z_k \in [x_{k-1}, x_k]</math> :<math>S(f, g, P) = \sum_{k=1}^n f(z_k) (g(x_k) - g(x_{k-1}))</math> If <math>\lim_{|P| \to 0} S(f, g, P)</math> exists, then this limit is called the '''Riemann-Stieltjes integral''' of <math>f</math> with respect to <math>g</math> denoted <math>\int_a^b f(x) dg(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 251.</ref> Using integration by parts: :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = s(y^{-1}) - s(0) - \int_0^{y^{-1}} s(t) d1 = s(y^{-1})</math> and :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} da(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) da(t)</math><ref>Hardy 1949, pp. 158.</ref> Because when <math>0 \leq t \leq y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt})</math> ranges from <math>e^{-1} g(e^{-1})</math> to <math>e^0 g(e^0)</math> so <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = \frac{e^{yt}}{e^{yt}} = 1</math> and when <math>t > y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = 0</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> We just have to prove that <math>S</math> is dense in L. <math>S \subset L(\mu)</math>. If <math>f(x) \in L(\mu), f(x) \leq 0</math> and <math>\{s_n\}</math> such that <math>0 \leq s_n \leq f</math>, so <math>s_n \in L(\mu)</math> and <math>s_n \in S</math>. Since <math>|f - s_n| \leq f</math>, the dominated convergence theorem shows <math>||f - s_n|| \to 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. Therefore, <math>f \in \overline{S}</math>.<ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. === Approximating polynomials === We want to prove :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \sim \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math> where <math>P</math> is any polynomial and as <math>y \to 0</math>. Given that <math>P</math> is a polynomial :<math>P(e^{-yt}) = e^{-yt} + e^{-2yt} + \cdots + e^{-nyt}</math> Then we only need to prove :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} e^{-nyt} ds(t) \sim \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} e^{-nt} dt</math> By assumption in the theorem :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} e^{-nyt} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-(n+1)yt} ds(t) \sim (n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{(n + 1)y})</math> By the definition of slowly varying function :<math>(n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{(n + 1)y}) \sim (n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{y})</math> By the Gamma function :<math>(n + 1)^{-\sigma} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} dt</math> <ref>Hardy 1949, pp. 168.</ref> * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} 4o4kffwuq8vozxefqgcko350so98zz3 4443570 4443569 2024-11-03T11:53:23Z Dom walden 3209423 4443570 wikitext text/x-wiki * If <math>h(x) = (1 - x)f(x) = \frac{1}{(1 - x)^{\sigma-1}} L(\frac{1}{1 - x}) = \sum_0^\infty h_n x^n</math> then <math>a_n = [x^n] f(x) = \sum_0^n h_n</math>. * Therefore, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of the step function <math>s(y)</math> which takes the value <math>\sum_0^n h_n</math> when <math>n \leq y < n + 1</math> for every <math>n \in \N</math>. * We use [[#Stieltjes integrals|Stieltjes integrals]] to show <math>s(y^{-1}) = \int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> for the function <math>g(x) = x^{-1} (e^{-1} \leq x \leq 1), g(x) = 0 (0 \leq x < e^{-1})</math>. * We [[#Approximation with polynomials|approximate]] <math>g(x)</math> with polynomials <math>p(x)</math> and <math>P(x)</math> such that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math>. * We show that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} p(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is [[#Approximating polynomials|approximated]] by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt</math> (and similarly for <math>P(x)</math>), so that <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} p(e^{-t}) dt \leq \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \leq \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * We show the difference between the left and right side of the inequality can be made arbitrarily small, from which it follows that <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) ds(t)</math> is approximated by <math>\frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt</math>. * By the definition of <math>g(x)</math> and the Gamma function, <math>\int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} g(e^{-t}) dt = \int_0^1 t^{\sigma-1} dt = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)}</math>. * Finally, this implies <math>a_n = s(n) \sim \frac{n^{\sigma-1}}{\Gamma(\sigma)} L(n)</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. === Stieltjes integrals === For real-valued functions <math>f, g</math> defined on the real interval <math>[a, b]</math> and a partition <math>P = \{I_1, \cdots, I_n\}, I_k = (x_{k-1}, x_k)</math>, for <math>z_k \in [x_{k-1}, x_k]</math> :<math>S(f, g, P) = \sum_{k=1}^n f(z_k) (g(x_k) - g(x_{k-1}))</math> If <math>\lim_{|P| \to 0} S(f, g, P)</math> exists, then this limit is called the '''Riemann-Stieltjes integral''' of <math>f</math> with respect to <math>g</math> denoted <math>\int_a^b f(x) dg(x)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 251.</ref> Using integration by parts: :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} ds(t) = s(y^{-1}) - s(0) - \int_0^{y^{-1}} s(t) d1 = s(y^{-1})</math> and :<math>\int_0^{y^{-1}} da(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) da(t)</math><ref>Hardy 1949, pp. 158.</ref> Because when <math>0 \leq t \leq y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt})</math> ranges from <math>e^{-1} g(e^{-1})</math> to <math>e^0 g(e^0)</math> so <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = \frac{e^{yt}}{e^{yt}} = 1</math> and when <math>t > y^{-1}</math> then <math>e^{-yt} g(e^{-yt}) = 0</math>. === Approximation with polynomials === Given two integrable functions, <math>f(x), g(x)</math>, defined on the closed real interval <math>[a, b]</math>, we want to know to what extent one function approximates the other. First, we need some way to determine "how far away" one function is from another, called a '''distance function'''. There are many choices for a distance function, but for our purposes we want it to be :<math>d(f, g) = \int_a^b |f(x) - g(x)| dx</math> A set of objects <math>X</math> and a distance function defined on <math>X</math> is called a '''metric space'''. In our case, the set of integrable functions defined on <math>[a, b]</math> is <math>X</math> and the distance function is <math>d(f, g)</math>. We want to know whether every function in <math>X</math> can be approximated by functions in a subset of <math>X</math>, for example can all integrable functions be approximated by step functions or continuous functions. This is equivalent to the property of denseness. A subset <math>A</math> of <math>X</math> is called '''dense''' if the closure of <math>A</math> is equivalent to <math>X</math>, i.e. <math>\overline{A} = X</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 63.</ref> This means that if <math>x \in X</math> then <math>x</math> is either in the subset <math>A</math> or is on the boundary of that subset. If it is on the boundary then we can select elements of <math>A</math> which are arbitrarily close to <math>x</math> with respect to our distance function <math>d(f, g)</math>. Ultimately, we want to prove that the set of polynomial functions is dense in the set of Lebesgue integrable functions. First, we prove the continuous functions are dense in the step functions. Secondly, we prove the polynomial functions are dense in the continuous functions (otherwise known as the Stone-Weierstrass theorem). By the transitive property of the denseness relation, this proves that the polynomial functions are dense in the integrable functions. '''1: Continuous functions are dense in Lebesgue integrable functions''' If <math>S</math> is the set of all complex, measurable, simple functions on <math>X</math> such that :<math>\mu(\{x : s(x) \neq 0, s \in S\})</math> For <math>s \in S</math> and <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, there exists a <math>g \in C</math> such that <math>g(x) = s(x)</math> except on a set of measure <math><\epsilon</math> and <math>|g| \leq ||s||_\infty</math>. Therefore, :<math>||g - s|| \leq 2 \epsilon ||s||_\infty</math><ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> We just have to prove that <math>S</math> is dense in L. <math>S \subset L(\mu)</math>. If <math>f(x) \in L(\mu), f(x) \leq 0</math> and <math>\{s_n\}</math> such that <math>0 \leq s_n \leq f</math>, so <math>s_n \in L(\mu)</math> and <math>s_n \in S</math>. Since <math>|f - s_n| \leq f</math>, the dominated convergence theorem shows <math>||f - s_n|| \to 0</math> as <math>n \to \infty</math>. Therefore, <math>f \in \overline{S}</math>.<ref>Rudin 1987, pp. 69.</ref> '''2: Polynomial functions are dense in continuous functions (Stone–Weierstrass theorem)''' We call an '''algebra''' a metric space with a multiplication function which has the following properties.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 53.</ref> A '''subalgebra''' is a subspace of an algebra which is closed under multiplication.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 54.</ref> For example, the polynomials are a subalgebra of the continuous functions... A subset <math>E</math> of the continuous functions defined on <math>X</math> is said to '''separate points''' if for each pair of distinct points <math>x, y \in X</math> there exists a function <math>f \in E</math> such that <math>f(x) \neq f(y)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 188.</ref> ; Stone-Weierstrass theorem : Let <math>X</math> be a compact metric space. If <math>A</math> is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math> which contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>X</math>, then <math>A</math> is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189.</ref> '''Proof''' We prove for each <math>f(x) \in C(X, \R)</math> there exists a <math>h(x) \in \overline{A}</math> such that <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>. Since <math>A</math> separates points, there exists a function <math>g \in A</math> such that <math>g(x) \neq g(y)</math> for distinct <math>x, y \in X</math>. Let :<math>h_{xy}(z) = f(x) + (f(y) - f(x)) \frac{g(z) - g(x)}{g(y) - g(x)}</math> which means <math>h(x) = f(x), h(y) = f(y)</math>. For <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, fixed <math>x</math> and each <math>y \neq x</math> let :<math>U(y) = \{z : h_{xy}(z) < f(z) + \epsilon, z \in X\}</math> <math>U(y)</math> is open and <math>x, y \in U(y)</math>. <math>X</math> is compact so the open cover <math>\{U(y) : y \in X, y \neq x\}</math> of <math>X</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{U(y_i) : i = 1, \cdots m\}</math>. Let :<math>h_x = h_{xy_1} \wedge \cdots \wedge g_{xy_m}</math> then <math>h_x \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>h_x(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math> for all <math>z \in X</math>. Let :<math>V(x) = \{z : h_x(z) > f(z) - \epsilon\}</math> The open cover <math>\{V(x) : x \in X\}</math> has a finite subcover <math>\{V(x_i) : i = 1, \cdots, n\}</math>. Let :<math>h = h_{x_1} \vee \cdots \vee h_{x_n}</math> then <math>h \in \overline{A}</math> and <math>f(z) - \epsilon < h(z) < f(z) + \epsilon</math>. Therefore, <math>||f - h|| \leq \epsilon</math> meaning <math>f(x) \in \overline{A}</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 189-190.</ref> ;Weierstrass approximation theorem :The set of polynomials is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>. '''Proof''' The set of polynomials is a subalgebra of <math>C(X, \R)</math>, it contains the constant functions and separates points of <math>[a, b]</math>. Therefore, it is dense in <math>C(X, \R)</math>.<ref>Haaser and Sullivan 1991, pp. 190.</ref> We have that for any <math>\epsilon > 0</math>, <math>|g(x) - d_n(x)| < \epsilon</math> for sufficiently large <math>n</math>. Because <math>d_n</math> are continuous functions, we can use the [[#Stone–Weierstrass theorem|Stone–Weierstrass theorem]] to approximate them with polynomials. If <math>|d_n - Q| < \epsilon</math>, we set <math>p = Q - \epsilon</math> and <math>P = Q + \epsilon</math>. === Approximating polynomials === We want to prove :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} P(e^{-yt}) ds(t) \sim \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} P(e^{-t}) dt</math> where <math>P</math> is any polynomial and as <math>y \to 0</math>. Given that <math>P</math> is a polynomial :<math>P(e^{-yt}) = e^{-yt} + e^{-2yt} + \cdots + e^{-nyt}</math> Then we only need to prove :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} e^{-nyt} ds(t) \sim \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} y^{-\sigma} L(y^{-1}) \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} e^{-nt} dt</math> By assumption in the theorem :<math>\int_0^\infty e^{-yt} e^{-nyt} ds(t) = \int_0^\infty e^{-(n+1)yt} ds(t) \sim (n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{(n + 1)y})</math> By the definition of slowly varying function :<math>(n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{(n + 1)y}) \sim (n + 1)^{-\sigma} y^{-\sigma} L(\frac{1}{y})</math> By the Gamma function :<math>(n + 1)^{-\sigma} = \frac{1}{\Gamma(\sigma)} \int_0^\infty e^{-t} t^{\sigma-1} dt</math> <ref>Hardy 1949, pp. 168.</ref> * {{cite book | last1=Haaser | first1=Norman B. | last2=Sullivan | first2=Joseph A. | title=Real Analysis | publisher=Dover Publications | year=1991 }} * {{cite book | last=Rudin | first=Walter | title=Real and Complex Analysis | publisher=McGraw-Hill International Editions | year=1987 }} ivp2rqgvgulxamj91cqc3p1p0svvvoa 0 462013 4443509 4442913 2024-11-02T19:03:13Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443509 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 1. This set contains 101 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== '''<u>Q1.1</u> (Alien Society)''' Imagine you came across an alien from a distant planet, where all of its civilians have a solid grasp of English and had three fingers on each hand. Though this civilization is intelligent, they had never learned about what "counting" is or how to do it. In addition to that, they had never learned about what a "number" is, what they're called, or what they looked like. Think about how you might teach this civilian about counting and numbers so that they can go back to their planet to teach their people of this knowledge. What tools might you use to explain the idea? What are some of the concepts you'd want to get across? What are some of the difficulties that might arise from this task? '''<u>Q1.2</u> (What is a Number?)''' Define what a "number" is in your own words. Define what a "numeral" is in your own words. '''<u>Q1.3</u> (Sign of Zero)''' Is the number zero positive, negative, or neither? Explain your reasoning. '''<u>Q1.4</u> (Difference of Decimals)''' What is the difference between "ten" and "one-tenth"? '''<u>Q1.5</u> (Picture Perfect)''' Suppose the number line actually existed physically. Would you be able to take a photo of the entire number line if you backed away far enough? '''<u>Q1.6</u> (Explaining the Writing of Numbers)''' Explain in your own words how you write numbers, both in word form and with numerical symbols. '''<u>Q1.7</u> (Largest Number Possible)''' What is the largest and smallest three-digit number you can write using the digits 0, 8, and 4? Use each digit only once, and explain how you obtained your results. If you wrote these numbers to the right of a decimal point, what is the largest number you can make. '''<u>Q1.8</u> (A Million)''' A million is one thousand thousands. Explain how this is so. '''<u>Q1.9</u> (Reading it Wrong)''' Explain what is wrong with reading "50,002" as "fifty-thousand and two". Explain what is wrong with reading "2.203" as "two and two hundred and three thousanths". '''<u>Q1.11</u> (Number Associations)''' What whole numbers are associated with each word? '''1'''. zilch<br> '''2'''. duo<br> '''3'''. decade<br> '''4'''. a pair<br> '''5'''. naught<br> '''6'''. trio<br> '''7'''. four score<br> '''8'''. century<br> '''<u>Q1.12</u> (Problem with Fractions)''' Why can't we say that 3/5 of the figure below have been shaded in? [[File:Not Three-Fifths.png|center|300px|Image: 300 pixels]] '''<u>Q1.13</u> (Large Numbers)''' Determine if the following is true: "The more digits a number has, the larger it is". '''<u>Q1.14</u> (Signs)''' A fast-food menu has the cost of a hamburger listed as .99¢. Explain what is wrong with this. '''<u>Q1.15</u> (Operations on the Number Line)''' Determine the performed operation that is being represented in each diagram. '''<u>Q1.16</u> (Inverse Operations)''' What is the inverse operation of “I put my shoes on today, and I walk out of my house”? '''<u>1.17</u> (Decimal Operations)''' Explain how addition with decimals is comparable to addition with whole numbers, how are they different? Do the same thing with multiplication with decimals. '''<u>Q1.18</u> (Powers of 1)''' Find <math>1^2</math>, <math>1^3</math>, and <math>1^4</math>. What can you assume about any power of 1? '''<u>Q1.19</u> (Zeroes)''' How many zeroes would you need to write the number <math>10^{1000}</math>? '''<u>Q1.20</u> (Steps of the Order of Operations)''' In your own words, explain the four steps of the order of operations. '''<u>Q1.21</u> (Steps of the Order of Operations II)''' Does the Order of Operations indicate that you perform Addition before Subtraction? Does it indicate that you perform Multiplication before Division? Explain your reasoning for both questions. '''<u>Q1.22</u> (First Step)''' Determine the first step you would take to evaluate the following expressions. Explain your reasoning. '''1'''. <math>15 - 3 * 4</math><br> '''2'''. <math>13 + (20 / 5) * 2</math><br> '''3'''. <math>8 + 2(10 - 4)</math> '''<u>Q1.23</u> (Viral Math Expression)''' The seemingly simple expression below has stumped many people across the Internet. Some will argue the answer is 9, while others will argue it is 1. However, there is a fundamental issue with the way that the expression is written, leading to these two different answers, can you figure out what it is? <div class="center"><math>6 / 2(1+2)</math></div> '''<u>Q1.24</u> (Listing Prime and Composite Numbers)''' '''1'''. List the first 10 prime numbers.<br> '''2'''. List the first 10 composite numbers. '''<u>Q1.25</u> (Prime or Composite?)''' Determine if the following numbers are prime, composite, or neither. '''<u>Q1.26</u> (Even Prime Number)''' Explain why 2 is the only even prime number. '''<u>Q1.27</u> (Consecutive Numbers)''' What is the LCM of two consecutive numbers? What is the GCF of two consecutive numbers? '''<u>Q1.28</u> (Infinite Decimal Expansions)''' Suppose the numerator of a fraction is 142. What numbers should be in the denominator for the fraction's decimal expansion to be finite? What numbers should be in the denominator for the fraction's decimal expansion to be infinite? '''<u>Q1.29</u> (SI Units)''' What are the SI units for length, mass, and time? '''<u>Q1.30</u> (Appropriate Prefixes)''' For each scenario, determine which metric prefix on the meter is most appropriate. ==Exercises== ===Section 1.1=== '''<u>1.1</u> (Locating Numbers)''' Draw a number line, and then figure out where the following values might be located on it. <div class="center"><math>\frac{3}{11}, 0, 0.0001, 5, \frac{1}{4}, -2.3</math></div> '''<u>1.2</u> (Comparing Numbers)''' For each given pair of numbers, determine which of the two is larger. '''1'''. 4, 100<br> '''2'''. 9, 9.0001<br> '''3'''. -7, -2<br> '''4'''. -5, 0<br> '''5'''. 100, 100 '''<u>1.3</u> (Weighing Bull Sharks)''' A biologist is studying bull shark populations. She records the weights of four sharks, in pounds, that she has caught. Order the bull sharks from lightest to heaviest. <center> {| class="wikitable" |+ Bull Shark Weights |- ! Shark !! Weight |- | Shark 1|| 130.5 kg |- | Shark 2|| 213.2 kg |- | Shark 3|| 97.7 kg |- | Shark 4|| 97.1 kg |} </center> '''<u>1.4</u> (Place Values)''' Find the place value of the number 5 in each of the following numbers. '''1'''. 5,000,000<br> '''2'''. 0.5<br> '''3'''. 105<br> '''4'''. 3572896<br> '''5'''. 123,456,789<br> '''6'''. 0.000005<br> '''7'''. 8051<br> '''8'''. 85,931<br> '''9'''. 800,026<br> '''<u>1.5</u> (Writing Numbers)''' Translate the following to mathematical symbols '''1'''. eleven<br> '''2'''. two-hundred seventy<br> '''3'''.<br> '''4'''.<br> '''5'''.<br> '''6'''.<br> '''<u>1.6</u> (Writing Numbers in Words)''' Write the following numbers in words '''1'''. 9 <br> '''2'''. 10 <br> '''3'''. 274 <br> '''4'''. 8,322 <br> '''5'''. 1,000,000,009 <br> '''6'''. 1,343,234,985 <br> '''7'''. 0.01 <br> '''<u>1.7</u> (Numbers in Expanded Form)''' In the number 7,893, there are "7 thousands", "8 hundreds", "9 tens", and "3 ones". We therefore say that a number is in '''expanded form''' when it is written as follows: {{center| '''7''' thousands + '''8''' hundreds + '''9''' tens + '''3''' ones <br> or <br> 7000 + 800 + 9 + 3}} Write the following numbers in expanded form: '''1'''. 473<br> '''2'''. 6852<br> '''3'''. 73,016<br> '''4'''. 570,003<br> '''5'''. 3,519,803<br> '''6'''. 48,000,061<br> '''7'''. 37.89<br> '''8'''. 124.575<br> '''9'''. 7496.5467<br> '''10'''. 6.40941<br> '''<u>1.8</u> (Fraction Diagrams)''' Write a fraction to describe what part of the diagrams below are shaded. Write a fraction to describe what part of the diagrams aren't shaded in. '''<u>1.9</u> (Fruit Basket)''' A basket of fruit holds 5 mangoes, 7 apples, 12 oranges, and 20 pomegranates. <br> '''1'''. What fraction of the fruits in the basket are apples?<br> '''2'''. What fraction of the fruits in the basket are <b>not</b> oranges?<br> '''3'''. What fraction of the fruits in the basket are oranges or pomegranates? ===Section 1.2=== '''<u>1.10</u> (Expressions)''' Simplify the following expressions involving basic operations. '''<u>1.11</u> (Make 1000 out of 8)''' Eight digits “8” are written together, like below, and plus signs “+” are inserted in between to get the sum of 1000. Where were the plus signs added? <div class="center"><math>8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8 \ \ \ 8</math></div> '''<u>1.12</u> (Unknown Sum)''' In the addition problem below, '''A''', '''B''', and '''C''' each represent three different digits. What are the digits? <div class="center"><math>\begin{array}{r}AAA\\ + \ BBB \\ \hline AAAC\end{array}</math></div> '''<u>1.13</u> (Unknown Product)''' A six-digit number with 1 as its left-most digit is three times bigger when we put the one at the end of the number instead. What number is this? '''<u>1.14</u> (Fractions and Decimals)''' Use long division to find the decimal expansion of each fraction. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |'''1'''. <math>\frac{27}{100}</math><br> |'''2'''. <math>\frac{1}{11}</math><br> |'''3'''. <math>\frac{142}{4}</math><br> |'''4'''. <math>\frac{2}{11}</math><br> |- |'''5'''. <math>\frac{14}{13}</math><br> |'''6'''. <math>\frac{7000}{9}</math><br> |'''7'''. <math>\frac{2}{11}</math><br> |'''8'''. <math>\frac{6555555}{3}</math> |- |} '''<u>1.15</u> (Terminating and Repeating Decimals)''' You may notice from '''Problem 1.13''' that when you convert a fraction to a decimal, you will sometimes get what is called a '''repeating decimal'''. Take for example the fraction <math>\frac{3}{11}</math>. <div class="center"><math>\frac{3}{11} = 0.272727272727...</math></div> The decimal form of <math>\frac{3}{11}</math> consists of the two digits 2 and 7 in an infinitely repeating sequence. To simplify things, instead of writing the above, we denote it as 0.27. '''1'''. Use this bar notation to write each of the repeating decimals from '''Problem 1.14'''.<br> '''2'''. We see that in the fraction above, the fractional part repeats after two digits. We say that this number has a '''period''' of 2. Likewise, we say that the number <math>\frac{1}{7}</math> has a period of 6, because the number repeats after 6 digits. From the numbers below, which of them has the largest period? Tony and Aaron go to the park. They can see 17 turtles sunning themselves on an island in the middle of a pond around the lake. As Tony and Aaron circle the lake to count the turtles they hear 24 plops as they scare more turtles from the shore. How many turtles do Tony and Aaron know live in the lake? '''<u>1.16</u> (Turtles)''' Tony and Aaron go to the park. They can see 17 turtles sunning themselves on an island in the middle of a pond around the lake. As Tony and Aaron circle the lake to count the turtles they hear 24 plops as they scare more turtles from the shore. How many turtles do Tony and Aaron know live in the lake? '''<u>1.17</u> (Bricks)''' A bricklayer stacks bricks in 3 rows, with 9 bricks in each row. On top of each row, there is a stack of 6 bricks. How many bricks are there in total? [[File:HardingMemorial-Gutters.jpg|right|thumb|A set of stamps (For Problem 1.18)]] '''<u>1.18</u> (Stamp Collection)''' The picture to the right shows stamps, arranged in four groups of four. How many stamps are in that image? While you can count them individually, there is a much faster way of getting the total. '''<u>1.19</u> (Marbles)''' Lana has 3 bags with the same amount of marbles in them, totaling 12 marbles. Markus has 3 bags with the same amount of marbles in them, totaling 18 marbles. How many more marbles does Markus have in each bag? '''<u>1.20</u> (On Allison's Street)''' Allison's house is on the same street as the library, post office, and supermarket, as shown in the diagram below. The distance from Allison's house to each of the three buildings is different. Based on this information, at which point is Allison's house located? '''<u>1.21</u> (Multiple-Choice Test)''' To discourage random guessing on a multiple choice exam, a professor assigns 4 points for a correct answer, -2 points for an incorrect answer, and -1 point for leaving the question blank. What is the score for a student who had 18 correct answers, 9 incorrect answers, and had left 2 questions blank? ===Section 1.3=== '''<u>1.22</u> (Decimal Operations)''' Simplify the following expressions involving decimals. '''<u>1.23</u> (Fractions Operations)''' Simplify the following expressions involving fractions. '''<u>1.24</u> (Sharing Pizza)''' Billy's family ordered a large pizza. His father had <math>\frac{1}{6}</math> of it, and his mother had <math>\frac{1}{5}</math> of what remained. Later on, Billy's sister ate some pizza, and then Billy had the remaining pizza when there was exactly a half of what they started with (Billy is a large kid). What fraction of what their parents had left for her did the sister have? ===Section 1.4=== '''<u>1.25</u> (Exponential Form)''' Write the following in exponential form. '''1.''' 8 * 8 * 8 * 8<br> '''2.''' 16 * 16 * 16<br> '''3.''' 7 * 7 * 7 * 7 * 7<br> '''4.''' 24 * 24 * 24<br> '''5.''' 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2<br> '''<u>1.26</u> (Exponent Expressions)''' Evaluate the following exponents. <!--Should include exactly 10 items--> '''<u>1.27</u> (Bank Account)''' Nick deposits $2 into a bank account on the first day, $4 on the second day, and $8 on the third day. He will continue to double the deposit each day. How much will he deposit on the tenth day? '''<u>1.28</u> (Image Enlargement)''' Suppose you are enlarging an image that is initially 300 pixels wide on your computer. Each time you press a button on a program it, its width doubles. If you enlarge the image four times, how wide will it be? '''<u>1.29</u> (Root of 2000)''' Between what two whole numbers is <math> \sqrt(2000) </math>? ===Section 1.5=== '''<u>1.30</u> (Using the Order of Operations)''' Simplify the following expressions using the Order of Operations. <!--Should include exactly 60 items with increasing difficulty (More operations, numbers, and variety in operations)--><br> '''1'''. <math> 2 + 6 - 7 </math><br> '''2'''. <math> 6 + 10 * 2 </math><br> '''3'''. <math> 12 </math> ÷ <math> 4 * 6 </math><br> '''4'''. <math> 12 * 4 </math> ÷ <math> 6 </math><br> '''5'''. <math> 10 + 3^2 </math><br> '''6'''. <math> 11 - 2^2 </math><br> '''7'''. <math> (10 - 3)^2 </math><br> '''8'''. <math> \sqrt(15 - 6) </math><br> '''9'''. <math>(-2)^2(3)^3</math><br> '''10'''. <math> 4*2^3 - 11 </math><br> '''11'''. <math> 36 </math> ÷ <math> 2 </math> ÷ <math> 6 </math><br> '''12'''. <math> 18 + 36</math> ÷ <math>4 * 3</math><br> '''13'''. <math> \frac{(12-5)^2 + 2^3}{3(13 - 6) - (8 + 7)} </math><br> '''14'''. <math> (12-9)^3 + 420</math> ÷ <math>[3 * 5 + (19-13)]</math><br> '''15'''. <math> 4</math>{<math>18 - [(10 - 8) + 2^3]</math>}<math> - </math>{<math>[485 - 168 + 392] + 45 - 24 * 16</math>} ÷ <math>8</math> <!--Is meant to be the most difficult item in the set, and thus the last one--> '''<u>1.31</u> (Find the Mistakes)''' Find the mistake in each of the following, then explain how the expression should be solved correctly. <!--Should include exactly 5 items--><br> ===Section 1.6=== '''<u>1.32</u> (Factors)''' Find all of the factors of the following numbers<br> '''<u>1.33</u> (Prime Factorization)''' Find the prime factorization of the following numbers.<br> '''1.''' 693 '''<u>1.34</u> (Least Common Multiple)''' Find the least common multiple of the following sets of numbers.<br> '''<u>1.35</u> (Greatest Common Factor)''' Find the greatest common factor of the following sets of numbers.<br> '''<u>1.36</u> (Using Divisibility Rules)''' Use divisibility tests to find the remainder of the following quotients: '''<u>1.37</u> (Mixed Fractions)''' Write the following improper fractions as mixed fractions. '''<u>1.38</u> (Italian Restaurant)''' An Italian restaurant receives a shipment of 95 veal cutlets. If it takes 4 cutlets to make a dish, how many cutlets will the restaurant have left over after making as many dishes as possible? What is the maximum number of dishes the restaurant can make with the shipment? ===Section 1.7=== '''<u>1.39</u> (Distance from the Moon and Earth)''' The distance between the moon and the Earth is approximately 238,900 miles. Write this value in scientific notation. '''<u>1.40</u> (Radius of an Atom)''' The radius of an atom is approximately 1.6 x 10-10 meters. Write this value in standard form. ===Section 1.8=== '''<u>1.41</u> (Unit Conversions)''' Perform the indicated conversions. <!--Should contain 8 items--> '''<u>1.42</u> (Soda Can)''' How many milliliters of soda are in a 12.0 fl oz can? (1 fl oz = 29.6 mL) '''<u>1.43</u> (Soda Bottle)''' A bottle of soda has a volume of 16.0 fl oz. How many gallons does the bottle contain? '''<u>1.44</u> (Pancake Mix)''' A certain recipe for pancakes calls for 4 tablespoons of baking powder to make the batter. How many cups of baking powder is 4 tablespoons? '''<u>1.45</u> (Paperclip)''' A paperclip weighs 0.03 oz. How much does a paperclip weigh in grams? '''<u>1.46</u> (Nanoseconds)''' A light-nanosecond is the distance light travels in 1 ns. Convert 1 ft to 1 light-nanosecond. ===Section 1.9=== '''<u>1.47</u> (Significant Figures)''' Count the number of significant figures in the following numbers. <!--Should contain 12 items--> '''<u>1.48</u> (Operations with Significant Figures)''' Perform the following operations with the correct numbers of significant figures. ===Section 1.10=== '''<u>1.49</u> (Measures of Center and Spread)''' Find the mean, median, mode, and range of the following data sets: '''<u>1.50</u> (Using Bar Graphs)''' Look at the diagram below, and use it to answer the following questions. '''<u>1.51</u> (Using Multibar Graphs)''' Look at the diagram below, and use it to answer the following questions. '''<u>1.52</u> (Using Line Graphs)''' Look at the diagram below, and use it to answer the following questions. '''<u>1.53</u> (Creating a Bar Graph)''' Look at the table below, and use it to create a bar graph. '''<u>1.54</u> (Reading Meters)''' The amount of electricity in a household is measured in kilowatt-hours. Determine the reading on the meter shown below. (When a pointer is between two numbers, use the smaller number). '''<u>1.55</u> (Sky High)''' The table below shows the altitude each of the cloud types are found at. Graph the numbers on the vertical number line below. ===Section 1.11=== ==Reason and Apply== '''<u>1.56</u> (Count the 24ths)''' Without performing division, how many <math>\frac{1}{24}</math>'s are in <math>\frac{2}{3}?</math> '''<u>1.57</u> (Half the Difference)''' Find a rational number which is one-half the difference between <math>\frac{5}{11}</math> and <math>\frac{4}{11}</math> '''<u>1.58</u> (Negative Negative Negative Negative...)''' '''1'''. What is <math>-(-(-2))</math>?<br> '''2'''. What is <math>-(-(-(-2)))</math>?<br> '''3'''. What if there were 20 minus signs in front of the 2?<br> '''4'''. What if there were 75 minus signs in front of the 2? '''<u>1.59</u> (The Turtle and the Wall)''' A turtle is 2 feet away from a wall. It then moves halfway to the wall and stops. Afterwards, it then moves one-half the remaining distance before it stops again. If it continues to move one-half the remaining distance to the wall, how far will it be from the wall after moving a fifth time? '''<u>1.60</u> (Rulers)''' Look at the diagram of a ruler below. 1. How many tick marks are between 0 and 1?<br> 2. What number is the arrow pointing to? '''<u>1.61</u> (Page Numbers)''' How many numerals are required to number all of the pages of a book containing 450 pages? '''<u>1.62</u> (Operations with Repeating Decimals)''' Calculate: '''1'''. 0.55555... + 0.66666...<br> '''2'''. 0.99999... + 0.11111...<br> '''3'''. 1.11111... - 0.22222...<br> '''4'''. 0.33333... * 0.66666...<br> '''5'''. 1.22222... * 0.81818...<br> '''<u>1.63</u> (Twin Primes)''' Twin primes are two numbers that are prime that differ from two. Two such numbers are 17 and 19. Find three more pairs of numbers besides 17 and 19 that are twin primes. '''<u>1.64</u> (Huge Powers)''' Put the following in order from smallest to largest. <math>{2}^{800}</math>, <math>{3}^{500}</math>, <math>{5}^{400}</math>, <math>{6}^{300}</math> '''<u>1.65</u> (Percentage of Squares)''' What percent of all of the numbers between 1 and 1,000,000 are square numbers? ==Challenge Problems== '''<u>1.66</u> (Digits out of 12)''' What is the largest multiple of 12 that can be written with the digits from 0 to 9 exactly once? '''<u>1.67</u> (Which is Bigger?)''' Which is bigger? <math>{10}^{250}</math> or <math>{6}^{300}</math>? '''<u>1.68</u> (One to Ten)''' To get yourself thinking about this, try this simple mathematical game: Take the numbers 1 through 10 on the left side of an equation, and pick a number for the right side. Example: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 = 1 Now put operators between those numbers. Only use parentheses when necessary. Example: 1 + 2 - 3 + 4 - 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 - 9 - 10 = 1 '''1.''' Change the number on the right-hand side. Can you generate an expression for this number? If not, can you prove why not?<br> '''2.''' Does this change if you change the order of the numbers? '''<u>1.69</u> (Diffy Squares)''' Draw a square. One each of the corners of that square, write the numbers 7, 5, 9, and 2. Now, draw a second square around the first one so that it it goes through each of the four corners. At each corner of the second square, write the difference of the numbers at the closest corners of the smaller square: 7-5 = 2, 9-5 = 4, 9-2 = 7, and 7-2 = 5. Repeat this process until you come to a pattern of four numbers that do not change. '''1'''. What is the pattern?<br> '''2'''. Try this same procedure with another set of four starting numbers. Do you end up with the same pattern?<br> '''3'''. Explain what happened. '''<u>1.70</u> (The Binary Number System)''' '''1'''. Convert the following numbers to binary.<br> '''2'''. Convert the following numbers to decimals. '''<u>1.71</u> (The Hexadecimal Number System)''' '''1'''. Convert the following numbers to hexadecimals.<br> '''2'''. Convert the following numbers to decimals. {{bookcat}} 7x1v5chqsl0te8jpev7eremtjl6php0 0 462029 4443511 4440780 2024-11-02T19:06:31Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443511 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 2. This set contains 50 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== '''<u>Q2.1</u> (Are they the Same?)''' Is “3 less than a number” the same thing as “the difference of 3 and a number”? What about "3 more than a number" and "the sum of 3 and a number"? Explain your reasoning in both cases. '''<u>Q2.2</u> (Coefficients)''' Does the expression x + 2 have any coefficients for x? What about the expression yx + 2, where any number can take the place of y? If so, identify the coefficient of x in each expression? If not, explain your reasoning. '''<u>Q2.3</u> (Anatomy of a Mathematical Expression)''' Look at the expression below. Define all of the simplified expression's terms, variables, coefficents, and constants. {{center|<math>3x^2 + 4y + y + 6</math>}} '''<u>Q2.4</u> (Constants and Variables)''' Letters will be given to represent various numbers. Decide if the following quantities should be referred to as variables or constants. <math>a.\ T</math>, the temperature outside of your house.<br> <math>b.\ F</math>, the number of fingers on an average person's hand.<br> <math>c.\ P</math>, the price of a gallon of gas.<br> <math>d.\ L</math>, the number of leaves on a tree.<br> <math>e.\ S</math>, the number of sides on a rectangle.<br> <math>f.\ I</math>, the number of inches in a foot.<br> <math>g.\ Y</math>, the number of years since the last moon landing.<br> <math>h.\ D</math>, the number of donuts in an unopened box of a dozen.<br> <math>i.\ W</math>, the number of windows open on your computer screen.<br> <math>j.\ R</math>, the number of problems in this book you have attempted.<br> <!---{''[[/Answers to "Explain" questions/|Explainations of the answers]]''} {Evaluate the following expressions at the indicated values.} {<math>x^2 + 2x+3</math> when <math>x = 4</math> |type="{}"} { 27_2 } {<math>xy</math> when <math>x = 2</math> and <math>y = 3</math> |type="{}"} { 6_2 } {<math>x^3 - 1</math> when <math>x = -1</math> |type="{}"} { -2_2 } </quiz> --> '''<u>Q2.5</u> (Museum Admissions)''' The total cost to get admission to a museum is 25a + 10c + 8s for a adults, c children, and s seniors. How much does it cost for each adult, child, and senior respectively to get admission? If a family of two adults, three children, and one senior wants to gain admission to the museum, how much would they have to pay in total? '''<u>Q2.6</u> (Zero as a Constant Term?)''' An expression like x + y can be rewritten as x + y + 0. If this is the case, is it necessarily true that zero is a constant term for any given expression? '''<u>Q2.7</u> (Grammar in Mathematics)''' If mathematical expressions are analogous to "nouns" in a language, what part(s) of a mathematical expression is/are analogous to "verbs"? What part(s) are analogous to "conjunctions"? '''<u>Q2.8</u> (Identifying Mathematical Statements)''' Which of the following sentences are statements? '''<u>Q2.9</u>''' For the following problems, state whether the given statements are the same or different. '''<u>Q2.10</u> (Set of Sets)''' Give three examples of sets whose elements are sets. '''<u>Q2.11</u> (Set of Sets of Sets)''' Give an example of a set whose elements are sets of sets. '''<u>Q2.12</u> (Relating Types of Numbers)''' Refer to the section '''Types of Numbers''' in '''Section 2.4'''. Create a Venn Diagram which shows how each of the number types listed are related to each other. ==Exercises== ===Section 2.1=== '''<u>2.1</u> (Writing/Simplifying Expressions)''' Write an expression that best represents the following. Simplify whenever possible. '''<u>2.2</u> (Evaluating Expressions)''' Evaluate each expression for the given variable value. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ x + 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>b.\ 10x - 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>c.\ 4a - 2,\ a = 9</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{-n-1}{3},\ n=11</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{-b-2}{7},\ b=5</math> |- |<math>f.\ </math> |<math>g.\ </math> |<math>h.\ </math> |<math>i.\ </math> |<math>j.\ </math> |- |<math>k.\ </math> |<math>l.\ </math> |<math>m.\ </math> |<math>n.\ </math> |<math>o.\ </math> |- |<math>p.\ </math> |<math>q.\ </math> |<math>r.\ </math> |<math>s.\ </math> |<math>t.\ </math> |- |} ===Section 2.2=== '''<u>2.3</u> (Writing Mathematical Sentences)''' Write a mathematical sentence that best represents the following. ===Section 2.3=== '''<u>2.4</u> (Element or Not?)''' Determine if the number 10 is an element in the following sets. <b>1.</b> <math>\{4, 5, 6,...,15\}</math><br> <b>2.</b> <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...\}</math><br> <b>3.</b> <math>\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{8},...\}</math><br> <b>4.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ number\ greater\ than\ 11\}</math><br> <b>5.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ even\ number\}</math><br> <b>6.</b> The set <math>C</math> made up of composite numbers<br> '''<u>2.5</u> (Roster Notation)''' Each of the sets below are defined using roster notation. <b>i.</b> <math>\{1, 4, 9, 16, 25...\}</math><br> <b>ii.</b> <math>\{0, 4, 8,...,96, 100\}</math><br> <b>iii.</b> <math>\{3, 9, 15, 21, 27...\}</math><br> <b>iv.</b> <math>\{..., -\pi^4, -\pi^3, -\pi^2, -\pi, 1\}</math><br> <b>1.</b> Determine four other elements that may appear in the sets above.<br> <b>2.</b> Use set builder notation to describe the sets above. '''<u>2.6</u> (Sorting Automobiles)''' Construct a Venn Diagram which illustrates the possible unions and intersections of the following sets relative to the universal set consisting of automobiles made in the United States. <center><math>F: Four door, S: Sunroof, P: Power steering</math></center> '''<u>2.7</u> (Working with Sets I)''' Let <math>U = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\}</math>, <math>M = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}</math>, <math>N = \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\}</math>, <math>Q = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}</math>, and <math>R = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.8</u> (Working with Sets II)''' Let <math>U = \{copper, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, uranium, oxygen, zinc\}</math>, <math>A = \{copper, sodium, zinc\}</math>, <math>B = \{sodium, nitrogen, potassium\}</math>, <math>C = \{oxygen\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.9</u> (Working with Sets III)''' If <math>U = \{x|0<x<12\}</math>, <math>M = \{x|1<x<9\}</math>, and <math>N = \{x|0<x<5\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.10</u> (Working with Sets IV)''' Suppose <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, and <math>C</math> are subsets of the universal set <math>U</math>. Using Venn Diagrams, shade the areas that represent the following. '''<u>2.11</u> (Working with Subscripts)''' For a whole number <math>j</math>, <math>x_j = (-1)^j</math>. Find the value of <math>x_0</math>, <math>x_1</math>, and <math>x_{183}</math>. '''<u>2.12</u> (List of Numbers)''' Refer to the set of numbers below, and use it to answer the following questions. <center><math>x = \{5, 11, 14, 9, 3, 25, 16, 8, 1, 11, 68, 63, 43, 99, 35, 100\}</math></center> '''1.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_3</math>?<br> '''2.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_{10}</math>?<br> '''3.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 25 in the list?<br> '''4.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 11 in the list?<br> '''5.''' What number represents <math>n</math> in <math>x_n</math>?<br> '''6.''' What value does <math>x_n</math> take? ===Section 2.4=== '''<u>2.13</u> (Classifying Numbers)''' Identify the set(s) of numbers each number belongs to. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ 12</math> |<math>b.\ -7</math> |<math>c.\ 0</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{1}{7}</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{16}{13}</math> |- |<math>f.\ -8.08</math> |<math>g.\ -\frac{24}{365}</math> |<math>h.\ 0.1231231234...</math> |<math>i.\ (10)^2</math> |<math>j.\ 0.5\overline{678}</math> |- |<math>k.\ 2.0\overline{505}</math> |<math>l.\ \frac{1}{2}</math> |<math>m.\ \sqrt{17}</math> |<math>n.\ \frac{37}{0}</math> |<math>o.\ \pi</math> |- |<math>p.\ \sqrt{9}</math> |<math>q.\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{36}}</math> |<math>r.\ -5000</math> |<math>s.\ -\sqrt{36}</math> |<math>t.\ 5 + \sqrt{2}</math> |- |<math>u.\ \sqrt{\frac{294}{6}}</math> |<math>v.\ 1.23456789101112...</math> |<math>w.\ \frac{\sqrt{100-81}}{\sqrt{76}}</math> |<math>x.\ (10.25)^2</math> |<math>y.\ \sqrt{0.33}</math> |} ===Section 2.5=== ===Section 2.6=== ===Section 2.7=== ==Reason and Apply== '''<u>2.14</u> (Cutting Edge)''' A 12 ft long piece of rope was cut into two pieces of different lengths. Use one variable to represent the lengths of the two pieces. '''<u>2.15</u> (Play Ball!)''' The diameter of a basketball is approximately 4 times of that of a baseball. Express the diameter of a basketball in terms of the diamter of a baseball. '''<u>2.16</u> (Pocket Change)''' Suppose have '''d''' dimes and '''n''' nickels in your pocket. Write an expression which represents the total amount of money you have. Use this expression to figure out how much money you would have if you had 9 dimes and 7 nickels. '''<u>2.17</u> (Units of Temperature I)''' The formula {{center|<math>C = \frac{5}{9}(F-32)</math>}} expresses the relationship between Farenheit temperature, '''F''', and Celcius temperature, '''C'''. Use this equation to convert <math>50^\circ F</math>, <math>86^\circ F</math>, <math>32^\circ F</math>, <math>100^\circ F</math>, and <math>-50^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Celcius scale. '''<u>2.18</u> (Units of Temperature II)''' The formula {{center|<math>K = C + 273.15</math>}} expresses the relationship between Celcius temperature, '''C''', and Kelvin temperature, '''K'''. Use this equation to convert <math>-273.15^\circ C</math>, <math>30^\circ C</math>, and <math>100^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Kelvin scale. '''<u>2.19</u> (Chemical Formula for Sugar)''' The chemical formula for glucose (sugar) is <math>C_6H_{12}O_6</math>. This formula means there are 12 hydrogen atoms for every 6 carnon atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in each molecule of glucose. If '''x''' represents the number of atoms in oxygen in a pound of sugar, express the number of hydrogen atoms in the the same pound of sugar. '''<u>2.20</u> (Building Blocks)''' Look at the arrangements of building blocks below. How many blocks will appear in diagram 17? '''<u>2.21</u> (Triangles in Polygons)''' In a triangle, there are three sides. We can obviously observe from this that this contains 1 triangle. In a quadrilateral, there are four sides. We can observe from this that two non-overlapping triangles can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. In a pentagon, there are five sides. We can observe from this that three non-overlapping trianges can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. Using this information, how many non-overlapping triangles can you make out of a decagon (10-sided polygon) by dividing it along its corners? '''<u>2.22</u> (Product of Consecutive Numbers)''' Two numbers are consecutive if they follow each other in numerical order. For example, the numbers 4 and 5 are consecutive because 5 comes after 4. What would be an algebraic representation of the product of two such numbers? '''<u>2.23</u> (Odd Numbers)''' Write an expression that represents the '''n'''th odd number, '''O'''. (First odd number is 1, Second odd number is 3, and so fort1) Afterwards, use this expression to find the 143rd odd number. '''<u>2.24</u> (Magic Trick)''' Choose any number. Add 3 onto the number, then multiply the result by 2. Subtract the chosen number, then subtract 4, and then subtract the chosen number again. The number you end with is 2, isn't it? Why does this trick work? '''<u>2.25</u> (Exponentially Exciting)''' For each of the following, determine the first whole number x, greater than 1, for which the second expression is larger than the first. <math>a.\ x^3,\ 3^x</math><br> <math>b.\ x^4,\ 4^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^5,\ 5^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^6,\ 6^x</math> '''<u>2.26</u> (<math>x^n</math> vs. <math>n^x</math>)''' On the basis of your answers to '''Problem 2.15''', make a conjecture that appears to be true about the two expressions <math>x^n</math> and <math>n^x</math>, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, .... and x is a whole number greater than 1. '''<u>2.27</u> (Weight-Loss Points)''' Several weight-loss programs assign points to prepared or packaged foods that take into account of the food's fat '''F''', carbohydrate '''C''', protein '''P''', and fiber '''B''' content in grams. The point value for a given food item can be represented by the following expression: {{center|<math>W = \frac{F}{4} + \frac{C}{9} + \frac{P}{10} - \frac{B}{12}</math>}} Determine the point value of one serving of the item having the nutrition facts on the left. '''<u>2.28</u> (Adjusted Poverty Threshold)''' The adjusted poverty threshold for a single person between 1999 and 2013 can be approximated by the formula {{center|<math>y = 2.719x^2 + 196.1x + 8718</math>}} where x=0 corresponds to 1999, x=1 corresponds to 2000, and so forth, and where y is the average adjusted poverty threshold. According to the model, what was the average adjusted poverty threshold in 2005? In 2012? '''<u>2.29</u> (Period of a Pendulum)''' The period t, in seconds, of the swing of a pendulum is given by {{center|<math>t = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{32}}</math>}} where L is the length of the pendulum in feet. Find the period of a pendulum 8 feet long. '''<u>Problem 2.20</u> (Change in Length)''' Consider the triangle below, with sides of length '''s'''. Find the perimeter of the triangle if we increase the lengths of the sides by 5. Find the perimeter if we double the lengths of the sides. '''<u>2.30</u> (Metal Wire)''' A metal wire of length '''x''' is bent into a square. Express the length of a side of the square in terms of x. '''<u>2.31</u> (Area of a Rectangle)''' A rectangle has an area of 24 <math>in.^2</math> and a length '''b''' in inches. What does the expression <math>\frac{24}{b}</math> represent and what are its units of measurement? What quantity does the expression <math>2(b + \frac{24}{b})</math> represent? '''<u>2.32</u> (Area of a Right Triangle)''' Derive an expression which can represent the area of a right triangle with base '''''b''''' and height '''''h'''''. ''(Hint: Bisect a rectangle along its diagonal.)'' '''<u>2.33</u> (Vegetable Garden)''' A rectangular vegetable garden is 12 meters long and 20 meters wide. Surrounding the garden is a gravel path of width '''''w'''''. <br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the gravel path. <br> '''b.''' If you measure w to be 3 meters, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.34</u> (Racetrack)''' An Olympic racetrack is made up of two straight sides, each measuring 84.39 meters in length, and two semi-circular curves with a radius of 36.5 meters as pictured. The track has a width of '''w'''.<br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the racetrack. (Remember that the perimeter of a circle is <math>2\pi r</math>) <br> '''b.''' If you measure that the width of the track is 1.22, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.35</u> (Volumes of Prisms)''' A '''prism''' consists of two paralell polygonall face ends of equal shape. A shape's '''volume''' is how much space it occupies. Take the rectangular prism below, for example. Derive an expression which can represent the volume of the following prisms, and then calculate its volume. '''<u>2.36</u> (Difference of Squares)''' {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- |<math>x</math> |<math>y</math> |<math>(x+y)(x-y)</math> |<math>x^2 - y^2</math> |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- |} '''a.''' Choose two distinct values for x and y, and then fill in the first row for the table above. '''b.''' Compare the results you got for the two expressions. What do you think the results from part a tell you about the difference of two squares? '''c.''' Fill in the remaining rows of the table for different values of x and y, including negative numbers. Do you think your conjecture from part (b) is correct? Explain. '''<u>2.37</u> (Inequalities)''' Determine what sign values on <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> would make the following statements true. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em; text-align:center;" |- |<math>a.\ xy>0</math> |<math>b.\ x^2y>0</math> |<math>c.\ \frac{x}{y}<0</math> |- |<math>d.\ -\frac{x}{y}<0</math> |<math>e.\ -\frac{x^2}{y}>0</math> |<math>f.\ \frac{y^3}{x^2}>0</math> |} '''<u>2.38</u> (Average)''' Use subscript notation to write an expression which represents the average of <math>n</math> numbers. ==Challenge Problems== <!-- !!Problem Bank - Put potential problems here '''<u>Problem 2.54</u> (Determining Properties of Real Numbers)''' Determine if the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true. If the statement is always true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is not always true, provide a [[Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|counterexample]]. <math>a.\ An\ integer\ is\ a\ whole\ number.</math><br> <math>b.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ whole\ it\ is\ a\ natural\ number.</math><br> <math>c.\ If\ a\ number\ contains\ a\ decimal\ it\ is\ an\ integer.</math><br> <math>d.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ nautural,\ then\ it\ is\ a\ real\ number.</math><br> <math>e.\ The\ product\ of\ two\ irrational\ numbers\ is\ an\ irrational\ number.</math> {{question-answer|question=Possible answer to Problem 52|answer='''a.''' Sometimes true. The number '''-1''' is an integer, but it is not a whole number.<br> '''b.''' Sometimes true. The number '''0''' is a whole number, but it is not natural.<br> '''c.''' Never true. Integers include all of the negative and whole numbers that are not fractions.<br> '''d.''' Always true. The set of Real numbers in part consists of the Natural numbers.<br> '''e.''' Sometimes true. The product of <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math> is equal to 1. }} '''<u>Problem 2.55</u> (Identifying Properties of Real Numbers)''' Identify the following properties being expressed. <math>a.\ 4(3x + 4) = 12x + 16</math><br> <math>b.\ 6 + 0 = 6</math><br> <math>c.\ (2 + 7) + 5 = (2 + 5) + 7</math><br> <math>d.\ (3/4)(4/3) = 1</math><br> <math>e.\ To\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 512,\ you\ can\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 16,\ again\ by\ 8,\ and\ again\ by\ 4.</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 53|answer= a. Distributive Property<br> b. Identity Property of Addition<br> c. Associative Property of Addition<br> d. Identity Property of Multiplication<br> e. Associative Property of Multiplication}} '''<u>Problem 2.56</u> (Product Pattern)''' Use the Associative Law to explain why the products in each rule are equal. {| style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>2*2 = 1*4</math> |- |<math>4*3 = 2*6</math> |- |<math>6*4 = 3*8</math> |- |<math>8*5 = 4*10</math> |- |<math>10*6 = 5*12</math> |- |<math>12*7 = 6*14</math> |- |<math>14*8 = 7*16</math> |} '''<u>Problem 2.57</u> (Gauss's Trick)''' In the late 1700s, the kindergarten class of the mathematician Carl Fredrich Gauss was asked to find the sum of all of the natural numbers between 1 and 100. While most of the class had struggled with this seemingly impossible task, Gauss was able to determine the solution to this problem rather quickly. How was he able to do this? '''<u>Problem 2.58</u> (Manipulating Gauss's Trick)''' We can use techniques similar to the one we used in '''Problem 2.55''' to find the sum of several numbers. Can you find the following? '''a.''' <math>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 201</math><br> '''b.''' <math>2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 200</math><br> '''c.''' <math>101 + 102 + 103 + ... + 998 + 999 + 1000</math><br> '''d.''' <math>9 + 12 + 15 + ... + 54 + 57 + 60</math> '''<u>Problem 2.59</u> (Inverses of Numbers)''' The Additive Inverse Property states that if you add a number and its opposite, or its '''additive inverse''' together, you get zero. Likewise, the Multiplicative Inverse Property states that if you multiple a number by its recipricol, or its '''multiplicative inverse''' together, you get one. Find the additive and multiplicative inverses of the following numbers. <math>a.\ -6</math><br> <math>b.\ 4\frac{2}{3}</math><br> <math>c.\ -0.33</math><br> <math>d.\ 2 + \sqrt{5}</math><br> '''<u>Problem 2.60</u> (Using the Distributive Property)''' Use the Distributive Property to simplify these expressions. <math>a.\ 2(14x - 26)</math><br> <math>b.\ (2/3)(3x + 9)</math><br> <math>c.\ 3(12x + 4y)</math><br> <math>d.\ 2(5x - 6) + 3(3x + 2)</math><br> <math>e.\ (4x + 7)(2x - 3)</math><br> <math>f.\ (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 58|answer=<math>a.\ 28x - 52</math><br> <math>b.\ 2x + 6</math><br> <math>c.\ 36x + 12y</math><br> <math>d.\ 19x - 6</math><br> <math>e.\ 8x^2 + 2x - 21</math><br> <math>f.\ x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.61</u> (Distribution with Three Terms)''' What is the coefficient of y in the expansion of the expression below? <math>(5x+2y-4)(2x+7y+3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 59|answer=-22}} '''<u>Problem 2.62</u> (Rewriting Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expression without using a calculator: <math>\frac{2013*2014 - 2013*1992}{2014-1992}</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 60|answer=2013}} '''<u>Problem 2.63</u> (Multiplication and the Distributive Law)''' Point out in what sense the usual arrangement of the multiplication of 365 and 392 is an instance of the Distributive Law. '''<u>Problem 2.64</u> (Suare of Sum/Difference)''' For two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, find the following: <math>a.\ (a + b)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (a - b)^2</math> '''<u>Problem 2.65</u> (Tricky Products)''' Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator: <math>a.\ (101)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (95)^2</math><br> <math>c.\ (998)(999)</math><br> <math>d.\ (63)(57)</math><br> <math>e.\ (71)^2</math><br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 63|answer=a. 10201<br> b. 9025<br> c. 997002<br> d. 3951<br> e. 5041}} '''<u>Problem 2.66</u> (Secret of 1001)''' A boy claims that he can figure out the product of any three digit number and 1001. A student in his arithmetic class challenges him to find the product of 1001 and 865, and he gets the correct answer immediately. Compute the answer, and determine the boy's secret. '''<u>Problem 2.67</u> (ABCD)''' Prove that the following expression can be written as a product between <math>a-d</math> and <math>b+c</math> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math> {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 64|answer=Start with:<br> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math><br> Rewrite the above as follows:<br> <math>ab + (-cd) + ac + (-bd)</math><br> Using the Communative Property of Addition, the expression can be rewritten as:<br> <math>ab + ac + (-cd) + (-bd)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(c + b)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(b + c)</math><br> Using the Distributie Property, it can be further written as:<br> <math>(a - d)(b + c)</math><br>}} '''<u>Problem 2.68</u> (Density Property of Real Numbers)''' The ''Density Property of Real Numbers'' states that between any two real numbers, there is another real number. Use this property to prove that there are infinitly many real numbers between 0 and 1. {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 60|answer=Let's choose a number between 0 and 1, in this case <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then we can choose a number between 0 and <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, and a number between <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and 1, <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>. We can keep going beyond this point, and we will still always find a number between any two numbers we choose. Therefore, there are infinitely many real numbers between 0 and 1.}} --> {{bookcat}} 1fzlzqbdo14tojw7dgjos8pd7b0f3fl 4443513 4443511 2024-11-02T19:07:16Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443513 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 2. This set contains 50 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== '''<u>Q2.1</u> (Are they the Same?)''' Is “3 less than a number” the same thing as “the difference of 3 and a number”? What about "3 more than a number" and "the sum of 3 and a number"? Explain your reasoning in both cases. '''<u>Q2.2</u> (Coefficients)''' Does the expression x + 2 have any coefficients for x? What about the expression yx + 2, where any number can take the place of y? If so, identify the coefficient of x in each expression? If not, explain your reasoning. '''<u>Q2.3</u> (Anatomy of a Mathematical Expression)''' Look at the expression below. Define all of the simplified expression's terms, variables, coefficents, and constants. {{center|<math>3x^2 + 4y + y + 6</math>}} '''<u>Q2.4</u> (Constants and Variables)''' Letters will be given to represent various numbers. Decide if the following quantities should be referred to as variables or constants. <math>a.\ T</math>, the temperature outside of your house.<br> <math>b.\ F</math>, the number of fingers on an average person's hand.<br> <math>c.\ P</math>, the price of a gallon of gas.<br> <math>d.\ L</math>, the number of leaves on a tree.<br> <math>e.\ S</math>, the number of sides on a rectangle.<br> <math>f.\ I</math>, the number of inches in a foot.<br> <math>g.\ Y</math>, the number of years since the last moon landing.<br> <math>h.\ D</math>, the number of donuts in an unopened box of a dozen.<br> <math>i.\ W</math>, the number of windows open on your computer screen.<br> <math>j.\ R</math>, the number of problems in this book you have attempted.<br> <!---{''[[/Answers to "Explain" questions/|Explainations of the answers]]''} {Evaluate the following expressions at the indicated values.} {<math>x^2 + 2x+3</math> when <math>x = 4</math> |type="{}"} { 27_2 } {<math>xy</math> when <math>x = 2</math> and <math>y = 3</math> |type="{}"} { 6_2 } {<math>x^3 - 1</math> when <math>x = -1</math> |type="{}"} { -2_2 } </quiz> --> '''<u>Q2.5</u> (Museum Admissions)''' The total cost to get admission to a museum is 25a + 10c + 8s for a adults, c children, and s seniors. How much does it cost for each adult, child, and senior respectively to get admission? If a family of two adults, three children, and one senior wants to gain admission to the museum, how much would they have to pay in total? '''<u>Q2.6</u> (Zero as a Constant Term?)''' An expression like x + y can be rewritten as x + y + 0. If this is the case, is it necessarily true that zero is a constant term for any given expression? '''<u>Q2.7</u> (Grammar in Mathematics)''' If mathematical expressions are analogous to "nouns" in a language, what part(s) of a mathematical expression is/are analogous to "verbs"? What part(s) are analogous to "conjunctions"? '''<u>Q2.8</u> (Identifying Mathematical Statements)''' Which of the following sentences are statements? '''<u>Q2.9</u>''' For the following problems, state whether the given statements are the same or different. '''<u>Q2.10</u> (Set of Sets)''' Give three examples of sets whose elements are sets. '''<u>Q2.11</u> (Set of Sets of Sets)''' Give an example of a set whose elements are sets of sets. '''<u>Q2.12</u> (Relating Types of Numbers)''' Refer to the section '''Types of Numbers''' in '''Section 2.4'''. Create a Venn Diagram which shows how each of the number types listed are related to each other. ==Exercises== ===Section 2.1=== '''<u>2.1</u> (Writing/Simplifying Expressions)''' Write an expression that best represents the following. Simplify whenever possible. '''<u>2.2</u> (Evaluating Expressions)''' Evaluate each expression for the given variable value. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ x + 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>b.\ 10x - 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>c.\ 4a - 2,\ a = 9</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{-n-1}{3},\ n=11</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{-b-2}{7},\ b=5</math> |- |<math>f.\ </math> |<math>g.\ </math> |<math>h.\ </math> |<math>i.\ </math> |<math>j.\ </math> |- |<math>k.\ </math> |<math>l.\ </math> |<math>m.\ </math> |<math>n.\ </math> |<math>o.\ </math> |- |<math>p.\ </math> |<math>q.\ </math> |<math>r.\ </math> |<math>s.\ </math> |<math>t.\ </math> |- |} ===Section 2.2=== '''<u>2.3</u> (Writing Mathematical Sentences)''' Write a mathematical sentence that best represents the following. ===Section 2.3=== '''<u>2.4</u> (Element or Not?)''' Determine if the number 10 is an element in the following sets. <b>1.</b> <math>\{4, 5, 6,...,15\}</math><br> <b>2.</b> <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...\}</math><br> <b>3.</b> <math>\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{8},...\}</math><br> <b>4.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ number\ greater\ than\ 11\}</math><br> <b>5.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ even\ number\}</math><br> <b>6.</b> The set <math>C</math> made up of composite numbers<br> '''<u>2.5</u> (Roster Notation)''' Each of the sets below are defined using roster notation. <b>i.</b> <math>\{1, 4, 9, 16, 25...\}</math><br> <b>ii.</b> <math>\{0, 4, 8,...,96, 100\}</math><br> <b>iii.</b> <math>\{3, 9, 15, 21, 27...\}</math><br> <b>iv.</b> <math>\{..., -\pi^4, -\pi^3, -\pi^2, -\pi, 1\}</math><br> <b>1.</b> Determine four other elements that may appear in the sets above.<br> <b>2.</b> Use set builder notation to describe the sets above. '''<u>2.6</u> (Sorting Automobiles)''' Construct a Venn Diagram which illustrates the possible unions and intersections of the following sets relative to the universal set consisting of automobiles made in the United States. <center><math>F: Four door, S: Sunroof, P: Power steering</math></center> '''<u>2.7</u> (Working with Sets I)''' Let <math>U = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\}</math>, <math>M = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}</math>, <math>N = \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\}</math>, <math>Q = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}</math>, and <math>R = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.8</u> (Working with Sets II)''' Let <math>U = \{copper, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, uranium, oxygen, zinc\}</math>, <math>A = \{copper, sodium, zinc\}</math>, <math>B = \{sodium, nitrogen, potassium\}</math>, <math>C = \{oxygen\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.9</u> (Working with Sets III)''' If <math>U = \{x|0<x<12\}</math>, <math>M = \{x|1<x<9\}</math>, and <math>N = \{x|0<x<5\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.10</u> (Working with Sets IV)''' Suppose <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, and <math>C</math> are subsets of the universal set <math>U</math>. Using Venn Diagrams, shade the areas that represent the following. '''<u>2.11</u> (Working with Subscripts)''' For a whole number <math>j</math>, <math>x_j = (-1)^j</math>. Find the value of <math>x_0</math>, <math>x_1</math>, and <math>x_{183}</math>. '''<u>2.12</u> (List of Numbers)''' Refer to the set of numbers below, and use it to answer the following questions. <center><math>x = \{5, 11, 14, 9, 3, 25, 16, 8, 1, 11, 68, 63, 43, 99, 35, 100\}</math></center> '''1.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_3</math>?<br> '''2.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_{10}</math>?<br> '''3.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 25 in the list?<br> '''4.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 11 in the list?<br> '''5.''' What number represents <math>n</math> in <math>x_n</math>?<br> '''6.''' What value does <math>x_n</math> take? ===Section 2.4=== '''<u>2.13</u> (Classifying Numbers)''' Identify the set(s) of numbers each number belongs to. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ 12</math> |<math>b.\ -7</math> |<math>c.\ 0</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{1}{7}</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{16}{13}</math> |- |<math>f.\ -8.08</math> |<math>g.\ -\frac{24}{365}</math> |<math>h.\ 0.1231231234...</math> |<math>i.\ (10)^2</math> |<math>j.\ 0.5\overline{678}</math> |- |<math>k.\ 2.0\overline{505}</math> |<math>l.\ \frac{1}{2}</math> |<math>m.\ \sqrt{17}</math> |<math>n.\ \frac{37}{0}</math> |<math>o.\ \pi</math> |- |<math>p.\ \sqrt{9}</math> |<math>q.\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{36}}</math> |<math>r.\ -5000</math> |<math>s.\ -\sqrt{36}</math> |<math>t.\ 5 + \sqrt{2}</math> |- |<math>u.\ \sqrt{\frac{294}{6}}</math> |<math>v.\ 1.23456789101112...</math> |<math>w.\ \frac{\sqrt{100-81}}{\sqrt{76}}</math> |<math>x.\ (10.25)^2</math> |<math>y.\ \sqrt{0.33}</math> |} ===Section 2.5=== ===Section 2.6=== ===Section 2.7=== ==Reason and Apply== '''<u>2.14</u> (Cutting Edge)''' A 12 ft long piece of rope was cut into two pieces of different lengths. Use one variable to represent the lengths of the two pieces. '''<u>2.15</u> (Play Ball!)''' The diameter of a basketball is approximately 4 times of that of a baseball. Express the diameter of a basketball in terms of the diamter of a baseball. '''<u>2.16</u> (Pocket Change)''' Suppose have '''d''' dimes and '''n''' nickels in your pocket. Write an expression which represents the total amount of money you have. Use this expression to figure out how much money you would have if you had 9 dimes and 7 nickels. '''<u>2.17</u> (Units of Temperature I)''' The formula {{center|<math>C = \frac{5}{9}(F-32)</math>}} expresses the relationship between Farenheit temperature, '''F''', and Celcius temperature, '''C'''. Use this equation to convert <math>50^\circ F</math>, <math>86^\circ F</math>, <math>32^\circ F</math>, <math>100^\circ F</math>, and <math>-50^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Celcius scale. '''<u>2.18</u> (Units of Temperature II)''' The formula {{center|<math>K = C + 273.15</math>}} expresses the relationship between Celcius temperature, '''C''', and Kelvin temperature, '''K'''. Use this equation to convert <math>-273.15^\circ C</math>, <math>30^\circ C</math>, and <math>100^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Kelvin scale. '''<u>2.19</u> (Chemical Formula for Sugar)''' The chemical formula for glucose (sugar) is <math>C_6H_{12}O_6</math>. This formula means there are 12 hydrogen atoms for every 6 carnon atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in each molecule of glucose. If '''x''' represents the number of atoms in oxygen in a pound of sugar, express the number of hydrogen atoms in the the same pound of sugar. '''<u>2.20</u> (Building Blocks)''' Look at the arrangements of building blocks below. How many blocks will appear in diagram 17? '''<u>2.21</u> (Triangles in Polygons)''' In a triangle, there are three sides. We can obviously observe from this that this contains 1 triangle. In a quadrilateral, there are four sides. We can observe from this that two non-overlapping triangles can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. In a pentagon, there are five sides. We can observe from this that three non-overlapping trianges can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. Using this information, how many non-overlapping triangles can you make out of a decagon (10-sided polygon) by dividing it along its corners? '''<u>2.22</u> (Product of Consecutive Numbers)''' Two numbers are consecutive if they follow each other in numerical order. For example, the numbers 4 and 5 are consecutive because 5 comes after 4. What would be an algebraic representation of the product of two such numbers? '''<u>2.23</u> (Odd Numbers)''' Write an expression that represents the '''n'''th odd number, '''O'''. (First odd number is 1, Second odd number is 3, and so fort1) Afterwards, use this expression to find the 143rd odd number. '''<u>2.24</u> (Magic Trick)''' Choose any number. Add 3 onto the number, then multiply the result by 2. Subtract the chosen number, then subtract 4, and then subtract the chosen number again. The number you end with is 2, isn't it? Why does this trick work? '''<u>2.25</u> (Exponentially Exciting)''' For each of the following, determine the first whole number x, greater than 1, for which the second expression is larger than the first. <math>a.\ x^3,\ 3^x</math><br> <math>b.\ x^4,\ 4^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^5,\ 5^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^6,\ 6^x</math> '''<u>2.26</u> (<math>x^n</math> vs. <math>n^x</math>)''' On the basis of your answers to '''Problem 2.15''', make a conjecture that appears to be true about the two expressions <math>x^n</math> and <math>n^x</math>, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, .... and x is a whole number greater than 1. '''<u>2.27</u> (Weight-Loss Points)''' Several weight-loss programs assign points to prepared or packaged foods that take into account of the food's fat '''F''', carbohydrate '''C''', protein '''P''', and fiber '''B''' content in grams. The point value for a given food item can be represented by the following expression: {{center|<math>W = \frac{F}{4} + \frac{C}{9} + \frac{P}{10} - \frac{B}{12}</math>}} Determine the point value of one serving of the item having the nutrition facts on the left. '''<u>2.28</u> (Adjusted Poverty Threshold)''' The adjusted poverty threshold for a single person between 1999 and 2013 can be approximated by the formula {{center|<math>y = 2.719x^2 + 196.1x + 8718</math>}} where x=0 corresponds to 1999, x=1 corresponds to 2000, and so forth, and where y is the average adjusted poverty threshold. According to the model, what was the average adjusted poverty threshold in 2005? In 2012? '''<u>2.29</u> (Period of a Pendulum)''' The period t, in seconds, of the swing of a pendulum is given by {{center|<math>t = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{32}}</math>}} where L is the length of the pendulum in feet. Find the period of a pendulum 8 feet long. '''<u>Problem 2.20</u> (Change in Length)''' Consider the triangle below, with sides of length '''s'''. Find the perimeter of the triangle if we increase the lengths of the sides by 5. Find the perimeter if we double the lengths of the sides. '''<u>2.30</u> (Metal Wire)''' A metal wire of length '''x''' is bent into a square. Express the length of a side of the square in terms of x. '''<u>2.31</u> (Area of a Rectangle)''' A rectangle has an area of 24 <math>in.^2</math> and a length '''b''' in inches. What does the expression <math>\frac{24}{b}</math> represent and what are its units of measurement? What quantity does the expression <math>2(b + \frac{24}{b})</math> represent? '''<u>2.32</u> (Area of a Right Triangle)''' Derive an expression which can represent the area of a right triangle with base '''''b''''' and height '''''h'''''. ''(Hint: Bisect a rectangle along its diagonal.)'' '''<u>2.33</u> (Vegetable Garden)''' A rectangular vegetable garden is 12 meters long and 20 meters wide. Surrounding the garden is a gravel path of width '''''w'''''. <br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the gravel path. <br> '''b.''' If you measure w to be 3 meters, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.34</u> (Racetrack)''' An Olympic racetrack is made up of two straight sides, each measuring 84.39 meters in length, and two semi-circular curves with a radius of 36.5 meters as pictured. The track has a width of '''w'''.<br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the racetrack. (Remember that the perimeter of a circle is <math>2\pi r</math>) <br> '''b.''' If you measure that the width of the track is 1.22, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.35</u> (Volumes of Prisms)''' A '''prism''' consists of two paralell polygonall face ends of equal shape. A shape's '''volume''' is how much space it occupies. Take the rectangular prism below, for example. Derive an expression which can represent the volume of the following prisms, and then calculate its volume. '''<u>2.36</u> (Difference of Squares)''' {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- |<math>x</math> |<math>y</math> |<math>(x+y)(x-y)</math> |<math>x^2 - y^2</math> |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- |} '''a.''' Choose two distinct values for x and y, and then fill in the first row for the table above. '''b.''' Compare the results you got for the two expressions. What do you think the results from part a tell you about the difference of two squares? '''c.''' Fill in the remaining rows of the table for different values of x and y, including negative numbers. Do you think your conjecture from part (b) is correct? Explain. '''<u>2.37</u> (Inequalities)''' Determine what sign values on <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> would make the following statements true. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em; text-align:center;" |- |<math>a.\ xy>0</math> |<math>b.\ x^2y>0</math> |<math>c.\ \frac{x}{y}<0</math> |- |<math>d.\ -\frac{x}{y}<0</math> |<math>e.\ -\frac{x^2}{y}>0</math> |<math>f.\ \frac{y^3}{x^2}>0</math> |} '''<u>2.38</u> (Average)''' Use subscript notation to write an expression which represents the average of <math>n</math> numbers. ==Challenge Problems== <!-- !!Problem Bank - Put potential problems here '''<u>Problem 2.54</u> (Determining Properties of Real Numbers)''' Determine if the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true. If the statement is always true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is not always true, provide a [[Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|counterexample]]. <math>a.\ An\ integer\ is\ a\ whole\ number.</math><br> <math>b.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ whole\ it\ is\ a\ natural\ number.</math><br> <math>c.\ If\ a\ number\ contains\ a\ decimal\ it\ is\ an\ integer.</math><br> <math>d.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ nautural,\ then\ it\ is\ a\ real\ number.</math><br> <math>e.\ The\ product\ of\ two\ irrational\ numbers\ is\ an\ irrational\ number.</math> {{question-answer|question=Possible answer to Problem 52|answer='''a.''' Sometimes true. The number '''-1''' is an integer, but it is not a whole number.<br> '''b.''' Sometimes true. The number '''0''' is a whole number, but it is not natural.<br> '''c.''' Never true. Integers include all of the negative and whole numbers that are not fractions.<br> '''d.''' Always true. The set of Real numbers in part consists of the Natural numbers.<br> '''e.''' Sometimes true. The product of <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math> is equal to 1. }} '''<u>Problem 2.55</u> (Identifying Properties of Real Numbers)''' Identify the following properties being expressed. <math>a.\ 4(3x + 4) = 12x + 16</math><br> <math>b.\ 6 + 0 = 6</math><br> <math>c.\ (2 + 7) + 5 = (2 + 5) + 7</math><br> <math>d.\ (3/4)(4/3) = 1</math><br> <math>e.\ To\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 512,\ you\ can\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 16,\ again\ by\ 8,\ and\ again\ by\ 4.</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 53|answer= a. Distributive Property<br> b. Identity Property of Addition<br> c. Associative Property of Addition<br> d. Identity Property of Multiplication<br> e. Associative Property of Multiplication}} '''<u>Problem 2.56</u> (Product Pattern)''' Use the Associative Law to explain why the products in each rule are equal. {| style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>2*2 = 1*4</math> |- |<math>4*3 = 2*6</math> |- |<math>6*4 = 3*8</math> |- |<math>8*5 = 4*10</math> |- |<math>10*6 = 5*12</math> |- |<math>12*7 = 6*14</math> |- |<math>14*8 = 7*16</math> |} '''<u>Problem 2.57</u> (Gauss's Trick)''' In the late 1700s, the kindergarten class of the mathematician Carl Fredrich Gauss was asked to find the sum of all of the natural numbers between 1 and 100. While most of the class had struggled with this seemingly impossible task, Gauss was able to determine the solution to this problem rather quickly. How was he able to do this? '''<u>Problem 2.58</u> (Manipulating Gauss's Trick)''' We can use techniques similar to the one we used in '''Problem 2.55''' to find the sum of several numbers. Can you find the following? '''a.''' <math>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 201</math><br> '''b.''' <math>2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 200</math><br> '''c.''' <math>101 + 102 + 103 + ... + 998 + 999 + 1000</math><br> '''d.''' <math>9 + 12 + 15 + ... + 54 + 57 + 60</math> '''<u>Problem 2.59</u> (Inverses of Numbers)''' The Additive Inverse Property states that if you add a number and its opposite, or its '''additive inverse''' together, you get zero. Likewise, the Multiplicative Inverse Property states that if you multiple a number by its recipricol, or its '''multiplicative inverse''' together, you get one. Find the additive and multiplicative inverses of the following numbers. <math>a.\ -6</math><br> <math>b.\ 4\frac{2}{3}</math><br> <math>c.\ -0.33</math><br> <math>d.\ 2 + \sqrt{5}</math><br> '''<u>Problem 2.60</u> (Using the Distributive Property)''' Use the Distributive Property to simplify these expressions. <math>a.\ 2(14x - 26)</math><br> <math>b.\ (2/3)(3x + 9)</math><br> <math>c.\ 3(12x + 4y)</math><br> <math>d.\ 2(5x - 6) + 3(3x + 2)</math><br> <math>e.\ (4x + 7)(2x - 3)</math><br> <math>f.\ (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 58|answer=<math>a.\ 28x - 52</math><br> <math>b.\ 2x + 6</math><br> <math>c.\ 36x + 12y</math><br> <math>d.\ 19x - 6</math><br> <math>e.\ 8x^2 + 2x - 21</math><br> <math>f.\ x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.61</u> (Distribution with Three Terms)''' What is the coefficient of y in the expansion of the expression below? <math>(5x+2y-4)(2x+7y+3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 59|answer=-22}} '''<u>Problem 2.62</u> (Rewriting Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expression without using a calculator: <math>\frac{2013*2014 - 2013*1992}{2014-1992}</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 60|answer=2013}} '''<u>Problem 2.63</u> (Multiplication and the Distributive Law)''' Point out in what sense the usual arrangement of the multiplication of 365 and 392 is an instance of the Distributive Law. '''<u>Problem 2.64</u> (Suare of Sum/Difference)''' For two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, find the following: <math>a.\ (a + b)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (a - b)^2</math> '''<u>Problem 2.65</u> (Tricky Products)''' Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator: <math>a.\ (101)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (95)^2</math><br> <math>c.\ (998)(999)</math><br> <math>d.\ (63)(57)</math><br> <math>e.\ (71)^2</math><br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 63|answer=a. 10201<br> b. 9025<br> c. 997002<br> d. 3951<br> e. 5041}} '''<u>Problem 2.66</u> (Secret of 1001)''' A boy claims that he can figure out the product of any three digit number and 1001. A student in his arithmetic class challenges him to find the product of 1001 and 865, and he gets the correct answer immediately. Compute the answer, and determine the boy's secret. '''<u>Problem 2.67</u> (ABCD)''' Prove that the following expression can be written as a product between <math>a-d</math> and <math>b+c</math> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math> {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 64|answer=Start with:<br> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math><br> Rewrite the above as follows:<br> <math>ab + (-cd) + ac + (-bd)</math><br> Using the Communative Property of Addition, the expression can be rewritten as:<br> <math>ab + ac + (-cd) + (-bd)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(c + b)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(b + c)</math><br> Using the Distributie Property, it can be further written as:<br> <math>(a - d)(b + c)</math><br>}} '''<u>Problem 2.68</u> (Density Property of Real Numbers)''' The ''Density Property of Real Numbers'' states that between any two real numbers, there is another real number. Use this property to prove that there are infinitly many real numbers between 0 and 1. {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 60|answer=Let's choose a number between 0 and 1, in this case <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then we can choose a number between 0 and <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, and a number between <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and 1, <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>. We can keep going beyond this point, and we will still always find a number between any two numbers we choose. Therefore, there are infinitely many real numbers between 0 and 1.}} ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.69</u> (Closure of Operators)''' Complete the following table which represents the closure properties of operations with different types of numbers. Use a check mark to represent closure, and a cross to represent no closure. {| class="wikitable" ! || Addition || Subtraction || Multiplcation || Division || Exponentiation || Root |- |ℕ || || || || || || |- |𝕎 || || || || || || |- |ℤ || || || || || || |- |ℚ || || || || || || |- |𝕀 || || || || || || |- |ℝ || || || || || || |} '''<u>Problem 2.70</u> (Closure of a Set)''' Two letters from the set <math>\{a, b, c, d, e\}</math> are chosen and multiplied together. The results after doing this are as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! * || a || b || c || d || e |- |'''a''' || b || c || e || a || d |- |'''b''' || d || a || c || b || e |- |'''c''' || c || d || b || e || a |- |'''d''' || a || e || d || c || b |- |'''e''' || e || b || a || d || c |} Is the set closed under multiplication? --> {{bookcat}} iich0eoq9ufbcvxx5fib341hzpy2o5r 4443515 4443513 2024-11-02T19:08:55Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443515 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 2. This set contains 50 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== '''<u>Q2.1</u> (Are they the Same?)''' Is “3 less than a number” the same thing as “the difference of 3 and a number”? What about "3 more than a number" and "the sum of 3 and a number"? Explain your reasoning in both cases. '''<u>Q2.2</u> (Coefficients)''' Does the expression x + 2 have any coefficients for x? What about the expression yx + 2, where any number can take the place of y? If so, identify the coefficient of x in each expression? If not, explain your reasoning. '''<u>Q2.3</u> (Anatomy of a Mathematical Expression)''' Look at the expression below. Define all of the simplified expression's terms, variables, coefficents, and constants. {{center|<math>3x^2 + 4y + y + 6</math>}} '''<u>Q2.4</u> (Constants and Variables)''' Letters will be given to represent various numbers. Decide if the following quantities should be referred to as variables or constants. <math>a.\ T</math>, the temperature outside of your house.<br> <math>b.\ F</math>, the number of fingers on an average person's hand.<br> <math>c.\ P</math>, the price of a gallon of gas.<br> <math>d.\ L</math>, the number of leaves on a tree.<br> <math>e.\ S</math>, the number of sides on a rectangle.<br> <math>f.\ I</math>, the number of inches in a foot.<br> <math>g.\ Y</math>, the number of years since the last moon landing.<br> <math>h.\ D</math>, the number of donuts in an unopened box of a dozen.<br> <math>i.\ W</math>, the number of windows open on your computer screen.<br> <math>j.\ R</math>, the number of problems in this book you have attempted.<br> <!---{''[[/Answers to "Explain" questions/|Explainations of the answers]]''} {Evaluate the following expressions at the indicated values.} {<math>x^2 + 2x+3</math> when <math>x = 4</math> |type="{}"} { 27_2 } {<math>xy</math> when <math>x = 2</math> and <math>y = 3</math> |type="{}"} { 6_2 } {<math>x^3 - 1</math> when <math>x = -1</math> |type="{}"} { -2_2 } </quiz> --> '''<u>Q2.5</u> (Museum Admissions)''' The total cost to get admission to a museum is 25a + 10c + 8s for a adults, c children, and s seniors. How much does it cost for each adult, child, and senior respectively to get admission? If a family of two adults, three children, and one senior wants to gain admission to the museum, how much would they have to pay in total? '''<u>Q2.6</u> (Zero as a Constant Term?)''' An expression like x + y can be rewritten as x + y + 0. If this is the case, is it necessarily true that zero is a constant term for any given expression? '''<u>Q2.7</u> (Grammar in Mathematics)''' If mathematical expressions are analogous to "nouns" in a language, what part(s) of a mathematical expression is/are analogous to "verbs"? What part(s) are analogous to "conjunctions"? '''<u>Q2.8</u> (Identifying Mathematical Statements)''' Which of the following sentences are statements? '''<u>Q2.9</u>''' For the following problems, state whether the given statements are the same or different. '''<u>Q2.10</u> (Set of Sets)''' Give three examples of sets whose elements are sets. '''<u>Q2.11</u> (Set of Sets of Sets)''' Give an example of a set whose elements are sets of sets. '''<u>Q2.12</u> (Relating Types of Numbers)''' Refer to the section '''Types of Numbers''' in '''Section 2.4'''. Create a Venn Diagram which shows how each of the number types listed are related to each other. ==Exercises== ===Section 2.1=== '''<u>2.1</u> (Writing/Simplifying Expressions)''' Write an expression that best represents the following. Simplify whenever possible. '''<u>2.2</u> (Evaluating Expressions)''' Evaluate each expression for the given variable value. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ x + 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>b.\ 10x - 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>c.\ 4a - 2,\ a = 9</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{-n-1}{3},\ n=11</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{-b-2}{7},\ b=5</math> |- |<math>f.\ </math> |<math>g.\ </math> |<math>h.\ </math> |<math>i.\ </math> |<math>j.\ </math> |- |<math>k.\ </math> |<math>l.\ </math> |<math>m.\ </math> |<math>n.\ </math> |<math>o.\ </math> |- |<math>p.\ </math> |<math>q.\ </math> |<math>r.\ </math> |<math>s.\ </math> |<math>t.\ </math> |- |} ===Section 2.2=== '''<u>2.3</u> (Writing Mathematical Sentences)''' Write a mathematical sentence that best represents the following. ===Section 2.3=== '''<u>2.4</u> (Element or Not?)''' Determine if the number 10 is an element in the following sets. <b>1.</b> <math>\{4, 5, 6,...,15\}</math><br> <b>2.</b> <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...\}</math><br> <b>3.</b> <math>\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{8},...\}</math><br> <b>4.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ number\ greater\ than\ 11\}</math><br> <b>5.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ even\ number\}</math><br> <b>6.</b> The set <math>C</math> made up of composite numbers<br> '''<u>2.5</u> (Roster Notation)''' Each of the sets below are defined using roster notation. <b>i.</b> <math>\{1, 4, 9, 16, 25...\}</math><br> <b>ii.</b> <math>\{0, 4, 8,...,96, 100\}</math><br> <b>iii.</b> <math>\{3, 9, 15, 21, 27...\}</math><br> <b>iv.</b> <math>\{..., -\pi^4, -\pi^3, -\pi^2, -\pi, 1\}</math><br> <b>1.</b> Determine four other elements that may appear in the sets above.<br> <b>2.</b> Use set builder notation to describe the sets above. '''<u>2.6</u> (Sorting Automobiles)''' Construct a Venn Diagram which illustrates the possible unions and intersections of the following sets relative to the universal set consisting of automobiles made in the United States. <center><math>F: Four door, S: Sunroof, P: Power steering</math></center> '''<u>2.7</u> (Working with Sets I)''' Let <math>U = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\}</math>, <math>M = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}</math>, <math>N = \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\}</math>, <math>Q = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}</math>, and <math>R = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.8</u> (Working with Sets II)''' Let <math>U = \{copper, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, uranium, oxygen, zinc\}</math>, <math>A = \{copper, sodium, zinc\}</math>, <math>B = \{sodium, nitrogen, potassium\}</math>, <math>C = \{oxygen\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.9</u> (Working with Sets III)''' If <math>U = \{x|0<x<12\}</math>, <math>M = \{x|1<x<9\}</math>, and <math>N = \{x|0<x<5\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.10</u> (Working with Sets IV)''' Suppose <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, and <math>C</math> are subsets of the universal set <math>U</math>. Using Venn Diagrams, shade the areas that represent the following. '''<u>2.11</u> (Working with Subscripts)''' For a whole number <math>j</math>, <math>x_j = (-1)^j</math>. Find the value of <math>x_0</math>, <math>x_1</math>, and <math>x_{183}</math>. '''<u>2.12</u> (List of Numbers)''' Refer to the set of numbers below, and use it to answer the following questions. <center><math>x = \{5, 11, 14, 9, 3, 25, 16, 8, 1, 11, 68, 63, 43, 99, 35, 100\}</math></center> '''1.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_3</math>?<br> '''2.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_{10}</math>?<br> '''3.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 25 in the list?<br> '''4.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 11 in the list?<br> '''5.''' What number represents <math>n</math> in <math>x_n</math>?<br> '''6.''' What value does <math>x_n</math> take? ===Section 2.4=== '''<u>2.13</u> (Classifying Numbers)''' Identify the set(s) of numbers each number belongs to. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ 12</math> |<math>b.\ -7</math> |<math>c.\ 0</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{1}{7}</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{16}{13}</math> |- |<math>f.\ -8.08</math> |<math>g.\ -\frac{24}{365}</math> |<math>h.\ 0.1231231234...</math> |<math>i.\ (10)^2</math> |<math>j.\ 0.5\overline{678}</math> |- |<math>k.\ 2.0\overline{505}</math> |<math>l.\ \frac{1}{2}</math> |<math>m.\ \sqrt{17}</math> |<math>n.\ \frac{37}{0}</math> |<math>o.\ \pi</math> |- |<math>p.\ \sqrt{9}</math> |<math>q.\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{36}}</math> |<math>r.\ -5000</math> |<math>s.\ -\sqrt{36}</math> |<math>t.\ 5 + \sqrt{2}</math> |- |<math>u.\ \sqrt{\frac{294}{6}}</math> |<math>v.\ 1.23456789101112...</math> |<math>w.\ \frac{\sqrt{100-81}}{\sqrt{76}}</math> |<math>x.\ (10.25)^2</math> |<math>y.\ \sqrt{0.33}</math> |} ===Section 2.5=== ===Section 2.6=== ===Section 2.7=== ==Reason and Apply== '''<u>2.14</u> (Cutting Edge)''' A 12 ft long piece of rope was cut into two pieces of different lengths. Use one variable to represent the lengths of the two pieces. '''<u>2.15</u> (Play Ball!)''' The diameter of a basketball is approximately 4 times of that of a baseball. Express the diameter of a basketball in terms of the diamter of a baseball. '''<u>2.16</u> (Pocket Change)''' Suppose have '''d''' dimes and '''n''' nickels in your pocket. Write an expression which represents the total amount of money you have. Use this expression to figure out how much money you would have if you had 9 dimes and 7 nickels. '''<u>2.17</u> (Units of Temperature I)''' The formula {{center|<math>C = \frac{5}{9}(F-32)</math>}} expresses the relationship between Farenheit temperature, '''F''', and Celcius temperature, '''C'''. Use this equation to convert <math>50^\circ F</math>, <math>86^\circ F</math>, <math>32^\circ F</math>, <math>100^\circ F</math>, and <math>-50^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Celcius scale. '''<u>2.18</u> (Units of Temperature II)''' The formula {{center|<math>K = C + 273.15</math>}} expresses the relationship between Celcius temperature, '''C''', and Kelvin temperature, '''K'''. Use this equation to convert <math>-273.15^\circ C</math>, <math>30^\circ C</math>, and <math>100^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Kelvin scale. '''<u>2.19</u> (Chemical Formula for Sugar)''' The chemical formula for glucose (sugar) is <math>C_6H_{12}O_6</math>. This formula means there are 12 hydrogen atoms for every 6 carnon atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in each molecule of glucose. If '''x''' represents the number of atoms in oxygen in a pound of sugar, express the number of hydrogen atoms in the the same pound of sugar. '''<u>2.20</u> (Building Blocks)''' Look at the arrangements of building blocks below. How many blocks will appear in diagram 17? '''<u>2.21</u> (Triangles in Polygons)''' In a triangle, there are three sides. We can obviously observe from this that this contains 1 triangle. In a quadrilateral, there are four sides. We can observe from this that two non-overlapping triangles can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. In a pentagon, there are five sides. We can observe from this that three non-overlapping trianges can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. Using this information, how many non-overlapping triangles can you make out of a decagon (10-sided polygon) by dividing it along its corners? '''<u>2.22</u> (Product of Consecutive Numbers)''' Two numbers are consecutive if they follow each other in numerical order. For example, the numbers 4 and 5 are consecutive because 5 comes after 4. What would be an algebraic representation of the product of two such numbers? '''<u>2.23</u> (Odd Numbers)''' Write an expression that represents the '''n'''th odd number, '''O'''. (First odd number is 1, Second odd number is 3, and so fort1) Afterwards, use this expression to find the 143rd odd number. '''<u>2.24</u> (Magic Trick)''' Choose any number. Add 3 onto the number, then multiply the result by 2. Subtract the chosen number, then subtract 4, and then subtract the chosen number again. The number you end with is 2, isn't it? Why does this trick work? '''<u>2.25</u> (Exponentially Exciting)''' For each of the following, determine the first whole number x, greater than 1, for which the second expression is larger than the first. <math>a.\ x^3,\ 3^x</math><br> <math>b.\ x^4,\ 4^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^5,\ 5^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^6,\ 6^x</math> '''<u>2.26</u> (<math>x^n</math> vs. <math>n^x</math>)''' On the basis of your answers to '''Problem 2.15''', make a conjecture that appears to be true about the two expressions <math>x^n</math> and <math>n^x</math>, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, .... and x is a whole number greater than 1. '''<u>2.27</u> (Weight-Loss Points)''' Several weight-loss programs assign points to prepared or packaged foods that take into account of the food's fat '''F''', carbohydrate '''C''', protein '''P''', and fiber '''B''' content in grams. The point value for a given food item can be represented by the following expression: {{center|<math>W = \frac{F}{4} + \frac{C}{9} + \frac{P}{10} - \frac{B}{12}</math>}} Determine the point value of one serving of the item having the nutrition facts on the left. '''<u>2.28</u> (Adjusted Poverty Threshold)''' The adjusted poverty threshold for a single person between 1999 and 2013 can be approximated by the formula {{center|<math>y = 2.719x^2 + 196.1x + 8718</math>}} where x=0 corresponds to 1999, x=1 corresponds to 2000, and so forth, and where y is the average adjusted poverty threshold. According to the model, what was the average adjusted poverty threshold in 2005? In 2012? '''<u>2.29</u> (Period of a Pendulum)''' The period t, in seconds, of the swing of a pendulum is given by {{center|<math>t = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{32}}</math>}} where L is the length of the pendulum in feet. Find the period of a pendulum 8 feet long. '''<u>Problem 2.20</u> (Change in Length)''' Consider the triangle below, with sides of length '''s'''. Find the perimeter of the triangle if we increase the lengths of the sides by 5. Find the perimeter if we double the lengths of the sides. '''<u>2.30</u> (Metal Wire)''' A metal wire of length '''x''' is bent into a square. Express the length of a side of the square in terms of x. '''<u>2.31</u> (Area of a Rectangle)''' A rectangle has an area of 24 <math>in.^2</math> and a length '''b''' in inches. What does the expression <math>\frac{24}{b}</math> represent and what are its units of measurement? What quantity does the expression <math>2(b + \frac{24}{b})</math> represent? '''<u>2.32</u> (Area of a Right Triangle)''' Derive an expression which can represent the area of a right triangle with base '''''b''''' and height '''''h'''''. ''(Hint: Bisect a rectangle along its diagonal.)'' '''<u>2.33</u> (Vegetable Garden)''' A rectangular vegetable garden is 12 meters long and 20 meters wide. Surrounding the garden is a gravel path of width '''''w'''''. <br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the gravel path. <br> '''b.''' If you measure w to be 3 meters, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.34</u> (Racetrack)''' An Olympic racetrack is made up of two straight sides, each measuring 84.39 meters in length, and two semi-circular curves with a radius of 36.5 meters as pictured. The track has a width of '''w'''.<br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the racetrack. (Remember that the perimeter of a circle is <math>2\pi r</math>) <br> '''b.''' If you measure that the width of the track is 1.22, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.35</u> (Volumes of Prisms)''' A '''prism''' consists of two paralell polygonall face ends of equal shape. A shape's '''volume''' is how much space it occupies. Take the rectangular prism below, for example. Derive an expression which can represent the volume of the following prisms, and then calculate its volume. '''<u>2.36</u> (Difference of Squares)''' {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- |<math>x</math> |<math>y</math> |<math>(x+y)(x-y)</math> |<math>x^2 - y^2</math> |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- |} '''a.''' Choose two distinct values for x and y, and then fill in the first row for the table above. '''b.''' Compare the results you got for the two expressions. What do you think the results from part a tell you about the difference of two squares? '''c.''' Fill in the remaining rows of the table for different values of x and y, including negative numbers. Do you think your conjecture from part (b) is correct? Explain. '''<u>2.37</u> (Inequalities)''' Determine what sign values on <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> would make the following statements true. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em; text-align:center;" |- |<math>a.\ xy>0</math> |<math>b.\ x^2y>0</math> |<math>c.\ \frac{x}{y}<0</math> |- |<math>d.\ -\frac{x}{y}<0</math> |<math>e.\ -\frac{x^2}{y}>0</math> |<math>f.\ \frac{y^3}{x^2}>0</math> |} '''<u>2.38</u> (Average)''' Use subscript notation to write an expression which represents the average of <math>n</math> numbers. ==Challenge Problems== <!-- !!Problem Bank - Put potential problems here '''<u>Problem 2.54</u> (Determining Properties of Real Numbers)''' Determine if the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true. If the statement is always true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is not always true, provide a [[Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|counterexample]]. <math>a.\ An\ integer\ is\ a\ whole\ number.</math><br> <math>b.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ whole\ it\ is\ a\ natural\ number.</math><br> <math>c.\ If\ a\ number\ contains\ a\ decimal\ it\ is\ an\ integer.</math><br> <math>d.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ nautural,\ then\ it\ is\ a\ real\ number.</math><br> <math>e.\ The\ product\ of\ two\ irrational\ numbers\ is\ an\ irrational\ number.</math> {{question-answer|question=Possible answer to Problem 52|answer='''a.''' Sometimes true. The number '''-1''' is an integer, but it is not a whole number.<br> '''b.''' Sometimes true. The number '''0''' is a whole number, but it is not natural.<br> '''c.''' Never true. Integers include all of the negative and whole numbers that are not fractions.<br> '''d.''' Always true. The set of Real numbers in part consists of the Natural numbers.<br> '''e.''' Sometimes true. The product of <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math> is equal to 1. }} '''<u>Problem 2.55</u> (Identifying Properties of Real Numbers)''' Identify the following properties being expressed. <math>a.\ 4(3x + 4) = 12x + 16</math><br> <math>b.\ 6 + 0 = 6</math><br> <math>c.\ (2 + 7) + 5 = (2 + 5) + 7</math><br> <math>d.\ (3/4)(4/3) = 1</math><br> <math>e.\ To\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 512,\ you\ can\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 16,\ again\ by\ 8,\ and\ again\ by\ 4.</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 53|answer= a. Distributive Property<br> b. Identity Property of Addition<br> c. Associative Property of Addition<br> d. Identity Property of Multiplication<br> e. Associative Property of Multiplication}} '''<u>Problem 2.56</u> (Product Pattern)''' Use the Associative Law to explain why the products in each rule are equal. {| style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>2*2 = 1*4</math> |- |<math>4*3 = 2*6</math> |- |<math>6*4 = 3*8</math> |- |<math>8*5 = 4*10</math> |- |<math>10*6 = 5*12</math> |- |<math>12*7 = 6*14</math> |- |<math>14*8 = 7*16</math> |} '''<u>Problem 2.57</u> (Gauss's Trick)''' In the late 1700s, the kindergarten class of the mathematician Carl Fredrich Gauss was asked to find the sum of all of the natural numbers between 1 and 100. While most of the class had struggled with this seemingly impossible task, Gauss was able to determine the solution to this problem rather quickly. How was he able to do this? '''<u>Problem 2.58</u> (Manipulating Gauss's Trick)''' We can use techniques similar to the one we used in '''Problem 2.55''' to find the sum of several numbers. Can you find the following? '''a.''' <math>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 201</math><br> '''b.''' <math>2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 200</math><br> '''c.''' <math>101 + 102 + 103 + ... + 998 + 999 + 1000</math><br> '''d.''' <math>9 + 12 + 15 + ... + 54 + 57 + 60</math> '''<u>Problem 2.59</u> (Inverses of Numbers)''' The Additive Inverse Property states that if you add a number and its opposite, or its '''additive inverse''' together, you get zero. Likewise, the Multiplicative Inverse Property states that if you multiple a number by its recipricol, or its '''multiplicative inverse''' together, you get one. Find the additive and multiplicative inverses of the following numbers. <math>a.\ -6</math><br> <math>b.\ 4\frac{2}{3}</math><br> <math>c.\ -0.33</math><br> <math>d.\ 2 + \sqrt{5}</math><br> '''<u>Problem 2.60</u> (Using the Distributive Property)''' Use the Distributive Property to simplify these expressions. <math>a.\ 2(14x - 26)</math><br> <math>b.\ (2/3)(3x + 9)</math><br> <math>c.\ 3(12x + 4y)</math><br> <math>d.\ 2(5x - 6) + 3(3x + 2)</math><br> <math>e.\ (4x + 7)(2x - 3)</math><br> <math>f.\ (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 58|answer=<math>a.\ 28x - 52</math><br> <math>b.\ 2x + 6</math><br> <math>c.\ 36x + 12y</math><br> <math>d.\ 19x - 6</math><br> <math>e.\ 8x^2 + 2x - 21</math><br> <math>f.\ x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.61</u> (Distribution with Three Terms)''' What is the coefficient of y in the expansion of the expression below? <math>(5x+2y-4)(2x+7y+3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 59|answer=-22}} '''<u>Problem 2.62</u> (Rewriting Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expression without using a calculator: <math>\frac{2013*2014 - 2013*1992}{2014-1992}</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 60|answer=2013}} '''<u>Problem 2.63</u> (Multiplication and the Distributive Law)''' Point out in what sense the usual arrangement of the multiplication of 365 and 392 is an instance of the Distributive Law. '''<u>Problem 2.64</u> (Suare of Sum/Difference)''' For two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, find the following: <math>a.\ (a + b)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (a - b)^2</math> '''<u>Problem 2.65</u> (Tricky Products)''' Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator: <math>a.\ (101)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (95)^2</math><br> <math>c.\ (998)(999)</math><br> <math>d.\ (63)(57)</math><br> <math>e.\ (71)^2</math><br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 63|answer=a. 10201<br> b. 9025<br> c. 997002<br> d. 3951<br> e. 5041}} '''<u>Problem 2.66</u> (Secret of 1001)''' A boy claims that he can figure out the product of any three digit number and 1001. A student in his arithmetic class challenges him to find the product of 1001 and 865, and he gets the correct answer immediately. Compute the answer, and determine the boy's secret. '''<u>Problem 2.67</u> (ABCD)''' Prove that the following expression can be written as a product between <math>a-d</math> and <math>b+c</math> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math> {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 64|answer=Start with:<br> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math><br> Rewrite the above as follows:<br> <math>ab + (-cd) + ac + (-bd)</math><br> Using the Communative Property of Addition, the expression can be rewritten as:<br> <math>ab + ac + (-cd) + (-bd)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(c + b)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(b + c)</math><br> Using the Distributie Property, it can be further written as:<br> <math>(a - d)(b + c)</math><br>}} '''<u>Problem 2.68</u> (Density Property of Real Numbers)''' The ''Density Property of Real Numbers'' states that between any two real numbers, there is another real number. Use this property to prove that there are infinitly many real numbers between 0 and 1. {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 60|answer=Let's choose a number between 0 and 1, in this case <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then we can choose a number between 0 and <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, and a number between <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and 1, <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>. We can keep going beyond this point, and we will still always find a number between any two numbers we choose. Therefore, there are infinitely many real numbers between 0 and 1.}} ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.69</u> (Closure of Operators)''' Complete the following table which represents the closure properties of operations with different types of numbers. Use a check mark to represent closure, and a cross to represent no closure. {| class="wikitable" ! || Addition || Subtraction || Multiplcation || Division || Exponentiation || Root |- |ℕ || || || || || || |- |𝕎 || || || || || || |- |ℤ || || || || || || |- |ℚ || || || || || || |- |𝕀 || || || || || || |- |ℝ || || || || || || |} '''<u>Problem 2.70</u> (Closure of a Set)''' Two letters from the set <math>\{a, b, c, d, e\}</math> are chosen and multiplied together. The results after doing this are as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! * || a || b || c || d || e |- |'''a''' || b || c || e || a || d |- |'''b''' || d || a || c || b || e |- |'''c''' || c || d || b || e || a |- |'''d''' || a || e || d || c || b |- |'''e''' || e || b || a || d || c |} Is the set closed under multiplication? ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.71</u> (Ordering Numbers I)''' Order the following set of numbers from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least. <center><math>2.1, -4,\ \frac{1}{2},\ \pi,\ 3.99,\ -\frac{3}{4},\ -0.25,\ \frac{\pi}{3}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 69|answer=<math>a.\ -4, -\frac{3}{4}, -\frac{1}{2}, -0.25, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99</math><br> <math>b.\ 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, -0.25, -\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{3}{4}, -4</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.72</u> (Ordering Numbers II)''' Order the absolute values of the numbers from '''Problem 2.68''' from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least.<br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 70|answer=<math>a.\ 0.25, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99, 4</math><br> <math>b.\ 4, 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, 0.25</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.73</u> (Absolute Value Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expressions that involve absolute values. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ |-88|</math> |<math>b.\ |3-16|</math> |<math>c.\ |-14| + |3|</math> |<math>d.\ ||-5| - 3|</math> |<math>e.\ |1 - \sqrt{3}| + |2 - \sqrt{2}| - |\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}|</math> |- |<math>f.\ 3 - 2|2-10| + 11</math> |<math>g.\ \frac{|-(-5)|-|3|}{-3}</math> |<math>h.\ \frac{2|3*2^2 - 1| - 10|-2|}{6}</math> |<math>i.\ \frac{(5-6)^2 - 2|3-7|}{89 - 3*5^2}</math> |- |} {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 71|answer=a. 88<br> b. 13<br> c. 17<br> d. 2<br> e. 1<br> f. -2<br> g. <math>-\frac{2}{3}</math><br> h. <math>\frac{1}{3}</math> i. <math>-\frac{1}{2}</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.74</u> (Absolute Ratio)''' Simplify the following expression given that <math>x<0.</math> <center><math>\frac{|x|}{x}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 72|answer=-1}} '''<u>Problem 2.75</u> (Range of Values I)''' If <math>24<x<39</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 24| + |x - 39|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 73|answer=15}} '''<u>Problem 2.76</u> (Range of Values II)''' If <math>-12\leq x<12</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 14| + |x - 12| + |x + 12| + |x + 14|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 74|answer=52}} '''<u>Problem 2.77</u> (Range of Values III)''' If <math>-19\leq x \leq y \leq 4</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x + 19| + |x - y| + |y - 4|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 75|answer=23}} '''<u>Problem 2.78</u> (Least Possible Absolute Value)''' If '''n''' is an integer, what is the smallest possible value of the following expression? <center><math>|123 - 5n|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 76|answer=2}} '''<u>Problem 2.79</u> (The Triangle Inequality)''' For any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the third. This relation is represented as follows: <center><math>|a + b| \leq |a| + |b|</math></center> '''a.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 6, 9, and 14 exists.<br> '''b.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 5, 10, and 15 exists.<br> '''c.''' Outside of geometric applications, the above inequality also states that the absolute value of the sum of two numbers '''a''' and '''b''' are less than or equal to the sum of the absolute value of '''a''' and the absolute value of '''b'''. Prove that this relation is true. --> {{bookcat}} emz9z0xt7r3t7vsi94zr2xxucfrnwhn 4443517 4443515 2024-11-02T19:12:14Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443517 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 2. This set contains 50 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== '''<u>Q2.1</u> (Are they the Same?)''' Is “3 less than a number” the same thing as “the difference of 3 and a number”? What about "3 more than a number" and "the sum of 3 and a number"? Explain your reasoning in both cases. '''<u>Q2.2</u> (Coefficients)''' Does the expression x + 2 have any coefficients for x? What about the expression yx + 2, where any number can take the place of y? If so, identify the coefficient of x in each expression? If not, explain your reasoning. '''<u>Q2.3</u> (Anatomy of a Mathematical Expression)''' Look at the expression below. Define all of the simplified expression's terms, variables, coefficents, and constants. {{center|<math>3x^2 + 4y + y + 6</math>}} '''<u>Q2.4</u> (Constants and Variables)''' Letters will be given to represent various numbers. Decide if the following quantities should be referred to as variables or constants. <math>a.\ T</math>, the temperature outside of your house.<br> <math>b.\ F</math>, the number of fingers on an average person's hand.<br> <math>c.\ P</math>, the price of a gallon of gas.<br> <math>d.\ L</math>, the number of leaves on a tree.<br> <math>e.\ S</math>, the number of sides on a rectangle.<br> <math>f.\ I</math>, the number of inches in a foot.<br> <math>g.\ Y</math>, the number of years since the last moon landing.<br> <math>h.\ D</math>, the number of donuts in an unopened box of a dozen.<br> <math>i.\ W</math>, the number of windows open on your computer screen.<br> <math>j.\ R</math>, the number of problems in this book you have attempted.<br> <!---{''[[/Answers to "Explain" questions/|Explainations of the answers]]''} {Evaluate the following expressions at the indicated values.} {<math>x^2 + 2x+3</math> when <math>x = 4</math> |type="{}"} { 27_2 } {<math>xy</math> when <math>x = 2</math> and <math>y = 3</math> |type="{}"} { 6_2 } {<math>x^3 - 1</math> when <math>x = -1</math> |type="{}"} { -2_2 } </quiz> --> '''<u>Q2.5</u> (Museum Admissions)''' The total cost to get admission to a museum is 25a + 10c + 8s for a adults, c children, and s seniors. How much does it cost for each adult, child, and senior respectively to get admission? If a family of two adults, three children, and one senior wants to gain admission to the museum, how much would they have to pay in total? '''<u>Q2.6</u> (Zero as a Constant Term?)''' An expression like x + y can be rewritten as x + y + 0. If this is the case, is it necessarily true that zero is a constant term for any given expression? '''<u>Q2.7</u> (Grammar in Mathematics)''' If mathematical expressions are analogous to "nouns" in a language, what part(s) of a mathematical expression is/are analogous to "verbs"? What part(s) are analogous to "conjunctions"? '''<u>Q2.8</u> (Identifying Mathematical Statements)''' Which of the following sentences are statements? '''<u>Q2.9</u>''' For the following problems, state whether the given statements are the same or different. '''<u>Q2.10</u> (Set of Sets)''' Give three examples of sets whose elements are sets. '''<u>Q2.11</u> (Set of Sets of Sets)''' Give an example of a set whose elements are sets of sets. '''<u>Q2.12</u> (Relating Types of Numbers)''' Refer to the section '''Types of Numbers''' in '''Section 2.4'''. Create a Venn Diagram which shows how each of the number types listed are related to each other. ==Exercises== ===Section 2.1=== '''<u>2.1</u> (Writing/Simplifying Expressions)''' Write an expression that best represents the following. Simplify whenever possible. '''<u>2.2</u> (Evaluating Expressions)''' Evaluate each expression for the given variable value. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ x + 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>b.\ 10x - 3,\ x = 3</math> |<math>c.\ 4a - 2,\ a = 9</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{-n-1}{3},\ n=11</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{-b-2}{7},\ b=5</math> |- |<math>f.\ </math> |<math>g.\ </math> |<math>h.\ </math> |<math>i.\ </math> |<math>j.\ </math> |- |<math>k.\ </math> |<math>l.\ </math> |<math>m.\ </math> |<math>n.\ </math> |<math>o.\ </math> |- |<math>p.\ </math> |<math>q.\ </math> |<math>r.\ </math> |<math>s.\ </math> |<math>t.\ </math> |- |} ===Section 2.2=== '''<u>2.3</u> (Writing Mathematical Sentences)''' Write a mathematical sentence that best represents the following. ===Section 2.3=== '''<u>2.4</u> (Element or Not?)''' Determine if the number 10 is an element in the following sets. <b>1.</b> <math>\{4, 5, 6,...,15\}</math><br> <b>2.</b> <math>\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...\}</math><br> <b>3.</b> <math>\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{8},...\}</math><br> <b>4.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ number\ greater\ than\ 11\}</math><br> <b>5.</b> <math>\{x|x\ is\ a\ whole\ even\ number\}</math><br> <b>6.</b> The set <math>C</math> made up of composite numbers<br> '''<u>2.5</u> (Roster Notation)''' Each of the sets below are defined using roster notation. <b>i.</b> <math>\{1, 4, 9, 16, 25...\}</math><br> <b>ii.</b> <math>\{0, 4, 8,...,96, 100\}</math><br> <b>iii.</b> <math>\{3, 9, 15, 21, 27...\}</math><br> <b>iv.</b> <math>\{..., -\pi^4, -\pi^3, -\pi^2, -\pi, 1\}</math><br> <b>1.</b> Determine four other elements that may appear in the sets above.<br> <b>2.</b> Use set builder notation to describe the sets above. '''<u>2.6</u> (Sorting Automobiles)''' Construct a Venn Diagram which illustrates the possible unions and intersections of the following sets relative to the universal set consisting of automobiles made in the United States. <center><math>F: Four door, S: Sunroof, P: Power steering</math></center> '''<u>2.7</u> (Working with Sets I)''' Let <math>U = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13\}</math>, <math>M = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}</math>, <math>N = \{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\}</math>, <math>Q = \{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}</math>, and <math>R = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.8</u> (Working with Sets II)''' Let <math>U = \{copper, sodium, nitrogen, potassium, uranium, oxygen, zinc\}</math>, <math>A = \{copper, sodium, zinc\}</math>, <math>B = \{sodium, nitrogen, potassium\}</math>, <math>C = \{oxygen\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.9</u> (Working with Sets III)''' If <math>U = \{x|0<x<12\}</math>, <math>M = \{x|1<x<9\}</math>, and <math>N = \{x|0<x<5\}</math>. Use these sets to find the following. '''<u>2.10</u> (Working with Sets IV)''' Suppose <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, and <math>C</math> are subsets of the universal set <math>U</math>. Using Venn Diagrams, shade the areas that represent the following. '''<u>2.11</u> (Working with Subscripts)''' For a whole number <math>j</math>, <math>x_j = (-1)^j</math>. Find the value of <math>x_0</math>, <math>x_1</math>, and <math>x_{183}</math>. '''<u>2.12</u> (List of Numbers)''' Refer to the set of numbers below, and use it to answer the following questions. <center><math>x = \{5, 11, 14, 9, 3, 25, 16, 8, 1, 11, 68, 63, 43, 99, 35, 100\}</math></center> '''1.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_3</math>?<br> '''2.''' In the set, which number is represented by <math>x_{10}</math>?<br> '''3.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 25 in the list?<br> '''4.''' What symbol(s) can be used to represent the number 11 in the list?<br> '''5.''' What number represents <math>n</math> in <math>x_n</math>?<br> '''6.''' What value does <math>x_n</math> take? ===Section 2.4=== '''<u>2.13</u> (Classifying Numbers)''' Identify the set(s) of numbers each number belongs to. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ 12</math> |<math>b.\ -7</math> |<math>c.\ 0</math> |<math>d.\ \frac{1}{7}</math> |<math>e.\ \frac{16}{13}</math> |- |<math>f.\ -8.08</math> |<math>g.\ -\frac{24}{365}</math> |<math>h.\ 0.1231231234...</math> |<math>i.\ (10)^2</math> |<math>j.\ 0.5\overline{678}</math> |- |<math>k.\ 2.0\overline{505}</math> |<math>l.\ \frac{1}{2}</math> |<math>m.\ \sqrt{17}</math> |<math>n.\ \frac{37}{0}</math> |<math>o.\ \pi</math> |- |<math>p.\ \sqrt{9}</math> |<math>q.\ \sqrt{\frac{1}{36}}</math> |<math>r.\ -5000</math> |<math>s.\ -\sqrt{36}</math> |<math>t.\ 5 + \sqrt{2}</math> |- |<math>u.\ \sqrt{\frac{294}{6}}</math> |<math>v.\ 1.23456789101112...</math> |<math>w.\ \frac{\sqrt{100-81}}{\sqrt{76}}</math> |<math>x.\ (10.25)^2</math> |<math>y.\ \sqrt{0.33}</math> |} ===Section 2.5=== ===Section 2.6=== ===Section 2.7=== ==Reason and Apply== '''<u>2.14</u> (Cutting Edge)''' A 12 ft long piece of rope was cut into two pieces of different lengths. Use one variable to represent the lengths of the two pieces. '''<u>2.15</u> (Play Ball!)''' The diameter of a basketball is approximately 4 times of that of a baseball. Express the diameter of a basketball in terms of the diamter of a baseball. '''<u>2.16</u> (Pocket Change)''' Suppose have '''d''' dimes and '''n''' nickels in your pocket. Write an expression which represents the total amount of money you have. Use this expression to figure out how much money you would have if you had 9 dimes and 7 nickels. '''<u>2.17</u> (Units of Temperature I)''' The formula {{center|<math>C = \frac{5}{9}(F-32)</math>}} expresses the relationship between Farenheit temperature, '''F''', and Celcius temperature, '''C'''. Use this equation to convert <math>50^\circ F</math>, <math>86^\circ F</math>, <math>32^\circ F</math>, <math>100^\circ F</math>, and <math>-50^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Celcius scale. '''<u>2.18</u> (Units of Temperature II)''' The formula {{center|<math>K = C + 273.15</math>}} expresses the relationship between Celcius temperature, '''C''', and Kelvin temperature, '''K'''. Use this equation to convert <math>-273.15^\circ C</math>, <math>30^\circ C</math>, and <math>100^\circ F</math> to their equivalent temperature on the Kelvin scale. '''<u>2.19</u> (Chemical Formula for Sugar)''' The chemical formula for glucose (sugar) is <math>C_6H_{12}O_6</math>. This formula means there are 12 hydrogen atoms for every 6 carnon atoms and 6 oxygen atoms in each molecule of glucose. If '''x''' represents the number of atoms in oxygen in a pound of sugar, express the number of hydrogen atoms in the the same pound of sugar. '''<u>2.20</u> (Building Blocks)''' Look at the arrangements of building blocks below. How many blocks will appear in diagram 17? '''<u>2.21</u> (Triangles in Polygons)''' In a triangle, there are three sides. We can obviously observe from this that this contains 1 triangle. In a quadrilateral, there are four sides. We can observe from this that two non-overlapping triangles can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. In a pentagon, there are five sides. We can observe from this that three non-overlapping trianges can be made out of this by dividing it along its corners. Using this information, how many non-overlapping triangles can you make out of a decagon (10-sided polygon) by dividing it along its corners? '''<u>2.22</u> (Product of Consecutive Numbers)''' Two numbers are consecutive if they follow each other in numerical order. For example, the numbers 4 and 5 are consecutive because 5 comes after 4. What would be an algebraic representation of the product of two such numbers? '''<u>2.23</u> (Odd Numbers)''' Write an expression that represents the '''n'''th odd number, '''O'''. (First odd number is 1, Second odd number is 3, and so fort1) Afterwards, use this expression to find the 143rd odd number. '''<u>2.24</u> (Magic Trick)''' Choose any number. Add 3 onto the number, then multiply the result by 2. Subtract the chosen number, then subtract 4, and then subtract the chosen number again. The number you end with is 2, isn't it? Why does this trick work? '''<u>2.25</u> (Exponentially Exciting)''' For each of the following, determine the first whole number x, greater than 1, for which the second expression is larger than the first. <math>a.\ x^3,\ 3^x</math><br> <math>b.\ x^4,\ 4^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^5,\ 5^x</math><br> <math>c.\ x^6,\ 6^x</math> '''<u>2.26</u> (<math>x^n</math> vs. <math>n^x</math>)''' On the basis of your answers to '''Problem 2.15''', make a conjecture that appears to be true about the two expressions <math>x^n</math> and <math>n^x</math>, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, .... and x is a whole number greater than 1. '''<u>2.27</u> (Weight-Loss Points)''' Several weight-loss programs assign points to prepared or packaged foods that take into account of the food's fat '''F''', carbohydrate '''C''', protein '''P''', and fiber '''B''' content in grams. The point value for a given food item can be represented by the following expression: {{center|<math>W = \frac{F}{4} + \frac{C}{9} + \frac{P}{10} - \frac{B}{12}</math>}} Determine the point value of one serving of the item having the nutrition facts on the left. '''<u>2.28</u> (Adjusted Poverty Threshold)''' The adjusted poverty threshold for a single person between 1999 and 2013 can be approximated by the formula {{center|<math>y = 2.719x^2 + 196.1x + 8718</math>}} where x=0 corresponds to 1999, x=1 corresponds to 2000, and so forth, and where y is the average adjusted poverty threshold. According to the model, what was the average adjusted poverty threshold in 2005? In 2012? '''<u>2.29</u> (Period of a Pendulum)''' The period t, in seconds, of the swing of a pendulum is given by {{center|<math>t = 2\pi\sqrt{\frac{L}{32}}</math>}} where L is the length of the pendulum in feet. Find the period of a pendulum 8 feet long. '''<u>Problem 2.20</u> (Change in Length)''' Consider the triangle below, with sides of length '''s'''. Find the perimeter of the triangle if we increase the lengths of the sides by 5. Find the perimeter if we double the lengths of the sides. '''<u>2.30</u> (Metal Wire)''' A metal wire of length '''x''' is bent into a square. Express the length of a side of the square in terms of x. '''<u>2.31</u> (Area of a Rectangle)''' A rectangle has an area of 24 <math>in.^2</math> and a length '''b''' in inches. What does the expression <math>\frac{24}{b}</math> represent and what are its units of measurement? What quantity does the expression <math>2(b + \frac{24}{b})</math> represent? '''<u>2.32</u> (Area of a Right Triangle)''' Derive an expression which can represent the area of a right triangle with base '''''b''''' and height '''''h'''''. ''(Hint: Bisect a rectangle along its diagonal.)'' '''<u>2.33</u> (Vegetable Garden)''' A rectangular vegetable garden is 12 meters long and 20 meters wide. Surrounding the garden is a gravel path of width '''''w'''''. <br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the gravel path. <br> '''b.''' If you measure w to be 3 meters, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.34</u> (Racetrack)''' An Olympic racetrack is made up of two straight sides, each measuring 84.39 meters in length, and two semi-circular curves with a radius of 36.5 meters as pictured. The track has a width of '''w'''.<br> '''a.''' Write an expression that can be used to find the outer perimeter of the racetrack. (Remember that the perimeter of a circle is <math>2\pi r</math>) <br> '''b.''' If you measure that the width of the track is 1.22, what is the outer perimeter of the path? '''<u>2.35</u> (Volumes of Prisms)''' A '''prism''' consists of two paralell polygonall face ends of equal shape. A shape's '''volume''' is how much space it occupies. Take the rectangular prism below, for example. Derive an expression which can represent the volume of the following prisms, and then calculate its volume. '''<u>2.36</u> (Difference of Squares)''' {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- |<math>x</math> |<math>y</math> |<math>(x+y)(x-y)</math> |<math>x^2 - y^2</math> |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- style=height:2em | | | | |- |} '''a.''' Choose two distinct values for x and y, and then fill in the first row for the table above. '''b.''' Compare the results you got for the two expressions. What do you think the results from part a tell you about the difference of two squares? '''c.''' Fill in the remaining rows of the table for different values of x and y, including negative numbers. Do you think your conjecture from part (b) is correct? Explain. '''<u>2.37</u> (Inequalities)''' Determine what sign values on <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> would make the following statements true. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em; text-align:center;" |- |<math>a.\ xy>0</math> |<math>b.\ x^2y>0</math> |<math>c.\ \frac{x}{y}<0</math> |- |<math>d.\ -\frac{x}{y}<0</math> |<math>e.\ -\frac{x^2}{y}>0</math> |<math>f.\ \frac{y^3}{x^2}>0</math> |} '''<u>2.38</u> (Average)''' Use subscript notation to write an expression which represents the average of <math>n</math> numbers. ==Challenge Problems== <!-- !!Problem Bank - Put potential problems here '''<u>Problem 2.54</u> (Determining Properties of Real Numbers)''' Determine if the following statements are always, sometimes, or never true. If the statement is always true, explain your reasoning. If the statement is not always true, provide a [[Mathematical Proof/Methods of Proof/Counterexamples|counterexample]]. <math>a.\ An\ integer\ is\ a\ whole\ number.</math><br> <math>b.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ whole\ it\ is\ a\ natural\ number.</math><br> <math>c.\ If\ a\ number\ contains\ a\ decimal\ it\ is\ an\ integer.</math><br> <math>d.\ If\ a\ number\ is\ nautural,\ then\ it\ is\ a\ real\ number.</math><br> <math>e.\ The\ product\ of\ two\ irrational\ numbers\ is\ an\ irrational\ number.</math> {{question-answer|question=Possible answer to Problem 52|answer='''a.''' Sometimes true. The number '''-1''' is an integer, but it is not a whole number.<br> '''b.''' Sometimes true. The number '''0''' is a whole number, but it is not natural.<br> '''c.''' Never true. Integers include all of the negative and whole numbers that are not fractions.<br> '''d.''' Always true. The set of Real numbers in part consists of the Natural numbers.<br> '''e.''' Sometimes true. The product of <math>\sqrt{2}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}</math> is equal to 1. }} '''<u>Problem 2.55</u> (Identifying Properties of Real Numbers)''' Identify the following properties being expressed. <math>a.\ 4(3x + 4) = 12x + 16</math><br> <math>b.\ 6 + 0 = 6</math><br> <math>c.\ (2 + 7) + 5 = (2 + 5) + 7</math><br> <math>d.\ (3/4)(4/3) = 1</math><br> <math>e.\ To\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 512,\ you\ can\ divide\ 3072\ by\ 16,\ again\ by\ 8,\ and\ again\ by\ 4.</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 53|answer= a. Distributive Property<br> b. Identity Property of Addition<br> c. Associative Property of Addition<br> d. Identity Property of Multiplication<br> e. Associative Property of Multiplication}} '''<u>Problem 2.56</u> (Product Pattern)''' Use the Associative Law to explain why the products in each rule are equal. {| style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>2*2 = 1*4</math> |- |<math>4*3 = 2*6</math> |- |<math>6*4 = 3*8</math> |- |<math>8*5 = 4*10</math> |- |<math>10*6 = 5*12</math> |- |<math>12*7 = 6*14</math> |- |<math>14*8 = 7*16</math> |} '''<u>Problem 2.57</u> (Gauss's Trick)''' In the late 1700s, the kindergarten class of the mathematician Carl Fredrich Gauss was asked to find the sum of all of the natural numbers between 1 and 100. While most of the class had struggled with this seemingly impossible task, Gauss was able to determine the solution to this problem rather quickly. How was he able to do this? '''<u>Problem 2.58</u> (Manipulating Gauss's Trick)''' We can use techniques similar to the one we used in '''Problem 2.55''' to find the sum of several numbers. Can you find the following? '''a.''' <math>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 201</math><br> '''b.''' <math>2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 200</math><br> '''c.''' <math>101 + 102 + 103 + ... + 998 + 999 + 1000</math><br> '''d.''' <math>9 + 12 + 15 + ... + 54 + 57 + 60</math> '''<u>Problem 2.59</u> (Inverses of Numbers)''' The Additive Inverse Property states that if you add a number and its opposite, or its '''additive inverse''' together, you get zero. Likewise, the Multiplicative Inverse Property states that if you multiple a number by its recipricol, or its '''multiplicative inverse''' together, you get one. Find the additive and multiplicative inverses of the following numbers. <math>a.\ -6</math><br> <math>b.\ 4\frac{2}{3}</math><br> <math>c.\ -0.33</math><br> <math>d.\ 2 + \sqrt{5}</math><br> '''<u>Problem 2.60</u> (Using the Distributive Property)''' Use the Distributive Property to simplify these expressions. <math>a.\ 2(14x - 26)</math><br> <math>b.\ (2/3)(3x + 9)</math><br> <math>c.\ 3(12x + 4y)</math><br> <math>d.\ 2(5x - 6) + 3(3x + 2)</math><br> <math>e.\ (4x + 7)(2x - 3)</math><br> <math>f.\ (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 58|answer=<math>a.\ 28x - 52</math><br> <math>b.\ 2x + 6</math><br> <math>c.\ 36x + 12y</math><br> <math>d.\ 19x - 6</math><br> <math>e.\ 8x^2 + 2x - 21</math><br> <math>f.\ x^3 + 6x^2 + 11x + 6</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.61</u> (Distribution with Three Terms)''' What is the coefficient of y in the expansion of the expression below? <math>(5x+2y-4)(2x+7y+3)</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 59|answer=-22}} '''<u>Problem 2.62</u> (Rewriting Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expression without using a calculator: <math>\frac{2013*2014 - 2013*1992}{2014-1992}</math> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 60|answer=2013}} '''<u>Problem 2.63</u> (Multiplication and the Distributive Law)''' Point out in what sense the usual arrangement of the multiplication of 365 and 392 is an instance of the Distributive Law. '''<u>Problem 2.64</u> (Suare of Sum/Difference)''' For two numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, find the following: <math>a.\ (a + b)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (a - b)^2</math> '''<u>Problem 2.65</u> (Tricky Products)''' Evaluate the following expressions without using a calculator: <math>a.\ (101)^2</math><br> <math>b.\ (95)^2</math><br> <math>c.\ (998)(999)</math><br> <math>d.\ (63)(57)</math><br> <math>e.\ (71)^2</math><br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 63|answer=a. 10201<br> b. 9025<br> c. 997002<br> d. 3951<br> e. 5041}} '''<u>Problem 2.66</u> (Secret of 1001)''' A boy claims that he can figure out the product of any three digit number and 1001. A student in his arithmetic class challenges him to find the product of 1001 and 865, and he gets the correct answer immediately. Compute the answer, and determine the boy's secret. '''<u>Problem 2.67</u> (ABCD)''' Prove that the following expression can be written as a product between <math>a-d</math> and <math>b+c</math> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math> {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 64|answer=Start with:<br> <math>ab - cd + ac - bd</math><br> Rewrite the above as follows:<br> <math>ab + (-cd) + ac + (-bd)</math><br> Using the Communative Property of Addition, the expression can be rewritten as:<br> <math>ab + ac + (-cd) + (-bd)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(c + b)</math><br> <math>a(b + c) - d(b + c)</math><br> Using the Distributie Property, it can be further written as:<br> <math>(a - d)(b + c)</math><br>}} '''<u>Problem 2.68</u> (Density Property of Real Numbers)''' The ''Density Property of Real Numbers'' states that between any two real numbers, there is another real number. Use this property to prove that there are infinitly many real numbers between 0 and 1. {{question-answer|question=Solution to Problem 60|answer=Let's choose a number between 0 and 1, in this case <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. Then we can choose a number between 0 and <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, and a number between <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and 1, <math>\frac{3}{4}</math>. We can keep going beyond this point, and we will still always find a number between any two numbers we choose. Therefore, there are infinitely many real numbers between 0 and 1.}} ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.69</u> (Closure of Operators)''' Complete the following table which represents the closure properties of operations with different types of numbers. Use a check mark to represent closure, and a cross to represent no closure. {| class="wikitable" ! || Addition || Subtraction || Multiplcation || Division || Exponentiation || Root |- |ℕ || || || || || || |- |𝕎 || || || || || || |- |ℤ || || || || || || |- |ℚ || || || || || || |- |𝕀 || || || || || || |- |ℝ || || || || || || |} '''<u>Problem 2.70</u> (Closure of a Set)''' Two letters from the set <math>\{a, b, c, d, e\}</math> are chosen and multiplied together. The results after doing this are as follows: {| class="wikitable" ! * || a || b || c || d || e |- |'''a''' || b || c || e || a || d |- |'''b''' || d || a || c || b || e |- |'''c''' || c || d || b || e || a |- |'''d''' || a || e || d || c || b |- |'''e''' || e || b || a || d || c |} Is the set closed under multiplication? ===Practice Problems=== '''<u>Problem 2.71</u> (Ordering Numbers I)''' Order the following set of numbers from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least. <center><math>2.1, -4,\ \frac{1}{2},\ \pi,\ 3.99,\ -\frac{3}{4},\ -0.25,\ \frac{\pi}{3}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 69|answer=<math>a.\ -4, -\frac{3}{4}, -\frac{1}{2}, -0.25, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99</math><br> <math>b.\ 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, -0.25, -\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{3}{4}, -4</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.72</u> (Ordering Numbers II)''' Order the absolute values of the numbers from '''Problem 2.68''' from: (a) least to greatest (b) greatest to least.<br> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 70|answer=<math>a.\ 0.25, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{\pi}{3}, 2.1, \pi, 3.99, 4</math><br> <math>b.\ 4, 3.99, \pi, 2.1, \frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{3}{4}, \frac{1}{2}, 0.25</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.73</u> (Absolute Value Expressions)''' Evaluate the following expressions that involve absolute values. {|style="border-spacing: 3em .5em;" |- |<math>a.\ |-88|</math> |<math>b.\ |3-16|</math> |<math>c.\ |-14| + |3|</math> |<math>d.\ ||-5| - 3|</math> |<math>e.\ |1 - \sqrt{3}| + |2 - \sqrt{2}| - |\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}|</math> |- |<math>f.\ 3 - 2|2-10| + 11</math> |<math>g.\ \frac{|-(-5)|-|3|}{-3}</math> |<math>h.\ \frac{2|3*2^2 - 1| - 10|-2|}{6}</math> |<math>i.\ \frac{(5-6)^2 - 2|3-7|}{89 - 3*5^2}</math> |- |} {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 71|answer=a. 88<br> b. 13<br> c. 17<br> d. 2<br> e. 1<br> f. -2<br> g. <math>-\frac{2}{3}</math><br> h. <math>\frac{1}{3}</math> i. <math>-\frac{1}{2}</math>}} '''<u>Problem 2.74</u> (Absolute Ratio)''' Simplify the following expression given that <math>x<0.</math> <center><math>\frac{|x|}{x}</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 72|answer=-1}} '''<u>Problem 2.75</u> (Range of Values I)''' If <math>24<x<39</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 24| + |x - 39|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 73|answer=15}} '''<u>Problem 2.76</u> (Range of Values II)''' If <math>-12\leq x<12</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x - 14| + |x - 12| + |x + 12| + |x + 14|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 74|answer=52}} '''<u>Problem 2.77</u> (Range of Values III)''' If <math>-19\leq x \leq y \leq 4</math>, what is the value of the following expression? <center><math>|x + 19| + |x - y| + |y - 4|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 75|answer=23}} '''<u>Problem 2.78</u> (Least Possible Absolute Value)''' If '''n''' is an integer, what is the smallest possible value of the following expression? <center><math>|123 - 5n|</math></center> {{question-answer|question=Answer to Problem 76|answer=2}} '''<u>Problem 2.79</u> (The Triangle Inequality)''' For any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two of its sides must be greater than or equal to the length of the third. This relation is represented as follows: <center><math>|a + b| \leq |a| + |b|</math></center> '''a.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 6, 9, and 14 exists.<br> '''b.''' Use this relation to determine if a triangle with the side lengths of 5, 10, and 15 exists.<br> '''c.''' Outside of geometric applications, the above inequality also states that the absolute value of the sum of two numbers '''a''' and '''b''' are less than or equal to the sum of the absolute value of '''a''' and the absolute value of '''b'''. Prove that this relation is true. '''<u>Problem 2.80</u> (Using Properties of Numbers)''' Justify each step, using the properties of communativity and associativity in proving the following identities. <math>a.\ (a + b) + (c + d) = (a + d) + (b + c)</math><br> <math>b.\ (a + b) + (c + d) = (a + c) + (b + d)</math><br> <math>c.\ (a - b) + (c - d) = (a + c) + (-b - c)</math><br> <math>d.\ (a - b) + (c - d) = (a + d) - (b + c)</math><br> <math>e.\ (a - b) + (c - d) = (a - d) + (c - b)</math><br> <math>f.\ (a - b) + (c - d) = -(b + d) + (a + c)</math><br> <math>g.\ ((a + b) + c) + d = (a + c) + (b + d)</math><br> <math>h.\ (a - b) - (c - d) = (a - c) + (d - b)</math> '''<u>Problem 2.81</u> (Using Properties of Numbers)''' Determine if the following statements are true or false. Justify your conclusions. <b>a.</b> If <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> are integers, then the number <math>ab + bc</math> is an even number.<br> <b>b.</b> If <math>b</math> and <math>c</math> are odd integers, and <math>a</math> is an integer, then the number <math>ab + bc</math> is an even number. '''<u>Problem 2.82</u> (Using Properties of Numbers)''' We define an integer <math>a</math> to be of *'''Type I''' if <math>a=4n</math> for some integer <math>n</math> *'''Type II''' if <math>a=4n + 1</math> for some integer <math>n</math> *'''Type III''' if <math>a=4n + 2</math> for some integer <math>n</math> *'''Type IV''' if <math>a=4n + 3</math> for some integer <math>n</math> <b>a.</b> Provide at least two examples of each of the four types of integers above.<br> <b>b.</b> Is it true that if <math>a</math> is even, then it is of type I or III? Justify your answer.<br> <b>c.</b> Is it true that if <math>a*b</math> is of type I, whenever <math>a</math> or <math>b</math> are of type III? Justify your answer.<br> '''<u>Problem 2.83</u> (Using Properties of Numbers)''' For all real numbers <math>x</math> and positive integers <math>n</math>, show that: <center><math>(1-x)(1+x+x^2+...+x^{n-1}+x^n)=1-x^{n+1}</math></center> --> {{bookcat}} ewuo61yc5r0n0prh81xk2jiq6wo07no 2 468255 4443534 4443425 2024-11-03T04:23:32Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Former factories */ 4443534 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''history of [[w:General Motors|General Motors]] factories''' that are being or have been used to produce cars, vans, SUVs, trucks, buses, and automobile components.<ref name=GMfacilities>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080614231130/http://www.gm.com/corporate/responsibility/environment/plants/index.jsp GM facilities map]. Retrieved on July 8, 2009.</ref> The factories are sometimes idled for re-tooling. ==Current factories== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |R (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-present)<br /><br />T (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />A (1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />8 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Arlington Assembly|Arlington Assembly]]||[[w:Arlington, Texas|Arlington, Texas]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:GMT T1XX|T1XX]] SUVs (2021-):<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fifth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Tahoe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Twelfth generation (2021)|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Yukon|GMC Yukon]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fifth generation (2021)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] ||1954||&nbsp;||Located at 2525 E Abram St.<br />Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Arlington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1996 and Arlington was converted to build full-size SUVs. SUV production began for 1998. Full-size pickups were also built for 1998-2000. Arlington Assembly has produced models for all of GM's primary American brands: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Cadillac, and GMC. Arlington Assembly has produced over 12 million vehicles. Expanded in 2018 with new building to the west to make body panels. <br /> Past models:<br /> [[w:GM A platform (RWD)|GM A platform (RWD)]] (intermediate): [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1970-1977), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1981), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1974-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1971-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1968-1970), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1968-1970)<br /> [[w:General Motors G platform (1969)|GM G platform (RWD) 1982-1988]]: [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1982-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1982-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1982-1987), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1982-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1985).<br /> [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)|GM full-size A platform]]: [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1957)<br /> [[w:GM B platform|GM B platform]]: [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1960), [[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster sedan]] (1992-1996), [[w:Buick Estate#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970, 1988-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Seventh generation (Impala SS, 1994–1996)|Chevrolet Impala SS]] (1994-1996), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1955-1964), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1988-1990), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1959-1968), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-65, 1967-68), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1963, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961).<br />[[w:General Motors C platform (RWD)|GM C platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1954-1964) <br /> [[w:GM D platform|GM D platform]]: [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1988-1992), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Rear-wheel drive 1993–1996|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1993-1996) <br />[[w:GMT400|GMT400]] pickups: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1998-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra]] (1998-2000).<br /> [[w:GMT400|GMT400]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Tahoe Limited and Tahoe Z71|Chevrolet Tahoe Limited and Z71]] (2000), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|GMC Yukon]] (1998-1999), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#GMC Yukon Denali|GMC Yukon Denali]] (1999-2000), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#First generation (1999)|Cadillac Escalade]] (1999-2000)<br /> [[w:GMT800|GMT800]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2001-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon]] (2001-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2002-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2001-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2001-2005).<br /> [[w:GMT900|GMT900]] SUVs: [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL]] (2007-2014), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali]] (2009-2014), [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2007-2014)<br /> [[w:GMT K2XX|K2XX]] SUVs (2015-2020): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|GMC Yukon]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eleventh generation (2015)|GMC Yukon XL]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] |- |U||[[Artisan Center]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac Celestiq|Cadillac Celestiq]] (2025-)||2024||&nbsp;||Located at the [[w:General Motors Technical Center|GM Global Technical Center]] in Warren, Michigan. The Celestiq will be the first production vehicle sold to the public to be built at the GM Tech Center. The Celestiq will be built by hand on a special, low-volume production line and will be highly customizable. The Celestiq will be built to order and each one will be unique. |- |&nbsp;||[[Bay City Powertrain]]||[[w:Bay City, Michigan|Bay City, Michigan]]||United States||Engine components including connecting rods & camshafts||1916||&nbsp;||Located at 1001 Woodside Ave. Originally opened as National Cycle Manufacturing Co. in 1892 to make bicycles. Bought by Chevrolet in 1916 and joined GM along with Chevrolet in 1918. |- |&nbsp;||[[Bedford Casting]]||[[w:Bedford, Indiana|Bedford, Indiana]]||United States||Cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, transmission cases, EV drive unit housings, structural components, Aluminum die casting||1942||&nbsp;||Located at 105 GM Drive. |- |5||[[w:Bowling Green Assembly Plant|Bowling Green Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Bowling Green, Kentucky|Bowling Green, Kentucky]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C8)|Chevrolet Corvette (C8)]] (2020-)<br /> [[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for:<br /> Cadillac CT5-V Blackwing '22- and <br /> Cadillac Escalade-V '23-<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine|LT6 V8 engine]] ('23- Corvette Z06) [[w:Chevrolet Gemini small-block engine#LT7|LT7 twin-turbo V8 engine]] ('25- Corvette ZR1) ||1981||&nbsp;||Located at 600 Corvette Drive. Originally built by Chrysler's Airtemp division, plant was sold to GM in 1980.<br/> Past models: [[w:Cadillac XLR|Cadillac XLR]] (2004-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C3)|Chevrolet Corvette (C3)]] (1981-1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C4)|Chevrolet Corvette (C4)]] (1984-1996)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C5)|Chevrolet Corvette (C5)]] (1997-2004)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)|Chevrolet Corvette (C6)]] (2005-2013)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]] (2014-2019) Performance Build Center relocated from Wixom, MI to Bowling Green Assembly in 2014.<br/> Past engines: [[w:Cadillac twin-turbo V8|Cadillac Blackwing 4.2L LTA twin-turbo V8]],<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT4|LT4 supercharged V8 engine]] for: Chevrolet Corvette Z06 (C7) (2015-2016 models with Z07 package or build your own engine option, 2017-2019 all Z06 models) &<br /> Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 (Gen 6) (phased in during 2020, all '21-'24),<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT5|LT5 supercharged 6.2L Gen V Small Block V8]] ('19 Corvette ZR1) |- |&nbsp;||[[Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Battery packs for [[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] & [[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]<br />Roof module for [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]]<br />Assembles prototype battery packs||2009||&nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr.<br /> Battery packs for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]], [[w:Holden Volt|Holden Volt]], [[w:Opel Ampera|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]], [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV (2015-2016 only - LG Chem cells)]] |- |6<br />9&nbsp;(BrightDrop)||[[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]]||[[w:Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2023-2024)<ref>{{Cite news |author=Tom Venetis |date=4 April 2022 |title=GM Canada Electric Vehicle Production in Ontario by the End of 2022 |work=Metroland Media Group |url=http://www.canadianautoworld.ca/industry-news/gm-canada-electric-vehicle-production-in-ontario-by-the-end-of-2022 |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref><br />[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 400|BrightDrop Zevo 400]] (2024)<br />[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 400]] (2025-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet BrightDrop|Chevrolet BrightDrop 600]] (2025-)<br />Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for BrightDrop Zevo & other vehicles made elsewhere||1989||&nbsp;||Located at 300 Ingersoll St. S. Originally, a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] until December 2009 when GM bought Suzuki's share. Chevy Equinox production ended April 29, 2022. After being retooled, CAMI reopened December 5, 2022 building the BrightDrop Zevo 600. In July 2023, GM announced a 400,000 square-foot expansion to assemble battery modules and packs. Plant idled in October 2023 and restarted in April 2024. Past models:[[w:Chevrolet Equinox|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2005-2022),<ref>{{Cite news |author=Bryan Bicknell |date=3 March 2022 |title=The finish line draws closer for gas powered vehicles at Ontario CAMI plant |work=CTV News |url=https://london.ctvnews.ca/the-finish-line-draws-closer-for-gas-powered-vehicles-at-ontario-cami-plant-1.5804523 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> [[w:Pontiac Torrent|Pontiac Torrent]] (2006-2009), [[w:GMC Terrain#First generation (2010)|GMC Terrain]] (2010-2017), [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|Suzuki XL7]] (2007-2009), [[w:Geo Tracker|Geo/Chevrolet Tracker]] (1990-2004), [[w:Suzuki Vitara#First generation (ET/TA; 1988)|Suzuki Sidekick]] (1990-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Canada|Asuna/Pontiac Sunrunner (Canada only)]], [[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Vitara]] (1999-2004), [[w:Geo Metro|Geo/Chevrolet Metro]] (1990-2001), [[w:Geo Metro|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada only), [[w:Geo Metro|Suzuki Swift]] (1991-'01). |- |B (Suburban HD)||[[w:GM Defense|GM Defense]] Manufacturing Customer Innovation Center (MCIC)||[[w:Concord, North Carolina|Concord, North Carolina]]||United States|| [[w:M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle|M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle]] (ISV)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban#HD SUV|Chevrolet Suburban HD]] (a.k.a. HD SUV) (2024-) ||2021||&nbsp;||Located at 4280 Defender Way. Located next to Hendrick Motorsports, a partner in the ISV program. The ISV program for the US Army is based on the Chevrolet Colorado ZR2. The HD SUV program for the US State Dept. Diplomatic Security Service is based on the T1XX-generation Chevrolet Suburban but with a different chassis and frame to support higher vehicle weight, payload, and GVWR than civilian Suburbans. |- |&nbsp;||[[Defiance Foundry]]||[[w:Defiance, Ohio|Defiance, Ohio]]||United States||Aluminum engine blocks & heads||1948||&nbsp;||Located at 26427 State Route 281. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Iron pouring ended in 2017. The plant now pours only aluminum blocks and heads. Defiance made the aluminum blocks and heads for the Buick 215 V8. Defiance has also supplied [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] with 4-cylinder engine blocks and [[w:Nissan|Nissan]] with V6 engine blocks. |- |U||[[w:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly|Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly]]<br /> "Factory ZERO"||[[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]] & [[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GMC Hummer EV|GMC Hummer EV]] (2022-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2024-)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2024-)<br />[[w:Cadillac Escalade IQ|Cadillac Escalade IQ]] (2025-)<br />Assembles Ultium battery cells into modules and packs for a variety of vehicles||1985||&nbsp;||Located at 2500 East Grand Blvd. Sometimes called the "Poletown" plant after the Detroit neighborhood where the plant is located. Part of the site was previously the "Dodge Main" plant which opened in 1911 before Dodge was part of the Chrysler Corp. and closed on January 4, 1980. GM bought the closed plant in 1981. Additional land including residential neighborhoods was acquired through the use of eminent domain. The plant straddles the line between 2 cities: Detroit & Hamtramck. The body shop is in Hamtramck while the general assembly area is in Detroit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/10/16/gm-detroit-hamtramck-assembly-plant-renamed-factory-zero/3665925001/|title = GM's Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly plant renamed 'Factory ZERO' amid shift to all-electric|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> The current site includes a 16.5-acre wildlife habitat. First vehicle produced was a 1986 Cadillac Eldorado on February 4, 1985. The last gas-powered vehicles made at this plant were the Cadillac CT6 on January 24, 2020 & the Chevrolet Impala on February 27, 2020. Renamed "Factory ZERO" on October 16, 2020 to reflect its conversion into an electric vehicle assembly plant (zero for zero emissions). First vehicle produced following the conversion was a 2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup on December 17, 2021. Over 4 million vehicles have been built so far since opening in 1985. <br /> Past models: [[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) (final assembly), [[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]] (2016-2020), [[w:Cadillac Deville|Cadillac Deville]] (1994-2005), [[w:Cadillac DTS|Cadillac DTS]] (2006-2011), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1986-2000), [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]] (2014, 2016), [[w:Cadillac Seville|Cadillac Seville]] (1986-2004), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Third generation (2017)|Buick Lacrosse]] (2017-2019), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000-2005), [[w:Buick Lucerne|Buick Lucerne]] (2006-2011), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1998-2000), [[w:Buick Riviera#Seventh generation (1986–1993)|Buick Riviera]] (1986-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Fourth generation (1986–1992)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1986-1992), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Tenth generation (2000–2005)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (2004-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Tenth generation (2014-2020)|Chevrolet Impala]] (2014-20), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]] (2011-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Other markets|Holden Volt (RE)]], [[w:Chevrolet Volt#Opel Ampera (Europe)|Opel/Vauxhall Ampera]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2000||&nbsp;||Located on 3100 Dryden Rd. Was a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]. Originally, was 40% owned by GM & 60% owned by Isuzu. From 2002, 60% owned by GM & 40% owned by Isuzu. GM bought Isuzu's remaining stake in DMAX Ltd. at the end of March 2022 and DMAX Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of GM in May 2022. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:DMAX (engines)|DMAX Ltd.]] Components Plant||[[w:Brookville, Ohio|Brookville, Ohio]]||United States||Machined engine components for [[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]||2021||&nbsp;|| Located at 101 W. Campus Blvd. In June 2023, GM announced a $920 million investment to build a 1.1 million square foot building next to the current 251,000 square foot facility in Brookville to take over Duramax V8 engine production from the original plant in Moraine in 2025. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Egypt|GM Egypt]]||[[w:6th of October City|6th of October City]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br/>[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet T-Series]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Move|Chevrolet Move]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Third generation (310C; 2023)|Chevrolet Optra]] (2025-)||1985||&nbsp;||Partially owned by GM (46.5%). <br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Frontera|Chevrolet Frontera]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Baojun 630|Chevrolet Optra]] (2016-2023), [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet T-Series]], [[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu TF|Isuzu TF-Series]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] |- |F||[[w:Fairfax II|Fairfax II]]||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu <br> (2016-2025)]]<br /> [[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]] (2019-)<br /> ||1987||&nbsp;||Located at 3201 Fairfax Trafficway. Replaced original Fairfax Assembly Plant (Fairfax I) for 1988 model year production. Built on the site of the old Fairfax Municipal Airport. <br />Past models: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1988-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1995-1997), [[w:Oldsmobile Intrigue|Oldsmobile Intrigue]] (1998-2002), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Sixth generation (2004)|Chevrolet Malibu (2004-2007)/Malibu Classic (2008)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevrolet Malibu (2008-2012)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu (2013-2015)/Malibu Limited (2016)]], [[w:Saturn Aura|Saturn Aura]] (2007-2009),<br /> [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|Buick Lacrosse/Allure]] (2010-2016) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint Engine South|Flint Engine South]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LFV|GM Small Gasoline Engine]] (LFV 1.5 Turbo I4 - Malibu),<br /> 3.0 [[w:Duramax I6 engine|Duramax I6 engine]]||2000||&nbsp;||Located at 2100 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the east side of Flint Metal Center. <br />Past engines: [[w:GM Atlas engine|4.2 Atlas I6]], 3.6 [[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]],<br /> 1.4 [[w:GM Family 0 engine#Generation III|Family 0 I4]] (Cruze, Sonic, Volt/Ampera/ELR generator) |- |&nbsp;||[[Flint Metal Center]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States|| Sheetmetal stampings for various GM models||1954||&nbsp;||Located at G-2238 Bristol Road. Located just to the south of Flint Truck Assembly and on the west side of Flint Engine South. Metal fabricating plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[Flint Tool & Die]] (North American Engineering and Tooling Center)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||Tools & Dies for fabrication & assembly of sheetmetal body parts||1967||&nbsp;||Located at 425 Stevenson St. Was Plant 38 of the "Chevy in the Hole" complex. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the old "Chevy in the Hole" complex. |- |F <br/>(1953-present)<br/><br/> 1 (1947-1952)||[[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2001-)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2001-)||1947||&nbsp;||Located at G 3100 Van Slyke Road. This plant replaced vehicle production at the older "Chevy in the Hole" complex elsewhere in Flint, Michigan and became Chevrolet's new home plant. This is GM's oldest, still active assembly plant in North America. Built all 300 1953 Corvettes on a small makeshift line (1 line for body & 1 for frame/chassis) from June 30 through December 24 in 1953. Built the 50 millionth car built by GM in the US on November 23, 1954. The car was a special gold painted '55 Chevy Bel Air 2-door Sport Coupe with a gold-painted chassis and 716 interior and exterior trim parts plated with 24-carat gold. Last built Chevy full-size cars in 1969. Last built passenger cars in 1970 (the midsize Chevelle & Monte Carlo). The last passenger car built at Flint Assembly was a Monte Carlo on June 24, 1970. Since 1971, has only built full-size pickups, full-size SUV's, full-size vans, and medium duty commercial trucks. A new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop located inside the assembly plant. The new paint shop is further down Van Slyke Road from the assembly plant at 3848 Van Slyke Road, on the site of the former V8 engine plant that closed in 1999 and was subsequently demolished. Flint Truck Assembly has produced over 15 million vehicles. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-57), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1966, 1970), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970 only),<br> [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1991), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|GMC K15 Jimmy]] (1970-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1960-1991), [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1967-1991),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1964), <br> [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1993-1995),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan G-Classic]] (1996),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/Rally Van]] (1993-1995),<br> [[w:Chevrolet van#1992-1996|GMC Vandura/Rally Van G-Classic]] (1996),<br> [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1995-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1995-98), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT400)]] (1999-2000), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (1998-00), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Third generation (2003–2009)|Chevrolet Kodiak/GMC Topkick]] (2003-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Isuzu H-Series|Isuzu H-Series]] (2005-2007), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (2004-2009), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (2004-2009) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C1)|Chevrolet Corvette (1953 only)]] |- |Z||[[w:Fort Wayne Assembly|Fort Wayne Assembly]]||[[w:Roanoke, Indiana|Roanoke, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (1988-)||1986||&nbsp;||Located at 12200 Lafayette Center Rd.<br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1988-1998) |- |&nbsp;||[[Fuel Cell System Manufacturing LLC]]||[[w:Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan|Brownstown Charter Township, Michigan]]||United States||Fuel Cell Systems for [[w:Honda CR-V#CR-V e:FCEV|Honda CR-V e:FCEV]] & various other applications by GM & Honda & to outside companies||2024||&nbsp;||Located at 20001 Brownstown Center Dr. Located next to GM's Brownstown Battery Assembly Plant.<br /> A 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Honda|Honda]]. GM & Honda have been co-developing fuel cells since 2013. |- |&nbsp;||Grand Rapids Operations||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||Valvetrain products <br /> Axles for full-size trucks ||1943||&nbsp;||Located at 2100 Burlingame Avenue SW. Originally established as Diesel Equipment Division of GM. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delphi Powertrain Systems Grand Rapids); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 1999. |- |G||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Gravatai Automotive Industrial Complex]]||[[w:Gravatai|Gravatai]], [[w:Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande do Sul]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Onix]]<br /> ||2000||&nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celta|Chevrolet Celta]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Prisma (disambiguation)|Chevrolet Prisma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autointell.com/nao_companies/general_motors/gm-manufacturing/blue-macaw-01.htm|title=General Motors: Gravatai Automotive Complex|access-date=2021-09-14 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1533675720090715 UPDATE 2-GM to spend $1 bln in Brazil on new family of cars] Retrieved 14 September 2021</ref><br /> [[w:Suzuki Fun|Suzuki Fun]] |- |&nbsp;||[[Joinville]]||[[w:Joinville|Joinville]], [[w:Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.0 & 1.0 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2 & 1.2 Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] ||2013||&nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#SPE / 4|1.0L & 1.4L SPE / 4<br /> 4-cylinder engines]] |- |&nbsp;||Kokomo Operations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plants.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/company_info/facilities/component-fac/kokomo.html|title=GM Corporate Newsroom - United States - Company}}</ref>||[[w:Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo, Indiana]]||United States||Automotive Electronic Components including Engine Control Modules, Transmission Control Modules, Body Control Modules, & Airbag Sensing Diagnostic Modules||1936||&nbsp;||Located at 2603 South Goyer Rd. The site was first used in the 1890's to make cars by [[w:Haynes-Apperson|Haynes-Apperson]] and later by [[w:Haynes Automobile Company|Haynes]] until the company went out of business in 1925. Purchased by GM in 1936 from Crosley Radio Corp., which used the site to make radios for Chevrolet briefly during 1936. Initially run by Delco Remy, the site became a separate GM division called Delco Radio Division in June 1936. Delco Radio made radios for all GM cars as well as other electronic equipment. During WWII, Delco Radio made electronic equipment for the war effort. In 1970, Delco Radio merged with AC Electronics Division of Milwaukee to form [[w:Delco Electronics|Delco Electronics Division]]. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft, which it had acquired on December 20, 1985, with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1997, GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Delco Electronics and Safety); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- | ||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Boryeong|Boryeong]], [[w:South Chungcheong Province|South Chungcheong Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||Automatic Transmissions||2008||&nbsp;||[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|GM 6T40 transmission]] (GF6) |- |B<br /><br />0 ('07-'08 Antara)||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Bupyeong-gu|Bupyeong District]], [[w:Incheon|Incheon]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]<br/>[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]<br/>[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]] Engines: [[w:GM Family 0 engine|GM Family 0 engine]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.3L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]] |1962<br /><br/>1971 (engine plant)||&nbsp;||Bupyeong has 2 vehicle assembly plants and a powertrain plant. The Bupyeong 2 Assembly Plant ended production on November 26, 2022. Bupyeong 2 was last producing the Chevrolet Malibu and Trax and Buick Encore.<br />Past models : [[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Evanda|Chevrolet Evanda]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]]<br /> [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]<br /> [[w:Buick LaCrosse#Korean market: Alpheon|Alpheon]] [[w:Daewoo LeMans|Daewoo LeMans]], [[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]], [[w:Daewoo Espero|Daewoo Espero]], [[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]], [[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]], [[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]], [[w:Daewoo Tosca|Daewoo Tosca]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Daewoo Kalos]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)#T250|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Daewoo Winstorm]] [[w:Holden Barina#Fifth generation (TK; 2005–2011)|Holden Barina (TK)]], [[w:Holden Barina#Sixth generation (TM; 2011–2018)|Holden Barina (TM)]], [[w:Opel Antara|Holden Captiva MaXX/Captiva 5]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Holden Captiva/Captiva 7]], [[w:Holden Epica|Holden Epica (EP)]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Holden Malibu (EM)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Holden Trax (TJ)]] <br /> [[w:Opel Antara|GMC Terrain (Middle East only)]] <br /> [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel/Vauxhall Mokka]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel/Vauxhall Antara]]<br /> [[w:Pontiac LeMans#Sixth generation (1988–1993)|Pontiac LeMans]], [[w:Pontiac Wave|Pontiac Wave]], [[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3]] <br /> [[w:Suzuki Swift+|Suzuki Swift+]] (Canada only), [[w:Suzuki Verona|Suzuki Verona]] Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] |- |C||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Changwon|Changwon]], [[w:Gyeongsang Province|Gyeongsang Province]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Trax#Second generation (2023)|Chevrolet Trax]]<br/>[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM small gasoline engine]] LV7, LE2<br/>Manual transmissions |1991||&nbsp;||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Damas|Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Labo]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]], [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]]<br />[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]/[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Name revival|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Pontiac G2#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Pontiac G2]], [[w:Pontiac Matiz#M150 (2000–2005)|Pontiac Matiz]],<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevrolet Spark EV]]<br />[[w:Holden Spark#Australasia|Holden Barina Spark (MJ)]]<br>[[w:Holden Spark|Holden Spark (MP)]] Past engines: [[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine#S-TEC II|Daewoo S-TEC II]] |- |J||[[w:Lansing Delta Township Assembly|Lansing Delta Township Assembly]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2010-)<br />[[w:Buick Enclave|Buick Enclave]] (2008-)<br />[[w:GMC Acadia#Third generation (2024)|GMC Acadia]] (2024-)||2006||&nbsp;||Located at 8175 Millett Hwy. <br /> Past models: [[w:Saturn Outlook|Saturn Outlook]] (2007-2010), [[w:GMC Acadia#First generation (2007)|GMC Acadia]] (2007–2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Acadia Limited|GMC Acadia Limited]] (2017), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Traverse Limited]] (2024) |- |0||[[w:Lansing Grand River Assembly|Lansing Grand River Assembly]]/Stamping||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]] (2020-)||2001||&nbsp;||Located at 920 Townsend Street. Stamping plant added in 2016. This newly constructed plant was built on the grounds of the former Oldsmobile home plant complex in Lansing. The former Oldsmobile HQ building ("Building 70") is still standing and still has "Oldsmobile Administration Center" carved into the marble barrier in front of the flagpole between the 2 stairways. Building 70 was Oldsmobile HQ from 1966-1996, when Oldsmobile HQ moved to Detroit. Building 70 is now vacant but the exterior is often used by GM for large ads that are wrapped around the side of the building on the corner of Townsend St. and William St.<br /> Past models: [[w:Cadillac ATS|Cadillac ATS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]] (2003-2019), [[w:Cadillac SRX#First generation (2004)|Cadillac SRX]] (2004-2009), [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]] (2005-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2016-2024) |- |&nbsp;||[[Lansing Regional Stamping]] (LRS)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||2004|| ||Located within the Lansing Delta Assembly complex. |- |||[[w:Lansing Service Parts Operation|Lansing Redistribution Center]] (SPO)||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1960|| ||Located at 4400 West Mount Hope Road. Previously Lansing Plant 4. Now called Lansing Redistribution Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales. |- |&nbsp;||[[Lockport Operations]]||[[w:Lockport, NY|Lockport, NY]]||United States||Thermal products (climate control systems, powertrain cooling systems) and stators for EV motors.||1914||&nbsp;||Located at 200 Upper Mountain Road. Founded in 1910 as the Harrison Radiator Company. Acquired by United Motors in 1916 which was then acquired by GM in 1918. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Harrison Thermal Systems); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[Marion Metal Center]]||[[w:Marion, Indiana|Marion, Indiana]]||United States||Sheetmetal stamped parts & blanks for various GM models||1956||&nbsp;||Located at 2400 West Second St. Metal fabricating. Originally a Fisher Body division plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[Mogi das Cruzes]]||[[w:Mogi das Cruzes|Mogi das Cruzes]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo state]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||Stampings for new & replacement parts||1999||&nbsp;||Stamping plant |- |4||[[w:Orion Assembly|Orion Assembly]]||[[w:Orion Township, Michigan|Orion Township, Michigan]]||United States||Scheduled for Mid-2026: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado EV|Chevrolet Silverado EV]] (2026-)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra EV|GMC Sierra EV]] (2026-) ||1983||idled 2009; reopened 2011; idled 2023||Located at 4555 Giddings Road.<br> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EV|Chevrolet Bolt EV]] (2017-2023), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt EUV|Chevrolet <br> Bolt EUV]] (2022-2023), [[w:Cruise AV|Cruise AV]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Seventh generation (2008)|Chevy Malibu]] (2008-2010), [[w:Pontiac G6|Pontiac G6]] (2005–2010), [[w:Buick Verano#First generation (2011)|Buick Verano]] (2012–2017), [[w:Buick Riviera#Eighth generation (1995–1999)|Buick Riviera]] (1995-1999), [[w:Buick LeSabre#Eighth generation (2000–2005)|Buick LeSabre]] (2000–2005), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#Second generation (1997–2005)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1997–2005), [[w:Cadillac de Ville series#Sixth generation (1985–1993)|Cadillac DeVille]] (1985-1993), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood#Front-wheel drive: 1985–1993|Cadillac Fleetwood]] (1985-1992), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special#1987–1993|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1989-1993), [[w:Oldsmobile Aurora|Oldsmobile Aurora]] (1995-2003), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1994-1999), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98 (1985-1996)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1994-98, 2000-05), [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (2012-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Bolt#European countries|Opel Ampera-e]] |- |1 (2022-)<br /><br />1 (Line 2 a.k.a. Consolidated Line)<br> (1984-2019)/<br />9 (Line 1 a.k.a. Flex Line)<br> (1984-2020)<br /><br />1 (1967-1983)||[[w:Oshawa Car Assembly|Oshawa Car Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500]] (2022-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Fourth-generation Silverado / fifth-generation Sierra (T1XX; 2019)|Chevrolet Silverado HD]] (2022-)||1953||&nbsp;||Located at 900 Park Rd South.<br /> Past models: [[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]] (2013-2019), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1985, 2000-2020), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Impala Limited (2014–2016)|Chevrolet Impala Limited]] (2014-2016), [[w:Chevrolet Lumina|Chevrolet Lumina]] (1990-2001), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1995-2007), [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick Century]] (1997-2005), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1988-2004, 2011-2017), [[w:Buick LaCrosse#First generation (2005)|Buick LaCrosse/Allure]] (2005-2009), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]], [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1954-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1955-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958–1975), [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (2010-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2011-2017), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1962-1967), [[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|A-body (rwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977)/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983)/[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]]/[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971, 1973-1981)/[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1970)/[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]], [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|A-body (fwd) cars]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1987)/[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982-1988)/[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1985-1988), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#1977–1981|Pontiac Catalina]] (1977-1981), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Eighth generation (2004–2008)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (2004-2008), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Laurentian]] (1954-1981), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1958-1984, US: 1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Pathfinder|Pontiac Pathfinder]] (1954-1958), [[w:Pontiac Catalina#Canada and Canadian exports|Pontiac Strato Chief]] (1958-1970), [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]] (1962-1971), [[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Beaumont]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD]] (2019), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Third-generation Silverado / fourth-generation Sierra (K2XX; 2014)|GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD]] (2019). <br /> VIN code 1 (1984-2019): Chevrolet Celebrity (1984-1987), Pontiac 6000 (1984-1985), Buick Regal (1988-2004), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990–2001), Buick Century (1997-05), Pontiac Grand Prix (2004-2008), Buick LaCrosse/Allure (2005-2009), Chevrolet Impala (2008-2013), Chevrolet<br /> Impala Limited (2014-2016), Chevrolet Equinox (2011-2017), Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LD/2500HD (2019),<br /> GMC Sierra 1500 Limited/2500HD (2019) VIN code 9: Chevrolet Impala (1984-1985), Chevrolet Caprice (1984-1985), Pontiac Parisienne (1984), Pontiac 6000 (1985-1988), Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1985-1988), Chevrolet Lumina 4-d (1990-1999), Chevrolet Lumina 2-d (1990-1994), Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1995-07), Chevrolet Impala (2000-08), Chevrolet Camaro (2010-2015), Buick Regal (2011-17), Cadillac XTS (2013-2019), Chevrolet Impala (2014-2020) The current Oshawa complex (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) opened on November 7, 1953. The passenger car assembly plant had 2 assembly lines. Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. Vehicle production at the South plant ended in 2019; plant will be transformed for stamping and production of subassemblies. Restart of vehicle production announced in Nov. 2020 - Truck production started in late 2021 with Silverado HD followed by Silverado 1500 in 2022. Oshawa also produced face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Metal|Oshawa Metal]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Stamped metal parts for new production and for service parts||1986||&nbsp;||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Located at 1000 Park Road South. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Parma Metal Center|Parma Metal Center]]||[[w:Parma, Ohio|Parma, Ohio]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings & assemblies for various GM models||1948||&nbsp;||Located at 5400 Chevrolet Blvd.<br /> Metal fabricating |- |&nbsp;||[[Pontiac Metal Center]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Sheetmetal stampings & assemblies for various GM models||1926||&nbsp;||Located at 260 E. Beverly Ave.<br />Metal fabricating<br />Originally, a [[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]] plant and then an [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] plant. Last remaining manufacturing plant of the original Pontiac Assembly complex, which was Pontiac's home plant. |- |S||[[w:Ramos Arizpe Assembly|Ramos Arizpe Assembly]]||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (2019-) <br />[[w:Chevrolet Blazer EV|Chevrolet Blazer EV]] (2024-) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Equinox EV|Chevrolet Equinox EV]] (2024-) <br />[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq EV]] (2025-)<br /> [[w:Honda Prologue|Honda Prologue EV]] (2024-) ||1981||&nbsp;||Stamping plant added in 1995 and a paint plant added in 1997.<br />Past Models: [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989-1994), [[w:Buick Rendezvous|Buick Rendezvous]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Captiva Sport|Chevrolet Captiva Sport]] (US: 2012-2015), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1991-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (US: 1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy|Chevrolet Chevy]] (Mexico: 1995-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]] (2016-2019), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1985-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024), [[w:Chevrolet HHR|Chevrolet HHR]] (2006-2011), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]], [[w:Chevrolet Sonic|Chevrolet Sonic]] (Mexico: 2012-2017), [[w:Cadillac SRX#Second generation (2010)|Cadillac SRX]] (2010-2016), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico only)]], [[w:Pontiac Aztek|Pontiac Aztek]] (2001-2005), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1988)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1993-1994), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2005), [[w:Saab 9-4X|Saab 9-4X]] (2011), [[w:Saturn Vue#Second generation (2008)|Saturn Vue]] (2008-2010), [[w:Holden Equinox|Holden Equinox (EQ)]] |- |&nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Engine||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L Turbo 3-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8 & V6]]||1982||&nbsp;||Past engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]]<br />[[w:GM High Value engine|GM High Value V6]]<br />[[w:GM High Feature engine|GM High Feature V6]] |- |&nbsp;||Ramos Arizpe Transmission||[[w:Ramos Arizpe|Ramos Arizpe]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||VT40 (CVT250) [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]] transmission ||1999||&nbsp;||Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70/6T75 6-speed automatic (GF6)]]<br />4ET50 EVT (for [[w:Chevrolet Volt|Chevrolet Volt]])<br />4ET55 EVT (for [[w:Cadillac ELR|Cadillac ELR]]) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Rochester Products Division|Rochester Operations]]||[[w:Rochester, NY|Rochester, NY]]||United States||Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, and Buick Components - Engine management systems, fuel injection systems, and related products. ||1939||&nbsp;||Located at 1000 Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1908 as the Rochester Coil Company. Renamed North East Electric Company in 1909. Acquired by GM in 1929. In 1930, merged with Delco-Light Co. to become Delco Appliance. A planned, second Delco Appliance plant on Lexington Ave. in Rochester instead became the Rochester Products Division of GM in 1939. This division made carburetors, fuel injection systems, & other fuel system equipment. During WWII, it made warplane and tank electrical accessories. In 1981, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's Diesel Equipment Division of Grand Rapids, Michigan retaining the Rochester Products Division name. On August 30, 1988, Rochester Products Division merged with GM's AC Spark Plug Division to form the AC Rochester Division. The Grand Rapids-based diesel fuel-injection business of the former Diesel Equipment Division was sold on August 26 to a joint venture of G.M. and the Penske Corporation called Diesel Technology Corporation (80% Penske, 20% Detroit Diesel, itself a joint venture between Penske & GM). Robert Bosch invested in Diesel Technology Corporation in 1992, eventually taking over the whole company by 2002. AC Rochester merged with parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999 (Rochester Powertrain); taken back under [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] bankruptcy and made part of [[w:General Motors Components Holdings|General Motors Components Holdings]] in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Engine]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM High Feature engine#Fourth generation|Gen4 High Feature V6]] ||1976||&nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road. Originally part of GM's Detroit Diesel Allison Division where it built diesel engines and components. Switched to gasoline engines in the 1980's.<br /> Past engines: [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 90° V6 engine]]<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Romulus Engine|Romulus Transmission]]||[[w:Romulus, Michigan|Romulus, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:"Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission#General Motors|10L80/90 Transmission]]||1995||&nbsp;||Located at 36880 Ecorse Road.<br />Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|GM 4L60-E transmission]] |- |R||Rosario||[[w:Alvear, Santa Fe|Alvear]], [[w:Rosario Department|Rosario Department]], [[w:Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe Province]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] Engines: [[w:GM small gasoline engine#LE2|1.4L Turbo I4 LE2]] ||1997||&nbsp;||Engine plant added in 2016. Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B|Chevrolet Corsa B/Corsa Classic/Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Agile|Chevrolet Agile]]<br /> and [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Suzuki Grand Vitara/Chevrolet Tracker]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Saginaw Metal Casting Operations|Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Metal casting for powertrains (High Feature V6 engine): engine blocks, heads, and crankshafts<br/>Front 4WD axle assembly castings||1919||&nbsp;||Located at 1629 N. Washington Avenue. Originally the Grey Iron Foundry, a part of General Motors Saginaw Products Co. and renamed as Chevrolet Saginaw Grey Iron Foundry when transferred to Chevrolet Motor Division in 1927. Moved to Central Foundry Division in 1983. Joins GM Powertrain Division in 1991. Renamed Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in 1994 to reflect that it now pours aluminum. First production aluminum heads produced in 1995. Over the years, it has produced both cast iron and cast aluminum engine blocks for the Chevy Small-Block V8. |- |L||[[w:San Luis Potosí Assembly|San Luis Potosí Assembly]]||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2025-)<br />[[w:GMC Terrain#Third generation (2025)|GMC Terrain]] (2025-)||2008||&nbsp;||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]] (2009–2017)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]] (2020-2022)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trax#First generation (U200; 2013)|Chevrolet Trax]] (2013-2020)<br />[[w:Pontiac G3|Pontiac G3/G3 Wave]] (2009-2010)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2018-2024)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vpic.nhtsa.dot.gov/mid/home/displayfile/7c659360-416a-4e96-ae38-0b69d916c106|title=GM Vehicle Identification Numbering Standard - 2021 - United States and Canada|date=August 14, 2020}}</ref><br />[[w:GMC Terrain#Second generation (2018)|GMC Terrain]] (2018-2024) |- |&nbsp;||San Luis Potosí Transmission||[[w:San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí|San Luis Potosí]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||2009||&nbsp;||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission]] 6T40/45 (GF6) |- |B||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São Caetano do Sul Assembly]]||[[w:São Caetano do Sul|São Caetano do Sul]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Third generation (2022)|Chevrolet Montana]] <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]<br /> ||1930||&nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Opel Astra#G|Chevrolet Astra]], [[w:Opel Astra#H |Chevrolet Vectra/Vectra GT]] (both until 2011), [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1985–1996|Chevrolet Bonanza]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1964–1984|Chevrolet C-10/C-14/C-15/Chevy 4/D-10/A-10]], [[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet A-10/C-10/A-20/C-20/D-20]], Chevrolet A40/D40, [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Comodoro|Chevrolet Comodoro]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa B]], [[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa Classic]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Diplomata|Chevrolet Diplomata]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix|Chevrolet Joy]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1996-1998, [[w:Chevrolet Montana#Second generation (2011–2021)|Chevrolet Montana]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]], [[w:Chevrolet Omega#Omega A|Chevrolet Omega A]], [[w:Chevrolet Opala|Chevrolet Opala]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Chevrolet Vectra A]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Chevrolet Vectra B]], [[w:Chevrolet Veraneio|Chevrolet C-1416/Veraneio]], Chevrolet 3100/Brasil/Amazona/Alvorada/Corisco, Chevrolet 6500, Chevrolet C64/C65/C68/D64/D65/D68/D74/D75/D78, Bus bodies, Frigidaire appliances |- |C||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|São José dos Campos Assembly]]||[[w:São José dos Campos|São José dos Campos]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]|| [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Third generation (2012)|Chevrolet S-10]]<br/>[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] Engines:<br/> 2.8L turbodiesel 4-cylinder engines<br /> Transmissions |1959||&nbsp;||Past Models: [[w:Chevrolet Montana#First generation (2003–2010)|Chevrolet Montana]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa C]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Sedan C]], [[w:Opel Meriva#First generation (2003)|Chevrolet Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Zafira]] (all until 2012)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Chevy 500|Chevrolet Chevy 500]], [[w:Chevrolet Kadett|Chevrolet Kadett]] 1989-1996, [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado D20]], Chevrolet 11000/12000/14000/22000, [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC Chevette]], [[w:GMC Chevette|GMC 500]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|GMC 6-100/6-150/3500HD]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC 12-170/14-190/16-220]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|GMC 15-190]] Engines including: [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#261|Chevrolet Jobmaster 261 I6]], [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Brazil|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]], [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]], [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]], [[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]]<br />Detroit Diesel Series 53<br />Transmissions |- |G||[[Silao Assembly]]||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (2006-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|GMC Sierra]] (2006-)||1995||&nbsp;|| Stamping plant added in 1997. Full-size SUV production moved entirely to Arlington Assembly after the 2009 model year; Past production models: [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2002)|Cadillac Escalade ESV]] (2003-2006), [[w:Cadillac Escalade EXT|Cadillac Escalade EXT]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Avalanche|Chevrolet Avalanche]] (2002-2013), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1995-2009), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Eighth generation (1992)|GMC Suburban]] (1995-1999), [[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2006), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban (eighth generation)#Holden Suburban|Holden Suburban (K8)]] |- |&nbsp;||Silao Engine||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]||2001||&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]] |- |&nbsp;||Silao Transmission||[[w:Silao, Mexico|Silao]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]], [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]], [[w:Ford-GM 10-speed automatic transmission|10L80]]||2008||&nbsp;||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50]], [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/90]] |- |Z,<br />S (Traverse & Vue)||[[w:Spring Hill Manufacturing|Spring Hill Manufacturing]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||<br /> [[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]] (2017-)<br /> [[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]] (2020-)<br />[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]] (2023-) <br /> [[w:Acura ZDX#Second generation (2024)|Acura ZDX EV]] (2024-) <br /> <br />[[w:GM small gasoline engine#1.5|1.5L Turbo I4]]<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.0L Turbo I4]]<br />[[w:GM L3B engine|2.7L L3B turbo I4]]<br />5.3 & 6.2 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V <br />Small-Block V8 Engine]]<br /><br />Stamping<br />Components||1990||2009-2012||Located at 100 Saturn Parkway. The original home of the [[w:Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand. Originally, Saturn built everything here - all its vehicles, engines, transmissions, stampings, and components. But, gradually, Saturn production was broadened to other plants and by 2007, Saturn production in Spring Hill had ended. Spring Hill made products for other GM brands and has continued to do so since Saturn was closed down during GM's bankruptcy. <br /> Past models: [[w:Saturn S-Series|Saturn S-Series]] (1991-2002), [[w:Saturn Ion|Saturn Ion]] (2003-2007), [[w:Saturn Vue#First generation (2002)|Saturn Vue]] (2002-2007), [[w:Chevrolet Traverse#First generation (2009)|Chevrolet Traverse]] (2009-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]] (2013-2016), [[w:GMC Acadia#Second generation (2017)|GMC Acadia]] (2017-2023), [[w:Holden Acadia|Holden Acadia (AC)]].<br /> Past Engines: [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec Gen II 2.4L I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LHU (A20NFT Opel)|Ecotec Gen II LHU 2.0L Turbo I4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#Generation III|Ecotec Gen III 2.5L I4]], [[w:Saturn I4 engine|Saturn I4 engine]] <br /> [[w:Saturn MP transmission|Saturn MP series manual and automatic transmissions]] Transmission production in Spring Hill ended in 2002. Ion production ended March 28, 2007 and was replaced by the Belgian-built Astra for the 2008 model year. Vue production ended March 30, 2007 and moved to Mexico for the 2008 model year. Assembly was idled for more than a year beginning April 1, 2007 for conversion to Chevy Traverse production. Traverse production began September 2, 2008. Assembly idled in November 2009 when Chevy Traverse production was moved to Lansing Delta Township Assembly. Assembly reopened in September 2012<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/business/general-motors-said-to-offer-bonuses-in-new-deal-with-workers.html | work=The New York Times | author1=Bill Vlasic | author2=Nick Bunkley | title=G.M. Will Offer Bonuses in New Deal With Workers | date=September 17, 2011}}</ref> to produce the [[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Equinox]]. Spring Hill also includes a plastic injection molding operation that produce various plastic components. Plastic components have also been produced for models not built in Spring Hill such as [[w:Chevrolet Traverse|Chevrolet Traverse]] and the [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C7)|Chevrolet Corvette (C7)]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Propulsion Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation V (2013–present)|Gen V Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:Tremec|Tremec]] TR-9080 8-speed dual clutch transmission<br />Engine components||1954||&nbsp;||Located at 570 Glendale Avenue. <br />Previously:<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6 engine]] (1963-1967)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]] (through 1966)<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine#225|Buick 225 V6 engine]] (through 1966)<br />[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]] (300, 340, 401) (through 1966)<br /> [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.1)<br />[[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#LQ1|Chevrolet 3.4L DOHC LQ1 V6 engine]]<br />[[w:GM High Feature engine|High Feature V6 engine]] (2.8, 3.6)<br />[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] (265/267/283/305/307/327/350)<br />[[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#Generation III (1997–2007)|Gen III Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine#Generation IV (2005–2020)|Gen IV Small Block V8]]<br />[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T45 6-speed automatic]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||RWD GM-Allison 10-speed (10L1000) (AB1V) / 8-speed ([[w:GM 8L45 transmission|8L45]] & [[w:GM 8L90 transmission|8L90]]) / 6-Speed ([[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] & [[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80/6L90]]) Transmissions / FWD GF9 9 Speed Transmissions||1956|| ||Located at 1455 West Alexis Road. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1955. Replaced the older Toledo plant on Central Ave. <br />Previously:<br /> [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM350|THM350 3-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:Turbo-Hydramatic#THM700R4 / 4L60 / 4L60E / 4L65E / 4L70E|THM700R4/4L60 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM 4L60-E transmission|4L60-E/4L65-E/4L70-E 4-speed automatic]]<br />[[w:GM 6T40 transmission|(GF6) 6T30/35/40/45/50 6-speed automatic]] |- ||&nbsp;||Toluca Engine||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]], [[w:State of Mexico|State of Mexico]] |[[w:Mexico|Mexico]] |[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine 1.4L/1.5L I4]] (including 1.5 turbo LSD I4 for Equinox/Terrain) [[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Vortec 3000|Vortec 3000 Marine & Industrial 4-cyl. engine]]<br /> 5.0 & 5.7 Marine & Industrial V8 engines<br /> Small-Block V8 engines for the aftermarket<br /> Aluminum Foundry<br /> |1965 | |Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 I4 engine]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine#292|Chevrolet 292 (4.8L) Inline-6]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Tonawanda Engine|Tonawanda Engine]]||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV1|LV1]] 4.3L V6 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L84|L84]] 5.3L V8 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86/L87|L87]] 6.2L V8 [[w:General Motors LS-based small-block engine#LT2|LT2]] 6.2L V8 [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L8T|L8T]] 6.6L V8 [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LSY|LSY]] 2.0T I4 |1938 |&nbsp;||Located at 2995 River Rd. Includes 3 plants. Plant #1 opened in 1938. Plant #4 opened in 1941. Plant #5 opened in 2001. Past engines: Built the [[w:Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber during WW-2 Built the [[w:Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp|Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp]] radial engine used in the [[w:P-61 Black Widow|P-61 Black Widow]] & [[w:P-47 Thunderbolt|P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighters during WW-2 [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Chevrolet 2300 engine]] [[w:General Motors 122 engine|General Motors 122 engine]] [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen I]] (L850) [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.2_2|Ecotec 2.2L Gen II]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.4|Ecotec 2.4L Gen II]] [[w:GM Ecotec engine#LTG|Ecotec Gen III LTG 2.0T I-4]], [[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.5|Ecotec 2.5L Gen III]] [[w:General Motors Atlas engine#LK5 (Vortec 2800)|Atlas 2.8/2.9 I4]]<br />[[w:General Motors Atlas engine#L52 (Vortec 3500)|Atlas 3.5/3.7 I5]] [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair Flat-6 (all)]] [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine#Second generation: 1937–1962|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]] [[w:Chevrolet 90° V6 engine|Chevrolet 3.3L/3.8L/4.3L 90° V6]] [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine|Chevrolet 60° V6 engine]], [[w:GM High Value engine|High Value 3.9L V6]] [[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet Small-Block V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Big-Block engine|Chevrolet Big-Block V8]] Gen V Small-Block 90° V6/V8: [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LV3|LV3]] 4.3L V6, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L82|L82]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L83|L83]] 5.3L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#L86|L86]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT1|LT1]] 6.2L V8, [[w:LS based GM small-block engine#LT4|LT4 6.2L Supercharged V8]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Lansing]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||Opening 4th qtr. 2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' third plant. Located at 7111 Davis Hwy. It is adjacent to GM's Lansing Delta Township Assembly plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Spring Hill]]||[[w:Spring Hill, Tennessee|Spring Hill, Tennessee]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2024|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' second plant. Located at 301 Donald F Ephlin Pkwy. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ultium#Production|Ultium Cells LLC - Warren]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Ultium lithium-ion battery cells for EV's||2022|| || Owned by Ultium Cells LLC, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors and [[w:LG Energy Solution|LG Energy Solution]]. This is Ultium Cells' first plant. Located at 7400 Tod Ave SW. |- |1||[[w:Wentzville Assembly|Wentzville Assembly]]||[[w:Wentzville, Missouri|Wentzville, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] (1996-)<br />[[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] (1996-)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2015-)<br />[[w:GMC Canyon|GMC Canyon]] (2015-)||1983||&nbsp;||Located at 1500 E. Rte. A. <br />Past models: [[w:Buick Electra#Sixth generation (1985–1990)|Buick Electra]] (1985-1990), [[w:Buick Park Avenue#First generation (1991–1996)|Buick Park Avenue]] (1991-1994), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile Delta 88/88 (1986-1991)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Tenth generation (1992–1999)|Oldsmobile 88 (1992-1993)]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98#Eleventh generation (1985–1990)|Oldsmobile 98]] (1985-1989), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville (1989-91)]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville (1992-93)]] |- |A||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]||[[w:Jinqiao|Jinqiao]], [[w:Pudong|Pudong]] district, [[w:Shanghai|Shanghai]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Cadillac CT4|Cadillac CT4]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CT5|Cadillac CT5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CT6|Cadillac CT6]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Lyriq|Cadillac Lyriq]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XT4|Cadillac XT4]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XT5|Cadillac XT5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XT6|Cadillac XT6]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Blazer (crossover)#Chinese version|Chevrolet Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu XL]]<br />[[w:Buick Enclave#China (2020)|Buick Enclave]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Third generation (2017–present)|Buick GL8 ES/Avenir/PHEV (Mk III)]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Fourth generation (2022)|Buick GL8 Century (Mk IV)]]<br />[[w:Buick LaCrosse|Buick LaCrosse]]<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (E2XX)<br />Engines<br />Engine components<br />Transmissions<br />Ultium batteries||1998||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. There are 3 vehicle production plants (North, South, & East). North was the original plant. South began production in 2005. The East or "Cadillac" plant began production in 2016. Past models: [[w:Buick Century#Sixth generation (1997–2005)|Buick New Century]] (W-body)<br />[[w:Buick Excelle#First generation (J200; 2003)|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (1999-2004)]]<br />[[w:Buick Park Avenue#Third generation (2007–2012)|Buick Park Avenue (WM)]] (CKD)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#China|Buick Regal]] (W-body)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (Epsilon II)<br />[[w:Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 5|Buick Velite 5]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 7|Buick Velite 7]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Cadillac ATS#ATS-L|Cadillac ATS-L]]<br />[[w:Cadillac CTS#First generation (2003)|Cadillac CTS]]<br />[[w:Cadillac STS#Chinese Cadillac SLS|Cadillac SLS]]<br />[[w:Cadillac XTS|Cadillac XTS]]<br /> Past Engines: [[w:General Motors 60° V6 engine#Production in China by SAIC-GM|Chevrolet 60° OHV V6]] |- |D||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Motors||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (crossover)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]]<br />[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore Plus]]<br />[[w:Buick Envision|Buick Envision]]<br />[[w:Cadillac GT4|Cadillac GT4]]||2001||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 2001 as Yantai Bodyshop Corp. which built Daewoo vehicles ([[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]) under license from Daewoo Motor Co. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2002. There are 2 vehicle production plants (North & South). SAIC-GM Dongyue Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. <br /> Past models: [[w:Buick Encore#First generation (2013)|Buick Encore]]<br />[[w:Buick Encore GX|Buick Encore GX]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle#Second generation (2018)|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle GT#First generation (2009)|Buick Excelle GT/XT]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Buick Sail|Buick Sail]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo (T300)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Aveo (Mex.)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Corsa Plus (Chile)]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Chevrolet Epica (V200)]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Tosca|Chevrolet Epica]] (V250)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Lova]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lova RV|Chevrolet Lova RV]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#Second generation (2018)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Trax]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Dongyue Powertrain||[[w:Yantai|Yantai]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]||Engines<br />Transmissions including: [[w:GM 6T40 transmission|6T30/6T40/6T45/6T50]], [[w:Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]||1999||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1999 as Shandong Daewoo Automotive Engine Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor Co. & Chinese partners owned by the Shandong provincial govt. SAIC-GM took over the plant in 2005. SAIC-GM Dongyue Powertrain joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. <br /> Past Engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine#Generation III|Family I, Gen 3 engine]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Norsom Motors||[[w:Shenyang|Shenyang]], [[w:Liaoning|Liaoning]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Seeker|Chevrolet Seeker]] <br />[[w:Buick Envista|Buick Envista]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#Second generation (2010-present)|Buick GL8 Land Business Class (Mk II) (2010-present)]]<br/> Engines||1992||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]. Originally founded in 1992 as Jinbei GM Automotive Co. Ltd., a 30/70 joint venture between GM & Shenyang Jinbei Automotive. Restructured into a 50/50 joint venture between GM & Jinbei in 1998. SAIC-GM took over the joint venture in 2004, buying out Jinbei. The new SAIC-GM Norsom Motors joint venture is owned 50% by SAIC-GM, 25% by GM China, & 25% by SAIC. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer (Jinbei GM)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Crew Cab (Jinbei GM)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br /> [[w:Buick Encore#Second generation (2020)|Buick Encore]]<br />[[w:Buick GL8#First generation (2000–2016)|Buick GL8 Mk I (2004-2016)]]<br />[[w:Buick Verano#Second generation (2016)|Buick Verano]] |- |V||[[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]] Wuhan Branch||[[w:Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[w:Hubei|Hubei]]||[[w:China|China]]||[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Fourth generation (2025)|Chevrolet Equinox Plus]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monza (China)|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Menlo|Chevrolet Menlo]]<br />[[w:Buick Verano#Third generation (Pro, 2021)|Buick Verano Pro]]<br />[[w:Buick Velite 6|Buick Velite 6]]<br />[[w:Buick Electra E4|Buick Electra E4]]<br />[[w:Buick Electra E5|Buick Electra E5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Optiq|Cadillac Optiq]]<br /> Engines||2015<ref>{{Cite news |author=Joseph Szczesny |date=30 January 2015 |title=Ford, GM Implement Expansion Plans in China |work=The Detroit Bureau |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2015/01/ford-gm-implement-expansion-plans-in-china/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jamie L. LaReau |date=27 February 2020 |title=Restart of GM's plant in China stalls due to coronavirus crisis |work=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/02/27/gm-delays-start-production-china-plant-due-coronavirus-crisis/4884203002/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#China|Chevrolet Cavalier]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Equinox#Third generation (2018)|Chevrolet Equinox]]<br />[[w:Buick Excelle GT#Second generation (2015)|Buick Excelle GT/GX]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Sam McEachern|date=28 February 2020 |title=GM Delays Production Restart At Wuhan Plant As Coronavirus Crisis Continues |work=GM Authority |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/02/gm-delays-production-restart-at-wuhan-plant-as-coronavirus-crisis-continues/ |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref><br />[[w:Buick GL6|Buick GL6]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] (HQ plant)||[[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||1982||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. There are 2 vehicle production plants (East & West). SAIC & GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, & 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2007. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Chevrolet Lechi (Spark)]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] Base||Liudong New District, [[w:Liuzhou|Liuzhou]], [[w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:Baojun|Baojun]] models<br />Engines||2012||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. SAIC & GM jointly created the joint venture with Wuling in 2002. The SAIC-GM-Wuling joint venture was originally owned 50.1% by SAIC, 34% by GM China, & 15.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is now owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2015. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Lechi (China)|Baojun Lechi]], [[w:Baojun 610|Baojun 610]], [[w:Baojun 630|Baojun 630]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Chongqing Branch||[[w:Chongqing|Chongqing]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||2014||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]] Qingdao Branch||[[w:Qingdao|Qingdao]], [[w:Shandong|Shandong]]||[[w:China|China]]|| [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|Wuling]] models<br />Engines||2000||&nbsp;||Operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Originally founded in 1997 as [[w:Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing|Etsong Vehicle Manufacturing]]. SAIC-GM-Wuling took over the plant in 2005. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. Engine plant added in 2009. |- |J||[[w:SGMW Motor Indonesia|SGMW Motor Indonesia]]||[[w:Cikarang|Cikarang]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| [[w:Wuling Air EV|Wuling Air EV]]<br />[[w:Wuling Binguo|Wuling Binguo EV]]<br />[[w:Wuling Cloud EV|Wuling Cloud EV ]]<br />[[w:Wuling Almaz|Wuling Almaz]]<br />[[w:Wuling Alvez|Wuling Alvez]]<br />[[w:Wuling Confero|Wuling Confero]]<br />[[w:Wuling Cortez|Wuling Cortez]]<br />[[w:Wuling Formo|Wuling Formo]]<br />[[w:MG4 EV|MG4 EV]], [[w:MG ZS (crossover)|MG ZS EV]]||2017||&nbsp;||100% owned and operated by [[w:SAIC-GM-Wuling|SAIC-GM-Wuling]]. Since 2011, SAIC-GM-Wuling is owned 50.1% by SAIC, 44% by GM China, & 5.9% by Liuzhou Wuling Motors Co., Ltd. In 2024, SGMW Motor Indonesia began producing MG models on behalf of PT SAIC Motor Indonesia. MG is owned by SAIC, a shareholder of SGMW. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#Second generation (CN202S; 2019)|Chevrolet Captiva]] |} == Current partner factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |&nbsp;||[[Azermash CP LLC]]||[[w:Hajiqabul|Hajiqabul]]||[[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia (T250)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]] ||2017|| ||Built under contract by Azermash CP LLC for GM & UzAuto Motors. |- |A||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]], [[w:Andijan Region|Andijan Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker (2022-)]]||1996|| ||Originally established as Uz-DaewooAuto, a 50/50 joint venture between Daewoo Motor & the Uzbek government. Became GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Previous models: [[w:Daewoo Tico|Daewoo Tico]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Daewoo Matiz (M150)]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Daewoo Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Nexia|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra#Uzbekistan (2013–2015)|Daewoo Gentra]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia 3]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tacuma|Chevrolet Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#First generation (M100, M150; 1998)|Ravon Matiz]], [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Ravon R2]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Ravon Nexia R3|Ravon Nexia R3]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Ravon R4]], [[w:Daewoo Gentra|Ravon Gentra R5]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Pitnak|Pitnak]], [[w:Khorezm Region|Khorezm Region]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Damas|Chevrolet Damas]]<br> [[w:Chevrolet Labo|Chevrolet Labo]] ||2014|| ||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. In 2021, a new press shop opened at the Pitnak plant. Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]], [[w:Daewoo Labo|Daewoo Labo]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Uzbekistan]]/[[w:UzAuto Motors|UzAuto Motors]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||Repair of used cars ||2009||2019||Was part of GM Uzbekistan, a 25/75 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat formed in 2008. GM was bought out by the Uzbek govt. in 2019 & the company was renamed UzAuto Motors. Vehicles now built under license from GM by UzAuto Motors. Plant assembled SKD vehicles. SKD production ended in 2019. Plant is now used to repair & overhaul used cars acquired as trade-ins for new cars, which are then resold by UzAuto. Previous models: [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker (initial production from SKD)]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Uzbekistan|GM Powertrain Uzbekistan]]/[[w:GM Uzbekistan|UzAuto Motors Powertrain]]||[[w:Tashkent|Tashkent]]||[[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]||[[w:Daewoo S-TEC engine|1.2L & 1.5L DOHC I4 engines]]<br />[[w:GM E-Turbo engine|1.2L GM E-Turbo I3 engine]]<br />Engine components (crankshaft, block, heads)<br />Aluminum Foundry ||2011|| ||GM Powertrain Uzbekistan is a 52/48 joint venture between GM & state owned UzAvtosanoat. In 2019, the company was renamed UzAuto Motors Powertrain after UzAvtosanoat bought out GM's share of the joint venture. It now builds engines & components under license from GM. |- |0,4,7,8,9||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Fujisawa plant||[[w:Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 4500 & 5500 diesel]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]||1961||&nbsp;||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. <br /> Previous models:<br /> [[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Buick Opel]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spectrum|Chevrolet Spectrum]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]]<br />[[w:Geo Spectrum|Geo Spectrum]]<br />[[w:Geo Storm|Geo Storm]]<br />[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Bedford KB25]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Bedford KB26/41]]<br />[[w:Opel Campo#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Opel Campo/Bedford Brava/Vauxhall Brava]]<br />[[w:Holden Jackaroo#First generation (1981)|Holden Jackaroo (Gen 1)]]<br />[[w:Opel Monterey#Second generation (1991)|Opel/Vauxhall Monterey/Holden Jackaroo (Gen 2)/Monterey]]<br />[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo]] (1981-2002) (KB/TF)<br />[[w:Holden Piazza#First generation (JR120/130; 1980)|Holden Piazza]]<br />[[w:Holden Shuttle|Holden Shuttle]]<br />[[w:Isuzu I-Mark|Isuzu I-Mark]], [[w:Isuzu Impulse|Isuzu Impulse]], [[w:Isuzu Stylus|Isuzu Stylus]] |- |H||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Main Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Medium duty version (4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD and International CV)|Chevrolet Silverado Medium Duty<br />International CV]]||2019|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Jointly developed by GM & Navistar. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM. |- |N||[[w:Navistar|Navistar]] - Springfield Assembly Plant (Secondary Line)||[[w:Springfield, Ohio|Springfield, Ohio]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Chevrolet Express|Chevrolet Express]] cutaway,<br /> [[w:GMC Savana|GMC Savana]] cutaway||2017|| ||Located at 6125 Urbana Road. Built under contract by [[w:Navistar|Navistar]] for GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[SaryarkaAvtoProm]]/<br>Allur Automobile Plant||[[w:Kostanay|Kostanay]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Chevrolet Onix#Second generation (2019)|Chevrolet Onix]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (2019)|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2017|| ||Built under contract by SaryarkaAvtoProm for GM & UzAuto Motors. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Ninth generation (2016)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Nexia]], [[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]], [[w:Suzuki Carry#Daewoo Damas|Chevrolet Damas/Labo]], [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Ravon Nexia R3]] |- |S||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] - Charlotte plant||[[w:Charlotte, Michigan|Charlotte, Michigan]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 3500/4500/5500 gas]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Chevrolet Low Cab Forward 6500XD & 7500XD]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series gas]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu FTR/FVR]]||1961||&nbsp;||[[w:Shyft Group|Shyft Group]] plant. Built under contract for Isuzu and GM. |} == Former factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |&nbsp;||AC Electronics||[[w:Oak Creek, Wisconsin|Oak Creek, Wisconsin]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||Automotive Electronics; Avionics, precision guidance systems, & electro-mechanical devices for military use and space exploration (Apollo program) ||1948||1999||Located at 7929 S. Howell Ave. First known as GM's Electronics Division. In 1965, the Milwaukee Operations became known as AC Electronics Division of GM. In 1970, the division merged with Delco Radio and became known as Delco Electronics Division. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems (Delphi Electronics & Safety) in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Is now Drexel Town Square, a retail, commercial, residential and civic development. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City, Iowa]]||[[w:United States|United States]]||[[w:Throttle#Throttle body|Throttle Body Fuel Injection Systems]]||1981||1993||Located at 1805 Zenith Drive. Formerly a Zenith Radio Factory. Now the headquarters of Bomgaars Supply, Inc. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:AC Rochester|AC Rochester]]||[[w:Wichita Falls, Texas|Wichita Falls, Texas]]||United States||AC Air Filters||1972||1999||Located at 8600 Interstate 44 Service Rd. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Now owned by Panda Biotech. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:ACDelco#AC Spark Plug Division|AC Spark Plug Division]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||AC Spark Plugs||1929||1975||Located on Industrial Ave at Harriet St. Built in 1909. Champion Ignition Co. moved here from their original location on the 3rd floor of a Buick building on Hamilton Ave. that they used from 1908. This complex was expanded multiple times and was on both sides of Industrial Ave. with 2 overhead walkways connecting the 2 sides. Champion Ignition Co. changed its name to AC Spark Plug in 1922. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Demolished in 1975-76. Site later used by Buick for parking as it was next to the Buick City complex. |- |&nbsp;||Allison,<br> [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]], Allison Gas Turbine||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], Indiana||United States||Allison Transmissions,<br> Engines for airplanes & helicopters,<br> Bearings and Gears||1929||2007||Located at 4700 W. 10th St. Founded in 1915 as Speedway Team Co. In 1920, it was renamed Allison Engineering Co. Acquired by GM in 1929, it became the Allison Division of GM. GM began designing the CD-850 transmission for tracked military vehicles in 1941; the design was completed in 1944 and Allison was awarded the contract to manufacture the prototypes. In February 1945, General Motors formed the Allison Transmission Engineering Section. In 1946, GM divided the division into 2 sections: Aircraft Operations and Transmission Operations. In 1970, Allison Division merged with the Detroit Diesel Engine Division to become the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division. In 1983, the aviation turbine engine operations were separated out to form a separate division called the Allison Gas Turbine Division. In 1987, the transmission operations are separated out to form the Allison Transmission Division. Allison Gas Turbine was sold in a management buyout in 1993 becoming the Allison Engine Company. [[w:Allison Engine Company|Allison Engine Company]] was then sold in 1995 to [[w:Rolls-Royce Holdings|Rolls-Royce PLC]]. GM sold Allison Transmission in 2007 to private equity groups Carlyle Group & Onex Corp., becoming Allison Transmission Inc. Allison went public as Allison Transmission Holdings Inc. in 2012, trading on the New York Stock Exchange. |- |&nbsp;||Cadillac Amsterdam Street plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s||1903||1920||Cadillac's first volume production plant. Located at 450 Amsterdam Street, at the intersection with Cass Avenue. Rebuilt in 1904 after a fire destroyed the original plant. This plant predated Cadillac being part of GM. Replaced by the Clark Street plant in 1921. |- |5 (Plant 2)<br /><br /> 6 (Plant 1)<br /><br />9 (Pre-1976)||Antwerp||[[w:Antwerp|Antwerp]]||[[w:Belgium|Belgium]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra GTC & OPC/VXR (H)]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#TwinTop|Opel/Vauxhall Astra TwinTop]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Saturn Astra|Saturn Astra]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra (TS)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fifth generation (AH; 2004)|Holden Astra (AH)]] ||1925||2010||Originally known as GM Continental SA, then as Opel Antwerp from 1994-2004, & finally as GM Belgium from 2004 on. The original plant was an ex-abbey on Fortuinstraat. In 1926, production moved to an old velodrome on the corner of St. Laureystraat & Haantjeslei. In 1929, production moved to a site in the port of Antwerp near the Albert dock. The site at the port was destroyed by bombing raids in World War II. Production temporarily moved back to the velodrome from 1946-1953. In 1953, a new plant opened on the Noorderlaan which would later come to be known as Plant 1. In 1967, a second plant opened about 6.2 miles (10&nbsp;km) north of the Noorderlaan plant near the Churchill dock. This was called Plant 2. In August 1988, production was consolidated in Plant 2 and Plant 1 was used as a parts warehouse until 1992 and the property was then sold. Plant 2 ended production in December 2010. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet. Assembled Opel & Vauxhall cars, Bedford trucks and American GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, & Cadillac) from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]]. The plant finally closed its doors on December 17, 2010, about two days after last Opel car rolled off the assembly line.&nbsp;<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (first generation from CKD kits)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (from CKD kits)<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Argentina|General Motors de Argentina]]||[[w:San Telmo, Buenos Aires|San Telmo]] and [[w:Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]] in [[w:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] & [[w:San Martín, Buenos Aires|San Martin]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||Chevrolet (cars and trucks) including [[w:Chevrolet 400|Chevrolet 400]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy Malibu|Chevrolet Chevy]], & [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-50/C-60/C-70]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-60 bus chassis]]<br /> Oldsmobile <br />[[w:Opel K 180|Opel K 180]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine#Argentina|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine]]<br />Bedford diesel engines||1925 (San Telmo)<br />1928 (Barracas)<br />1940 (San Martin plant)||1978 (San Martin plant)||Other GM brands manufactured included GMC, Opel, and Bedford trucks along with Pontiac, Oakland, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, Opel, and Vauxhall passenger cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Argentina|title=GM Argentina}}</ref> Also Frigidaire refrigerators. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Aymesa|Aymesa]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| ||1973||1999 (Last GM production)|| First automotive assembler in Ecuador. GM bought 36.95% of AYMESA in 1982 & increased its stake to 45.9% in 1984. GM sold off its stake in 1999 and switched to using OBB as its Ecuadorian partner. Aymesa now assembles vehicles for Kia and Hyundai. Past models: [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Forsa]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Suzuki Forsa II/Chevrolet Swift]]<br />[[w:General Motors T platform (1973)|Chevrolet San Remo]]<br />Aymesa Gacela<br />Aymesa Condor<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Aymesa Andino]]<br />Aymesa Amigo |- |3 (since 1993)<br />A (before 1993)||Azambuja||[[w:Azambuja|Azambuja]]||[[w:Portugal|Portugal]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo A/Bedford & Vauxhall Astravan & Astramax]]<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo B (1993-2001)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] B<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C||1963||2006||Past models:<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa Van|Opel Corsavan]]<br /> [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Amigo]]<br />[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]<br />Various Opel, Vauxhall, & Bedford models. |- |B <br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />and 1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br /> and 1965-2005)<br /><br />14 (1935-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) <br /><br /> 7 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Baltimore Assembly|Baltimore Assembly]]||[[w:Baltimore|Baltimore]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Astro|Chevrolet Astro]] (1985-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Astro|GMC Safari]] (1985-2005) ||1935||2005||Located at 2122 Broening Highway. Production began in March 1935 (March 11 for trucks and March 26 for cars). Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Baltimore Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Baltimore Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. During WWII, the Chevrolet side of the plant operated as a military parts depot where parts were received, processed, and packaged for shipment around the world. It also built 2,650 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]]. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division and assembled the rear fuselage, tail assembly, & all control surfaces for Grumman carrier-based aircraft. Car production ended on March 31, 1984. Converted to a Truck and Bus Group assembly plant for 1985. Production restarted in August 1984. Closed on May 13, 2005. Baltimore Assembly produced over 12 million vehicles. Demolished. Now the Chesapeake Commerce Center and an Amazon distribution center.<br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Buick Gran Sport|Buick GS]] (1965-1968), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-68), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1983), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1984), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1983-1984), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1970, 1978-1981), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1970) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Baltimore Transmission|Baltimore Transmission]]||[[w:White Marsh, Maryland|White Marsh]], [[w:Maryland|Maryland]]||United States||Allison 1000 Series transmissions: [[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Silverado HD]], [[w:GMC Sierra|Sierra HD]]<br />Hybrid 2-mode transmissions ([[w:Global Hybrid Cooperation|2ML70]]): [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Hybrid]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Hybrid|Cadillac Escalade Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid]], [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra Hybrid]]<br />Electric motor (MME) & final-drive unit (1ET35) for [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Spark EV|Chevy Spark EV]]<br />Torque converters for 6-speed rwd automatic transmissions||2000||2019||Located at 10301 Philadelphia Road. Originally part of Allison Transmission. Became a GM Powertrain facility in 2004. Name changed to Baltimore Operations in 2012 with the addition of the Electric Motor Plant built next to the existing Transmission Plant. Closed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2019/04/gm-baltimore-employees-irate-over-plant-closure/|title = GM Baltimore Employees Irate over Plant Closure|author=Anthony Alaniz|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 19 April 2019}}</ref> Now called White Marsh Interchange Park, a complex of 9 new one-story buildings of office and warehouse space that replaces the previous GM plant which has been demolished. |- |T||[[w:Bedford Dunstable plant|Bedford Dunstable plant]]||[[w:Dunstable|Dunstable]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including:<br> [[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]<br />[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA/TD]]<br />[[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK/KM]]<br />[[w:Bedford TL|Bedford TL]]<br />[[w:Bedford TM|Bedford TM]]<br />[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAL|Bedford VAL]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAM|Bedford VAM]]<br />[[w:Bedford VAS|Bedford VAS]]<br />[[w:Bedford Y series|Bedford Y series]]||1942 (for wartime production)<br><br> 1955 (for civilian production)||1987||Was located on Boscombe Road. GM sold the Bedford heavy truck business to AWD Trucks in 1987. AWD Trucks went bankrupt in 1992. Parts of the site were demolished in 1993. More was demolished in 1997. The remainder was demolished in 2005. |- |&nbsp;||Bombay||[[w:Bombay|Bombay]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, & buses||1928||1954||The first automobile assembly plant in India. The original GM India Ltd. was closed in 1954. |- |12 (Buffalo Assembly from 1929)||[[w:Buffalo Assembly|Buffalo Assembly]]/<br />Buffalo Gear & Axle||[[w:Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, New York]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br /> Axles, drivetrain components||1923||1994||Located at 1001 E. Delavan Ave. Built cars until World War II & was then converted to make axles. Operation was renamed Saginaw Gear and Axle in 1984. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. All operations ended in 2007 & the factory closed. Called the Historic American Axle Building. Purchased by Viridi in 2018. |- |H (1965-1999)<br /><br /> 1 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Buick City|Buick City]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1999)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1987, 1989-1995)<br />[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Ninth generation (1992–1999)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1996-1999)||1904||1999||This was Buick's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. This is the part of the Buick factory complex south of Leith St. stretching south to E. Hamilton Ave. The complete complex, including both North and South portions totals 412,947 acres. The original factory was at one time the largest in the world and was completely vertically integrated, making nearly every component within the complex. During WWII, Buick built [[w:M18 Hellcat|M18 Hellcat]] tanks & [[w:M39 armored utility vehicle|M39 armored utility vehicles]] here. The plant was converted to build unibody, fwd cars for 1986 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd cars. The modernized plant was renamed Buick City. The factory closed in June 1999. Last car built was a 1999 Buick LeSabre. Demolished by 2002. The site of Buick's administration building, 902 E. Hamilton Ave. is now a seating plant owned by Lear Corp., which opened in 2018. It supplies seats to GM's nearby Flint Truck Assembly Plant as well as GM's Fort Wayne Assembly Plant in Indiana. A large piece of the property is now being redeveloped as Flint Commerce Center.<br> Past models: [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971–1973),<br> [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-42, 1954-58, 1973-81), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-84), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1940-64, 1970-76), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1936-42, 1958), [[w:Buick Park Avenue|Buick Park Avenue]] (1994-1996), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1985), [[w:Buick Riviera|Buick Riviera]] (1963-78), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1936-58), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1953-54, 1961-72), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958, 1961-1969), [[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]] (1964-1971), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] (1930), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Impala#Sixth generation (1977–1985)|Chevrolet Impala]] (1984-1985),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1985). |- |&nbsp;||Cadillac Stamping||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Stamped body parts for Cadillac||1956||1987||Located at 9501 Conner St. Originally built by Clayton & Lambert Manufacturing Company for their Knodell Division. Sold to Hudson Motor Car Company in 1925. Made bodies for Hudson. Bought by GM in 1956. Demolished in 2021. Site used by [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] to make seats to supply GM's Factory Zero plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Cartercar|Cartercar]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Cartercar automobiles||1909||1915||Located on Franklin Rd. where Franklin turns into Linfere St. which then intersects with Brush St. This factory previously belonged to Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works. Cartercar moved into this factory in 1908. Cartercar was purchased by GM on October 26, 1909. Cartercar was known for its [[w:Friction drive|friction drive transmission]]. GM closed Cartercar in 1915. There was then talk that GM would build a 6-cylinder Oakland model at this factory but it doesn't seem to have ever happened. GM sold the factory to Olympian Motors Company in 1917, which built Olympian cars there from 1917-1919. In 1920, the factory was sold to Friend Motors Corporation. Initially, Friend Motors Corporation continued production of Olympian cars and then switched to production of new Friend cars in 1921 but production ended with less than 50 cars built and Friend Motors went out of business. In 1922, Friend Motors owner Otis Friend filed for bankruptcy and factory ownership was transferred to Gotham National Bank in a foreclosure sale. The next occupant of the plant was the Wolverine Manufacturing Company which built furniture. Later, it was used as an agricultural supply warehouse. Most of the complex is gone but one building remains at 20 Franklin Rd. It was last occupied by House of Bedrooms, a furniture store. One side of the building still says "The Wolverine" at the top. The other side that faces Brush St. still says "Pontiac Spring & Wagon Works" right under what were the highest row of windows. |- |&nbsp;||Chevrolet Gear & Axle||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Axles, gears, other components||1919||1994||Located at 1840 Holbrook Ave. Absorbed the former Northway engine plant on Holbrook Ave. in 1926 when Northway was liquidated by GM. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck, Michigan]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] & Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2012, demolished in 2013. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Chicago Metal Fabrication||[[w:Willow Springs, Illinois|Willow Springs, Illinois]]||United States||Stampings (such as floorpans) for GM vehicles||1953||1989||Located at 79th Street and Willow Springs Road. Buick produced J65-B-3 jet engines here for the [[w:Republic F-84F Thunderstreak|Republic F-84F Thunderstreak]]/RF84-F Thunderflash for use in the Korean War. Plant was associated with Buick-Oldsmobile-Cadillac Group but made body parts for all 5 of GM's passenger car divisions. Sold to [[w:United Parcel Service|UPS]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors de Chile|General Motors de Chile]]||[[w:Arica|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Third generation (TF; 1988–2002)|Chevrolet LUV (TF)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#South America 2|Chevrolet Grand LUV (TF)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet D-Max]]||1968<br>1974||1971<br>2008||Originally belonged to Alberto Avayú y Cía. S.A.I.C. (part of Empresas Indumotora) which built vehicles under license for GM beginning in 1960. Avayú built the [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C-1434]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Furgón (van)]]. GM bought the plant in 1968. Built [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]] & [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C10]]. GM left Chile at the end of 1971 but returned in 1974. Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C-10 and C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] medium duty truck, [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Brazilian Chevrolet Chevette]], and Japanese [[w:Isuzu Aska#South America (Chile, Ecuador)|Chevrolet Aska]] |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Cleveland Division||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Bodies for GM vehicles||1921||1983||Located at Coit Road and E. 140th Street. Founded as Fisher Body Ohio Co. GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and the remaining 40% in 1926. Began by building bodies for Chandler, Cleveland (a subsidiary of Chandler), Chrysler, and the Oakland & Chevrolet divisions of GM. After 1926, it only made bodies for GM. In 1936, the plant switched from making whole bodies to doing metal trim and fabrication due to a decrease in demand for cars due to the Depression. Production of auto bodies resumed after World War II. Built bodies for low-volume models like the 55-57 Chevy Nomad and convertible models. In the 1970's, it built large stamping dies and upholstery & trim sets. Closed in August 1983 as a metal fabrication plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Cleveland Diesel Engine Division|Cleveland Diesel Engine Division]]||[[w:Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Heavy-duty diesel engines for locomotives, marine use (ships and submarines), and stationary use||1930||1962||Founded by Alexander Winton, company began operation in Nov. 1912 as the Winton Gas Engine & Mfg. Co. at 2116 W. 106th St. Renamed the Winton Engine Works in 1916 and later as the Winton Engine Company. GM bought Winton Engine Co. on June 20, 1930 and renamed it Winton Engine Corp. on June 30, 1930. In 1938, it was renamed Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In January 1941, locomotive engine development and production was transferred to GM's Electro-Motive Division. Marine and stationary diesel engines were still handled by Cleveland Diesel Engine Division. In the 1950s, Cleveland Diesel Engine expanded with the acquisition of plants at 2160 W. 106th St. and 8200 Clinton Rd. The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950's reduced the US Navy's need for the large diesel engines produced by Cleveland Diesel and in 1962, GM closed down the division and transferred any remaining engine production to Electro-Motive Division's La Grange plant in McCook, Illinois. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Colmotores|GM Colmotores]]||[[w:Bogotá|Bogotá]]||[[w:Colombia|Colombia]]||Products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Onix#First generation (2013)|Chevrolet Joy]] <br />Products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series truck]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series Bus]], [[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series truck]], Chevrolet LV-series Bus ||1979||2024||Founded in 1956 as Colmotores, production began in 1962 with the [[w:Austin Motor Company|Austin]] brand, then switched to the [[w:Dodge|Dodge]] brand in 1965 when Chrysler took a 60% stake in what was now Colmotores-Chrysler. GM took over Colmotores in 1979 (Chrysler was dropped from the company name at this point). Chevrolet truck production began in 1980. Chevrolet car production began in 1982. Colmotores became GM Colmotores in 1991. Closed in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}</ref> Past products from [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]: [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-10]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K#Third generation (1973–1991)|Chevrolet C-30]], [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]], [[w:GMC Brigadier|Chevrolet Brigadier/Super Brigadier]]<br />Past products from [[w:GM do Brasil|GM do Brasil]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt#Second generation (2011)|Chevrolet Cobalt]], [[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />Past products from [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]]: [[w:Isuzu Faster|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]<br />Past products from [[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]]: [[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Chevrolet Sprint]] (note: this is the same name as the one that was sold in the U.S. and Canada in the 80's), [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Swift]], [[w:Suzuki Alto#Fifth generation (1998)|Chevrolet Alto]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Third generation (1998)|Chevrolet Jimny]], [[w:Suzuki Jimny#Second generation (1981)|Chevrolet Samurai]], [[w:Suzuki Solio#Predecessor: Wagon R-Wide (MA61S/MB61S; 1997)|Chevrolet Wagon R+]]<br />Past products from [[w:Opel|Opel]]: [[w:Opel Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br />Past products from [[w:GM Korea|Daewoo/GM Korea]]: [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark]], [[w:Daewoo Matiz#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark GT]], [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />Products from [[w:SAIC-GM|SAIC-GM]]: [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail]] |- |&nbsp;||Constantine Transmission||[[w:Constantine, Michigan|Constantine, Michigan]]||United States||Automatic Transmissions||Between 1977 and 1980||Between 1987 and 1994|| Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations & GM Hydramatic Division. |- |&nbsp;||Danville Foundry||[[w:Danville, Illinois|Danville, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]]||1943||1995|| Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Leased by [[w:Defense Plant Corporation|Defense Plant Corporation]] to pour castings for military equipment during [[w:World War II|World War II]]. Also supplied castings to Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. |- |&nbsp;||Delco Chassis||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Bumpers||1953||1998||Site bought by GM in 1953. Located at 12950 and 13000 Eckles Road. Buildings demolished in 2001. Redeveloped into multi-tenant commercial use. One of the tenants is Amazon. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton North (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Needmore Rd.)||United States||Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1965||1999||Located at 3100 Needmore Road. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2008. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] Dayton South (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton, Ohio]] (Wisconsin Blvd.)||United States||Engine Bearings/Master Cylinders/Brake Pads/Brake Calipers/ABS Assemblies||1936||1999||Located at 1420 Wisconsin Boulevard. Delphi Chassis Systems. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] in 1999. Demolished in 2003. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Moraine NDH]] (NDH=New Departure Hyatt)||[[w:Sandusky, Ohio|Sandusky, Ohio]]||United States||Wheel Bearings & Wheel Bearing Assemblies||1946||1999||Located at 2509 Hayes Ave. Transferred to Delphi in 1995 which was then spun off in 1999, later sold to Hephaestus Holdings Inc. (HHI, Inc.), through its subsidiary Kyklos Bearing International (KBI) in 2008. HHI's parent, KPS Capital Partners, sold HHI to American Securities LLC in 2012. American Securities combined HHI with Metaldyne, which it also acquired in 2012, to form Metaldyne Performance Group (MPG) in 2014. Metaldyne closed the plant in 2017 when it exited the wheel bearing business. |- |&nbsp;||[[Delco Products]]||[[w:Kettering, Ohio|Kettering, Ohio]]||United States||Shock Absorbers, Struts, Impact Absorbers, Electric Motors, Windshield Wiper Assemblies||1957||1999||Located at 2555 Woodman Dr. (Administrative offices were at 2000 Forrer Blvd.) Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. A large portion of the site has been used by [[w:Tenneco|Tenneco Inc.]] since 2008. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anaheim, California|Anaheim, California]]||United States||Batteries||1954||1999||Known as Plant 13. Located at 1201 N. Magnolia St. Supplied batteries to GM's California assembly plants like Fremont, Southgate and Van Nuys and to the West Coast aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Is now Northgate Gonzalez Market. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Starters, Generators, HEI Ignition, DIS Ignition, Switches, Magnets||1906||1994/1999|| The Heavy Duty Systems unit and a portion of the Automotive Systems unit (passenger car cranking motors) were spun off as [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994, which was renamed [[w:Remy International|Remy International]] in 2004. Delco Remy International closed all manufacturing in Anderson in 2003. These parts of Delco Remy (the parts not spun off into Remy International) - Ignition (Plant 20) and Generator (Plant 11) products along with the Engineering Center (Plant 18) and Tooling (Plant 16) - merged with AC Rochester in 1994 to form AC Delco Systems. AC Delco Systems became part of GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi has since closed all 4 facilities in Anderson. Plant 11 closed in 2005 & was demolished in 2006. Plant 16 (2316 Jefferson St.) was sold in 2011 ERTL Enterprises & is now used by multiple businesses. Plant 18 (2900 South Scatterfield Road) closed in 2003 & was turned over to the city Of Anderson in 2006. Plant 20 (2812 E 38th St.) closed in 2007 & is now a distribution center for Sutong Tire Resources, a Chinese tire importer. Plant 45, at 6435 South Scatterfield Road, was the Magnequench plant that produced rare earth neodymium magnets. That business is now owned by NEO Material Technologies of Toronto, Ontario, Canada but the plant itself is now owned by Home Design Products, which makes plastic chairs and other products. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Bloomfield, New Jersey|Bloomfield, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1936||1945||Located on 55 La France Ave. During WWII, became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division from 1942 making wiring harnesses, hydraulic tubing and assemblies, and ammunition boxes for the Avenger bombers & Wildcat fighters made by Eastern Aircraft. After WWII, it was replaced by the New Brunswick Battery Plant as it wasn't considered economically practical to convert back to battery production. Bloomfield produced 8 million batteries for Delco Remy. In 1950, the plant was sold to General Plastics for doing fluoropolymer coating. General Plastics and the building still exist today. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Fitzgerald, Georgia|Fitzgerald, Georgia]]||United States||Batteries||1973||1999||Known as Plant 22. Located at 342 Perry House Road. Supplied batteries to GM's Georgia assembly plants like Lakewood and Doraville and to the regional aftermarket. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold its battery business to Johnson Controls in in July 2005 but the Fitzgerald plant continued supplying batteries to Johnson Controls through 2007. Closed by Delphi in 2007. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Meridian, Mississippi|Meridian, Mississippi]]||United States||Starting motors, permanent magnet gear reduction cranking motors, powdered metal forge||1976||1994||Plant was originally built for National Homes Corp. Known as Plant 25. Spun off with [[w:Remy International|Delco Remy International]] in 1994. Closed by Delco Remy International in 1998. Production consolidated in Anderson, Indiana. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]/<br>[[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Sheridan automobiles <br>Batteries||1919<br>1928||1921<br>1978||Located on West Willard Street. Originally built in 1908 by [[w:Inter-State Automobile Company|Inter-State Automobile Company]] which went bankrupt in 1913 and was renamed Inter-State Motor Company, resuming production in 1914. Built tractors for the military in WWI but did not resume civilian production in 1918 and the factory was idled. GM owned the plant from 1919-1921 to build the [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] brand. Sold to [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] in 1921. Bought by Delco Remy division of GM in 1928. Known as Plant 9. Replaced by more modern Plant 26 in 1978. Plant 9 was demolished in 1978-79. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Batteries||1977||1994|| Located at 4500 S. Delaware Dr. Known as Plant 26. Replaced Plant 9 in 1978. Plant 26 closed and was demolished in 1998. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, New Jersey]]||United States||Batteries||1946||1999||Known as Plant 12. Located at 167 Jersey Ave. Replaced the pre-war Bloomfield plant. Supplied batteries to GM's East Coast assembly plants like Tarrytown, Wilmington, and Baltimore and to the East Coast aftermarket. Started making Freedom batteries in 1973 for Chevy Vega. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Delphi sold to Johnson Controls in August 2006. Closed by Johnson Controls in 2007. Partly demolished in 2014 (the south half of the building along with the guard shack in front of the plant). The remaining facility at the north end of the property is now the Cal-Chlor Corp. East Packaging and Distribution Facility. The former south end of the plant is now used for storage by Cal-Chlor. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delco Remy|Delco Remy]]||[[w:Olathe, Kansas|Olathe, Kansas]]||United States||Batteries||1956||1999||Known as Plant 14. Located at 400 W. Dennis Ave. Supplied batteries to GM's Midwest assembly plants like Fairfax, Oklahoma City and Wentzville. Olathe was the first plant to produce the maintenance-free battery in 1970-1971 employing what was described as wire wound grid technology. The product was sold exclusively to JC Penny. Spun off with Delphi Automotive Systems in 1999. Last product produced was a heavy duty battery for Caterpillar. Closed by Delphi in 2005. Demolished. Site being redeveloped as Olathe Commerce Park. Some of the site is now a Jett Trucking terminal. |- |9 (1979-1988)<br /><br /> Q&nbsp;(1971-1978)||[[w:Detroit Assembly|Detroit Assembly]] (Cadillac Clark Street plant)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]s including [[w:Cadillac Brougham|Cadillac Brougham]] (1987-1988), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1965-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1949-1984), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1953–1978), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1957–1958 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 70)]] (1957–1958), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959–1960) (chassis & final finishing), [[w:Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham|Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham]] (1977-1986), [[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Seville]] (1976–1979), [[w:Cadillac Sixty Special|Cadillac Sixty Special]] (1938-1976)<br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] (1934-1940)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Third generation (1977–1990)|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1986-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Second generation (1977–1990)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1985-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 88#Eighth generation (1977–1985)|Oldsmobile Delta 88]] (1984-1985) <br />Cadillac engines ||1921||1987||Located at 2860 Clark St. This was Cadillac's home plant and built all Cadillacs until 1971. During WWII, it built M5 & M5A1 Stuart tanks and M24 Chaffee tanks. Cadillac also built the V8 engines that powered these tanks & it also supplied engines to power these tank models made by other GM divisions and other companies as well as to power other types of armored vehicles. Cadillac also made components for aircraft engines made by GM's Allison Division. Cadillac also made M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages & M19 Twin 40mm anti-aircraft carriages. Factory closed December 1987. Chrome plating operation closed in March 1993. Engineering building (including tool room) closed in March 1994. Demolished entirely. Redeveloped into Clark Street Technology Park in 1997. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fleetwood Metal Body#Purchase by Fisher|Fleetwood - Detroit Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body No. 18)||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Bodies for [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] & [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]||1917||1987||Originally built to build aircraft for World War I. Taken over by Fisher Body in 1919 & given to Fleetwood Metal Body after Fisher Body took over Fleetwood in 1925. Fleetwood Metal Body plant. Also known as Fisher Body Plant #18. Supplied bodies to Cadillac's Clark St. plant in Detroit. Located at 261 West End Ave in the [[w:Delray, Detroit|Delray]] neighborhood of Detroit. Redeveloped into Container Port Group's Detroit facility. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Diesel|Detroit Diesel]]||[[w:Redford, Michigan|Redford, Michigan]]||United States||Diesel engines for commercial vehicles||1938||1994||Located at 13400 W. Outer Drive. Was the Detroit Diesel-Allison Division from 1970 through 1987 when it again became the the Detroit Diesel Division. Spun off in 1988 as the Detroit Diesel Corp., a joint venture with Penske Corp., which had a majority stake of 60%. Penske increased its stake to 80% later in 1988 and then to 100% in 1994. Penske sold Detroit Diesel to DaimlerChrysler in 2000. DaimlerChrysler became Daimler AG in 2007. In 2019, Daimler AG spun off its truck and bus operations including Detroit Diesel into a separate company called Daimler Truck Holding AG. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Forge||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1919||1994||Located at 8435 St Aubin St. Straddles the border of [[w:Detroit|Detroit]] and [[w:Hamtramck|Hamtramck]]. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] & Manufacturing Inc. in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished around 2014. |- |3||Chevrolet-Detroit Truck & Bus Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|Chevrolet Step-Van]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Step-Van|GMC Value-Van]]<br />Chevrolet & GMC P-Series motorhome & commercial chassis<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#1992–1996|Chevrolet Van G30 HD/ GMC Vandura G3500 HD cutaway]] (Based on P-series P30 chassis with extended front end & forward-tilting hood) 1993-1996||1974||1999||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. in Detroit (Formerly Fisher Body No. 23). P-Series motorhome & stepvan chassis business (Commercial and Motorhome Chassis Division) was sold to investors (not including the Detroit plant) and became Workhorse Custom Chassis in 1999. Workhorse was later acquired by Navistar International in 2005, which later closed the Workhorse business in 2012 and sold the assets to AMP Electric Vehicles in 2013. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Detroit||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1939||1949||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. & Theodore St.) in what had been Fisher Body Plant #10. Original assembly site for the world's first production, fully automatic transmission and the headquarters of the new GM division created to produce it - the Detroit Transmission Division. First production Hydramatic shipped to Oldsmobile in October 1939. Debuted on the 1940 Oldsmobile. A heavier-duty version then launched on the 1941 Cadillac. Hydramatics continued to be produced during World War II for use in M5/M5A1 Stuart and M24 Chafee tanks (mated to Cadillac V8s), T17E1 Staghound and T18E2 Boarhound armored cars (mated to GMC inline-6's), M8 75mm howitzer motor carriages (mated to Cadillac V8s), LVT-3 Bushmaster amphibious landing vehicles (mated to Cadillac V8s), & Mark 1 Armored Snowmobiles made by Bombardier of Canada (mated to a Cadillac V8). Hydramatic became optional on Pontiacs in 1948. Hydramatic also became optional on Lincolns in 1949. The 1 millionth Hydramatic was built in January 1949. Needing more production capacity than the original factory in Detroit could handle, the Detroit Transmission Division relocated to a newer and much bigger plant in Livonia, Michigan in September 1949. Was later used by Cadillac as a parts warehouse supplying its Clark St. plant in Detroit. Closed by GM in the early 1980's and sold. Was subsequently used by Total Foods. Last occupied by Palmer Promotional Products. Heavily damaged by a fire in February 2014. The remains of the building were then demolished by summer 2014. |- |&nbsp;||Detroit Transmission Division - Livonia||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions||1949||1953||The Detroit Transmission Division moved from Detroit to a newer and larger factory in Livonia in 1949. In addition to Pontiac, Oldsmobile, & Cadillac, Livonia also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Kaiser, and Fraser. However, the factory burned down in August 1953 causing 6 deaths and more than $80 million in damage. GM quickly arranged to lease Kaiser’s Willow Run factory to replace the destroyed Livonia plant and GM then bought the plant outright in November 1953 for $26 million. Salvaged equipment from Livonia was taken to [[w:Willow Run#General Motors operations|Willow Run]]; see [[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]. |- |5<br /><br />C (1962-1978)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]]||[[w:London, Ontario|London, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|EMD Locomotives]]<br />[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1961-1978)<br />Terex earthmovers (1965-1980)<br />Military vehicles including:<br />[[w:AVGP|Grizzly/Cougar/Husky LAV I]]<br />[[w:LAV II|LAV II (LAV-25/Bison/Coyote)]]<br />[[w:LAV III|LAV III]]<br />[[w:Stryker|Stryker]]||1950 (GM Electro-Motive Division)<br /><br />1961 (Transit bus)||1979 (Transit bus)<br /><br />2003 (GM Defense)<br /><br />2005 (GM Electro-Motive Division)||Transit bus production began in London, Ontario in late 1961. Transit bus production moved to Saint-Eustache factory in 1979. The part of the property making military vehicles (armored fighting vehicles like the [[w:Stryker|Stryker]]) as GM Defense was sold in 2003 to [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems|General Dynamics Land Systems]], becoming [[w:General Dynamics Land Systems#General Dynamics Land Systems Canada|General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada (GDLS-C)]]. Located at 1991 Oxford St E. Interestingly, General Dynamics Land Systems was originally formed in 1982 when General Dynamics bought Chrysler Defense, Chrysler's tank division in the US, which was then renamed General Dynamics Land Systems. The locomotive operations were sold in 2005 and renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], Inc. Electro-Motive was then sold to [[w:Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar's]] [[w:Progress Rail|Progress Rail]] subsidiary in 2010. The London, ON plant was then shuttered in 2012 & operations moved to a new plant in Muncie, Indiana. This part of the plant is now used by HCL Logistics, which provides logistics services to next door General Dynamics Land Systems – Canada. Located at 2021 Oxford St. E. |- |3 (1981-1987)<br /><br />M (1979-1980)||[[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint-Eustache Bus Plant||[[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|GM New Look bus]] (1979-1986)<br />[[w:Classic (transit bus)|GM Classic bus]] (1983-1987)||1979||1987||Located at 1000 Industriel Blvd. Manufactures [[w:transit bus|transit bus]]es. GM consolidated Canadian transit bus production here from the London, Ontario and St. Laurent, Quebec plants in 1979. New Look transit bus production ended in 1986. Sold to [[w:Motor Coach Industries|Motor Coach Industries]], along with the designs for the [[w:Classic (transit bus)|Classic]] bus models this factory still produced in 1987. Later sold to [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]] in 1993. Production of the Classic model bus ended in 1997. Still owned by [[w:Nova Bus|Nova Bus]], which is owned by [[w:Volvo AB|Volvo AB]] through [[w:Prevost (bus manufacturer)|Prevost Car]]. Prevost bought 51% of Nova Bus in 1998 and bought the remaining 49% from Henlys Group in 2004. |- |M|| [[w:General Motors Diesel|General Motors Diesel]] Saint Laurent Bus Plant || [[w:Saint Laurent, Quebec|Saint Laurent, Quebec]] || Canada || [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1975-1979) || 1974 || 1979 || Bus operations moved to [[w:Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache, Quebec]]. |- |D <br />(1960-1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and 1965-2009)<br /><br /> C (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />A (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />6 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]]||[[w:Doraville, Georgia|Doraville, Georgia]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Uplander|Chevrolet Uplander]] (2005-2008 & '09 in Canada)<br />[[w:Pontiac Montana#Second generation (2005)|Pontiac Montana SV6]] (2005-2006 & '07-'09 in Canada)<br />[[w:Buick Terraza|Buick Terraza]] (2005-2007)<br />[[w:Saturn Relay|Saturn Relay]] (2005-2007)||1947||2008||Located at 3900 Motors Industrial Way. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Doraville began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Passenger car production ended in 1995. Doraville was converted to build minivans for 1997. Production ended in September 2008. Demolished. Site is being redeveloped. Parts of the site are now occupied by Nalley Automotive Group, Third Rail Studios, and Serta Simmons Bedding.<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Venture|Chevrolet Venture]] (1997-2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#Second generation (1997–2004)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1997-2004), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (1997-1999)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1997-1998), [[w:Pontiac Montana|Pontiac Montana]] (1999-2005), [[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#Second generation (Chevrolet)|Chevrolet Trans Sport]] (Europe: '97-'04), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1987), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick Lesabre]] (1959-1970), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1951-1952, 1954-1958), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955, 1957-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963, 1965-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle#Third generation (1973–1977)|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1974-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1975-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fourth generation (intermediate) 1973–1977|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 4) ( 1973-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (Gen 5) (1978-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fifth generation (1988–1997)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1988-1995), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958, 1960-1966), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1964), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1960-1966, 1971-1974), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1973-1974), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1964), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1961),<br> [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1974-1981),<br> [[w:GMC Sprint |GMC Sprint]] (1974-77), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-81),<br> [[w:Opel Sintra|Opel Sintra]]/[[w:Vauxhall Sintra|Vauxhall Sintra]] (1997-1999). |- |&nbsp;||General Motors East Africa||[[w:Nairobi|Nairobi]]||[[w:Kenya|Kenya]]||[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br />Isuzu buses<br /><br />||1977||2017||Originally established in 1975 as GM Kenya, a joint venture with the Kenyan govt. Renamed GM East Africa in 2003. Other shareholders are Kenya’s Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (ICDC): 20%, Centum Investment Co. Ltd.: 17.8%, & Itochu Corporation: 4.5%. Isuzu moved pickup production to South Africa in 2012 so it could focus on trucks & buses at the Nairobi plant. <br /> GM sold its 57.7% stake in the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the Kenyan market. Now known as Isuzu East Africa. <br /> Past models: [[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu D-Max]], [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]], [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] |- |&nbsp;||ELAZ-GM||[[w:Yelabuga|Yelabuga]], [[w:Tatarstan|Tatarstan]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]||1996||2001||GM owned about 25% & ELAZ owned the other 75%. Joint venture dissolved in 2001. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Electro Motive Division|Electro Motive Division]] - [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel#EMD La Grange (McCook)|La Grange Operations]]||[[w:McCook, Illinois|McCook, Illinois]]||United States||[[w:List of GM-EMD locomotives|Locomotives]]<br />Engines<br />Components||1936|| ||Located at 9301 W. 55th St.<br /> Electro-Motive headquarters and R&D operations. Locomotive production ended in 1991 and was moved to London, ON, Canada. Sold in 2005, renamed [[w:Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Diesel]], bought by Caterpillar's Progress Rail subsidiary in 2010. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]]||[[w:Clyde, Ohio|Clyde]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Elmore automobiles||1909||1912|| Factory was located on Amanda St. Bought by GM in November 1909. Elmore was known for its two-stroke engines. GM closed it down in the fall of 1912. GM sold the factory to a truckmaker named Krebs Commercial Car Company in 1912. In 1917, Krebs Commercial Car Company merged with Clyde Cars Company and Lincoln Motor Truck Company to form what became Clydesdale Motor Truck Company in 1919. Clydesdale Motor Truck Company closed in 1939 and the factory was then used by Clyde Porcelain Steel Company until the factory burned down November 11, 1945. The factory would be rebuilt and used for making washing machines by various companies, most recently, Whirlpool Corp. |- |&nbsp;||Ewing||[[w:Geneva, Ohio|Geneva]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Ewing automobiles||1909||1911||Bought by GM in October 1909. Made taxis. GM closed it down in 1911. |- |X (1965–1987)<br /><br />K (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />4 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fairfax Assembly|Fairfax Assembly]] (Fairfax I)||[[w:Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City, Kansas]]||United States||[[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate|Buick Estate]] (1970-1979), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1985), [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1980-1987), [[w:Buick Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1951, 1953, 1956-1958), [[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special (B-body)]] (1947-1950, 1952-1958), [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special (Y-body)]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1982-1987), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1982-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1974-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Sixth generation (1977–1981)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-70, 1975-1981), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1981), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Fifth generation: 1977–1986|Pontiac Parisienne]] (1984-1986), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1987), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1959, 1964, 1966), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) ||1946||1987||Located at 100 Kindelberger Road. Originally, the location of the [[w:North American Aviation|North American Aviation]] Bomber Production Plant (built in 1940) where the [[w:B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] was manufactured during World War II. After the war, GM leased it in 1945 and converted the plant to auto production. Automotive production began in June 1946. GM later bought the plant in 1960. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Fairfax only began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1982. Also built [[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets alongside cars beginning in 1952 and ending in May 1955 when the contract ended. Plant closed May 1987. Production moved to new building on adjacent site (Fairfax II) for 1988 model year production. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:History of General Motors#Corporate restructuring and operating losses|Fiat-GM Powertrain Polska]]||[[w:Bielsko-Biala|Bielsko-Biala]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.3 JTDm/Multijet/CDTI/D/DDiS/HDi|GM Small Diesel Engine]] ||2003||2010|| Engine began production here in 2003 as part of Fiat-GM Powertrain, a 50/50 joint venture between GM & Fiat involving joint development and production of engines and transmissions. The joint venture was disbanded in 2005. As part of the dissolution, GM took a 50% stake in the Bielsko-Biala engine plant and the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there. In 2010, GM sold its half of the Bielsko-Biala engine plant back to Fiat. However, GM kept its half of the intellectual property of the 1.3 liter diesel engine produced there and continued to source the 1.3 liter diesel engine from the Bielsko-Biala engine plant. Chevrolet stopped using this engine around 2015. Opel was still using this engine when it was sold by GM to PSA in 2017. Opel last used this engine in 2019. This plant became part of [[w:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|FCA]] in 2014 when Fiat and Chrysler Group merged. This plant became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021 when FCA merged with PSA Group. Stellantis has announced that the Bielsko-Biala engine plant will close by the end of 2024. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 10||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Auto bodies ||1917-<br />1919||1939||Was located at 5140 Riopelle St. (between Farnsworth St. & Theodore St.).GM bought 60% of Fisher Body in 1919 and bought the remainder in 1926. From 1926, Fisher Body only supplied bodies to GM brands. In 1939, became headquarters and manufacturing site of GM's new Detroit Transmission Division, which manufactured Hydramatic fully automatic transmissions that first appeared on the 1940 Oldsmobile. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 12]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States|| ||1916||1942||Located at 1961 E. Milwaukee Ave. Previously used by Metzger Motor Car Company from 1910-1913 and [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]] from 1913-1916. Owned by Fisher from 1916-1942 then sold to J. Lee Hackett Co. which owned it until 1973. Used for warehousing from 1973-1981 and then demolished. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 21]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick & Cadillac<br />Engineering and Tool & Die operations<br />Bodies for Cadillac limousines||1919||1984||Located at 700 Piquette Ave. In 1999, was re-addressed as 6051 Hastings Street. Produced parts for B-25 bombers in World War II. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 23/23B]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Stamping plant through 1972.||1921||1972||Located at 601 Piquette Ave. #23 was the six story portion while #23B was the one story portion. Became Chevrolet's Detroit Truck & Bus plant in 1974. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Fisher Body#Fisher Body Corporation and General Motors|Fisher Body No. 37]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], Michigan||United States||Large bodyside stampings||1919||1985||Located at 950 E Milwaukee Ave. Produced aircraft and tank assemblies, 90 mm AA guns, 5” naval gun housings and Lockheed missile parts during World War II. In 1989, bought by Lakeside Stamping which was renamed New Center Stamping in 1994. In 2019, New Center Stamping Inc. was taken over by Soave Enterprises and still stamps parts for automakers including GM, Ford, and Stellantis. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body No. 40||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Tooling ||1928||1983-1984||Was located at 1500 E. Ferry St. Plant 41 was next door and was used for storage. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Plant #1|Flint Body Assembly]] (Fisher Body Flint Plant #1)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint]], Michigan||United States||Bodies for Buick and later also Chevrolet & Oldsmobile<br />||1923||1987||Located at 4000-4500 S. Saginaw St. Originally a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant. Bought by GM in 1925. Became Fisher Body Plant No. 1 - Flint. Suplied bodies to the Buick plant in Flint (later known as Buick City). After Buick City switched to unibody, fwd cars for 1986, Flint Body began supplying bodies for G-cars built at the Pontiac Assembly plant in Pontiac, MI. Closed in Dec. 1987 when G-body production at Pontiac Assembly ended. Last body built was a Buick Regal Grand National to be completed at Pontiac Assembly. Most of the site was demolished and the remainder was converted into the Great Lakes Technology Center. GM leased space there for R&D and offices (including AC Rochester world headquarters) until 2009. Various medical-related companies now occupy much of the property. The original administration building at 4300 S. Saginaw St. still stands as of 2022 and still has a Fisher Body logo at the top of the front of the building in the center. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint V8 Engine Plant/Flint Engine South|Chevrolet-Flint (V8) Engine Plant]] (Van Slyke Road)||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)|Chevrolet small-block V8]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift I6]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu G140 & G161Z SOHC gas<br> 4-cylinder engine for Chevy Chevette & Pontiac 1000/Acadian]]<ref>{{cite news| title = 1975, Chevrolet Turns to Opel for the New Fuel-Saving Chevette| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081057/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1975%2C_Chevrolet_Turns_to_Opel_for_the_New_Fuel-Saving_Chevette| archive-date = 2018-01-16| publisher = General Motors| access-date = 2014-06-05| url-status = dead}}</ref>||1954||1999||Located at 3848 Van Slyke Road, down the block from the Flint Truck Assembly Plant. Only V8 engines were made until 1961, when 4 & 6 cylinder engines began to be made for the 1962 Chevy II. Around 45 million Chevy small-block V8 engines were built at this plant. Plant closed in 1999 and was demolished. Land is now used by a new paint shop for the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]. The new paint shop (Flint Assembly Paint Operations) was announced in December 2013 and opened in 2016, replacing the previous paint shop inside the assembly plant. |- |1 (1929-1947)||[[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Flint Manufacturing Div./Delphi Flint West/Flint Tool and Die|Chevrolet-Flint Manufacturing Complex]] ("Chevy in the Hole") /<br /> Flint West||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] vehicles including [[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (Gen 1 & 2)<br /><br />[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] engines including [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#171|Chevrolet Inline-4 engine]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt / Blue Flame I6]]<br />||1913||2004||Located at 300 N. Chevrolet Ave. (formerly known as Wilcox Street). This was Chevrolet's home plant. It predated Chevrolet becoming part of GM in 1918. The complex originally included metal stamping, body assembly, vehicle assembly, engine assembly, and various component manufacturing plants. On January 11, 1940, the 25 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a 1940 Chevrolet Special Deluxe Sedan, was built here. Plant 2 (vehicle assembly) & 2A (Fisher Body) were replaced by new plants on Van Slyke Road elsewhere in Flint in 1947 (now the [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly Plant]]). Plant 4 was the engine plant. It closed in 1984 but was ultimately reopened later. In 1987, the complex was taken over by the AC Spark Plug division and became AC Spark Plug Flint West. In 1988, it became AC Rochester Flint West, and in 1994 AC Delco Systems Flint West following further consolidations. In early 1995, it was renamed Delphi Flint West. Around this time, plants in the complex began to be demolished until Plant 4 closed in 2004 and was subsequently demolished. Plant 4 last made generators and fuel filters. Building 35 still exists as part of [[w:Kettering University|Kettering University]]. It is now the C.S. Mott Science and Engineering Building after the addition of another floor and a new façade. Plant 38 still exists as GM's Flint Tool & Die plant. All the other buildings are gone. Much of the property is being redeveloped into a park called [[w:Chevy Commons|Chevy Commons]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint North|Flint North]] Powertrain||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick V8 engine|Buick V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine|Buick V6 engine]]<br />Engine Components<br />[[w:Dynaflow|Dynaflow]] transmissions<br />transmission components<br /> torque converters<br />coil springs||1905||2010||Complex was made up of several factories. Flint North is the part of the Buick City factory complex north of Leith St. stretching north to E. Pierson Rd. [[w:Liberty L-12|Liberty aircraft engines]] were made here during WWI. Factory 36 was the engine plant. Factory 36 opened in 1952 and closed in 2008. The remainder of the complex closed by December 2010. Demolished by 2012. Part of the site (1225 E. Marengo Ave.) is now occupied by American SpiralWeld Pipe Co. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Flint East|Flint East]]||[[w:Flint, Michigan|Flint, Michigan]]||United States||components (spark plugs, dashboard components such as instrument clusters, fuel system components, air/oil/fuel filters, and fuel pumps)||1929||1999||Located at 1300 North Dort Highway. (Now referred to as 2926 Davison Road, which is the north side instead of the west side of the property.) Purchased by AC Spark Plug in 1925. Plant previously belonged to [[w:Dort Motor Car Company|Dort Motor Car Company]], which went out of business in 1924. Initially produced all products other than spark plugs that were made by AC Spark Plug Co. After founder Albert Champion died in 1927, GM took over AC Spark Plug in 1929. It became a GM division in 1933. Production gradually moved from the old Industrial Ave. complex to the Flint East complex until the Industrial Ave. complex closed in 1975. Became known as Flint East in 1987, when AC took over the "Chevy in the Hole" complex from Chevrolet on Flint's west side, which became known as Flint West. Became AC Rochester in 1988 when AC Spark Plug Division merged with Rochester Products Division. AC Rochester initially had its world headquarters here, just as AC Spark Plug had before the merger. Subsequently, AC Rochester headquarters moved to the Great Lakes Technology Center in the old Flint Fisher Body plant. In 1994, AC Rochester merged with Delco Remy and became AC Delco Systems. Grouped under GM's Delphi Automotive Systems subsidiary in 1995. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Corporation|Delphi Corporation]] in 1999. GM supplied the UAW workers from 2007 under agreement with Delphi and the UAW. Closed by Delphi in 2013. |- ||7||[[w:Arlington Assembly#History|Fort Worth Assembly]]||[[w:Fort Worth, TX|Fort Worth, Texas]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]||1917||1924 |Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Located at 2601 W. 7th St. (then known as Arlington Heights Blvd.). Is across the street from what is now Montgomery Plaza. A 3rd story was added to the building in 1920. Closed due to flood damage from the April 1922 flooding of the Trinity River and the subsequent imposition of flood-control taxes.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mTvuAwAAQBAJ&dq=1920+fort+worth+chevrolet+factory&pg=PA52 Lost Fort Worth, page 52</ref> Montgomery Ward leased the empty Chevy plant between 1924 and 1928 to house a temporary store while its main Fort Worth facility was built across what is now West Seventh Street. That building is now Montgomery Plaza. The Chevy plant was later used by various different companies including GM's Frigidaire division as a sales and warehouse facility and later by Tandy Corp., first for its Radio Shack division and later for its corporate HQ. Demolished in 1986. Site is now Olympus 7th Street Station, a luxury apartment building. |- |G <br />(Pre-1965 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1989)<br /><br /> B (Pre-1961 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])<br /><br /> F (Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac)]]<br /><br /> 7 (Pre-1961 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Framingham Assembly|Framingham Assembly]]||[[w:Framingham, Massachusetts|Framingham, Massachusetts]]||United States||[[w:General Motors A platform (1925)#1964|GM rwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1965-1969), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1967-1972, 1974-1976), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1966-1969, 1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1967-1981), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1967-1977), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1968-1977), [[w:Buick Skylark#Second generation (1968–1972)|Buick Skylark]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1970-1972), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981) [[w:General Motors A platform (1982)|GM fwd A-bodies]]: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1988), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1982), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1983-1989), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1989) ||1948||1989|| Located at 63 Western Ave. First vehicle produced was a 1948 Buick on February 26, 1948. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Framingham is the only BOP Assembly Division plant to switch to the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Framingham switched to Chevrolet Assembly Division in August 1959 [https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/gm-framingham-ma-canada-pontiac-buick-olds-plant]. Framingham began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1960. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were then gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division. Framingham Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled October 1, 1982 but reopened March 14, 1983. Closed August 1, 1989. Sold to ADESA to use as a vehicle auction site. <br/>Past models: <br/> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#First generation (1962–1965)|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963), [[w:Buick Century#Second generation (1954–1958)|Buick Century]] (B-body), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1949-1950, 1955, 1958), [[w:Buick Special#1949–1958|Buick Special]] (1952-1953, 1955-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]], [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]], [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1951, 1954, 1956), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955, 1957, 1959) |- |&nbsp;||General Motors France S.A.||[[w:Gennevilliers|Gennevilliers]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1939||1940||Operations interrupted by German invasion of France and seizure of the plant in 1940 during WWII. |- |Z (1965-1982)<br /><br />H (1963-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])<br /><br />F (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] and [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]])<br /><br />3 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]])||[[w:Fremont Assembly|Fremont Assembly]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1973-1981)<br />[[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1972)<br />[[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]] (1973-1981)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1964-1969)<br />[[w:Buick Sport Wagon|Buick Sport Wagon]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1963-1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1969, 1973-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1969, 1973-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1973-81)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1964-1971)<br />[[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (1963-1982)<br />[[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1981)<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1973–1991|GMC Jimmy]] (1977-1979)<br />[[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1973-1977)<br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1964-1971)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1982)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1972)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1965-66)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970)<br />[[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1974)<br />[[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973)<br />[[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1969)||1963||1982||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.<br /> Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]] though it also built Chevrolet passenger cars from the beginning. Fremont built GM's midsize A-bodies. Was the first BOP Assembly Division plant to also build Chevrolet and GMC trucks. Regular truck production began June 10, 1963. First production car built September 3, 1963. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Plant was idled March 1982.<br /> From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.<br /> Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}</ref> Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012. |- |P||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]]||1994||2000||Built by an [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] - GM joint venture operating out of a converted old FSO warehouse. |- |W||[[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2007||2011||Built by [[w:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] for GM as part of a joint venture between [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|UkrAvto]] (parent of FSO) & GM. [[w:Ukrainian Automobile Corporation|Ukravto]] owned 60% & [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo]] owned 40%. The production license ended in 2011 & was not renewed. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Berlin|Berlin]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1927||1932||Replaced Hamburg plant. Located in Borsigwalde area of Berlin. Also predates the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]] by GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Gmbh]]||[[w:Hamburg|Hamburg]]||Germany||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1926||1927||GM's first German plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Opel|Opel]]. Located in a leased warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Hendon|Hendon]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] <br /> [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] ||1924||1930||GM's first British plant predating the acquisition of [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. Operated out of a leased plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[General Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Southampton|Southampton]], [[w:England|England]]||United Kingdom||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] ||1938||1946||Operations interrupted by German bombing of the UK during WWII. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]]||[[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1953||1970's||Originally a GM owned plant (General Motors Overseas Distribution Corporation). Sold to [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1963. Nationalized in 1972, it then became National Motors Ltd. Privatized to the [[w:Bibojee Group|Bibojee Group]] in 1992 who reverted back to the previous name, Ghandhara Industries. Ghandara Industries assembles Isuzu vehicles today. |- |&nbsp;||[[GM-Auto]]||[[w:Saint-Petersburg|Saint-Petersburg]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#Second generation (RG; 2011)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]] [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br />[[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]] ||2007||2015||Includes operations at the temporary "Arsenal plant" & the permanent plant in [[w:Shushary, Saint Petersburg|Shushary]]. GM ceased most operations in Russia back in 2015 and the GM-Auto plant closed. Sold to Hyundai Motor in 2020. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM-AvtoVAZ|GM-AvtoVAZ]]||[[w:Tolyatti|Togliatti]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Niva|Chevrolet Niva]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Viva|Chevrolet Viva]]||2002||2019||Was originally owned 41.5% by GM, 41.5% by AvtoVAZ, & 17% by [[w:EBRD|EBRD]]. In 2012, [[w:EBRD|EBRD]] was bought out & GM-AvtoVAZ became 50/50 owned by GM & AvtoVAZ. The GM-AvtoVAZ joint venture was dissolved in 2019 when AvtoVAZ bought out GM. The Chevrolet Niva was renamed Lada Niva Travel during 2020. AvtoVAZ was a part of [[w:Renault Group|Renault Group]] from 2016 until 2022. |- |4||GM España S.A.||[[w:Figueruelas|Figueruelas]], [[w: Zaragoza (province)| Zaragoza (province)]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Corsa|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] A, B, C, D, E (5 door, van)<br />[[w:Opel Meriva|Opel/Vauxhall Meriva]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Combo C (2001-2012)|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Combo]] C<br />[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra A (1994–2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra A]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Nova|Vauxhall Nova]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Third generation (SB; 1994–2000)|Holden Barina (SB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Fourth generation (XC; 2001–2005)|Holden Barina (XC)]]||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||GM Indonesia||Pondok Ungu, [[w:Bekasi|Bekasi]], [[w:West Java|West Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||After reopening:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spin|Chevrolet Spin]]<br /><br />Before temporary closure in 2005:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Blazer|Opel Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Optima]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]]||1995||2015||PT Garmak Motor assembled models under license from GM beginning in 1976, before the establishment of their joint venture with GM in 1993. These license built models include: [[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks, [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Morina]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord E 3-d panel van]], [[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#First generation (1972–1980)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk 1)]], [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Chevrolet LUV (Mk II)]], & [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper/Stallion]]. Originally established as PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which was owned 60% by GM and 40% by PT Garmak Motor. GM bought out Garmak in 1997 taking 100% of the shares. The assembly plant was closed from 2005-2011 and reopened in 2012 to make the Chevy Spin. Closed again in June 2015. |- |&nbsp;||GM Java||[[w:Tanjung Priok|Tanjung Priok]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]] ([[w:Opel 1.2 Liter|1.2 Liter]])<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] ([[w:Vauxhall 10-4|10-4]])||1927||1953||First Car Factory in what is now Indonesia (at the time, it was the Dutch East Indies). GM pulled out of Indonesia in 1954 and liquidated the company by 1956. Sold to P.N. Gaja Motors, which assembled the Opel Rekord and Kadett in the 1960's. Eventually became part of Astra International and its joint ventures with Toyota/Daihatsu. |- |&nbsp;||GM Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Tampoi, Johor|Tampoi]], [[w:Johor|Johor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]<br />[[w:Opel Gemini|Opel Gemini]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Bedford Harimau]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]||1968||1982||Originally Capital Motor Assembly Corp., which assembled Opel models under license from GM beginning in 1968. These license built models include: [[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]] A, [[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett B]], [[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord C]], & components. Capital Motor also assembled cars for Honda and Datsun (Nissan). GM bought Capital Motor Assembly in 1971 and renamed it GM Malaysia. Malaysian government policies that said Malaysians had to own a majority of local auto assembly plants forced GM to sell GM Malaysia to Oriental Holdings in 1980 which then renamed the unit Oriental Assemblers. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1982. Oriental Assemblers continued making Honda cars at this plant until around 2004. |- |&nbsp;||GM Philippines, Inc.||[[w:Paco, Manila|Paco district]], [[w:Manila|Manila]]||[[w:Philippines|Philippines]]||[[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />Chevrolet trucks<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini|Isuzu Gemini]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Parisienne#Philippines|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo/Tiger/Harabas]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] ||1953||1985||Originally Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. Yutivo assembled various models under license from GM beginning in 1953. GM bought a 49% stake in Yutivo in 1972 and renamed it GM Philippines. Isuzu invested in the company in 1979 and it was renamed GM Pilipinas, Inc. Assembly of GM vehicles ended in 1985 and GM sold the plant to Isuzu in 1994. Isuzu closed this plant and company in 1995 and replaced it with a new plant in Biñan, Laguna owned by a new subsidiary (Isuzu Philippines Corporation). |- |G||[[w:GM Manufacturing Poland|GM Manufacturing Poland Sp. z o.o.]]||[[w:Gliwice|Gliwice]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Opel Astra#Astra K (B16; 2015)|Opel Astra]] K (5-door)<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra J (P10; 2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (3-door, 4-door sedan, 5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra Classic III]] sedan<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Sixth generation (PJ; 2015)|Holden Astra (PJ)]] (GTC, VXR)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra H (A04; 2004)|Opel Astra H]] sedan<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra G (T98; 1998)|Opel Astra Classic II]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra Classic (TS)]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#Astra F (T92; 1992)|Opel Astra Classic I]]<br />[[w:Opel Agila#First generation (H00; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila A]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Solio#First generation (MA63S/MA64S/MA32S; 1999)|Suzuki Wagon R+ (2005-2007)]]<br />[[w:Opel Cascada|Opel/Vauxhall Cascada]]<br />[[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]]<br />[[w:Holden Cascada|Holden Cascada (CJ)]]<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira B]]||1998||2019|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Continued to supply the [[w:Buick Cascada|Buick Cascada]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||GM Powertrain Fredericksburg||[[w:Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg, Virginia]]||United States||Torque converter clutches for automatic transmissions||1979||2010|| Located at 11032 Tidewater Trail. Originally part of Delco Moraine Division, which bought the plant in 1978 from American Poclain. Moved to GM Powertrain division in 1993. Sold to idX Corp. in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Powertrain Poland|GM Powertrain Poland]]||[[w:Tychy|Tychy]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||Diesel engines including the Isuzu [[w:Circle L engine|Circle L engine]]||1999||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] plant. Originally founded as Isuzu Motors Polska (ISPOL) in 1996. GM bought 60% in 2002 & the remaining 40% in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] along with Opel in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Grand Blanc Metal Center|Grand Blanc Metal Center]]||[[w:Grand Blanc, Michigan|Grand Blanc, Michigan]]||United States||Metal stampings and metal fabrication of body components, Tooling jigs-and-fixtures||1942||2013||Located at 10800 S. Saginaw St. Originally opened to build tanks. Also known as the Fisher Body Tank Plant. Built [[w:M4 Sherman|M4 Sherman]] and [[w:M26 Pershing|M26 Pershing]] tanks during WWII and [[w:M48 Patton|M48 Patton]] tanks beginning in 1952. Buick used it as a warehouse from 1947 until Fisher Body bought it in 1951. Converted in 1955 into an automotive body metal fabricating plant. Became part of GM's Metal Fabricating Division in 1994 and became Grand Blanc Weld Tool Center in 2002. |- |&nbsp;||Grand Rapids Metal Center||[[w:Wyoming, Michigan|Wyoming, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1936||2009||Located at 300 36th Street SW. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Guide Lamp Division||[[w:Anderson, Indiana|Anderson, Indiana]]||United States||Headlamp, Taillamp assemblies||1929||1998||GM bought Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing Company in 1928, becoming part of the Delco Remy division initially before becoming the separate Guide Lamp Division in 1929. Guide Lamp Division was renamed Guide Division in 1975. Guide Division merged with Fisher Body in 1984 to create Fisher Guide. Fisher Guide then merged with the Inland Division in 1990 to form Inland Fisher Guide. In 1998, Guide operations were sold to [[w:Palladium Equity Partners|Palladium Equity Partners]] which turned the operation into Guide Corp. In 2007, Guide Corp. closed down. |- |H||[[w:General Motors India|Halol]]||[[w:Halol|Halol]], [[w:Gujarat|Gujarat]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#India|Chevrolet Sail]] (sedan)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||1995||2017||Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet SRV|Chevrolet SRV]] (sports hatch), [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Enjoy|Chevrolet Enjoy]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]](sedan), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Sail]] (hatchback), [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa Swing]](station wagon), [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]]. <br /> The new [[w:General Motors India|GM India]] began as a 50/50 joint venture with [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1994.The Halol plant was bought from [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1995. GM bought out [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]] in 1999. Sold to SAIC to produce [[w:MG Motor India|MG Motor India]] vehicles in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||Fisher Body - Hamilton-Fairfield Stamping Plant||[[w:Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton, Ohio]]||United States||Stampings & Bodies for GM vehicles||1947||1988||Located at 4400 Dixie Highway. Now the Fisher Industrial Park. |- |&nbsp;||Harrison Radiator Division - Moraine||[[w:Moraine|Moraine]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Machining and assembly of automotive A/C compressors, valves, and accumulator dehydrators||1941||1999||Located at 3600 Dryden Road. Originally built for [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]]. In 1975, automotive and appliance operations were split with the automotive operations becoming Delco Air Conditioning Division. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliance division was sold in 1979. Delco Air Conditioning Division merged into Harrison Radiator Division in 1981. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Became Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems. Closed by Delphi in 2003. Demolished by 2005. |- |H1, H2,<br> H3, H4 [https://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/holden_identification]||Holden Acacia Ridge Plant||[[w:Acacia Ridge, Queensland|Acacia Ridge, Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:<br /> [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]||1966||1984||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Replaced Fortitude Valley plant. |- |A||Holden Birkenhead Plant||[[w:Birkenhead, South Australia|Birkenhead, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1926||1981||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1938. Also produced military vehicles & equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Birkenhead combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Birkenhead assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville & powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and complete cars were assembled in Birkenhead. Vehicle production ended in 1965 when the Elizabeth plant started making complete vehicles. Birkenhead was then used as an export boxing area, a parts warehouse, and also assembled earthmoving equipment for Terex (then owned by GM) from 1969 until the mid 1970's. |- |M,<br> J1, J2, J3, <br> and J4-J9||Holden Dandenong Plant||[[w:Dandenong|Dandenong]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]] models including:<br /> [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LH, LX, UC<br />[[w:Holden Sunbird|Holden Sunbird]] LX, UC<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]<br />[[w:Holden Nova|Holden Nova]] LE, LF <br /> [[w:Toyota Corolla (E90)#Australia|Toyota Corolla (E90)]]<br />Bedford by Isuzu & [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] trucks<br />Body making<br />Torque converters & other components||1956|||1996||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also assembled Chevrolet trucks, Bedford vans & trucks and Frigidaire appliances. Built the 1 millionth Holden (an EJ) in October 1962, the 2 millionth Holden (an HK) in March 1969, and the 4 millionth Holden (a VC Commodore) in June 1981. Vehicle production by Holden ceased in 1989, vehicle production by Toyota for itself and for Holden lasted from 1989-1994 under a plant lease agreement. Minor assembly until 1996. Then became known as Holden Service Parts Operations (HSPO) which manages the distribution and marketing of Holden service parts and accessories for the Holden dealer network and international customers. |- |L,<br><br> L1, L2, <br> L3-L5||Holden Elizabeth Plant||[[w:Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Berlina|Holden Berlina]]<br />[[w:Holden Calais|Holden Calais]]<br /> [[w:Holden Caprice|Holden Caprice]]<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore|Holden Commodore]]<br /> [[w:Holden Ute|Holden Ute]]<br /> [[w:Holden Statesman|Holden Statesman]]<br /> [[w:Vauxhall VXR8|Vauxhall VXR8]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet SS (2013)|Chevrolet SS]] (2014-2017)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice PPV|Chevrolet Caprice PPV]] (2011-2017) |1959||2017||[[w:Holden|Holden]] manufacturing plant. Holden Vehicle Manufacturing Operations. Located at 180 Philip Highway. First opened as a body hardware plant making components, then expanded to making complete vehicle bodies in 1962, then expanded to making complete vehicles in 1965. Elizabeth became Holden’s only remaining car manufacturing plant in Australia in 1994. Built the 5 millionth Holden (a VN Calais) in August 1990, the 6 millionth Holden (a VX Commodore SS) in June 2001, and the 7 millionth Holden (a VE Commodore) in August 2008. Total number of vehicles built at all plants in Australia by Holden (including export models) from 1948-2017 is 7,687,675. Production ended October 20, 2017. Final vehicle made at Elizabeth and final Australian-built Holden was a VFII Commodore Redline with a manual transmission.[https://www.carsales.com.au/editorial/details/holdens-manufacturing-closure-by-the-numbers-109466/] Cars produced before its final year before closure included the [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fifth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (2004-2006), [[w:Vauxhall Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]], [[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]], [[w:Pontiac G8|Pontiac G8]] (2008-2009), [[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Holden Cruze (JH)]], [[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]], [[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JS)]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand WB]], [[w:Holden WB|Holden WB]] Ute & One-Tonner, [[w:Holden Adventra|Holden Adventra]], [[w:Holden Crewman|Holden Crewman]], [[w:Chevrolet Lumina#Holden-based models|Chevrolet Lumina]], [[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fifth generation (1999–2006)|Chevrolet Caprice]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]] 5-door, [[w:Chevrolet Omega|Chevrolet Omega]] B & C, [[w:Buick Royaum|Buick Royaum]], [[w:Daewoo Statesman|Daewoo Statesman]], and [[w:Daewoo Veritas|Daewoo Veritas]]. Also, [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries#Toyota Lexcen|Toyota Lexcen]]. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Fishermans Bend Plant (Port Melbourne)||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:GM High Feature engine|Holden Alloytec V6 engine]]<br />[[w:Buick V6 engine#3800 V6|Buick V6]]<br />[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II I4 engine]]<br />[[w:Holden V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Holden straight-six motor#Starfire|Holden Starfire I4]]<br />[[w:Holden straight-six motor|Holden straight-six motor]]<br />Manual transmissions<br />[[w:Holden Salisbury differential|Holden Banjo/Salisbury differentials]]<br />Axles<br />Stampings<br />Components<br />Foundry ||1936||2016||Headquarters of GM Holden Ltd. <br /> Holden's Engine Company/Holden Engine Operations.<br /> Used to build vehicles as well including the [[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]] & [[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]. Vehicle assembly ended in 1956 and was moved to Dandenong. <br /> Versions of the Alloytec/High Feature V6 were also supplied to [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab]] & [[w:Alfa Romeo|Alfa Romeo]] from this plant. <br /> Sold to the Victorian state Government in 2016. |- |B||Holden Fortitude Valley Plant||[[w:Fortitude Valley|Fortitude Valley]], [[w:Queensland|Queensland]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]<br />[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]<br />[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />||1927||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Fortitude Valley combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Replaced by Acacia Ridge plant. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Marrickville Plant||[[w:Marrickville, New South Wales|Marrickville, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]||1926||1940||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1931 until 1934. Marrickville combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Pagewood plant. |- |&nbsp;||Holden Melbourne Plant (City Road)||[[w:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1926||1936||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Acquired by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Melbourne combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. Building sold. Replaced by Fishermans Bend plant. |- |P,<br> L6||Holden Mosman Park Plant||[[w:Mosman Park, Western Australia|Mosman Park (formerly Cottesloe Beach)]], [[w:Western Australia|Western Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1926||1972||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built by GM Australia before it merged with Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd. Plant was closed from 1932 until 1935. Also produced military vehicles & equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Mosman Park combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Mosman Park assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components came from Woodville & powertrain came from Fishermans Bend and final assembly was done in Mosman Park. Plant was closed down in 1972. Demolished in the early 1990s. |- |S,<br> H5, H6, H7,<br> H8, H9||Holden Pagewood Plant||[[w:Pagewood, New South Wales|Pagewood, New South Wales]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Holden 48-215|Holden 48-215]]<br />[[w:Holden FJ|Holden FJ]]<br />[[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]]<br />[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden HK|Holden HK]]<br />[[w:Holden HT|Holden HT]]<br />[[w:Holden HG|Holden HG]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]<br />Body making||1940||1980||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Also produced military equipment during WWII. Before WWII, Pagewood combined bodies made in Woodville with CKD chassis assembled in Melbourne. After WWII, Pagewood assembled CKD chassis imported from the US, Canada, & the UK and combined them with bodies made in Woodville. Also made Frigidaire appliances. Built the 3 millionth Holden (an HQ) in June 1974. Vehicle production ended in 1980 while plant closedown operations extended into 1981. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Holden Woodville Plant|Holden Woodville Plant]]||[[w:Woodville, South Australia|Woodville, South Australia]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]:<br />Stamping<br />Body making<br />Paint shop<br />Body Hardware<br />Trim<br />Tool & Die<br />[[w:Tri-Matic|Tri-Matic]] automatic transmission||1923||1965||[[w:Holden|Holden]] plant. Built before Holden was taken over by GM. Built car bodies for many brands of cars including GM brands (Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Marquette, Buick, LaSalle, Cadillac, GMC, Vauxhall, & Bedford) and non-GM brands (Chrysler, DeSoto, Dodge, Plymouth, Willys, Hudson, Nash, Studebaker, Austin, Morris, Rover, Standard, Fiat, & others). (Holden Motor Body Works.) Also produced military equipment during WWII. Once Holden brand cars started to be made in 1948, body and chassis components were made in Woodville. Also produced replacement parts for discontinued models. Most operations transferred to Elizabeth between 1959 & 1965. Built the Tri-Matic automatic transmission from 1969-1987. Plant sold in 1984. Tri-Matic production area was leased back until production ended. Other companies continued production of spare parts. |- |V||[[w:IBC Vehicles|IBC Vehicles Ltd.]]/<br>[[w:GMM Luton|GMM Luton]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile |publisher=Vauxhall |url=http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |access-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090629105853/http://media.gm.com/gb/vauxhall/en/company/c_company-profile/index.html |archive-date=2009-06-29}}</ref>||[[w:Luton|Luton]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Bedford CF#CF2|Bedford CF2]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Fargo#Bedford Midi / Vauxhall Midi|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME/Isuzu Midi/<br>Bedford Seta/Vauxhall Albany]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Carry#Bedford Rascal|Bedford/Vauxhall/GME Rascal]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Carry#Export models|Suzuki Super Carry]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera A]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#Second generation (UER25FW, UES25FW, UES73FW; 1998–2004)|Opel/Vauxhall Frontera B]]<br />[[w:Holden Frontera#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Holden Frontera (UT)]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] A (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic (X83)]] (low roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar (X83)]] (low roof versions only)||1950 (as AA Block of Luton plant)<br><br>1984 (as Bedford Luton Van Plant)||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. Began as the Bedford van plant when Bedford vans were moved out of the Luton passenger car plant and into a separate, nearby plant (AA Block [body assembly and paint] &<br> K Block [trim and final assembly] of the Luton complex) connected by a bridge so that components for the CF van made in the car plant could be easily transferred to the van plant. Was part of the Bedford Commercial Vehicles Division of the GM Overseas Commercial Vehicles Corp. CF2 production ended in July 1987. Built the Isuzu-designed Midi from December 20, 1984 through May 23, 1996 though the Midi was still available through the 1997 model year. An upscale, 7-psgr. variant of the Midi called the Vauxhall Albany was built for 1991 only. Built the Suzuki-designed Rascal from February 1986 through July 3, 1993. Also built the Rascal's Suzuki counterpart, the Super Carry, for the UK & other European markets. Became a joint venture with [[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] called IBC Vehicles Ltd., which was incorporated on January 20, 1987. Production under IBC Vehicles began in October 1987 after the plant was reorganized and staff was retrained. GM owned 60% & Isuzu held 40%. The Bedford brand was discontinued and replaced by the Vauxhall brand on light commercial vehicles as of June 1, 1990. GM bought Isuzu's stake in IBC Vehicles back in 1998 & the operation was again a subsidiary of GM. It was then renamed GMM (GM Manufacturing) Luton. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:IDA-Opel|IDA-Opel]]||[[w:Kikinda|Kikinda]], [[w:Socialist Republic of Serbia|Socialist Republic of Serbia]]||[[w:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]||[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona]] C<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa A (S83; 1982)|Opel Corsa]] A<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] D & E<br />[[w:Opel Kikinda#Senator A (1978–1986)|Opel Kikinda]] (Senator A)<br />[[w:Opel Omega#Omega A (1986–1994)|Opel Omega]] A<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series E|Opel Rekord]] E<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A<br />||1977||1992|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel affiliate]]. A joint venture owned 49% by GM & 51% by Kikinda Iron Foundry. IDA = Industrija Delova Automobila or Industry of Automobile Parts. The operation exported iron castings, brake, and axle components to GM/Opel, thus allowing partially built Opels to be imported into Yugoslavia and not be counted as imports. Ended by the wars of the breakup of Yugoslavia and imposition of ssanctions on Yugoslavia in 1992. The plant was later restructured as the Livnica Kikinda metal foundry, which was taken over by Slovenia's Cimos in 2004 and manufactures auto parts for various European manufacturers including Opel. |- |&nbsp;||Indianapolis Metal Center||[[w:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]], [[w:Indiana|Indiana]]||United States||Metal stampings for trucks||1930||2011||Located at 340 S. White River Parkway W. Drive. Stamping plant. Acquired from the former Martin-Parry Corporation in 1930. Became a Chevrolet plant making truck bodies. Became part of GM Truck & Bus Group in 1982 and in early 1992, became part of NATP (North American Truck Platforms) and later transferred to CLCD (Cadillac/Luxury Car Division) before joining the Metal Fabrication Division in 1994. Closed in June 2011. Demolished in 2014-2015. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Columbus, Ohio)||[[w:Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies & Small Components||1946||1999||Located at 200 Georgesville Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Closed by Delphi in 2007. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Dayton Plant||[[w:Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[w:Ohio|Ohio]]||United States||Engine Mounts<br />Transmission Mounts<br />Strut Mounts<br />Steering Wheels<br />Liteflex Springs<br />Brake Linings<br />Brake Hose<br />Brake Pads<br />Ball Joints<br />Ice Cube Trays ||1921||1999||Located at 2701 Home Avenue (originally Home Road). The first factory building was built in 1910 by the Wright Company and made airplanes and components. The 2nd factory building was built in 1911 & made airplane engines. Aircraft production ceased in 1916. 13 different types of planes had been produced. In Feb. 1917, the plants were sold to the Darling Motor Co. but they went bankrupt shortly thereafter. The Dayton-Wright Company bought the site from Darling Motor on March 22, 1917 and made aircraft parts at the site for its Moraine assembly plant from 1918 to 1919. Dayton-Wright Company was bought by GM in 1919 & it was initially run as a GM subsidiary. In 1923, the aircraft part of the business was sold to Consolidated Aircraft Co. & this site switched from aviation production to automotive production. Inland Manufacturing Division (originally Inland Mfg. Company) of GM was formed on January 6, 1923 at this site, initially to make steering wheels. Merged with Fisher Guide to became Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Spun off with [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] in 1999. Delphi closed it in 2008. The 2 original Wright Brothers' buildings were left standing and became part of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009 but the rest was demolished around 2014. The Wright Brothers factory buildings were damaged by fire in March 2023. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Detroit - Fort St.)||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit, Michigan]]||United States||Door hinges and interior parts||1920||1989||Located at 6307 W. Fort St. & Livernois St. Was Ternstedt's headquarters until 1962. Originally opened by Ternstedt Manufacturing Co., which was taken over by Fisher Body Co. in 1920. Became part of GM when GM took over Fisher Body in 1926. Ternstedt became a separate division of GM in 1948 before merging back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Was a plant for the Ternstedt Division (Plant# 16) of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Is now Evans Distribution Systems. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Elyria, Ohio)||[[w:Elyria, Ohio|Elyria, Ohio]]||United States||Car seats||1947||1990||Located at 1400 Lowell St. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Euclid, Ohio)||[[w:Euclid, Ohio|Euclid, Ohio]]||United States||Vehicle Bodies until 1970<br />Then, trim fabrication, seat covers & backs, upholstery, door panels, sunvisors, & other interior parts.<br />Also made seats & cushions for Sea Ray Boats||1947||1993||Located at 20001 Euclid Ave. Originally built in 1943. Bought by GM in 1947 from Cleveland Pneumatic Aerol Co., which made rocket shells and aircraft landing gear there during WWII. Was a Fisher Body plant making bodies for Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, & Buick until 1970. Then became a Fisher Trim Fabrication plant. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed in 1993. Site currently in use by an industrial supply store (HGR) and indoor sports facilities (The Sports Plant). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Automotive industry in Flint, Michigan#Coldwater Road Plant|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Flint - Coldwater Road)]]||[[w:Genesee Township, Michigan|Genesee Township, Michigan]]||United States||Window regulators, door hinges, door modules and seat adjusters||1953||1996||Located at 1245 East Coldwater Road. Originally opened as a plant for the Ternstedt Division of General Motors. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication when Ternstedt merged back into Fisher Body in 1969. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making window regulators and door hinges and modules. Closed by Peregrine in 1998. A GM subsidiary called REALM bought the property in 1999 and GM used the administration building until 2000. Demolished by 2001. Site now used by Deployment Strategies Group LLC for container storage. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Grand Rapids, Michigan)||[[w:Walker, Michigan|Walker, Michigan]]||United States||Interior trim||1942||1998||Located at 2150 Alpine Avenue NW. Built by Haskelite Manufacturing Corporation to make wooden gliders for use in WWII. Bought by GM in the early 1950's. Built fuselages for <br />[[w:F-84F Thunderstreak|F-84F Thunderstreak]] fighter jets. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Became part of Delphi in 1995. Sold by GM to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1998. Closed by Lear in 2005. Now called Avastar Park, a multi-tenant industrial site. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Livonia, Michigan)||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Cushions, Seat Pads, Seat Backs, Door Panel Trim||1954||1995||Built on the site of the former Detroit Transmission Division plant that burned down in 1953. Located at 28400 Plymouth Road. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1995. Sold to Peregrine Inc. in 1996, which continued making interior trim parts. Peregrine then closed the plant in 1998. Now the Plymouth Road Technical Center, a multi-tenant site for industrial, warehousing, and logistics purposes. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Syracuse)||[[w:Salina, New York|Salina, New York]]||United States||Metal auto parts (die casting, stamping, machining, painting, plating), Plastic trim parts - exterior and interior (injection molding)||1952||1993||Located at One General Motors Drive (address sometimes listed as 1000 Town Line Road). Plastic operations were added in the early 1960's. Metal operations were subsequently reduced and ultimately replaced by the plastic operations by the early 1970's. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. Closed December 1993. Property is now Salina Industrial Powerpark, a multi-tenant industrial park. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Tecumseh, Michigan)||[[w:Tecumseh, Michigan|Tecumseh, Michigan]]||United States||Seat Pads & Backs||1966||1988||Located at 5550 Occidental Highway. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984. Now occupied by Uniloy Inc., a plastics company. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Inland Fisher Guide Plant (New Jersey)|Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Trenton)]]||[[w:West Trenton, New Jersey|West Trenton]], [[w:Ewing Township, New Jersey|Ewing Township]], [[w:New Jersey|New Jersey]]||United States||Door handles<br />Hinges<br />Door locks<br />Seat adjusters<br />Exterior body moldings and painted components||1938||1998||Located at 1445 Parkway Ave. Built 7,546 [[w:TBM Avenger|TBM Avenger]] torpedo bombers during WWII under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. In 1961, the facility became the first commercial user in the United States to use a programmable industrial robot to replace human workers. Brief article about the plant's closing and displaced workers. 1993 Plant closing date was later delayed until Summer of 1998 : [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB1E3EF937A35751C1A964958260] Originally part of the [[w:Flint, Michigan auto industry#Ternstedt Division|Ternstedt Division]] of Fisher Body, then the Ternstedt Division of GM in 1948 before Ternstedt merged back in to Fisher Body in 1969. Then, Fisher Hardware Fabrication. Fisher became Fisher Guide in 1984 and Inland Fisher Guide in 1989. In 1995, Inland Fisher Guide became the Delphi Interior and Lighting Systems division of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary. Closed in 1998. Plant was subsequently demolished. Site redeveloped into Ewing Town Center, a mixed retail and residential complex. |- |&nbsp;||Inland Fisher Guide Plant (Vandalia, Ohio)||[[w:Vandalia, Ohio|Vandalia, Ohio]]||United States||Door Panel Assemblies<br />Seat Pads<br />Instrument Panels||1941||1999||Located at 250 Northwoods Boulevard. Originally a GM Aeroproducts division facility making aircraft propellers, Aeroproducts division became part of GM's Allison division in 1952, site was absorbed by GM's Inland division in 1961 after propeller production moved to Allison's Indianapolis operation in 1960, merged into Inland Fisher Guide division in 1991, became part of GM's [[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Delphi Automotive Systems]] subsidiary in 1995 and transferred to Delphi Chassis Division. Spun off with Delphi in 1999. Transferred to Delphi Thermal Division in 2007. Sold in 2015 to [[w:Mahle GmbH|Mahle GmbH]]. Mahle transferred operations to its Behr plant in Dayton and closed the Vandalia plant by 2016. Mahle sold the property in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors International A/S||[[w:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]||[[w:Denmark|Denmark]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]||1924||1974||GM's 1st European assembly plant & 1st assembly plant outside North America. First vehicle off the line was a Chevrolet utility truck on January 7, 1924. Pontiac assembly began July 24, 1926. Oakland, Oldsmobile, & Buick assembly began in 1929. In the 1960's, the Chevy Chevelle & Buick Skylark were assembled along with most Opel & Vauxhall models. Station wagon-based vans were assembled as was the Opel 1500, based on the 1200. Production ended in Oct. 1974. Over 550,000 units had been produced. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors do Brasil|Ipiranga]]||[[w:Ipiranga (district of São Paulo)|Ipiranga]], [[w:São Paulo (state)|São Paulo (state)]]||[[w:Brazil|Brazil]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]||1925||1930||GM's 1st Brazilian assembly plant. Replaced by Sao Caetano do Sul plant. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pars Khodro|General Motors Iran]]||[[w:Tehran|Tehran]]||[[w:Imperial State of Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]||[[w:Opel Commodore#Foreign assembly|Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova#Fourth generation (1975–1979)|Chevrolet Iran (Nova)]]<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Buick Skylarks in Iran|Buick Iran (Skylark)]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Seville#First generation (1976–1979)|Cadillac Iran (Seville)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet C/K pickup]] ||1974||1987||When the Shah ruled Iran, GM established a joint venture in Iran called GM Iran. GM held 45% while Pars Khodro held the other 55%. Production began on January 15, 1974 of the Opel Commodore-based Chevrolet Iran 2500/2800/Royale. By 1977, this was replaced by the American Chevrolet Nova, Buick Skylark, & Cadillac Seville. Chevy pickups followed. Once the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Revolution and Iran was taken over by fanatics, GM abandoned the factory & Iran. The company became Pars Khodro and the local management changed. Production of GM models continued sporadically until 1987 when it finally ended. |- |J (1953-2009)<br /><br />21 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Janesville Assembly Plant|Janesville Assembly Plant]]||[[w:Janesville, Wisconsin|Janesville, Wisconsin]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1992-1994)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]] (1995-2009) <br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1947-1966, 1992-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tiltmaster|Chevrolet Tiltmaster/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br /> [[w:GMC Forward|GMC Forward/W-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br /> [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series (Gas-powered)]] (1994-2009)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|GMC Yukon]] (1992-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|GMC Yukon Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) <br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1992-1999)<br />[[w:GMC Yukon XL|GMC Yukon XL]] (2000-2009) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Ninth generation (2000)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT800)]] (2001-2006) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Tenth generation (2007)|GMC Yukon XL Denali (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)||1919||2009||Located at 1000 General Motors Dr. Was the oldest active GM assembly plant at time of its closure in 2009; largest under one roof in the U.S. Originally built [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson tractors]] from 1919-1922. Also made [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1922. Started producing Chevrolets on Feb. 14, 1923. Plant closed from September 1932 - late 1933. During World War II, both the Chevy & Fisher Body sides of the plant were controlled by Oldsmobile and made artillery shells. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Janesville Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. On April 21, 1967, the 100 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a blue, two-door Chevrolet Caprice, was produced at the Janesville plant. Full-size cars ended production in 1982 and were replaced by the compact J-cars like the Cavalier. Last passenger car built was the 1991 Chevy Cavalier. Only SUVs and trucks were subsequently built. SUV production ended Dec. 23, 2008. Last vehicle produced was a black 2009 Chevy Tahoe. Medium-duty truck production ended on April 23, 2009, marking the end of vehicle production at Janesville. Officially, the plant was placed on "standby" status but production never restarted and the 2015 GM-UAW contract allowed Janesville to be closed permanently. Demolished from 2018-2019.<br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]], [[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]], [[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]], [[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]], [[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1982), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1988-1989), [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982-1988), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|Chevrolet Kodiak (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|Chevrolet B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987-1989), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra crew cab (GMT400)]] (1992-1994), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|GMC Sierra C3500HD]] (1991-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#Second generation (1990–2002)|GMC TopKick (GMT530)]] (1990-2002), [[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#Third generation (1993–2003)|GMC B-series]] (1993-2002), [[w:GMC T-Series|GMC T-Series]] (1997-2002), [[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1997-2002) |- |&nbsp;||Kalamazoo Metal Center||[[w:Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo, Michigan]]||United States||Stamped Body panels ||1965||1999|| Located at 5200 East Cork Street. Metal stamping plant. Started out as a Fisher Body plant. Now Midlink Business Park. |- |K||[[w:GM Korea|GM Korea]]||[[w:Gunsan|Kunsan]], [[w:Jeolla Province|Jeolla]]||[[w:South Korea|South Korea]]||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Holden Cruze#Australia|Holden Cruze (JG sedan/JH wagon)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra Sedan (BL)]] (4-door)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:GM Family Z engine|Family Z diesel engine]]||1997||2018||Past models: [[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]], [[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]], [[w:Daewoo Tacuma|Daewoo Tacuma]], [[w:Chevrolet Optra|Chevrolet Optra]], [[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]], [[w:Holden Viva|Holden Viva (JF)]], [[w:Suzuki Forenza|Suzuki Forenza]], [[w:Suzuki Reno|Suzuki Reno]] This factory also produced Chevrolet vehicles for [[w:General Motors Europe|General Motors Europe]] and [[w:Chevrolet Europe|Chevrolet Europe]]. The factory permanently closed on May 31, 2018, due to low productivity caused by GM's withdrawal from Europe in 2017 and due to GM's restructuring of its GM Korea operations. Sold to Myoung Shin Co., Ltd. in 2018. Diesel engines were produced at an adjacent facility beginning in 2006. |- |A<br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1990<br /><br />8 <br />(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Lakewood Assembly|Lakewood Assembly]]||[[w:Lakewood Heights, Atlanta|Lakewood Heights, Georgia]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br /> (1966, 1987-1990)<br />[[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari wagon]] (1987-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick LeSabre Estate]] (1987-1989)<br /> [[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Electra Estate]] (1987-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Estate#1977–1990|Buick Estate wagon]] (1990)||1928||1990||Located at McDonough Boulevard and Sawtell Avenue. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lakewood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Idled from September 1982 to early 1984. Production ended with Chevrolet Caprice Classic & Buick Estate Wagon. Last vehicle produced was a gray Chevy Caprice on August 6, 1990.<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1966), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957). Also built the <br> [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987) & [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1982, 1984-1987),<br> [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only).<br> GM G-body: [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Third generation (1969–1972)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1970-1972). GM A-body: [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1970), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#Second generation (1964–1967)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1965), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1973-1979), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1969, 1971-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1971-1977).<br> [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-80), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972),<br> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1980). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Body]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||Automotive bodies||1920||2005||Located at 401 N. Verlinden St. Opened as a [[w:Durant Motors|Durant Motors]] plant in 1920. Durant Motors went out of business in 1931 and the plant was vacant until GM bought it in 1935. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 6. The plant reopened as a Fisher Body plant. It supplied bodies to the main Oldsmobile plant (Lansing Plant 1 or Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis). Together with the chassis plant, they made up Lansing Car Assembly. Demolished in 2008-2009. |- |M||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (North)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Fifth generation (1985–1991)|Buick Somerset/Skylark]] (1985–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier coupe]] (1995-1998), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (2001–2003), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Classic]] (2004–2005), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais|Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais]] (1988-1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Achieva|Oldsmobile Achieva]] (1992–1998), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1992-2005) ||1902||2005|| "M" - North assembly line. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. This was Oldsmobile's home plant. It predated the founding of GM in 1908. It was converted to build unibody, fwd, compact cars for 1985 instead of the previous body-on-frame, rwd midsize & full-size cars. Demolished in 2007. Past models: [[w:Oldsmobile Series 60|Oldsmobile Series 60]] (1939-1948), [[w:Oldsmobile Series 70|Oldsmobile Series 70]] (1939-1950), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 98#1953|Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta]] convertible (1953),<br> [[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#First generation (1971–1976)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] (1971–1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1961-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]] (1966-1984), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1964-1980), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961–1966), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1966-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser|Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser]] (1964-1977), [[w:Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1929-1931)<br />Oldsmobile engines:<br />[[w:Oldsmobile straight-6 engine|Oldsmobile straight-6 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile straight-8 engine|Oldsmobile straight-8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine|Oldsmobile Rocket V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile Rockette V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V8]] |- |C (1985-2004)||[[w:Lansing Car Assembly|Lansing Car Assembly - Chassis (South)]]||[[w:Lansing, Michigan|Lansing, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Buick Skylark#Sixth generation (1992–1998)|Buick Skylark]] (1992–1998), [[w:Chevrolet Alero|Chevrolet Alero]] (Export only: 1999-2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Calais|Oldsmobile Calais]] (1985-1986), [[w:Oldsmobile Alero|Oldsmobile Alero]] (1999-2004), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am|Pontiac Grand Am]] (1985-2004)||1902||2004||"C" - South assembly line. Only started using separate plant code from the North plant beginning with the 1985 N-body cars. Part of GM's Lansing Plant 1. Located around 1014 Townsend St., next to the former Oldsmobile headquarters at 920 Townsend St. Demolished in 2007. |- |B<br />(0 for EV1)||[[w:Lansing Craft Centre|Lansing Craft Centre]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet SSR|Chevrolet SSR]] (2003–2006)||1987||2006||Located at 2801 West Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Metal Center. Originally built by Ryan-Bohn Foundry and opened in 1920. Owned by Driggs Aircraft Company from 1927-1930. Owned by R.E. Olds from 1930-1940 but not used. Bought by GM's Oldsmobile Division in 1940. Became GM's Lansing Plant 2. Also known as Olds Forge. Built artillery shells during WWII. Oldsmobile used this plant as a forge (through 1983) and for making axles and differentials (through 1984). First opened as a vehicle assembly plant known as the Reatta Craft Centre in 1988 though pilot production began in December 1986. After Buick Reatta production ended in 1991, plant was renamed Lansing Craft Centre. Used by the Genasys joint venture with [[w:American Specialty Cars|ASC]] to complete production of the Chevy Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire convertibles. Final SSR built March 17, 2006. Closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-2010. Past models: [[w:Buick Reatta|Buick Reatta]] (1988–1991), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier#Third generation (1995)|Chevrolet Cavalier convertible]] (1995–2000), [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] convertible (1995–2000), [[w:General Motors EV1|General Motors EV1]] (1997, 1999), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Twelfth generation (1992–2002)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (2000-2002) |- |||[[w:Lansing Engine Plant|Lansing Engine]]||[[w:Delta Township, Michigan|Delta Township, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Oldsmobile Diesel engine|Oldsmobile Diesel V6]]<br />[[w:Quad 4 engine|Quad 4 engine]]<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] (2002 only)||1981||2002||Located at 2901 S. Canal Road. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 5. Also known as Delta Engine. Built to produce experimental diesel engine; part of Ryder Logistics since 2005. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lansing Metal Center|Lansing Metal Center]]||[[w:Lansing Township, Michigan|Lansing Township, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1952||2006|| Located at 2800 W. Saginaw Street, across the street from the Lansing Craft Centre. Known as GM's Lansing Plant 3. Also known as the Olds Jet plant. Originally built to manufacture turbine blades for Buick-built J65 axial flow jet engines. Metal fabricating plant. Demolished in 2008-2010. |- |K <br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-1988)<br /><br />5 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />M (1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />8 (1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Leeds Assembly|Leeds Assembly]]||[[w:Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City, Missouri]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1984-1987), [[w:Oldsmobile Firenza|Oldsmobile Firenza]] (1982-1988),<br> [[w:Buick Skyhawk#Second generation (1982–1989)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1982-1988)||1929||1988||Located at 6817 Stadium Drive. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Leeds Assembly began making Pontiac and Buick passenger cars for 1964. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Leeds Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Retooled to build fwd J-cars for 1982. Closed April 15, 1988. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1974), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1965-1968, 1970), [[w:Buick Regal|Buick Regal]], [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1964-1970, 1975-76), [[w:Buick Special#1964–1967|Buick Special]] (1964-1967), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1961), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964-1974, 1977), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1964-1974, 1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1963), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1978-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1971-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963, 1974-1977), [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1974), [[w:GMC Caballero|GMC Caballero]] (1978-1980), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1964-1968), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1964-1965) |- |K ('94-'05)<br /><br />E ('65-'91)<br /><br />L (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]) <br /><br /> 3 (Pre-1964 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:Linden Assembly|Linden Assembly]]||[[w:Linden, New Jersey|Linden, New Jersey]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2005)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1994-2004)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10#Second generation (1994)|GMC Sonoma]] (1994-2004)||1937||2005||Located at 1016 W. Edgar Road. Linden Assembly was the 2nd GM multi-brand assembly plant (the 1st was Southgate, CA), assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. It was operated by GM's Linden Division through January 1942. During WWII, GM built 5,837 [[w:FM-1 Wildcat|FM-1 Wildcat]] and [[w:FM-2 Wildcat|FM-2 Wildcat]] fighter planes at Linden under license from Grumman as part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division. After the war ended, in 1945, Linden & Southgate were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. In 1971, Linden Assembly became the first plant outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille & Calais. In 1979, Linden became the sole source for all three of GM's E-body personal luxury coupes, the Oldsmobile Toronado, Buick Riviera, and Cadillac Eldorado. The closely related K-body Cadillac Seville was added in 1980. In the mid-1980s, the factory was retooled to produce the new L-body Chevy Beretta & Corsica, which began production in 1987. This was the first time Linden built a Chevrolet model. Linden was idled in September 1991 for conversion to truck and SUV production. It reopened in 1993 to produce the 1994 S-10 and Sonoma pickups, adding the Blazer and Jimmy SUVs for 1995. Closed April 2005. Last vehicle built was a white 2005 four-door Chevy Blazer on April 20, 2005. Demolished in 2008. Now Legacy Square, a complex of retail stores, and Legacy Commerce Center, an industrial space at the back of the property along Linden Ave.<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1991), [[w:Buick Riviera#Sixth generation (1979–1985)|Buick Riviera]] (1979-1985), [[w:Oldsmobile Toronado#Third generation (1979–1985)|Oldsmobile Toronado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Eldorado#Tenth generation (1979–1985)|Cadillac Eldorado]] (1979-1985), [[w:Cadillac Seville#Second generation (1980–1985)|Cadillac Seville]] (1980-85), [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]], [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1963), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1949, 1953-1957), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1952-1957), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1955-1957), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963), [[w:Cadillac Calais|Cadillac Calais]] (1971-1976), [[w:Cadillac DeVille|Cadillac DeVille]] (1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1976), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963, 1971-1978), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1968-1970), [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1970), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949, 1953, 1955, 1958), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1962, 1965-1966), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-61) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Livonia Engine|Livonia Engine]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM Premium V engine|Premium V engine]] (4.6L Northstar V8, 4.0L Aurora V8, 3.5L Shortstar V6)||1971||2010|| Located at 12200 Middlebelt Road. Originally built as a parts supplier to Cadillac. Converted into an engine plant for the Northstar V8. Now a multi-tenant commercial space including [[w:Penske Corporation|Penske Logistics]] and [[w:KUKA|KUKA]]. The [[w:KUKA|KUKA]] facility appears to be the one building the initial batch of [[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] electric vans for GM prior to production moving to GM's [[w:CAMI Automotive|CAMI Automotive]] plant. |- ||7 (1979-2019)<br /><br /> U&nbsp;(1966-1978)||[[w:Lordstown Assembly|Lordstown Assembly]]||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#Second generation (J400)|Chevrolet Cruze (2016-2019)]]||1966||2019 |GM bought the property in 1955 and announced plans for the new Chevrolet plant in 1956 but construction didn't begin until 1964. Production began on April 28, 1966. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Lordstown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. <br /> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze (2011-2015)/ Cruze Limited (2016)]], [[w:Chevrolet Cobalt|Chevrolet Cobalt]] (2005-2010)/[[w:Pontiac G5|Pontiac G5]] (2007-2009, Canada: 2007-2010), [[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982-2005)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#Second generation (1982–1994)|Pontiac J2000/2000/2000 Sunbird/Sunbird]] (1982-1994)/ [[w:Pontiac Sunfire|Pontiac Sunfire]] (1995-2004), [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1971–1977)/[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1978-1980)/[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1978-1980)/ [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1978-1980), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|Chevrolet Van/Sportvan]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971-1996)|GMC Vandura/ Rally Van]] (1971-1992), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1966-1970), [[w:Pontiac Firebird#First generation (1967–1969)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1967-1969), [[w:Pontiac Pursuit|Pontiac Pursuit/G5 Pursuit]] (Canada: 2005-2006), [[w:Toyota Cavalier|Toyota Cavalier]] (1996-2000). Located at 2300 Hallock-Young Road. Main assembly plant is the East part of the complex on Hallock-Young Road. Stamping plant added in 1970. Paint shop added in 2004. Stamping plant and paint shop are part of the West part of the complex on Ellsworth-Bailey Road. <br /> Closed on March 6, 2019. Sold to [[w:Lordstown Motors|Lordstown Motors]] in 2019. Lordstown Motors sold the plant to [[w:Foxconn|Foxconn]] in 2022 and Foxconn will do contract assembly for Lordstown Motors and others. |- |1 (Lotus Omega &<br />Lotus Carlton)<br /><br />H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]|| [[w:Opel Lotus Omega|Opel Lotus Omega]] A / [[w:Vauxhall Lotus Carlton|Vauxhall Lotus Carlton]] 1990-1992, 950 units [[w:Lotus Esprit|Lotus Esprit]], [[w:Lotus Excel|Lotus Excel]], [[w:Lotus Elan#Elan (M100)|Lotus Elan]] ||1986||1993||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. |- |&nbsp;||Mansfield Metal Center||[[w:Ontario, Ohio|Ontario, Ohio]]||United States||Metal stamping||1955||2010||Located at 2525 W. 4th St. Mostly demolished. Redeveloped into Ontario Commerce Park. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Massena Castings Plant|Massena Castings Plant]]||[[w:Rooseveltown, New York|Rooseveltown, New York]]||United States|| Aluminum engine blocks & cylinder heads for [[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine|Corvair engine]], Aluminum engine blocks for [[w:Chevrolet 2300 engine|Vega engine]], & aluminum cylinder heads & blocks for other engines.<br /> Also clutch housings, transmission cases, pistons, aluminum intake manifolds||1959||2009||Located at 56 Chevrolet Rd, Rooseveltown, NY 13662 <br /> Originally a Chevrolet facility. In 1978, became part of GM's Central Foundry Division. In 1991, Central Foundry became part of GM Powertrain. <br />Production ended April 23, 2009. Demolished in 2011. |- |M||Mexico City Assembly||[[w:Mexico City|Mexico City]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks & vans||1937||1995<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}</ref>||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including: Caprice, Chevelle, Corvair, Impala, Malibu, Nova<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]], [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]],<br /> [[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]], [[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord/MX-1/Olimpico/Fiera]] <br /> Switched from assembly to manufacturing in 1965. |- |2||[[w:Moraine Assembly|Moraine Assembly]]||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-1992)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] 4-door (1991-1994)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#Second generation (1995–2005)|Chevrolet Blazer]] (1995-2001)<br />[[w:GMC S-15#First generation (1982)|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990)<br />[[w:GMC Sonoma#First generation (1982)|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1992)<br /> [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy/Jimmy]] 4-door (1991-1994)<br /> [[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy#Second generation (1995–2005)|GMC Jimmy]] (1995-2001)<br />[[w:Buick Rainier|Buick Rainier]] (2004-2007)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] (2002-2009)<br /> [[w:GMC Envoy#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy]] (2002-2009)<br /> [[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender]] (2003-2008)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1991-1994, 1996-2004) <br />[[w:Saab 9-7X|Saab 9-7X]] (2005-2009)<br />[[w:Grumman LLV|Grumman LLV]] chassis (1987-1994)||1951<br><br>1981 (Vehicle production)||2008|| Located at 2601 West Stroop Road. Began in 1951 as part of the [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] Division of General Motors Corporation producing household appliances. [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] production ended in 1979 when GM sold [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] to [[w:White Consolidated Industries|White Consolidated Industries]] but kept the Moraine plant and converted it to build vehicles. Vehicle production began in 1981. Was part of GM's Truck & Bus Group. Closed on December 23, 2008. Sold to [[w:Fuyao Group#Fuyao Glass America Inc.|Fuyao Group]] in 2014; began production of automotive glass for GM and other automakers in 2016. |- |&nbsp;||Moraine Engine||[[w:Moraine, Ohio|Moraine, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Detroit Diesel V8 engine|Detroit Diesel V8 engine]] 6.2L/6.5L||1981||2000||Located at 4100 Springboro Pike. Also began as a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] plant. Replaced by the nearby DMAX Ltd. engine plant (originally a joint venture with Isuzu) which builds the replacement engine ([[w:Duramax V8 engine|Duramax V8 engine]]). Demolished by 2003. Production of the 6.5-liter diesel V8 moved to a new AM General plant in Franklin, OH known as General Engine Products. AM General makes the engine for its own use and for GM service parts, & 3rd party customers. |- |&nbsp;||Muncie Transmission||[[w:Muncie, Indiana|Muncie, Indiana]]||United States||Transmissions including: [[w:Getrag 282 transmission|Getrag 282/NVG T550]], Getrag 284, Muncie M17, Muncie M20/M21/M22, Muncie M62/M64, [[w:Muncie SM420 transmission|Muncie SM420 transmission]], [[w:Muncie SM465 transmission|Muncie SM465 transmission]], [[w:New Venture Gear 3500 transmission|NV3500/NV3550]], [[w:New Venture Gear 4500 transmission|NV4500]]<br />Valves, Steering gears<br />Forge||1919||2006||Located at 1200 W. Eighth St. Originally founded as Warner Gear Company in 1902. Bought by GM in 1919. Became Muncie Products Division. Closed in 1932. Reopened by Chevrolet in 1935 (Chevrolet Muncie). Moved to Detroit Diesel Allison Division in 1984 & then to Hydramatic Division in 1986. Became part of [[w:New Venture Gear|New Venture Gear]] joint venture with Chrysler in 1990. GM owned 36% while [[w:Chrysler|Chrysler]] owned 64%. GM sold its stake to [[w:DaimlerChrysler|DaimlerChrysler]] in 2002 but took back the Muncie plant. Became Manual Transmissions of Muncie. The plant closed in 2006. Demolished in 2008-09. |- |&nbsp;||GM Near East||[[w:Alexandria|Alexandria]]|| [[w:Egypt|Egypt]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks <br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]||1936||1958||Began CKD assembly of trucks in 1936 followed by cars in 1938. In 1951, GM Near East became the Alexandria Branch of GM Middle East. Plant was liquidated in 1958. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Petone|Petone]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] including [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]], [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]], [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]], [[w:Chevrolet Thriftmaster|Chevrolet Thriftmaster]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] including [[w:Pontiac Laurentian|Pontiac Laurentian]], [[w:Pontiac Parisienne#New Zealand|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] (E, PA, PC), [[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]], [[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]], [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] including [[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF]], [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden FE|Holden FE]], [[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]], [[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]], [[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]], [[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]||1926||1984||Also made [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] refrigerators, freezers, washers, and dryers (Frigidaire was owned by GM from 1919 to 1979). <br /> Axle tube assemblies, oil filters, and spark plugs. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors New Zealand|General Motors New Zealand]]||[[w:Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]]||[[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including [[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]], [[w:Vauxhall Cresta#Cresta PC|Vauxhall Cresta]], [[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Holden|Holden]] including [[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Holden Statesman HQ]], [[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Holden Statesman HJ]], [[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HX|Holden Statesman HX]], [[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HZ|Holden Statesman HZ]], [[w:Statesman (automobile)#WB|Holden Statesman WB]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Commodore (VL)]],<br /> [[w:Holden Commodore (VN)|Holden Commodore (VN)]], [[w:Holden Royale|Holden Commodore Royale (VH/VK/VL)]] <br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Rodeo]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini#In other markets|Isuzu Gemini/Holden Gemini]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#First generation (1983)|Suzuki Swift]]<br />[[w:Daihatsu Charade#First generation (G10, G20; 1977–1983)|Daihatsu Charade (under contract for Daihatsu)]]<br />[[w:Datsun Truck#Nissan D21|Nissan Navara pickup (under contract for Nissan)]]||1967||1990|| |- |&nbsp;||GM Nordiska AB||Södra Hammarbyhamnen, [[w:Stockholm|Stockholm]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] trucks||1928||1957|| Converted into a warehouse in 1957. |- |&nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1905||Burned down 1987||Located at 4584 Maybury Grand Ave. (Jeffries Expressway Service Drive) and W. Hancock St. Around 4646 Lawton St. (rear side) is the remnants of a water tower and railroad spur. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Intercompany Parts Group. In 1920, Northway moved to a new plant on Holbrook Ave. in Detroit. This address was subsequently been used by [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] in the 1920's and 1930's and then by Refrigeration Service Inc. in the 1950's. At some point, the building was sold to Motor City Wiping Cloth Co. but they abandoned the property in 1983, leaving behind massive bales of rags and cloths. The building burned down in a horrific fire in 1987 after homeless people in the building were burning fires there to keep warm. The fire killed three firefighters and injured ten others. The fire even spread to the nearby Continental Paper warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||Northway Motor Plant/General Motors Truck Co. Plant No. 7/Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div.||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Northway engines, Axles, parts for past model Chevrolets||1920||1994||Located at 1806 Holbrook Ave. Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company was acquired by GM in 1909, becoming Northway Motor and Manufacturing Division. Northway had made engines for both GM brands (in particular [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]], [[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]], [[w:Samson Tractor|Samson Tractor]], and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) and other automakers. Became part of GM Central Products Division. In 1920, Northway moved here from their original plant on Maybury Grand Ave. and primarily supplied engines to GMC. In 1925, became part of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company as part of the merger of Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company and General Motors Truck Corp., the manufacturer of GMC trucks. In 1926, Northway Motor Division was liquidated and its Detroit plant was sold to Chevrolet on March 31 to become the Chevrolet Gear and Axle Div. Part of the engine tooling machinery was transferred to the Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works at East Moline IL. Some Northway engines were still used by some GMC trucks (K-series) through 1930. Was part of the Detroit complex sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle]] in 1994. Now part of American Axle's Advanced Technology Development Center. |- |N<br />(1953-1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]) and 1965-1987<br /><br />9 <br />(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Norwood Assembly|Norwood Assembly]]||[[w:Norwood, Ohio|Norwood, Ohio]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1961)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1961)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1987)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br /> (1958-1961, 1965-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]<br> (1962-1966, 1972)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1969-1987)<br />[[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973)||1923||1987||Located at 5025 Carthage Ave. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Norwood Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Closed August 1987. Demolished. Now Linden Pointe on the Lateral, a mixed use retail and office space. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]] |- |Z||[[w:NUMMI|NUMMI]]||[[w:Fremont, California|Fremont, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova#Fifth generation (1985–1988)|Chevrolet Nova]] (1985-88)<br />[[w:Geo Prizm|Geo Prizm]] (1989-1997)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Prizm|Chevrolet Prizm]] (1998-2002)<br />[[w:Pontiac Vibe|Pontiac Vibe]] (2003-2010)<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla (E80)|Toyota Corolla FX]] (1987-1988)<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla|Toyota Corolla]] (1989-2010) (E90/E100/E110/E130/E140)<br />[[w:Toyota Hilux#Fifth generation (N80, N90, N100, N110; 1988)|Toyota Pickup]] (1991-1995)<br />[[w:Toyota Tacoma|Toyota Tacoma]] (1995-2010)<br />[[w:Toyota Voltz|Toyota Voltz]] (Japan)||1984||2009||Located at 45500 Fremont Blvd.<br /> Operated from 1963-1982 as a GM factory.<br />From 1984-2010, operated as [[w:NUMMI|New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI)]], which was a 50/50 joint venture between GM and [[w:Toyota|Toyota]] and assembled both GM and Toyota vehicles.<br />Sold to [[w:Tesla Motors|Tesla, Inc.]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sam Abuelsamid|title=Tesla to buy old resources from GM, Toyota for NUMMI plant|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/08/22/tesla-to-buy-old-resources-from-gm-toyota/|access-date=20 August 2015|publisher=Autoblog.com|date=August 22, 2010}}</ref> Tesla began production at Fremont in 2012. |- |O <br />(1953-1963 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />6 <br />(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />C ([[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]])||[[w:Oakland Assembly|Oakland Assembly]] (Chevrolet)||[[w:Oakland, California|Oakland, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1950-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]<br />[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|GMC C/K]] (1960-1963)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br />[[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]]||1917||1963||Located at 73rd Ave. & Foothill Blvd. Built by Chevrolet before it became part of GM. Began building GMC trucks in December 1937 for the 1938 model year. Replaced by Fremont Assembly plant. Demolished. Site became Eastmont Mall which is now [[w:Eastmont Town Center|Eastmont Town Center]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland Motor Car Co.]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Oakland automobiles <br /> Pontiac 1926-1927||1909||1931||Located at 196 Oakland Ave. (now Cesar E Chavez Ave.). Also bordered by Baldwin Ave. and W. Howard St. GM bought Oakland Motor Car Co. in 1909. Oakland introduced sister brand Pontiac in 1926. Pontiac replaced Oakland for 1932. Early Pontiacs were built here before production moved to the new factory stretching from Baldwin Ave. east to Joslyn Ave. a little farther north. This was Pontiac's first headquarters. Some of the buildings are still standing. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:es:General Motors OBB|GM-OBB]]||[[w:Quito, Ecuador|Quito]]||[[w:Ecuador|Ecuador]]||[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Chevrolet D-Max 2011]]||1980 (1st GM product)||2024||OBB (Ómnibus BB Transportes) was founded in 1975. GM bought 22% of OBB in 1981 & became majority shareholder in 1988. GM announced in April 2024 that GM-OBB will shut down at the end of August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-shutting-down-manufacturing-operations-in-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = GM Shutting Down Manufacturing Operations In Colombia And Ecuador|author=Deivis Centeno|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/business-industries/general-motors-announces-end-car-manufacturing-operations-colombia-and-ecuador/|title = General Motors announces the end of car manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador|publisher=AmericaEconomia.com|date = April 26, 2024}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Chevrolet Corsa]], [[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Chevrolet Corsa Evolution]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Chevrolet Esteem]], [[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Chevrolet Forsa]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Gemini#Second generation (1985)|Chevrolet Gemini]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#TF|Chevrolet LUV]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Chevrolet LUV D-Max]]<br />[[w:Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Chevrolet Rodeo]], [[w:Isuzu Trooper#First generation (1981–1991)|Chevrolet Trooper]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 2)]], [[w:Chevrolet Sail#Third generation (2014)|Chevrolet Sail (Gen 3)]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|Chevrolet Silverado]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)|Chevrolet Vitara]], [[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#Second generation|Chevrolet Grand Vitara]], [[w:Suzuki Vitara#Third generation (JT; 2005)|Chevrolet Grand Vitara SZ]] |- |6||[[w:Oklahoma City Assembly|Oklahoma City Assembly]]||[[w:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#EXT|Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT]] (2002-2006)<br />[[w:GMC Envoy XL#Second generation (2002–2009)|GMC Envoy XL]] (2002-2006)<br />[[w:GMC Envoy#Envoy XUV|GMC Envoy XUV]] (2004-2005)<br />[[w:Isuzu Ascender|Isuzu Ascender extended length]] (2003-2006)||1979||2006||Located at 7447 SE 74th Street. <br /> Initially produced front wheel drive [[w:GM X platform (FWD)|X platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1983) & [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix]] (1980-1982)) followed by front wheel drive [[w:General Motors A platform (FWD)|A platform]] vehicles ([[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1982-1989), [[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1988–1991), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1989-1996), [[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1982-1996)) as well as [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997–2001), [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Sixth generation (midsize) 1997–1999|Oldsmobile Cutlass]] (1997–1999). Converted to build body-on-frame SUVs for 2002 model year. Damaged by a tornado on May 8, 2003, but the company repaired the damage and returned the plant to operation just 53 days later. Idled February 20, 2006. Last vehicle produced was a white 2006 Chevrolet TrailBlazer EXT. Plant was taken over by Oklahoma City in 2008 and leased to neighbor Tinker Air Force Base. Now known as Building 9001 Tinker Aerospace Complex. Used for maintaining jet engines and for software engineering. |- |2||[[w:Opel|Opel]] Werk Bochum||[[w:Bochum|Bochum]], [[w:North Rhine-Westphalia|North Rhine-Westphalia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Olympia#Name revival: Opel Olympia (1967–1970)|Opel Olympia]] A<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] A, B, C, D, & E<br />[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F, G, & H<br />[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]] H Classic (5-door, Caravan)<br />[[w:Opel GT#GT (1968–1973)|Opel GT]]<br />[[w:Opel Manta|Opel Manta]] A, B<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira Tourer C (2011–2019)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer]] C<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira B (2005–2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] B/Zafira Family<br />[[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999–2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira]] A<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]]<br />Engines<br />Transmissions<br />Axles||1962||2014|| Plant I was the vehicle assembly plant. First car off the line was a Kadett A. Plant II was the engine, transmission, & axle plant. Engine production ended in 2004. Axle production ended in 2011. Transmission production ended Oct. 7, 2013. Vehicle production ended December 5, 2014. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Opel|Opel]] [[w:Opelwerk Brandenburg|Werk Brandenburg]]||[[w:Brandenburg an der Havel|Brandenburg an der Havel]], [[w:Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]<br />||1935||1944|| Bombed and heavily damaged by the Allies on Aug. 6, 1944. Factory was dismantled and shipped to the Soviet Union after the war ended as reparations. |- |6||[[w:Opel Eisenach|Opel Eisenach GmbH]]||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]], [[w:Thuringia|Thuringia]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa E (X15; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] E (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa D (S07; 2006)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] D (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] C (3-door)<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel/Vauxhall Corsa]] B <br /> [[w:Opel Adam|Opel/Vauxhall Adam]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Astra F]] (1992-1995)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]] (1998-2003)||1992||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Began production with Astra F in 1992. Began Corsa production in 1993 with Corsa B. Added production of the Adam in 2013. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Kaiserslautern||[[w:Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]], [[w:Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||Components<br />Engines:<br /> Four-cylinder turbo diesel engines:<br /> [[w:Fiat JTD engine#2.0 Multijet II|2.0 CDTI Family B turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]<br />[[w:Fiat JTD engine#1.9|1.9 CDTI turbodiesel 4-cyl.]]<br /> [[w:GM Ecotec Diesel (1997)|2.0/2.2 Ecotec direct injection turbodiesel]] Four-cylinder gasoline engines:<br /> [[w:GM Ecotec engine|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.2<br />[[w:GM Ecotec engine#2.0|GM Ecotec engine]] 2.0 supercharged (LSJ) <br />[[w:GM Family II engine|GM Family II engine]] 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 <br /> |1966||2017||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |1<br /><br />R (Catera)<br /><br />5 (Pre-1976)||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel]] Werk Rüsselsheim||[[w:Rüsselsheim|Rüsselsheim]], [[w:Hesse|Hesse]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Insignia|Opel/Vauxhall Insignia]] (sedan, hatchback, Sports Tourer, Country Tourer)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Fifth generation (2008)|Buick Regal]] (2011MY from March 1, 2010-March 25, 2011)<br />[[w:Buick Regal#Sixth generation (2018)|Buick Regal]] (2018-2020)<br />[[w:Holden Insignia#First generation (G09; 2008)|Holden Insignia VXR (GA)]] (2015-2017)<br />[[w:Holden Commodore ZB|Holden Commodore (ZB)]] (2018-2020)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel/Vauxhall Astra J]] (5-door)<br />[[w:Opel Zafira|Opel/Vauxhall Zafira Tourer C]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Holden Vectra (JR)]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Holden Vectra (ZC)]]<br />[[w:Opel Signum|Opel/Vauxhall Signum]]<br />[[w:Opel Omega|Opel/Vauxhall Omega]]<br />[[w:Cadillac Catera|Cadillac Catera]] (1997-2001)<br />[[w:Opel Senator|Opel/Vauxhall Senator & Vauxhall Royale]]<br />[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall/Holden Calibra (YE)]]<br />[[w:Opel Monza|Opel Monza/Vauxhall Royale Coupe]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore/Vauxhall Viceroy]]<br />[[w:Opel Kapitan|Opel Kapitan]]<br />[[w:Opel Admiral|Opel Admiral]]<br />[[w:Opel Diplomat|Opel Diplomat]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett I (1936–1940)|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Olympia|Opel Olympia]]<br />[[w:Opel Blitz|Opel Blitz]]<br />axles<br />components<br />[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]]<br />Frigidaire refrigerators (1937-c.1940 & 1946-1959)||1899 (1st production car built)<br><br> 1929 (part of GM)||2017 (left GM)<br><br>2020 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. GM bought 80% of Opel in March 1929 and bought the rest in 1931, making Opel a full GM subsidiary. Russelsheim previously make engines. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Rüsselsheim continued to supply the Buick Regal & the Holden Commodore ZB to GM through 2020. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |S||[[w:Opel Szentgotthárd|Opel Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Szentgotthárd|Szentgotthárd]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F 1992-1997, 80,835 units<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B1 and B2 1998-1999, 4,404 units<br />Opel Engines including:<br /> [[w:GM Family 1 engine| Family 1 engine]] DOHC versions 1.4, 1.6, 1.8<br />[[w:GM small gasoline engine|GM Small Gasoline Engine]]<br />[[w:GM Medium Gasoline Engine|GM Medium Gasoline Engine]]<br />[[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|GM Medium Diesel engine]]<br />[[w:VTi transmission|"VTi" CVT transmission]]<br /> [[w:Allison Transmission|Allison]] 3000, 4000, & Torqmatic Series automatic transmissions||1992||2017 (left GM)<br><br>2019 (production for GM ended)|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Originally a joint venture between GM & Hungarian truck and engine maker Raba. GM bought out Raba & became 100% owner in 1995. Production of Allison Transmissions began in 2000. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Szentgotthárd continued to supply the [[w:GM Medium Diesel engine|1.6L LH7 turbodiesel I4]] to GM through 2019. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Opel Wien|Opel Wien GmbH]]||[[w:Aspern|Aspern]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Family 0 engine|Family 0]] engines (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.4 Turbo)<br />Transmissions (Easytronic automated manual, F15/F17 five-speed manual and M20/M32 six-speed manual)||1982||2017|| [[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. Closed by Stellantis in 2024. <br /> Past engines: [[w:GM Family 1 engine|GM Family 1 engine]] SOHC versions. |- |&nbsp;||Osaka Assembly (Built on land leased from [[w:Sojitz|Nihon Menka]])<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TY4l3qWIIh4C&q=general+motors+assembly+plant+location+osaka+japan&pg=PA70|title=American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899-1980|author=Mark Mason|date=14 October 1992|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|isbn=9780674026308|via=Google Books}}</ref>||[[w:Osaka|Osaka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick from CKD kits||1927||1941||Factory was seized by [[w:Imperial Japanese|Imperial Japanese]] Government, see also [[w:General Motors Japan|General Motors Japan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/ANA03/809150388/gm-had-early-start-in-japan-but-was-hobbled-by-nationalism|title=GM early history in Japan|author=Hans Greimel|publisher=Autonews.com|date=September 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/File:1926-6-1.jpg|title=Image of Osaka facility}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Battery Plant]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] ||Batteries||19?||1990's?||Was part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Referred to by Delco Remy as Plant 41. This operation was closed. |- |9 (1917-Mid 1923 Chevrolet)||Oshawa North||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||<br />||1907||1996||The original Oshawa (North) plant opened in 1907 as a McLaughlin Motor Car Co. plant. It produced McLaughlin-Buick cars by fitting Buick engines and chassis to McLaughlin bodies. It also built Chevrolets for Chevrolet Motor Co. beginning in 1915 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada. McLaughlin Motor Car Co. and the Chevrolet Motor Car Co. of Canada were bought out by GM in 1918 becoming GM of Canada. GM of Canada continued to make Chevrolets and McLaughlin-Buicks (which became simply Buick after WWII) and also assembled [[w:Oakland Motor Car Company|Oakland]] 1921-1930, [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1920-1942, 1946-1969, [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Buick brand|Marquette]] 1929-1930, [[w:Buick|Buick]] 1908-1942, 1951-1971, [[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1930, 1932-1935, [[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1923-1936. [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] production in Oshawa began shortly after US production in 1926. From the 1950's into the 1980's, Canadian market full-size Pontiacs were built on Chevrolet chassis and were powered by Chevrolet engines and had model names different from US-market Pontiacs (Pathfinder, Strato Chief, Laurentian, and Parisienne). Car production shifted to the current Oshawa complex Car Assembly plant (South plant; also known as Autoplex beginning in the 1980's) which opened in 1953. [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks were made beginning in 1919 and [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] trucks were made beginning in 1923 before truck production shifted to the Oshawa Truck plant located next to the South car plant in 1965. Oshawa also produced 65 [[w:Samson Tractor#Trucks and a car|Samson trucks]] from 1920-1921. Oshawa also produced military vehicles and equipment during both WWI and WWII. Also, Maple Leaf trucks. Operations were gradually moved from the older North plant to the newer South plant. The North plant, by then known as the GM North Fabrication plant making metal and plastic parts, was sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996. It was then sold to ACSYS Technologies Inc. in 2001. Both companies continued to operate as an auto parts manufacturer supplying GM. ACSYS closed the plant in 2004. The North plant ended all operations in 2005 and the last of it was demolished by 2006. Much of the site of the North plant at 155 Division Street (Ritson Road North is on the other side) is now a Costco. |- |1||[[w:Oshawa Truck Assembly|Oshawa Truck Assembly]]||[[w:Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]] (1999-2009)<br />[[w:GMC Sierra|GMC Sierra]] (1988-2009)||1965||2009||Part of the overall Oshawa Assembly complex (Autoplex) on Park Road South. Truck plant was at 1100 Park Road South at the southern end of the Autoplex. Production ended May 14, 2009. Over 10 million vehicles were produced. Now the GM Canadian Technical Centre's (CTC) McLaughlin Advanced Technology Track. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (-1986, 1988-1998), [[w:GMC C/K|GMC C/K]] (-1986) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Delphi Automotive Systems|Packard Electric]]<br /> Plant# 41||[[w:Warren, Ohio|Warren, Ohio]]||United States||Automotive wiring||1947||1998||Acquired by GM in 1932. Located at 1554 Thomas Rd SE. Sold in 2004 to Wetzel, Inc. Sold to Berk Enterprise, Inc. in 2009. |- |&nbsp;||GM Peninsular SA||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks||1932||1936|| Production ended due to Spanish Civil War. Liquidated around 1939. |- |&nbsp;||GM del Peru||[[w:Lima|Lima]]||[[w:Peru|Peru]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1945||1970|| |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pittsburgh Metal|Pittsburgh Metal]]||[[W:West Mifflin, Pennsylvania|West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]||United States||Metal stamping||1949||2008||Located at 1451 Lebanon School Road. Originally part of [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] division. Demolished in 2011. |- |&nbsp;||GM Polsce Sp. Zo.o.||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars and trucks||1928||1930's||Was at 103 Wolska St. Closed during the Depression. |- |P||[[w:Pontiac Assembly|Pontiac Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||In ex-Fisher Body plant:<br /> [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]] (1984-1988)<br /><br />In Main plant after reopening:<br /> [[w:GM G platform (RWD)|RWD G-bodies]]:<br /> [[w:Buick Regal#Second generation (1978)|Buick Regal]] (1985-1987),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo#Fourth generation (1981–1988)|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]<br /> (1987-1988),<br /> [[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme]]<br /> (1985-1987),<br /> [[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile 442]] (1986-1987)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme#Fourth generation (1978–1988)|Oldsmobile <br /> Cutlass Supreme Classic]] (1988)<br /><br />Also:<br /> Pontiac engines:<br /> [[w:Pontiac straight-8 engine|Pontiac straight-8 engine]]<br />[[w:Pontiac V8 engine|Pontiac V8 engine]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Trophy 4 engine|Pontiac Trophy 4 engine]]<br />[[w:Iron Duke engine|Pontiac Iron Duke/Tech IV I4 engine]]||1927||1988||This was Pontiac's home plant. Property runs from Walton Blvd. on the north to E. Montcalm St. on the south with Joslyn Ave. or for certain stretches, Highwood Blvd., on the east side and Price St. or further south, Baldwin Ave. and then N. Saginaw St., on the west side. Also known as Pontiac North to distinguish from GMC's multiple plants in Pontiac, MI. Final Assembly was Plant 8 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. On March 14, 1962, Pontiac Assembly built the 75 millionth GM vehicle built in the US, a white 1962 Bonneville convertible. Idled in 1982 but reopened in January 1985 with bodies supplied by Flint Body Assembly. Closed in December 1987. Last vehicle built was a Buick Regal Grand National. Demolished in 1997. GM still has the Pontiac Redistribution Center on the northeast portion of this property at 1251 Joslyn Road at the intersection with E. Columbia Ave. The Pontiac Metal Center is another still active part of this property. GM still uses the eastern part of the property bordered by Joslyn Ave. on the east, E. Beverly Ave. on the north, E. Montcalm St. on the south, and N. Glenwood Ave. on the west. This area includes GM Performance and Racing Center at 900 N. Glenwood Ave. and the Propulsion Systems Pontiac Engineering Center at 800 N. Glenwood Ave. Pontiac's divisional HQ at One Pontiac Plaza was about where the Propulsion Systems Engineering Center is now. [[w:Fisher Body|Fisher Body]] operated a plant on the site (Plant 17) from 1935-1982. This plant was connected to the final assembly plant by an enclosed bridge that ran over N. Saginaw St., that was used to transport the bodies from the Fisher Body plant, where bodies up to the firewall were built, to the Pontiac final assembly plant where the body was mated to the chassis and the front end, powertrain, & interior were installed and the car was completed. This plant, located at 888 Baldwin Ave., was converted to build the [[w:Pontiac Fiero|Pontiac Fiero]], which it built from 1983-1988. Last Fiero built August 16, 1988. GM used it as a warehouse until 2009. Most of the Fiero plant was demolished in 2013. Pontiac engines were made in Plant 9 and Plant 18. Both have been demolished (plant 9 demolished in 1997). Some parts of the complex have been sold to U-Pull And Save Auto Parts, GFL Environmental, & Bedrock Express. <br />[[w:Pontiac Six|Pontiac Six]] (1927-1932, 1935-1940), Pontiac Series 302 V8 (1932), Pontiac Economy Eight (1933-1934), Pontiac Improved Eight (1935), Pontiac Deluxe Eight (1936-1940), [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville (B-body)]] (1958-1980), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville (G-body)]] (1982), [[w:Pontiac Can Am|Pontiac Can Am]] (1977), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (59-80), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1958), [[w:Pontiac Custom S|Pontiac Custom S]] (1969), [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1970), [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1973–1975|Pontiac Grand Am (1973-1975)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Am#1978–1980|Pontiac Grand Am (1978-1980)]], [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (B-body)]] (1962-1968), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix (G-, A-, & G-body)]] (1969-1982), [[w:Pontiac Grand Safari|Pontiac Grand Safari]] (1971-1978), [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971-1975), [[w:Pontiac GTO|Pontiac GTO]] (1964-1973), [[w:Pontiac LeMans|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1981), [[w:Pontiac Safari|Pontiac Safari]] (1955-1957), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1954-1966), [[w:Pontiac Streamliner|Pontiac Streamliner]] (1941-1951), [[w:Pontiac Tempest|Pontiac Tempest]] (1961-1970), [[w:Pontiac LeMans#1970|Pontiac T-37]] (1970-1971), [[w:Pontiac Torpedo|Pontiac Torpedo]] (1940-1948), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) |- |V (1972-1990)<br /><br /> P (Pre-1972)||Pontiac Central Assembly||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States|||[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|GMC C-Series/E-Series]]<br />[[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]]<br />[[w:GMC Blue Chip|GMC Blue Chip]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K|GMC C/K]] (1960-1985)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1967-1985)<br /> [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1937-1966)<br />[[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1978)<br /> Buses ([[w:GM "old-look" transit bus|Yellow Coach/GM "old-look" transit bus]] (1940-1969), [[w:GM PD-4103|GM PD-4103]], [[w:PD-4501 Scenicruiser|PD-4501 Scenicruiser]], [[w:GM New Look bus|GM New Look bus]] (1960-1977), [[w:GM Buffalo bus|GM Buffalo bus]] (1966-1980), [[w:Rapid Transit Series|Rapid Transit Series (RTS)]] (1978-1987))<br />Medium Duty Trucks & Heavy Duty Trucks including:<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|Chevrolet C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series#GMC (1966–1970)|GMC E-Series medium-duty trucks]] (E4500/E5500/E6500) (1967-1968) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109015322/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/GMC/100_YR_GMC_HISTORY_MAR09.pdf] (page 30)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)#Medium-duty trucks|GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1969-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1985-1990)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|Chevrolet B-series]] (-1991)<br />[[w:Chevrolet/GMC B series|GMC B-series]] (-1991)<br />[[w:GMC Brigadier#Background|Chevrolet/GMC H/J series]] (1966-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bruin|Chevrolet Bruin]] (1978-1980)<br />[[w:GMC Brigadier|GMC Brigadier]] (1978-1987)<br />[[w:WhiteGMC Brigadier|WhiteGMC Brigadier]] (1988-1989)<br />[[w:GMC General#Background|Chevrolet/GMC C/M series]] (1966-1976)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bison|Chevrolet Bison]] (1977-1980)<br />[[w:GMC General|GMC General]] (1977-1987)<br />[[w:GMC Astro#Background|GMC F/D series "Crackerbox"]] (1959-1968)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Titan|Chevrolet Titan]] (1970-1980)<br />[[w:GMC Astro|GMC Astro]] (1969-1987)<br />Engines ([[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1947-1962,<br /> [[w:GMC V6 engine|GMC V6 (1960-1973)/V12 (1960-1965) engine]],<br> [[w:GMC V8 engine#GMC engines|GMC 60° V8]] (1966-1972))||1928||1990||Located at 660 South Boulevard East. Known as GMC Truck & Coach Division Plant 2 when built. Production of trucks began in January 1928. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. On September 30, 1943, GM acquired the remainder of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. and on October 1, 1943 the GMC Truck & Coach Division of General Motors Corp. was formed and Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. was dissolved. When limited production of civilian buses resumed in March 1944, they were badged as GM Coach and the Yellow name was retired. Headquarters of Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Co. and later the GMC Truck & Coach Division. Headquarters building in front of Plant 2 was completed in March 1928. Administration and engineering buildings were part of the complex. Built 409,012 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|CCKW 6x6 trucks]], AFKWX 6x6 cab-over trucks, [[w:DUKW|DUKW "Ducks"]], & other types of trucks during WWII. Also produced 2,249 buses & 30 T18E2 Boarhound armored cars during WWII. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved from Plant 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 & 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. The GMC MotorHome was discontinued after 1978. [https://www.gmccolonial.com/gmc-motorhome-history] Transit bus production ended in spring 1987 when GM sold the product line to Greyhound Corporation, which continued RTS production at its [[w:Transportation Manufacturing Corporation|TMC]] plant in Roswell, New Mexico. Converted in 1994 into a Truck Product Engineering Center (Pontiac Centerpoint Campus) by GM using only the steel frame of the large main building while everything else was demolished. The Truck Product Engineering Center closed in 2009 and the site is now the Centerpoint Business Campus, which is occupied by many businesses including Fanuc Robotics and i.M. Branded. |- |E (1988-2009)<br /><br />V (1972-1985)||[[w:Pontiac East Assembly|Pontiac East Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Medium Duty Trucks:<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#Medium-duty trucks (1973–1989)|Chevrolet/GMC C-Series medium-duty trucks]] (1973-85), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|Chevrolet Kodiak]] (1981-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Kodiak#First generation (1981–1989)|GMC Top Kick]] (1981-85)<br /><br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|Chevrolet C/K (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)|GMC Sierra (GMT400)]] (1988-1998)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra (GMT800)]] (1999-2006)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|GMC Sierra Classic (GMT800)]] (2007)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet Silverado (GMT900)]] (2007-2009)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|GMC Sierra (GMT900)]] (2007-2009) ||1972||2009||Located at 2100 South Opdyke Road. Known as GMC Truck & Coach Division Plant 6 when built, also known as Pontiac Assembly Center. Pontiac East is directly to the east of Pontiac Central. Pontiac East began by building medium-duty trucks, which were moved from Pontiac Central. In 1985, medium-duty trucks were moved back to Pontiac Central, combining with production of heavy-duty trucks and buses. GMT400 full-size pickup production began in December 1986 for the 1988 model year. Closed in September 2009. Demolished in 2011-2012. Portions of the site are now occupied by Challenge Manufacturing Co. and Williams International. |- |0 (1978-1994)<br /><br />V (1972-1977)<br /><br /> P (Pre-1972)||[[w:Pontiac West Assembly|Pontiac West Assembly]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||Trucks, Buses,<br />Engines: ([[w:Buick straight-6 engine|Buick 257/331 straight-6 engine]] (1931-1932), [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] 1933-1948), <br /> [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome/TransMode]] (1973-1977)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet van#First generation (1964–1966)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1964-1966)<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#Second generation (1967–1970)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Handi-Van]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura]] (1978-1980)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10#First generation (1982)|Chevrolet S-10]]<br /> (1982-1984, 1991-1993)<br />[[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1984)<br />[[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-1993)<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]<br /> (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)<br />[[w:GMC S-15 Jimmy|GMC S-15 Jimmy]]<br /> (1983-1994 2-d, 1994 4-d)<br />[[w:GMC Typhoon|GMC Typhoon]] (1992-1993)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Bravada#First generation (1991–1994)|Oldsmobile Bravada]] (1994) ||1906||1994||Complex includes GMC Truck & Coach Division Plants 1, 3, 4, and 5. Plant 1 was originally the plant of Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, one of the 2 main ancestors of the modern GMC Division (the other being Reliance Motor Car Company). Plant 1 was located at 25 Rapid Street and opened in 1906, before Rapid was taken over by GM in 1908-1909. Plant 1 started making Buick 257 & 331 inline-6's in 1931 after Buick stopped making inline-6s after 1930 and switched its entire lineup to straight-8s. The tooling was moved to Plant 1 from the Buick complex in Flint. Buick had been supplying inline-6s to GMC since 1925. In 1933, GMC started making inline-6s of its own design in Plant 1. The medium- and big-block, Group 2 & 3 GMC inline-6s were moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in February 1948. Plant 1 was demolished around 1981. Plant 3 opened in 1940 and was located at South Boulevard West and Franklin Road. Plant 3 was used for sheet metal work and material storage at first. Plant 3 later built the [[w:GMC Motorhome|GMC Motorhome]]. In August 1977, the GMC MotorHome was moved from Plant 3 of Pontiac West to Building 29 at Pontiac Central for its final model year of 1978. Plant 3 was demolished around 2005. Plant 4 was located on South Saginaw Street (now Woodward Ave.) Engine production began in Plant 4 in October 1938. The [[w:GMC straight-6 engine|GMC straight-6 engine]] was built there through 1947/1948. Small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6 engines were made in Plant 4 from October 1938. The small-block, Group 1 GMC inline-6s was moved to Building 29 at Pontiac Central in November 1947. In December 1947, engine manufacturing and machine shops moved from Plants 1 and 4 to Building 29 at Pontiac Central. Plant 4 was also used for material storage. Plant 4 also built the [[w:Chevrolet van|1964-1970 Chevrolet & GMC full-size vans]]. Plant 4 was demolished around 2008. Plant 5 was located on Franklin Road, to the north of Plant 3. Plant 5 was demolished around 2005. After Pontiac Central opened in 1928, Pontiac West focused on machining and component manufacturing rather than vehicle assembly.[https://www.hagerty.com/media/automotive-history/a-gmc-motor-homecoming-50-years-on/] (Paragraph 4) There would be sporadic vehicle production at Pontiac West in the 1960's and 1970's (vans, motorhomes). In the 1980's, vehicle production increased as Pontiac West became one of GM's plants building compact pickups and SUVs. Production ended in 1994. Entire property sold to M1 Concourse in 2014. |- |&nbsp;||Pontiac Foundry||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts. ||1927||1987||Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. Was Plant 6 of Pontiac's Assembly complex in Pontiac, Michigan. Demolished in 1995. A U.S. Postal Service distribution center now occupies the approximate area where the foundry used to be. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Regina Plant|Regina Plant]]||[[w:Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina, Saskatchewan]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]] |[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars & trucks, Maple Leaf trucks, [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]], [[w:Buick|Buick]] |1928||1941||Factory office building is located at 1102 8th Avenue while the factory building is behind the office building stretching down Winnipeg Street down to 6th Ave. Production began on Dec. 11, 1928. Production halted in August 1930, restarted in March 1931, then halted again a few months later in 1931. Production restarted in December 1937. In 1941, taken over by the [[w:Government of Canada|Government of Canada]] to produce munitions for World War II as Regina Industries Limited. Auto production never resumed and the property was used by the Canadian Department of National Defense until the mid-1960s. Sold to the Saskatchewan provincial govt. in 1967 and then the Regina city govt. in 1987. Was used by both public- and private-sector tenants. Damaged by a fire on May 3, 2017. In 2020, the City of Regina decommissioned the building and all the tenants were required to move out. Buildings are still standing and have been used by a variety of businesses and organizations. You can still see "GMC" carved in stone above the front entrance to the office building. Office building is designated a Heritage Inventory Property by city of Regina. A related building is down the block at 1260 8th Avenue at the corner of Toronto Street. After the factory closed in 1941, GM still used this building for its regional administrative and parts distribution operations until it moved in 1967. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Reliance Motor Truck Co.]]||[[w:Owosso, Michigan|Owosso]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Reliance trucks (1909-1912)<br> GMC trucks (heavy duty models) (1912-1913)||1909||1913||Plant was located on Michigan Ave. In late 1908, GM bought Reliance Motor Car Co. and reorganized it as Reliance Motor Truck Co. Reliance truck production moved here from Detroit in 1909. In February 1912, the GMC brand replaced the Reliance brand as well as the Rapid brand. In 1913, production was consolidated at the Rapid Street plant of the former Rapid Motor Vehicle Co. in Pontiac, Michigan and the Owosso plant was sold. Plant was later used by American Malleables and later by Mid-West Abrasive Co., a maker of sandpaper. Plant was later extended to S. Washington St. |- |&nbsp;||Saab [[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] Transmission||[[w:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab two-stroke|Saab two-stroke]]<br />GM era:<br />Saab 99/900 manual transmission<br />[[w:F35 transmission|F35 transmission]]<br />[[w:GM F40 transmission|GM F40 transmission]] ||1989||2009||Saab plant. Opened in 1953. Engine production ended in 1968. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Transmission production ended when the 1st gen. 9-5 ended production. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |&nbsp;||Saab [[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]] Engine||[[w:Sodertalje|Sodertalje]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab B engine|Saab B engine]]<br />GM era:<br />[[w:Saab H engine|Saab H engine]] ||1989||2007||Saab plant. Opened in 1972. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Engine plant sold to [[w:Scania AB|Scania AB]] in 2007. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |1,2,3,4,8||Saab [[w:Trollhättan Assembly|Trollhättan Assembly]]||[[w:Trollhättan|Trollhättan]]||[[w:Sweden|Sweden]]||Pre-GM era:<br />[[w:Saab 92|Saab 92]]<br />[[w:Saab 93|Saab 93]]<br />[[w:Saab 95|Saab 95]]<br />[[w:Saab 96|Saab 96]]<br />[[w:Saab 99|Saab 99]]<br />GM era:<br />[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]]<br />[[w:Saab 9000|Saab 9000]]<br />[[w:Saab 9-3|Saab 9-3]]<br />[[w:Saab 9-5|Saab 9-5]]<br />[[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]]||1989||2010||Saab plant. Opened in 1947. Also did engine (Saab two-stroke) & transmission production until 1953 when it was relocated to the Gothenburg plant. GM bought 50% of [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] in 1989 & the other 50% in 2000. Saab also built the 9-3 based BLS for Cadillac. The BLS was not sold in the US or Canada. GM sold [[w:Saab Automobile|Saab Automobile]] to [[w:Spyker Cars|Spyker Cars]] in February, 2010. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Malleable Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1919||2007|| Located at 77 W. Center St. Iron castings. HQ of Central Foundry Division. In 1919, Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry merged with the Jacox division into GM's Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Malleable Iron division of GM. Closed in 2007, demolished in 2010. Converted into a park. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Nodular Iron||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering knuckles, crankshafts, disc brake caliper housings, exhaust manifolds, flywheels, differential carriers, clutch pressure plates||1967||1988|| Located at 2100 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Straddles the City of Saginaw-Buena Vista Township border. Iron castings. Closed in 1988. Later demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Parts||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||&nbsp;||1909||1983|| Located on corner of 6th & Washington Avenues. Opened in 1907 to build the 1908 Rainier. Bought by GM in 1909 as part of its purchase of [[w:Rainier Motor Car Company|Rainier Motor Car Company]]. Reorganized into the [[w:Marquette (automobile)#Company|Marquette Motor Co.]] which still made Rainier brand cars through 1911 as well as parts for Welch and Welch-Detroit cars. In 1912, the Rainier brand was replaced by the Marquette brand, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. In February 1912, the company was renamed Peninsular Motor Co. Some late production cars seem to have been badged as Peninsular. All of those activities ended at the end of 1912. In 1917, during World War I, the plant was reopened and used to manufacture mortar shells for the US Ordnance Corps. In 1919, became part of the Saginaw Products Company with this plant becoming the Saginaw Products Company Motor Plant. From 1919-1922, the plant made [[w:Chevrolet Inline-4 engine#224|OHV I4]] engines for [[w:Chevrolet Series FB|Chevrolet Series FB]] and [[w:Oldsmobile Model 43|Oldsmobile Model 43A]]. It was then used as a warehouse. From 1935, it made all different types of auto parts and service parts as Chevrolet Saginaw Service Parts Plant or from 1969, Chevrolet Saginaw Parts Plant. Closed in 1983, demolished in 1984. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 1||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering components||1910||1984||Located on 628 North Hamilton St. Originally founded as the Jackson, Church and Wilcox Company (Jacox) in 1906. Bought by GM in 1910. Became the Jackson-Church-Wilcox or Jacox division of GM. In 1919, the Jacox division merged with Saginaw Malleable Iron and Central Foundry into GM's Saginaw Products Company. Became the Saginaw Steering Gear Division in 1928. Closed in 1984. Sold in 1987 to Thomson Industries. Still operates today as Thomson Aerospace & Defense, a brand of Linear Motion LLC, which is owned by the Umbra Group of Italy. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear - Plant 2||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Steering Gears, pump hoses||1941||2001||Located at 1400 Holmes Street. Affectionately known as "The Gun Plant", it was built in 1941 when the division was contracted to build M1919 machine guns, and M1-Carbines for World War II. After the war, normal steering gear production continued until its closure in 2001. It was demolished in 2002. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Steering Gear complex||[[w:Buena Vista Township, Michigan|Buena Vista Township, Michigan]]||United States|| Complete Hydraulic and Electric Power Steering Systems, Halfshafts, Intermediate Drive Shafts||1953||2010||Located at 3900 E. Holland Road. Former Saginaw Steering Gear Division of GM. Saginaw Steering Gear Division renamed Saginaw Division in 1985. Grouped under Delphi Automotive Systems in 1995. Plant 3 opened in 1953, Plant 4 opened in 1956. The sprawling Five-Plant complex (Plants 3-7), division Headquarters and large engineering center, were spun off with Delphi in 1999. GM repurchased the Delphi Steering division from bankrupt Delphi in 2009, renaming it Nexteer Automotive, and then sold the division to [[w:Pacific Century Motors|Pacific Century Motors]] in 2010. The former GM Division now operates as "[[w:Nexteer Automotive|Nexteer Automotive]]", an independent company headquartered at the Saginaw site. Nexteer moved its headquarters to Auburn Hills in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Saginaw Transmission||[[w:Saginaw, Michigan|Saginaw, Michigan]]||United States||Manual Transmissions, Brakes||1921||1999||Located at 2328 E. Genesee Ave. Built 1919–20 for the Michigan Crankshaft Company (originally founded as National Engineering Company), acquired by GM in 1921 and placed under Saginaw Products Company. In 1928, became the Saginaw Crankshaft Division of GM. Transferred to Chevrolet upon the dissolution of the Crankshaft Division in 1931 when crankshaft manufacturing was turned over to the car divisions. Made the "Saginaw" 3 and 4-Speed manual transmissions. It was spun off as part of Delphi in 1999. The plant was sold to [[w:TRW Automotive|TRW Automotive]] in 2007. TRW used the plant to produces brake and suspension components (known as TRW Braking and Suspension). TRW closed this plant in 2014. |- |4||[[w:Scarborough Van Assembly|Scarborough Van Plant]]||[[w:Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[w:Ontario|Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Van#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Van]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Vandura]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sportvan#Third generation (1971–1996)|Chevrolet Sportvan]] (1974-1993)<br />[[w:GMC Vandura#Third generation (1971–1996)|GMC Rally Van]] (1974-1993)<br />||1952<br><br>1974 (Vehicle production)||1993||Located at 1901 Eglinton Avenue East. Originally a [[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] home appliance plant through 1970. In 1960, production of automotive components was added. Production included radios, instrument clusters, horns, shock absorbers, and propshafts. After Frigidaire production ended in 1970, only auto parts were made and the plant name was changed from Frigidaire Products of Canada to Delco Canada. Auto parts production ended in 1973 and the plant was expanded and converted to build full-size vans and renamed Scarborough Van Plant. First van produced on May 23, 1974 (a 1974 Chevy Van 10). After van production began, plant was expanded 5 times over the years. Cutaway production was added for 1975, halted in 1978, and resumed in 1980. One millionth van produced in January 1986 (a GMC model). Closed on May 6, 1993 and operations moved to [[w:Flint Truck Assembly|Flint Truck Assembly]]. Scarborough produced 1,626,313 vans from 1974-1993. Plant demolished and now site of Eglinton Town Centre and Comstock Bus Garage at the southern end of the property. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Scripps-Booth|Scripps-Booth]]||[[w:Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Scripps-Booth automobiles||1918||1922||Taken over by Chevrolet by the end of 1917 before Chevrolet was part of GM. When Chevrolet became part of GM, Scripps-Booth became part of GM as well. Scripps-Booth then adopted an Oakland chassis and a Northway six-cylinder engine, using parts from other GM divisions. However, a place could not be found for Scripps-Booth in GM's lineup, so GM closed it down in 1922. |- |8||[[w:Shreveport Operations|Shreveport Operations]]||[[w:Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport, Louisiana]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|Chevrolet Colorado]] (2004–2012)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#First generation (2004)|GMC Canyon]] (2004–2012)<br />[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]] (2006–2010)<br />[[w:Hummer H3#H3T|Hummer H3T]] (2009–2010)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Colorado#Isuzu i-series|Isuzu i-series]] (2006–2008)||1981||2012||Located at 7600 General Motors Blvd. General Motors Blvd. was renamed Antoine Blvd. in 2013. A portion of the complex is now used by Glovis America, a Hyundai Automotive Group subsidiary, for a vehicle logistics and processing center for Hyundai and Kia vehicles. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet S-10 |Chevrolet S-10]] (1982-2003), [[w:Chevrolet S-10 EV|Chevrolet S-10 EV]] (1997-1998),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]] (1983-1991 2-d),<br /> [[w:GMC S-15|GMC S-15]] (1982-1990), [[w:GMC Sonoma|GMC Sonoma]] (1991-03), [[w:GMC Syclone|GMC Syclone]] (1991),<br /> [[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer#First generation (1983–1994)|GMC S-15 Jimmy]] (1983-1991 2-d),<br /> [[w:Isuzu Hombre|Isuzu Hombre]] (1996-2000). |- |A||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Darling Street & Kempston Road plants||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]<br />[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont &<br />Beaumont]] (from CKD kits supplied from Oshawa and Willow Run 1966-69)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Export models|Chevrolet Ascona]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HJ|Chevrolet Caprice Classic]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Constantia|Chevrolet Constantia]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevair|Chevrolet Chevair]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]/[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Nomad#South Africa production (GMSA)|Chevrolet Nomad]]<br /> [[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet De Ville]]<br />[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet El Camino<br />Chevrolet El Toro]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Holden HK#South Africa|Chevrolet Kommando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet LUV|Chevrolet LUV]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HD|Holden HD]]<br />[[w:Holden HR|Holden HR]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro#Export program|Holden Monaro (HT)/Chevrolet SS (HG)]]<br />[[w:Pontiac Parisienne|Pontiac Parisienne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva#South Africa|Chevrolet Firenza/1300/1900]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series D#ZA|Chevrolet 2500, 3800, 4100]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series E#Chevrolet Rekord|Chevrolet Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Ascona C (1981–1988)|Opel Ascona C]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett A|Opel Kadett A]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett B|Opel Kadett B]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett D (1979–1984)|Opel Kadett D]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E/Monza]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel Kadett F]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra G]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa B (S93; 1993)|Opel Corsa B/Corsa Lite]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva#Other markets|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max|Isuzu KB (D-Max based)]]<br />||1926 (Darling Street)<br />1928 (Kempston Road)||1929 (Darling Street)<br />2017||Also assembled in the pre-WWII era: <br />[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]<br />[[w:Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]]<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]]<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]]<br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]<br />[[w:Frigidaire|Frigidaire]] appliances. Also built the [[w:Ranger (automobile)#South Africa|Ranger]]. GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Isuzu consolidated its commercial truck production in the Struandale plant which already built Isuzu pickups and the Kempston Road plant ended production on Nov. 30, 2018. |- |4||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Struandale plant||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Africa|Chevrolet Spark (M300)]]<br />[[w:Opel Corsa#Corsa C (X01; 2000)|Opel Corsa C]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Montana#South Africa|Opel Corsa Utility/Chevrolet Utility]]<br />[[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]]<br />[[w:Isuzu D-Max#Second generation (RT; 2011)|Isuzu KB]]<br />||1996||2017||Struandale was originally a Ford plant opened in 1973 which GM South Africa bought during the time it was known as Delta Motor Corp. in 1994. GM sold the factory to Isuzu in 2017 and left the South African market. Struandale absorbed Isuzu pickup production beginning with the 2nd generation D-Max around 2013 & Isuzu commercial truck ([[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] & [[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]]) production in Jan. 2019. Isuzu KB was renamed D-Max in South Africa in 2018, aligning with the rest of the world. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors South Africa|General Motors South Africa]] Engine plant - Aloes||[[w:Port Elizabeth, South Africa|Port Elizabeth]]||[[w:South Africa|South Africa]]||[[w:Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine|Chevrolet 153 4-cylinder engine]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift engine|Chevrolet Turbo-Thrift inline-6]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]] inline-4||1966||1999?|| |- |C (1965-1982)<br /><br /> U (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])<br /><br />S (1960–1964 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />C (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] and Pre-1960 [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br />2 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) ||[[w:South Gate Assembly|South Gate Assembly]]||[[w:South Gate, California|South Gate, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Cavalier|Chevrolet Cavalier]] (1982) <br /> [[w:Cadillac Cimarron|Cadillac Cimarron]] (1982)||1936||1982|| Located at 2700 Tweedy Blvd. South Gate Assembly was the 1st GM multi-brand assembly plant, assembling Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac models. The first finished cars were produced in May 1936. It was operated by GM's Southern California Division through 1943. Automobile production ended in Feb. 1942. During WWII, it produced the M5 and M5A1 Stuart tanks from July 1942-August 1943 in cooperation with Cadillac Division which held the contract to build the tank. It also provided a proof range for Army Ordnance to test various types of machine gun and cannon shells. Space was also provided for Army Ordnance to modify M4 medium tanks. Also built were gun shields and deck houses for the Navy. When M5A1 production ceased in August 1943, the plant was leased to Douglas Aircraft Co. until the end of the war for aircraft parts production. After the war ended, in 1945, Southgate & Linden were both placed in a new division called the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division. South Gate began making Chevrolet full-size cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. South Gate was converted to build H-body small cars like the Vega for 1975 but the plant was switched back to full-size cars for 1977, building Chevy, Oldsmobile, & Buick B-bodies. In 1979, South Gate Assembly became the second plant (the 1st was Linden, NJ in 1971) outside Cadillac's home plant in Detroit to assemble Cadillacs when it began to assemble C-body Cadillacs like the DeVille instead of Oldsmobile & Buick B-bodies. The plant was then idled in March 1980. It was again switched to build small cars for 1982, this time the J-body. Slow sales and efforts to reduce air quality issues resulted in plant closure, with production ending on March 23, 1982. Plant demolished and site used for 3 new schools for L.A. School District and the South Gate Industrial and Business Park at the southern end of the property.<br /> Unibody B-O-P "Y"-body [[w:Buick Special#1961–1963|Buick Special]]/[[w:Buick Skylark#1961–1963|Buick Skylark]] (1962-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile F-85#First generation (1961)|Oldsmobile F-85/Cutlass]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac Tempest]]/[[w:Pontiac LeMans#First generation (1961–1963)|Pontiac LeMans]] (1962-1963) added to B-& C-body mix 1961-63; replaced by [[w:General Motors B platform|Chevrolet B-body]] for 1964; [[w:GM H platform (RWD)|GM H platform (RWD)]]: [[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1975), [[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1976), [[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1975), [[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1976), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (H-body) (1976), [[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1976); [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973); [[w:Buick Century|Buick Century]] (1936-1942, 1954-1958); [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1963); [[w:Buick Estate#1970|Buick Estate]] (1970-1973); [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962); [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1974, 1977-1978); [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1947-1949, 1953-1958); [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1936-1958); [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1940-1958); [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970); [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964-1974); [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1974, 1977-1980); [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1970, 1977-1978); [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1941-1963); [[w:Oldsmobile Jetstar I|Oldsmobile Jetstar I]] (1964-1965); [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1966); [[w:Pontiac 2+2|Pontiac 2+2]] (1964-1967); [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1970, 1972-1973); [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1973); [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1949-1953, 1955-1958); [[w:Pontiac Executive|Pontiac Executive]] (1967-1968); [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1968); [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960, 1962, 1966); [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961); [[w:Cadillac Deville#Fifth generation (1977–1984)|Cadillac Deville]] (1979-1980). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:St. Catharines Components Plant|St. Catharines Components Plant]]||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Engine components<br />Transmissions<br />Transmission components<br />Starter motors<br />Alternators<br /> Final drive assemblies<br /> Axles<br />Steering wheels<br />Steering gear<br />Shock absorbers<br />Brakes<br />Bearings<br />Horns<br />Vehicle Radios<br />Fractional horsepower motors for appliances||1929||2010||Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Originally McKinnon Dash and Metal Work Ltd., which opened this site in 1900. In 1917, the company was renamed McKinnon Industries, Ltd. Taken over by GM on March 29, 1929. In 1963, fractional horsepower motors for appliances were moved to the GM Diesel plant in London, Ontario. In 1964, vehicle radios, horns, and shocks were moved to the Scarborough plant followed by propshafts in 1966. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. In 1990, the Axle Plant is officially renamed Components Plant. Permanently closed in 2010 as part of GM's restructuring plans. All operations were transferred to [[w:St. Catharines Engine Plant|St. Catharines Engine Plant]]. Some of the Components Plant was demolished in 2016 and the site will be re-developed for mixed-use residential and commercial development. |- |&nbsp;||St. Catharines Foundry||[[w:St. Catharines, Ontario|St. Catharines, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Casting|Iron casting]] of engine parts||1952||1995|| Was located at 285 Ontario Street. Operated as part of GM subsidiary McKinnon Industries, Ltd. until 1969 when it became "General Motors of Canada Limited, St. Catharines". Aligned with GM's Central Foundry Division in 1989. |- |S <br />(1952 [[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC]] and 1953-1987)<br /><br />3 <br />(1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:St. Louis Truck Assembly|St. Louis Truck Assembly]]||[[w:St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis, Missouri]]||United States ||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)|GMC C/K (Rounded Line)]] (1973-1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|Chevrolet R/V]] (1987 only)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (third generation)#R/V-Series (1987–1991)|GMC R/V]] (1987 only)||1920<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319998/built-across-the-nation|author=James B. Treece|title=Built across the nation|publisher=Autonews.com|date=October 31, 2011}}</ref>||1987||Located at 3809 N. Union Blvd. Chevrolet had previously licensed [[w:Gardner (automobile)|Gardner Buggy Co.]] to assemble its cars in St. Louis in 1915. That was replaced by Chevrolet's own St. Louis plant on Union Blvd. Built 149,135 [[w:GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck|GMC CCKW 6x6 trucks]] & 6,748 [[w:DUKW|DUKW]] amphibious vehicles during WWII. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. St. Louis Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Operated 3 assembly lines: car line, truck line, and the Corvette line. 695,214 Corvettes were built from 1954-1981 in the old Fisher Body Mill Building that had been used to assemble wooden bodies in earlier years and was converted to Corvette production. First 1954 Corvette was built in St. Louis on December 28, 1953. Last Corvette built in St. Louis was built July 31, 1981. Chevy Caprice & Impala production ended on August 1, 1980 and the main car line closed down. Was a Truck and Bus Group plant from 1982, only making full-size pickups. Closed August 1987. The old Fisher Body Mill Building where Corvettes were built was demolished in 1992. Property is now the Union Seventy Center, an industrial warehouse and distribution campus used by several different tenants. <br />[[w:Chevrolet Series 490|Chevrolet Series 490]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]], [[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]], [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]], <br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]], [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1970), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|Chevrolet K5 Blazer]] (1969-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair Forward Control]] (1961-1965), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Corvette|Chevrolet Corvette]] (1954-1981), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino#First generation (1959–1960)|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1980), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972), [[w:Chevrolet K5 Blazer#1969–1972|GMC Jimmy]] (1970-1972), [[w:GMC New Design|GMC New Design]], [[w:GMC Suburban|GMC Suburban]] (1947-1955, 1967-1972) |- |2||[[w:Sainte-Thérèse Assembly|Ste. Thérèse Assembly]]||[[w:Boisbriand, Quebec|Boisbriand, Quebec]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro (fourth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1993-2002)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird#Fourth generation (1993–2002)|Pontiac Firebird]] (1993-2002)||1966||2002||Located at 2500 Boulevard De la Grande-Allée. <br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]] (1987-1990)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera|Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera]] (1988-1991)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Cutlass#Fifth-generation (intermediate) 1978–1988|Oldsmobile Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme]] (1978-87)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile 442|Oldsmobile Cutlass 442]] (1979)<br />[[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Seventh generation (1982–1986)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1983-1986)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#Fifth generation (1978–1987)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1978-1981, 1983-1987)<br />[[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#1986|Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2]] (1986)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Vega|Chevrolet Vega]] (1973-1974)<br />[[w:Pontiac Astre|Pontiac Astre]] (1973-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Pontiac Sunbird#First generation (1976–1980)|Pontiac Sunbird]] (1977)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#Second generation (1975–1980)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Buick Skyhawk#First generation (1975–1980)|Buick Skyhawk]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1967-1970)<br />[[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1970-1972)<br /> [[w:Pontiac Grand Ville|Pontiac Grand Ville]] (1971). Plant demolished and site re-developed as a commercial and residential site known as Faubourg Boisbriand and the Centre for Sports Excellence. |- |&nbsp;||Strasbourg Transmission||[[w:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L45/6L50]] 6-speed RWD automatic transmissions||1968||2013||Past products: [[w:GM 5L40-E transmission|5L40]], [[w:GM 4L30-E transmission|4L30]], [[w:Turbo-Hydramatic 180|TH180/3L30]] RWD automatic transmissions Also supplied 4-, 5-, & 6-speed RWD auto. transmissions to [[w:BMW|BMW]].<br /> Also supplied 3-speed RWD auto. transmissions to Fiat, Peugeot ([[w:Peugeot 604|604]]), & Rover ([[w:Rover SD1|SD1]]). Sold to Punch Metals International in 2013, which renamed the unit as Punch Powerglide Strasbourg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2012/12/general-motors-sells-strasbourg-plant-to-punch-metals-international/|title = General Motors Sells Strasbourg Plant to Punch Metals International|author=Alex Luft|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date = 22 December 2012}}</ref> In 2014, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg began producing [[w:ZF 8HP transmission|8HP 8-speed automatic transmissions]] for [[w:ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF Friedrichshafen]] in addition to the GM 6L50 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2023, Punch Powerglide Strasbourg was renamed Dumarey Powerglide Strasbourg. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Suisse AG||[[w:Biel|Biel]]||[[w:Switzerland|Switzerland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] 1936-1941, 1946-1968<ref>{{cite web|title=What's Wrong With This Picture? And What's Very Right With the Other Ones? They Do Things a Bit Differently In Switzerland|date=15 August 2020 |at=see 20th comment down from 8-15-20 5:59 pm|url=https://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/qotd/whats-wrong-with-this-picture-and-whats-very-right-with-the-other-ones-they-do-things-a-bit-differently-in-switzerland/}}</ref><br />[[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] 1937-1939, 1946-1959 (None produced in 1955-1956)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] 1936-1940, 1947-1958<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]] 1936-1940, 1946-1958<br />[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1936 <br />[[w:Cadillac|Cadillac]] 1938-1940<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]] 1936-1941, 1950-1975<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] 1936-1940, 1946-1971<br />[[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] 1970-1975 ||1936||1975|| First car off the line was a [[w:Buick Series 40|Buick Model 41]] on February 5, 1936. Other prewar cars built include the [[w:Buick Series 90|Buick Series 90]] & [[w:Opel P4|Opel P4]]. GM rented the factory from the city council until they bought it on Feb. 20, 1947. Closed August 14, 1975. Last car was an [[w:Opel Rekord D|Opel Rekord D]]. A total of 329,864 cars were assembled. Regular as well as customized vehicles in small series were made like drawing vehicles for the [[w:Swiss Armed Forces|Swiss Armed Forces]]: An open 6-seater [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] Platform combined with an Opel 2.5L I-6 cylinder; after World War II those "Swiss" cars were also offered to the public as limousines. As well, GM produced luxury upgraded vehicles for the European market like the [[w:Opel Kapitän|Opel Kapitän]], [[w:Opel Rekord P1#Swiss assembly|Rekord]] "Ascona Edition", and the Kadett-based [[w:Opel Kadett B#Opel Ascona (modified Kadett B assembled in Biel, Switzerland)|Opel Ascona 1700]] up to the early 1970s. The [[w:Ranger (automobile)#Europe|Ranger]] was invented by using [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] structures on an [[w:Opel Rekord C|Opel Rekord C]] body. Also built the first generation [[w:Chevrolet Camaro (first generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]], [[w:Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova]], & the [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] from CKD kits. Also built the [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]] and the special Victor Riviera as well as the [[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]] and [[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]. Afterwards the plant was used as GM's European central spare parts warehouse until 1992. Most buildings still exist, they now house a [[w:Coop (Switzerland)|Coop]] mall. &nbsp; |- |T||[[w:General Motors India|Talegaon]]||[[w:Talegaon|Talegaon]], [[w:Pune district|Pune district]], [[w:Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Beat|Chevrolet Beat]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail#Second generation (2010)|Chevrolet Sail U-VA]] (hatchback)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Sail|Chevrolet Sail]]||2008||2020||Part of [[w:General Motors India|GM India]]. Production began in September 2008. Closed December 24, 2020. Sold to [[w:Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai Motor India]] in January 2024. |- |T (1953-1996)<br /><br />2 (1929-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:North Tarrytown Assembly|North Tarrytown Assembly]]||[[w:Sleepy Hollow, New York|North Tarrytown, New York]]||United States||Past models:<br />[[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Superior|Chevrolet Superior]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AA Capitol|Chevrolet Series AA Capitol]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AB National|Chevrolet Series AB National]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AC International|Chevrolet Series AC International]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AD Universal|Chevrolet Series AD Universal]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series AE Independence|Chevrolet Series AE Independence]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series BA Confederate|Chevrolet Series BA Confederate]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Standard Six|Chevrolet Standard Six]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master|Chevrolet Series CA Eagle / Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Master|Chevrolet Master]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Stylemaster|Chevrolet Stylemaster]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Fleetmaster|Chevrolet Fleetmaster]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet AK Series|Chevrolet AK Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Gen.1)]] (1960-66)<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|Chevrolet C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-1972)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957)<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1970)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1974)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K (second generation)|GMC C/K (Action Line)]] (1967-72)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1975-1979)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1985)<br />[[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977|Pontiac Ventura]] (1975-1977)<br />[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1978-1979)<br />[[w:Pontiac Phoenix#Second generation (1980–1984)|Pontiac Phoenix (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1984)<br />[[w:Pontiac 6000|Pontiac 6000]] (1985-1989)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1976-1979)<br />[[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (80-83)<br />[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Buick Century]] (1985-1989)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lumina APV|Chevrolet Lumina APV]] (1990-93)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lumina Minivan|Chevrolet Lumina Minivan]] ('94-'96)<br />[[w:Pontiac Trans Sport#First generation (1990-1996)|Pontiac Trans Sport]] (1990-1996)<br />[[w:Oldsmobile Silhouette#First generation (1990–1996)|Oldsmobile Silhouette]] (1990-1996) ||1918 (as part of GM)||1996|| Located at 199 Beekman Avenue. Originally built by [[w:Mobile Company of America|Mobile Company of America]]. In 1904, plant was sold to Maxwell-Briscoe, which later became [[w:Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell Motor Company]]. Chevrolet bought the complex in 1914, before Chevrolet was part of GM. The first Chevrolet produced in Tarrytown was the [[w:Chevrolet 490|Chevrolet 490]]. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. The Fisher Body side of the plant became part of GM's Eastern Aircraft Division during World War II and assembled the wings, center section, trailing edges, motor mount, cabin, windshield, & upholstery for Avenger bombers & Wildcat fighters. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Tarrytown Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Plant joined Truck and Bus Group for 1990 when it was converted to build GM's new trio of fwd minivans. Plant closed in June 1996. Minivan production moved to [[w:Doraville Assembly|Doraville Assembly]] for 1997. North Tarrytown changed its name to Sleepy Hollow in December 1996. Plant was demolished. Site being redeveloped as Edge-on-Hudson, a mixed use residential/retail/office/park space. |- |H||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Thailand]] Ltd.||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Chevrolet Colorado|Chevrolet/Holden Colorado]] (RC/RG) <br /> [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#RG|Chevrolet/Holden Trailblazer & Holden Colorado 7]] (RG)<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]<br /> [[w:Daewoo Kalos|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br /> [[w:Daewoo Winstorm|Chevrolet/Holden Captiva]]||2000||2020||Past Models:<br /> [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Opel/Vauxhall/Chevrolet Zafira]]<br /> [[w:Opel Zafira#Zafira A (1999)|Holden Zafira (TT)]]<br /> [[w:Subaru Traviq|Subaru Traviq]], [[w:Isuzu D-Max#First generation (RA, RC; 2002)|Isuzu D-Max]],<br> [[w:Alfa Romeo 156|Alfa Romeo 156]] [https://www.just-auto.com/news/thailand-gm-to-make-alfa-156-in-thailand/]<br /> Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:General Motors Thailand|General Motors Powertrain (Thailand) Ltd.]]||Pluak Daeng, [[w:Rayong province|Rayong province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||2.5L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 425 DOHC|R 425 DOHC]]) & 2.8L ([[w:List of VM Motori engines#R 428 DOHC|R 428 DOHC]] & [[w:List of VM Motori engines#A 428 DOHC|A 428 DOHC]]) turbodiesel I4 engines||2011||2020|| Sold to [[w:Great Wall Motors|Great Wall Motors]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2020/09/sale-of-gm-rayong-plant-to-great-wall-motors-confirmed/|title=Sale of GM Rayong Plant to Great Wall Motors Confirmed|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=30 September 2020}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||Three Rivers||[[w:Three Rivers, Michigan|Three Rivers]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Rwd Automatic transmissions, propshafts||1979||1994||Located at 1 Manufacturing Way (formerly 1 Hydramatic Drive) off W. Hoffman St. GM bought the closed plant from Continental Can Co. Part of GM St. Joseph County Operations & GM Hydramatic Division. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toledo Transmission|Toledo Transmission]]||[[w:Toledo, Ohio|Toledo, Ohio]]||United States||Transmissions, Gears||1916||1957||Located at 900 W. Central Ave. Acquired from Warner Gear Co. by Chevrolet in 1916 before Chevrolet was part of GM. The plant became part of GM when Chevrolet became part of GM in 1918. During WWII, produced truck transfer cases and transmissions for four- and six-wheel-drive military trucks. Replaced by the current Toledo Transmission plant on Alexis Road in 1956.<br /> |- |M||Toluca Assembly||[[w:Toluca|Toluca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]||1995<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas H. Klier, James Rubenstein|title=Mexico’s Growing Role in the Auto Industry Under NAFTA: Who Makes What and What Goes Where|url=https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2017/6.|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, Vol. 41, No. 6|at=see table 11 and footnotes right under table 11|date=September 2017}}</ref>||2008||[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]], [[w:Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)#C3500HD (1991–2002)|Chevrolet/GMC C3500HD]] (2001–2002), [[w:Chevrolet Silverado#First-generation Silverado / second-generation Sierra (GMT800; 1999)|Chevrolet Silverado]] |- |&nbsp;||Tonawanda Forge||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||Forged metal components||c.1950||1994||Located at 2390-2392 Kenmore Ave. Sold to [[w:American Axle|American Axle & Manufacturing Inc.]] in 1994. Closed in 2008, subsequently demolished. |- |&nbsp;||Tonawanda Foundry||[[w:Tonawanda (town), New York|Tonawanda]], [[w:New York (state)|New York]]||United States||[[w:Casting|Iron castings]] of engine parts, brake drums. ||1954||1984||Was located on River Road. Was a Chevrolet Foundry. Was part of GM's Central Foundry Division. &nbsp; |- |Z||General Motors Turkiye Ltd.||[[w:Torbali|Torbali]], [[w:Izmir Province|Izmir Province]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]] A & B||1990||2000||[[w:Adam Opel AG|Opel plant]]. Converted into a spare parts warehouse. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Uruguaya SA||[[w:Sayago|Sayago]], [[w:Montevideo|Montevideo]]||[[w:Uruguay|Uruguay]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1962||1986|| |- |L (1953-1992)<br /><br />20 (1947-1952 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]])||[[w:Van Nuys Assembly|Van Nuys Assembly]]||[[w:Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys, California]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]] (1967-1971, 1978-1992)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firebird|Pontiac Firebird]] (1968-1971,<br> 1978-1992) ||1947||1992||Located at 8000 Van Nuys Blvd. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Van Nuys Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1968. Demolished in 1993. Redeveloped into "The Plant", a retail and industrial complex that also includes LAPD and LAFD stations.<br />Past models: [[w:Buick Apollo|Buick Apollo]] (1973-1975), [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark]] (1975-1977), [[w:Chevrolet 150|Chevrolet 150]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet 210|Chevrolet 210]] (1953-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Advance Design]], [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1950-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet C/K (first generation)|Chevrolet C/K]] (1960-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]] (1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1963, 1965-1966), [[w:Chevrolet Delray|Chevrolet Delray]] (1954-1958), [[w:Chevrolet El Camino|Chevrolet El Camino]] (1959-1960, 1964, 1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1958-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Monte Carlo|Chevrolet Monte Carlo]] (1970-1972), [[w:Chevrolet Nomad|Chevrolet Nomad]] (1955-1957), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] (1972-1977), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban|Chevrolet Suburban]], [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]], [[w:GMC Sprint|GMC Sprint]] (1971-1972), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1977), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1972-1976) |- |&nbsp;||Vauxhall - Bedford Die Plant||[[w:Bedford|Bedford]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||Tools & Die Manufacturing||1969||1980's||Opened May 1969. Supplemented die-making at the Luton plant. |- |8 (since 1993)<br />E (before 1993)||[[w:Vauxhall Ellesmere Port|Vauxhall Ellesmere Port]]||[[w:Ellesmere Port|Ellesmere Port]], [[w:Cheshire|Cheshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Opel Astra#K|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] K (5-door, Sports Tourer)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#J|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] J (5-door, Sports Tourer)<br />[[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] H<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] G<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra|Vauxhall Astra]] F<br />[[w:Opel Kadett E|Opel Kadett E]]/[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1991)|Vauxhall Astra Mk II]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Belmont|Vauxhall Belmont]]<br />[[w:Opel Combo#Kadett Combo (Combo A; 1986)|Opel Kadett Combo/Bedford Astravan & Astramax]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra#First generation (1980–1984)|Vauxhall Astra Mk I]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Chevette|Vauxhall Chevette]]<br />[[w:Bedford Chevanne|Bedford Chevanne]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Firenza|Vauxhall Firenza]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Magnum|Vauxhall Magnum]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra C (2002–2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra C]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Third generation (TR; 1995)|Holden Astra (TR)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Seventh generation (BK, BL; 2016)|Holden Astra (BK)]] (wagon)<br />Vauxhall Viva OHV Inline-4<br />[[w:General Motors 54° V6 engine|General Motors 54° V6 engine]]||1962||2017|| [[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall plant]]. <br />Also made engines, transmissions, axles, & other components. Engine production ended in 2004. Sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] since 2021. |- |7 (since 1993)<br />V (before 1993)||Vauxhall Luton (car plant)||[[w:Luton|Luton]], [[w:Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]||[[w:Vauxhall Carlton|Vauxhall Carlton]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cavalier|Vauxhall Cavalier]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra A]]<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel/Vauxhall Vectra B]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Velox|Vauxhall Velox]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Ventora|Vauxhall Ventora]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viscount|Vauxhall Viscount]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|Vauxhall VX4/90]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX Series|Vauxhall VX Series]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Wyvern|Vauxhall Wyvern]]<br />[[w:Envoy (automobile)#Vauxhall Victor based models|Envoy F/FB/FC/FD]]<br />Chevrolet Bedford AC/LQ<br />Bedford WHG/WLG/WS/VYC/AS/WT/BYC/K/[[w:Bedford M series|MS/ML]]/OS/OL/[[w:Bedford OB|OB]]<br />[[w:Bedford S type|Bedford S series]]<br />[[w:Bedford SB|Bedford SB]]<br />[[w:Bedford TA|Bedford TA]]<br />[[w:Bedford HC|Bedford HC/JC/PC]]<br />[[w:Bedford CA|Bedford CA/Envoy EA]]<br />[[w:Bedford CF|Bedford CF/CF1/Opel Bedford Blitz]]<br />[[w:Bedford HA|Bedford HA]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Slant-4 engine|Vauxhall Slant-4 engine]]<br />Vauxhall OHV Inline-6<br />[[w:Churchill tank|Churchill tank]] ||1905 (operations began)<br><br>1925 (part of GM)||2002|| Vauxhall moved from London to Luton in 1905. GM bought Vauxhall in 1925. Produced Churchill tanks during World War II. Production ended in 2002 with the [[w:Vauxhall Vectra|Vauxhall Vectra]]. The Luton passenger car plant was next to the still active van plant previously used by the IBC Vehicles joint venture. The plant has now been demolished and the site is now being redeveloped for housing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/politics/redevelopment-of-former-vauxhall-site-given-the-go-ahead-1-5795094|work=Luton Today|title=Redevelopment of former Vauxhall site given the go-ahead|date=8 Jan 2014|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref> It is being redeveloped into a new Luton suburb called [[w:Napier Park|Napier Park]]. |- |&nbsp;||GM de Venezuela<br />Caracas||[[w:Antimano|Antimano]], [[w:Caracas|Caracas]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Camaro|Chevrolet Camaro]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevelle|Chevrolet Chevelle]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Deluxe|Chevrolet Deluxe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Malibu|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Nova]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Advance Design|Chevrolet Thriftmaster/Loadmaster]]<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] ||1948||1983||Plant closed in 1983 & GM moved to the newer Valencia plant that it bought from Chrysler in 1979. |- |&nbsp;||GM Venezolana<br />Mariara||[[w:Mariara|Mariara]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Silverado#Second-generation Silverado / third-generation Sierra (GMT900; 2007)|Chevrolet C3500]]<br /> [[w:Isuzu Forward|Chevrolet F-Series]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Giga|Chevrolet E-Series]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br />||2008||2015||Plant closed in 2015 & N-Series moved to Valencia plant. |- |&nbsp;||GM Venezolana<br />Valencia||[[w:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[w:Carabobo|Carabobo]]||[[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[w:Chevrolet Astra|Chevrolet Astra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet C/K|Chevrolet C/K]] <br />[[w:Chevrolet Celebrity|Chevrolet Celebrity]]<br />[[w:Buick Century#Fifth generation (1982–1996)|Chevrolet Century]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Chevette#Latin America|Chevrolet Chevette]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Corsa|Chevrolet Corsa]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Kodiak|Chevrolet Kodiak]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fourth generation (1978)|Chevrolet Malibu]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona#Chevrolet Monza|Chevrolet Monza]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Elf|Chevrolet N-Series]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Chevrolet Optra]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet S-10 Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Silverado|Chevrolet Silverado]]<br /> [[w:Chevrolet Spark|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe|Chevrolet Tahoe]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet TrailBlazer#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet TrailBlazer]] ||1979||2017||Originally built by Chrysler de Venezuela SA. GM bought the plant from Chrysler in 1979 and moved their entire operations there from the Caracas plant by 1983. <br /> There had already been production pauses because of part shortages between 2014 and 2016. On May 2, 2017 GM announced the total closure of the plant and deconsolidation of the Venezuelan unit from its accounts due to the illegal seizure of its factory by the Venezuelan government. The plant halted all of its operations of manufacturing vehicles and now only retains the GM brands representation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/internacional/articulo/general-motors-cierra-operaciones-en-venezuela/244829|title=General Motors concreta el cierre de sus operaciones en Venezuela|website=Semana.com|date=May 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/04/20/actualidad/1492679446_631610.html|title=General Motors suspende operaciones en Venezuela tras el embargo de una planta|newspaper=El País|date=April 20, 2017|via=elpais.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/generalmotors-cierre-operaciones-venezuela-negocios.html|title=General Motors inicia cierre de operaciones en Venezuela|website=El Comercio|date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GM Vietnam|GM Vietnam]]||[[w:Hanoi, Vietnam|Hanoi]]||[[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo|Chevrolet Aveo]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Cruze#First generation (J300; 2008)|Chevrolet Cruze]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Second generation (M200, M250; 2005)|Chevrolet Spark Lite]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Third generation (M300; 2009)|Chevrolet Spark]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2011)|Chevrolet Orlando]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Vivant|Chevrolet Vivant]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Cielo|Daewoo Cielo]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Lacetti|Daewoo Lacetti]]<br />[[w:Daewoo Lanos|Daewoo Lanos]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Leganza|Daewoo Leganza]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Magnus|Daewoo Magnus]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Matiz|Daewoo Matiz]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Nubira|Daewoo Nubira]]<br>[[w:Daewoo Damas|Daewoo Damas]]||1995||2018||Originally established as VIDAMCO (a joint venture with a state owned co.) in 1993 by Daewoo Motor Co. Daewoo bought out its Vietnamese partner in April 2000, making VIDAMCO 100% owned by Daewoo Motor Co. Bought by GM in 2002 as part of the creation of [[w:GM Daewoo|GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co.]] In July 2011, the name of the company was changed from VIDAMCO to GM Vietnam. Sold to [[w:VinFast|VinFast]] in 2018. [[w:VinFast Fadil|VinFast Fadil]] produced under license from GM; is a rebadged [[w:Chevrolet Spark#Fourth generation (M400; 2015)|Chevrolet Spark (M400)]]/[[w:Opel Karl|Opel Karl]]. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Warren Transmission|Warren Transmission]]||[[w:Warren, Michigan|Warren, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM-Ford 6-speed automatic transmission|6T70, 6T75, 6T80]] ||1958||2020||Located at 23500 Mound Road. Past transmissions: [[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E]], [[w:List of GM transmissions#Hybrid and PHEV|5ET50 EVT]] Plant originally built in 1941 as a US Navy Ordnance facility operated by the Hudson Motor Car Co. building 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns. In 1943, the Navy moved the contract from Hudson to Westinghouse, which now operated the Warren plant for the Navy. Ford bought the plant in 1946 and used it to produce axles and ball joints. GM bought the plant in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2022/01/old-gm-warren-transmission-plant-set-to-be-demolished/|title = Old GM Warren Transmission Plant Set To Be Demolished|author=Sam McEachern|publisher=GMAuthority.com|date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> The plant became a Chevrolet facility making auto parts. It also made artillery shells in the 1960's and 1970's. The factory was transferred to the Hydramatic Division in 1980, later becoming part of GM Powertrain. [https://nadc1.com/?portfolio=gm-paint-shop-strip-out] Ended production on August 1, 2019. Reopened for production of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2020/06/08/gm-warren-transmission-plant-coronavirus/3135789001/|title = GM revived Warren plant for face mask production. What happens when demand slows?|author=Jamie LaReau|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=June 8, 2020}}</ref>. First face mask produced March 27, 2020. Sold to a developer in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]]||[[w:Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch automobiles||1909||1911||Welch Motor Car Company became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took it over in 1910. Welch ended production in 1911. Welch was noted for having engines with a single overhead cam and hemispherical combustion chambers, unusual technology for its time. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Welch Motor Car Company|Welch-Detroit]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||Welch-Detroit automobiles||1910||1911||The Welch Company of Detroit was a separate company from the Welch Motor Car Company of Pontiac, Michigan and was set up in June 1909 to build a smaller, cheaper car than the Welch made in Pontiac, Michigan. Both Welch companies became affiliated with GM in 1909 and GM officially took over both companies in 1910. Both Welch and Welch-Detroit ended production in 1911. Equipment from the factory was moved to the also GM-owned, former Rainier Motor Car Company factory in Saginaw to make the 1912 Marquette, which was said to be a combination of the previous Rainier and Welch-Detroit brands. |- |W||[[w:Willow Run Assembly|Willow Run Assembly]]||[[w:Ypsilanti Township, Michigan|Ypsilanti Twp, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet Caprice#Fourth generation (1991–1996)|Chevrolet Caprice]] sedan & wagon (1991-1993) <br />[[w:Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser#Third generation (1991–1992)|Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser]] wagon (1991-1992)<br />[[w:Buick Roadmaster#1991–1996|Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon]] (1991-1993)||1956||1993||Located at 2625 Tyler Road, to the south of the former Willow Run Transmission plant. Initially opened in 1956 to exclusively build Chevrolet trucks in a 500,000 sq. ft. building that had been used as a warehouse by GM and was previously used by Kaiser-Frazer's engineering dept. [https://aadl.org/aa_news_19561208-chevrolet_willow_run_truck_plant_gains_momentum] In 1958-59, plant was expanded into a 2-part Chevrolet & Fisher Body passenger car assembly plant to make the Chevrolet Corvair. First completed 1960 Corvair rolls off the line on July 7, 1959 [https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=792700342891740&set=a.453129043515540]. Added the Chevy II (Nova) for 1962. Was part of the [[w:Chevrolet Assembly Division|Chevrolet Assembly Division]]. Chevrolet Assembly Division plants, along with the onsite Fisher Body plants, were gradually transferred to the GM Assembly Division which replaced the BOP Assembly Division in 1965. Willow Run Assembly joined the GM Assembly Division in 1971. Converted in 1978-79 to build the fwd X-body compacts for 1980. In 1984, joined the new BOC group in preparation for its conversion to build the new fwd H-body full-size cars for 1986. Final H-car built in May 1989 and in September, moved to the CPC group. Converted to build the body-on-frame, rwd B-body for 1991. Chevy Caprice sedan production began in January 1990 followed by station wagons in July. Closed July 1993. Assembly plant was 2.5 million sq.ft. when it closed. The Willow Run Assembly Plant is now the Willow Run Business Center, a multi-tenant warehouse and distribution facility, part of which is leased by GM to distribute automotive service parts, which is known as Ypsilanti #87 Processing Center, part of GM Customer Care and Aftersales. The nearby Willow Run Company Vehicle Operations site at 2901 Tyler Road was sold to International Turbine Industries in April 2013.<ref name=WR-Assembly-sold>{{cite news|author=Katrease Stafford|title=GM Willow Run plant redevelopment: Aircraft maintenance firm buys 1 building|url=https://www.annarbor.com/news/ypsilanti/gm-willow-run-plant-redevelopment-aircraft-maintenance-firm-purchases-facility-25-new-jobs-expected/|access-date=24 April 2013|newspaper=AnnArbor.com|date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> Past models: [[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]], [[w:Buick Skylark#Third generation (1975–1979)|Buick Skylark (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1978), [[w:Buick Skylark#Fourth generation (1980–1985)|Buick Skylark (fwd X-body)]] (1980-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Citation|Chevrolet Citation]] (1980-1981, 1984-1985), [[w:Chevrolet Corvair|Chevrolet Corvair]] (1960-1969), [[w:Chevrolet Nova|Chevrolet Chevy II/Nova]] (1962-1979), [[w:Chevrolet Suburban#Fourth generation (1955)|Chevrolet Suburban]] (1958), [[w:Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet Task Force]] (1957-1958), [[w:Oldsmobile 88#Ninth generation (1986–1991)|Oldsmobile 88]] (1986-1989), [[w:Oldsmobile Omega|Oldsmobile Omega]] (1973-1984), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville#Eighth generation (1987–1991)|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1987-1989), [[w:Pontiac GTO#Fourth generation|Pontiac GTO]] (1974), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1971–1977 X-body compact|Pontiac Ventura]] (1971-1977), [[w:Pontiac Phoenix#First generation (1977–1979)|Pontiac Phoenix (rwd X-body)]] (1977-1979). |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Willow Run Transmission|Willow Run Transmission]]||[[w:Ypsilanti, Michigan|Ypsilanti, Michigan]]||United States|| [[w:Hydramatic|Hydramatic]] automatic transmissions <br /> [[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4L80-E transmission|4L85-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T60-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T60-E transmission|4T65-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 4T80-E transmission|4T80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L50 transmission|6L50-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L80 transmission|6L80-E transmission]]<br />[[w:GM 6L90 transmission|6L90-E transmission]]<br />||1953||2010||Whatever equipment could be salvaged came from the destroyed Detroit Transmission Division plant in Livonia in 1953; began as the Ford [[w:B-24 Liberator|B-24 Liberator]] bomber plant in World War II which opened in 1941, grew from 3.5 million square feet to nearly 5 million square feet under GM. Ford built the factory and sold it to the US government, which leased it back to Ford for the duration of WWII. Ford Motor had first option on the plant after war production ended, an option it ultimately chose not to exercise. The factory was instead leased and then sold to [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] and was their main production site from 1946-1953, when they moved production to Toledo, OH following Kaiser-Frazer's acquisition of Toledo-based [[w:Willys-Overland|Willys-Overland]]. In addition to automobiles, [[w:Kaiser-Frazer|Kaiser-Frazer]] also built [[w:C-119 Flying Boxcar|C-119 Flying Boxcar]] cargo planes at Willow Run under license from [[w:Fairchild Aircraft|Fairchild Aircraft]], producing an estimated 88 C-119s between 1951 and 1953. In 1953, GM first leased then bought the plant to replace the Detroit Transmission Division factory in Livonia, Michigan that had burned down earlier in 1953. Also supplied Hydramatics to Lincoln, Nash, Hudson, Rambler, Kaiser, and Willys. It was also initially supplied to Rolls-Royce before Rolls-Royce set up their own Hydramatic production line in the UK building Hydramatics under license from GM. Rolls-Royce also supplied Armstrong-Siddeley and [[w: British Motor Corporation|BMC]], which in turn supplied other British automakers like Jensen that used BMC’s biggest engines. The Detroit Transmission Division became the Hydramatic Division in October 1963. The Hydramatic Division merged with the GM Engine Division to form GM Powertrain in 1991-1992. Over the years, GM expanded the plant to almost 5 million sq. ft. In addition to automatic transmissions, GM also produced the M16A1 rifle and the M39A1 20mm autocannon for the US military during the Vietnam War at Willow Run Transmission. GM Powertrain also had an on-site engineering center. The plant closed in December 2010. A small portion of the plant was saved by the [[w:Yankee Air Museum|Yankee Air Museum]] to be turned into the National Museum of Aviation and Technology at Historic Willow Run but more than 95% of the plant was demolished from 2013-2014. The rest of the site has been redeveloped into the [[w:American Center for Mobility|American Center for Mobility]], an autonomous- and connected-driving testing center which opened in December 2017. |- |Y (1964 [[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] and 1965-2010) <br /><br /> W <br /> (Pre-1965 [[w:Oldsmobile|Oldsmobile]] & [[w:Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]])<br /><br /> 5 (Pre-1965 [[w:Buick|Buick]]) || [[w:Wilmington Assembly|Wilmington Assembly]] || [[w:Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington, Delaware]]||United States||[[w:Pontiac Solstice|Pontiac Solstice]] (2006-2010)<br />[[w:Saturn Sky|Saturn Sky]] (2007-2010) <br />[[w:Opel GT#GT (roadster) (2007–2010)|Opel GT]] (Europe: 2007-2010) <br />[[w:Daewoo G2X#Daewoo G2X|Daewoo G2X]] (S. Korea: 2007-2009) ||1947||2009||Located at 801 Boxwood Road. Was originally part of the [[w:Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division|Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Division]]. Wilmington began making Chevrolet passenger cars for 1964. BOP Assembly Division became GM Assembly Division in 1965. Converted to make the Chevette small car for 1976. Switched back to making B-body full-size cars for 1985. Converted to make the fwd Chevy Corsica & Beretta for 1987. Converted to build Saturn's 2nd model range, the Opel Vectra-based, plastic body paneled Saturn L-Series for 2000. Converted to build the rwd, Kappa platform small sports cars for 2006 beginning with the Pontiac Solstice. Final car produced was a Solstice roadster on July 28, 2009. The plant was sold to [[w:Fisker Automotive|Fisker Automotive]] in 2010, which had planned to build its [[w:Fisker Atlantic|2nd model line]] there. However, Fisker Automotive went bankrupt in Nov. 2013 before ever building any cars in Wilmington. Fisker Automotive's assets, including the Wilmington plant, were purchased out of bankruptcy by Wanxiang Group in February 2014. Wanxiang did not use the plant and sold it in 2017. Plant was demolished in 2019. A large part of the site is now an Amazon fulfillment center.<br />Past models: [[w:Chevrolet Corsica|Chevrolet Corsica]] (1987-1996), [[w:Chevrolet Beretta|Chevrolet Beretta]] (1987-1996), [[w:Pontiac Tempest#1987–1991|Pontiac Tempest (Canada only)]] (1988-1991), [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Fifth generation (1997)|Chevrolet Malibu]] (1997-1999), [[w:Saturn L-Series|Saturn L-Series]] (2000-2005), [[w:Chevrolet Chevette|Chevrolet Chevette]] (1976-1984), [[w:Pontiac 1000|Pontiac 1000]] (1981-1984), [[w:Pontiac Acadian|Pontiac Acadian]] (Canada only), [[w:Buick Centurion|Buick Centurion]] (1971-1973), [[w:Buick Electra|Buick Electra]] (1959-1962, 1971-1974), [[w:Buick Estate#1971-1976|Buick Estate]] (1972-1973, 1975), [[w:Buick GS|Buick GS]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Invicta|Buick Invicta]] (1959-1962), [[w:Buick LeSabre|Buick LeSabre]] (1959-1975), [[w:Buick Limited#1958 Limited|Buick Limited]] (1958), [[w:Buick Roadmaster|Buick Roadmaster]] (1948-1950, 1955-1957), [[w:Buick Skylark|Buick Skylark]] (1968-1969), [[w:Buick Special|Buick Special]] (1950, 1953-1958), [[w:Buick Super|Buick Super]] (1954-1958), [[w:Buick Wildcat|Buick Wildcat]] (1963-1970)), [[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]] (1964), [[w:Chevrolet Biscayne|Chevrolet Biscayne]] (1964-1968), [[w:Chevrolet Caprice|Chevrolet Caprice]] (1966-1975, 1985-1986), [[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]] (1964-1975, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 88|Oldsmobile 88]] (1949-1963, 1985), [[w:Oldsmobile 98|Oldsmobile 98]] (1948-1963), [[w:Oldsmobile Starfire#First generation (1961–1966)|Oldsmobile Starfire]] (1961-1963), [[w:Pontiac Bonneville|Pontiac Bonneville]] (1958-1963), [[w:Pontiac Catalina|Pontiac Catalina]] (1959-1960, 1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Chieftain|Pontiac Chieftain]] (1950-1951, 1954-1957), [[w:Pontiac Grand Prix#First generation (1962–1964)|Pontiac Grand Prix]] (1962-1963), [[w:Pontiac Star Chief|Pontiac Star Chief]] (1955-1958, 1960), [[w:Pontiac Ventura#1960–1970|Pontiac Ventura]] (1960-1961) |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Windsor Transmission|Windsor Transmission]]||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||[[w:GM 4T40 transmission|4T40E/4T45E transmission]]<br />Transmission components||1920||2010||Plant was originally in [[w:Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] until Walkerville was annexed by Windsor in 1935. Was located at 1550 Kildare Road. Walker Road is at the back of the property. Previous: 1920 - 1928 axles and parts, 1928 - 1963 engines (including the [[w:Chevrolet Stovebolt engine|Chevrolet Stovebolt OHV inline-6 engine]] and Buick engines from 1935-1942). The Windsor plant was taken over by McKinnon Industries Ltd., a GM subsidiary in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada in 1963. As a result, engine production in Windsor was moved to St. Catharines and transmission production in St. Catharines was moved to Windsor. At this point, the Windsor plant was renamed the Windsor Transmission Plant. In 1969, McKinnon Industries Ltd. was integrated into GM Canada rather than being a separate subsidiary. Closed on July 28, 2010. The 4-spd. automatics made in Windsor were discontinued and replaced by 6-spd. automatics made in St. Catharines. Sold in 2014 and completely demolished by 2017. Site now occupied by MotiPark Ltd. |- |&nbsp;||Windsor Trim||[[w:Windsor, Ontario|Windsor, Ontario]]||[[w:Canada|Canada]]||Seat assemblies and door trim panels||1965||1996|| Located at 1600 Lauzon Rd. Sold to Peregrine, Inc. in 1996 and then sold to [[w:Lear Corp.|Lear Corp.]] in 1999. Closed by Lear in 2005. Demolished in 2009. Part of the property is now the [[w:WFCU Centre|WFCU Centre]] and part will be residential homes. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Wixom Performance Build Center|Wixom Performance Build Center]]||[[w:Wixom, Michigan|Wixom, Michigan]]||United States||[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L LS3 V8]] [[w:Chevrolet Corvette (C6)#Grand Sport|(C6 Corvette Grand Sport coupe w/manual transmission only)]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine|7.0L LS7 V8]]<br />[[w:GM LS engine|6.2L supercharged LS9 V8]]<br />[[w:Northstar engine series#LC3|4.4L supercharged LC3 V8]] ||2004||2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torquenews.com/106/gm-closing-wixom-performance-engine-facility-build-your-own-engine-program-ends|title=GM Closing Wixom Performance Engine Facility, Build-Your-Own-Engine Program Ends|author=Patrick Rall|date=September 20, 2013|publisher=Torquenews.com}}</ref>||Located at 30240 Oak Creek Dr.<br> Performance Build Center relocated to <br> Bowling Green Assembly in 2014. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Detroit Assembly#LaSalle Factory/DeSoto Factory|Wyoming Assembly (LaSalle Wyoming Ave. plant)]]||[[w:Detroit|Detroit]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] 1927-1933||1926||1934||Located at 6000 Wyoming Avenue. Originally built to produce Liberty aircraft engines in World War I, opening in 1917. In 1919, was taken over by Saxon Motor Co., owned by Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Motor Co. GM bought the plant in 1926 and built the LaSalle there from 1927. GM sold Wyoming Assembly to Chrysler in 1934, which then used it to build its DeSoto brand. After the DeSoto brand was discontinued in late 1960, became Wyoming Export plant which was used to prepare vehicles for export. Plant closed in 1980. Plant was demolished in 1992. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GMC (marque)#History|Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company]]||[[w:Chicago|Chicago]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow Cab taxis<br>Yellow Coach buses<br>Yellocab trucks (T-1, T-2, and T-3)||1925||1928||Located on West Dickens Ave. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. Yellocab trucks were discontinued during 1927 and were replaced with new light-duty GMC trucks (T-10 & T-20). During 1928, bus and taxi production was consolidated at the GMC Pontiac Central plant in Pontiac, Michigan. The Chicago plant was closed and sold. |- |&nbsp;||Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works||[[w:East Moline|East Moline]], [[w:Illinois|Illinois]]||United States||Yellow-Knight engines||1925||1929||Production began in 1923. In 1925, General Motors Truck Corp., the parent of the GMC brand, merged with Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company (including its Yellow Coach Mfg. Co. bus-making subsidiary) to form Yellow Truck & Coach Manufacturing Company, in which GM owned a majority stake of 57%. The Northway Motor Division of Detroit was transferred to General Motors Truck Corp. as part of that merger but was liquidated in 1926. During 1929 and 1930, Yellow Sleeve Valve Engine production equipment was transferred from East Moline, Illinois to Pontiac West Plant 1 in Pontiac, Michigan. The East Moline plant was closed at the end of 1929 and was sold. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Yulon GM|Yulon GM]]||[[w:Miaoli|Miaoli]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Buick Excelle#Taiwan|Buick Excelle]]<br />[[w:Buick LaCrosse#China|Buick LaCrosse]] ||2006||2012||A joint venture owned 49% by GM & 51% by [[w:Yulon|Yulon Motor Co]]. Yulon bought GM's stake in the venture in Dec. 2008. Production continued after the sale through licensing but cooperation between GM & Yulon ended in 2012. |- |&nbsp;||General Motors Zaire||[[w:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]||[[w:Zaire|Zaire]] (now [[w:Democratic Republic of the Congo|D.R. Congo]])||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] trucks<br />[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Opel Commodore|Opel Commodore]]<br />[[w:Opel Ascona|Opel Ascona]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]]||1975||1987||GM sold the plant in 1987 to local businessmen. Plant was looted bare in 1991. |} == Former partner factories == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" !VIN !! Name !! City/State !! Country !! class="unsortable" | Products !! Opened !! Idled !! class="unsortable" | Comments |- |H||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Commercial plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]] (2003-2009)||2002||2009||Located at 12900 McKinley Highway. Built under contract for GM by AM General. Plant later built the [[w:Mercedes-Benz R-Class|Mercedes-Benz R-Class]] under contract for Mercedes for export to China from 2015-2017 as well as the [[w:VPG MV-1|VPG MV-1]] under contract for VPG (later Mobility Ventures MV-1; Mobility Ventures being an AM General subsidiary that took over VPG's assets after VPG went bankrupt). MV-1 was made from 2011-2016. |- |E||[[w:AM General#Hummer brand|AM General]] Military plant||[[w:Mishawaka, Indiana|Mishawaka, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Hummer H1|Hummer H1]] (2000-2006)||1992 (civilian production)||2006 (civilian production)||Located at 13200 McKinley Highway. This plant built the military [[w:Humvee|Humvee]] from fall 1984 and civilian Hummers from 1992. In Dec. 1999, GM bought the rights to the Hummer brand from AM General. AM General still handled manufacturing but GM handled marketing and distribution. At this point, the AM General Hummer was renamed Hummer H1. H1 built under contract for GM by AM General. Humvee production for military use continued after 2006. |- |&nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Ltd.||[[w:Jurong|Jurong]] (Jurong Industrial Estate)||[[w:Singapore|Singapore]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)#HQ|Chevrolet 350]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] including: <br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Viva]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall VX4/90|VX4/90]]||1968||1975||Jointly owned by Wearne Brothers Limited & Motor Investments Bhd. Associated Motor Industries Ltd. assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers (Austin, Morris, & Renault). |- |&nbsp;||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.||[[w:Batu Tiga|Batu Tiga]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Holden|Holden]]<br />||1968||1971 (?)||Associated Motor Industries Malaysia assembled Holden vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968 as well as brands from other automakers. |- |C||[[w:Automobilwerk Eisenach|Automobilwerk Eisenach]] (AWE)||[[w:Eisenach|Eisenach]]||[[w:Germany|Germany]]||[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra A (1988–1995)|Opel Vectra]] A<br />||1990||1991|| The old [[w:Wartburg (marque)|Wartburg]] plant built vehicles for Opel for a short time before closing permanently. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]]||[[w:Kaliningrad|Kaliningrad]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Rezzo|Chevrolet Rezzo]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Second generation (2000) |Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT800)]], [[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Third generation (2007)|Chevrolet Tahoe (GMT900)]], [[w:Chevrolet Trailblazer (SUV)#First generation (KC; 2001)|Chevrolet Trailblazer]], [[w:Cadillac BLS|Cadillac BLS]], [[w:Cadillac CTS|Cadillac CTS]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Second generation (2001)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT800)]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Third generation (2007)|Cadillac Escalade (GMT900)]], [[w:Cadillac SRX|Cadillac SRX]], [[w:Cadillac STS|Cadillac STS]], [[w:Hummer H2|Hummer H2]], [[w:Hummer H3|Hummer H3]], [[w:Opel Antara|Opel Antara]], [[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Insignia|Opel Insignia]], [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2004||2015||Built under contract by [[w:Avtotor|Avtotor]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Azia Avto||[[w:Ust-Kamenogorsk|Ust-Kamenogorsk]]||[[w:Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Captiva#First generation (C100, C140; 2006)|Chevrolet Captiva]], [[w:Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet Cruze]], [[w:Chevrolet Epica|Chevrolet Epica]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Malibu#Eighth generation (2013)|Chevrolet Malibu]], [[w:Chevrolet Orlando#First generation (J309; 2010)|Chevrolet Orlando]], [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]]||2007||2018||Built under contract by Azia Avto for GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Bangchan General Assembly|Bangchan General Assembly]] Co., Ltd.||[[w:Khan Na Yao district|Khan Na Yao district]], [[w:Bangkok|Bangkok]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Opel Kadett|Opel Kadett]] <br />[[w:Opel Rekord|Opel Rekord]] <br />[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Monaro LS]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet De Ville]]||1970||1987 (?)||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] invested in Bangchan in 1979 but then sold its stake to [[w:Honda|Honda]] in 1987. Phra Nakorn Automobile Group became sole owner of Bangchan in 2005. |- |B||[[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Opel Kadett#Kadett E (1984–1995)|Opel Kadett E convertible]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Astra#Second generation (1984–1993)|Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 convertible]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#F|Opel/Vauxhall Astra F convertible]]<br />[[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel/Vauxhall Astra G coupe & convertible]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Fourth generation (TS; 1998)|Holden Astra convertible (TS)]] ||1987||2006||Built under contract by [[w:Gruppo Bertone|Gruppo Bertone]] for Opel/Vauxhall. |- |&nbsp;||Centroamericana de Ensamblaje y Fabricación||(?)||[[w:Honduras|Honduras]]||[[w:El Compadre (car)|Compadre]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Compadre was assembled in Honduras. |- |&nbsp;||Champion Motors||[[w:Shah Alam|Shah Alam]], [[w:Selangor|Selangor]]||[[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Impala|Chevrolet Impala]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]||1968||1982 (?)||Champion Motors assembled vehicles under license from GM beginning in 1968. Champion Motors was renamed Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) in 1975. The last products still being built for GM were Bedford trucks. A joint venture of Toyota & [[w:UMW Holdings|UMW Holdings Bhd.]] called Sejati Motor took over ASSB in 1982 which was then renamed UMW Toyota Motor in 1987. |- |&nbsp;||Chinese Automobile Co., Ltd.||[[w:Xinzhuang District|Xinzhuang District]], [[w:New Taipei City|New Taipei City]]||[[w:Taiwan|Taiwan]]||[[w:Opel Astra|Opel Astra]] F & G<br />[[w:Opel Vectra#Vectra B (1995–2002)|Opel Vectra]] B ||1993||2000||GM ended the assembly contract in 2001. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:GAZ|GAZ]]||[[w:Nizhny Novgorod|Nizhny Novgorod]]||[[w:Russia|Russia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo#Second generation (T300; 2012)|Chevrolet Aveo]]||2013||2015||Built under contract by [[w:GAZ|GAZ]] for GM. GM ended the contract in 2015. |- |&nbsp;||Genoto (General Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret AS)||[[w:Kozyatağı|Kozyatağı]], [[w:Istanbul|Istanbul]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]] including [[w:Bedford TK|Bedford TK]] (KG EJR & KBC 10 & 570)||1965||1986||Built Bedford trucks under license from GM, sometimes rebadged as Genoto. |- |E||[[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]]||[[w:Cerizay|Cerizay]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop B]]<br />[[w:Opel Tigra#Tigra TwinTop B (2004–2009)|Holden Tigra (XC)]]||2004||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Heuliez|Heuliez]] for Opel/Vauxhall. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]||[[w:Uttarpara|Uttarpara]], [[w:West Bengal|West Bengal]]||[[w:India|India]]||[[w:Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] models under Hindustan name including [[w:Hindustan Contessa|Hindustan Contessa]] (based on [[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]])<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] models including [[w:Bedford TJ|Bedford TJ]]<br />[[w:Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission]]<br />[[w:Terex|Terex]]||1957 (?)||2004||Built under license by [[w:Hindustan Motors|Hindustan Motors]]. |- |&nbsp;||INDEVESA, S.A.||(?)||[[w:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|Pinolero]]||1970s||(?)||The Nicaraguan state-owned company produced a version of GM's BTV called the Pinolero. |- |3||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] Kawasaki plant||[[w:Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet W-Series|Chevrolet W-Series]] (1984-1998)<br />[[w:GMC W-Series|GMC W-Series]] (1984-1998)<br />[[w:Isuzu N-Series|Isuzu N-Series]] (1987-1994)<br />[[w:Isuzu F-Series|Isuzu F-Series]] (1995-98 FRR, 1989-96 FSR, 1992-96 FTR/FVR)||1938||2005||[[w:Isuzu|Isuzu]] plant. Closed 2005. |- |H<br />(WMI: MPA)||[[w:Isuzu Motors (Thailand)|Isuzu Motors Co., (Thailand) Ltd.]] (IMCT)||Samrong Tai, [[w:Phra Pradaeng district|Phra Pradaeng district]], [[w:Samut Prakan province|Samut Prakan province]]||[[w:Thailand|Thailand]]||[[w:Holden Rodeo|Holden Rodeo (RA)]]||2003||2008||Rebadged Isuzu D-Max produced by Isuzu Thailand for GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. Replaced by the updated and renamed Holden Colorado, which was made by GM Thailand rather than Isuzu Thailand. The model name was changed because after GM sold the last of its shares in Isuzu in 2006, GM Holden lost the right to use the Rodeo name, which was owned by Isuzu, during 2008. |- |9||[[w:KUKA|KUKA]]||[[w:Livonia, Michigan|Livonia]], [[w:Michigan|Michigan]]||United States||[[w:BrightDrop Zevo 600|BrightDrop Zevo 600]] (2022)||2021||2022||Produced under contract for GM in a limited run of less than 500 units. A temporary measure until GM's CAMI plant is ready to start building BrightDrop electric vans. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein|Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein (LRL)]]||[[w:Warsaw|Warsaw]]||[[w:Poland|Poland]]||[[w:Chevrolet|Chevrolet]] cars, trucks, and buses<br />[[w:Buick|Buick]]<br />[[w:Opel|Opel]]||1937||1939||Was located at Bema Street. Lilpop, Rau and Loewenstein was a GM distributor who also assembled vehicles from CKD kits under license from GM until the German invasion that began World War II interrupted production. The Germans took over the factory during the war and the company was nationalized by the Communist Polish govt. after the war. |- |N (Opel Speedster &<br />Vauxhall VX220)<br /><br />H (Lotus models)||[[w:Lotus Cars|Lotus Cars]]||[[w:RAF Hethel|RAF Hethel]], [[w: Hethel|Hethel]], [[w:Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[w:England|England]]||[[w:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]|| [[w:Opel Speedster|Opel Speedster]]/[[w:Vauxhall VX220|Vauxhall VX220]] (2001-2006) 7,207 units [[w:Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise]]<br />[[w:Lotus Exige|Lotus Exige]] ||2000||2005||GM owned Lotus from 1986-1993. GM sold Lotus in 1993 to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. Artioli sold Lotus to Malaysian automaker [[w:Proton Holdings|Proton]] in 1996. The Opel Speedster & Vauxhall VX220 were built under contract for GM by Lotus after GM had sold Lotus. The Opel Speedster & Vauxhall VX220 were based on the Lotus Elise. |- |6||[[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]]||[[w:Graz|Graz]]||[[w:Austria|Austria]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#Second generation (2003–2014)|Saab 9-3 Convertible]] (2004-2010)||2003||2009||Built under contract by [[w:Magna Steyr|Magna Steyr]] for GM-owned Saab Automobile AB. 9-3 Convertible production was moved to Saab's own plant in Trollhattan, Sweden in January 2010. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:de:McCairns Motors|McCairns Motors Ltd.]]||[[w:Dublin|Dublin]] and [[w:Santry|Santry]]||[[w:Republic of Ireland|Republic of Ireland]]||[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Bel Air|Chevrolet Bel Air]]||1935||1979||McCairns Motors was the local assembler and distributor for Vauxhall and Bedford in Ireland. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Mercury Marine|Mercury Marine]]||[[w:Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater, Oklahoma]]||United States||[[w:Chevrolet small-block engine (first and second generation)#LT5|5.7L LT5 DOHC V8 engine]] (For 1990-1995 C4 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1)||1989||1993||Engine was built for GM by Mercury Marine at their existing MerCruiser marine engine plant in Stillwater. 21,000 square feet of the 650,000 square foot plant was partitioned from the rest of the plant for assembly of this engine. LT5 engine production actually ended in 1993. Extra engines were built to be sufficient for Corvette ZR-1 production through 1995. The extra engines were sealed and crated for long-term storage and were shipped to the Corvette plant in Bowling Green, Kentucky and stored there until they were needed for installation in a '94 or '95 Corvette ZR-1. <br> Plant was located at 3003 N Perkins Rd. Closed in December 2011. Sold in 2012 to Belgium-based aerospace supplier Asco Industries. |- |&nbsp;||Neal and Massy Industries Ltd.||[[w:Morvant|Morvant]]<br /> later moved to <br />[[w:Arima|Arima]]||[[w:Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]||[[w:Holden Commodore#First generation (1978–1988)|Holden Commodore]]<br />[[w:Holden Kingswood|Holden Kingswood]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Chevrolet Caprice (rebadged Statesman DeVille)]]<br />[[w:Opel Rekord Series C|Opel Rekord]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Cresta|Vauxhall Cresta]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]<br />[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks]]||1966||1994 (Production for GM may have ended earlier)||Built under license by Neal and Massy for GM. Neal and Massy also assembled vehicles for Datsun (Nissan) and Mazda. Assembly operation closed in 1994. Neal and Massy (now called Massy Motors) still operates as an importer/distributor for several non-GM automotive brands. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive (Pvt.) Ltd.]]||[[w:Port Qasim|Port Qasim]], [[w:Karachi|Karachi]], [[w:Sindh|Sindh province]]||[[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Spark#Asia|Chevrolet Joy]]||2005||2006||Nexus Automotive was a GM licensed assembler and distributor. Built under contract for [[w:Nexus Automotive|Nexus Automotive]] by [[w:Ghandhara Nissan|Ghandhara Nissan]] at a plant with spare capacity. |- |K||[[w:Nissan USA#Manufacturing|Nissan Mexicana]]||[[w:Cuernavaca|Cuernavaca]]||[[w:Mexico|Mexico]]||[[w:Chevrolet City Express|Chevrolet City Express]] (2015-2018)<br />[[w:Nissan NV200|Nissan NV200]] (2013-2021)||2014||2018||Nissan plant. Chevrolet City Express is a rebadged Nissan NV200 made for GM by Nissan. Chevrolet <br> City Express discontinued after 2018. NV200 discontinued in North America after 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Nissan Motor Australia|Nissan Motor Australia]] Clayton plant||[[w:Clayton South, Victoria|Clayton South]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Astra#First generation (LB, LC; 1984–1987)|Holden Astra (LB/LC)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|Nissan Pulsar (N12)]]<br />[[w:Holden Astra#Second generation (LD; 1987–1989)|Holden Astra (LD)]]<br />[[w:Nissan Pulsar#N13 (1986)|Nissan Pulsar (N13)]]||1984 (GM prod.)||1989 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Nissan's Australian plant was done as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. The relationship ended in 1989 and GM Holden established a joint venture with Toyota called [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]] to replace the Nissan relationship. The Nissan Pulsar-based Holden Astra was replaced by the Toyota Corolla-based Holden Nova. Nissan closed its Australian vehicle assembly plant in 1992. The Clayton plant was later taken over by HSV and the Walkinshaw Group. |- |Y||[[w:Nissan Motor Ibérica|Nissan Motor Ibérica]]||[[w:Barcelona|Barcelona]]||[[w:Spain|Spain]]||[[w:Opel Vivaro A|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro A]] (high roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Renault Trafic]] (high roof versions only)<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Second generation (X83; 2001)|Nissan Primastar]] (high roof versions only)||2001||2015||This is a Nissan plant that built high roof versions of Renault-designed midsize vans for Opel/Vauxhall as part of a supply deal between GM Europe & Renault as well as for Renault and Nissan. The low roof versions were made by Vauxhall at the IBC Vehicles/GMM Luton plant however that UK plant could not fit the high roof versions so they were built by Nissan in Spain. Van production in Barcelona ended in 2015 and high roof Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro production was moved to Renault's plant in Sandouville, France, which also handled all Renault Trafic and Nissan NV300 (Primastar replacement) production. Nissan closed this plant in Dec. 2021. |- |&nbsp;||PT. Pantja Motor||[[w:Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]], [[w:North Jakarta|North Jakarta]], [[w:Jakarta|Jakarta]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tavera|Chevrolet Tavera]]||2001||2005||Isuzu's Indonesian assembler, now known as [[w:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]. Built the Isuzu Panther-based Tavera for GM Indonesia. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:Grugliasco|Grugliasco]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Eldorado#1959–60 Eldorado Brougham|Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (Series 6900)]] (1959-1960) painted bodies||1959||1960||Bodies were built by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] and mated with chassis shipped to Italy by Cadillac and then shipped back to the US. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]]||[[w:San Giorgio Canavese|San Giorgio Canavese]]||[[w:Italy|Italy]]||[[w:Cadillac Allanté|Cadillac Allanté]] (1987-1993) painted bodies||1986||1993||Bodies were designed and manufactured under contract by [[w:Pininfarina|Pininfarina]] for Cadillac. Plant was built specially for the Allanté. Bodies were then flown from Turin, Italy to Detroit on specially equipped Boeing 747s and then trucked to GM's Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly Plant for final assembly. The assembly process was known as the "Allanté Air Bridge". It was also referred to as "the world's longest assembly line." |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Pragoti|Pragoti Industries Ltd.]]||[[w:Sitakunda|Sitakunda]], [[w:Chittagong Division|Chittagong Division]]||[[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]||[[w:Vauxhall Viva|Vauxhall Viva]]<br />[[w:Bedford Vehicles|Bedford trucks and buses]]<br />||1966||1970's||Began as part of [[w:Ghandhara Industries|Ghandhara Industries]] Ltd. in 1966 when Bangladesh was still [[w:East Pakistan|East Pakistan]] and assembled GM vehicles like the Ghandhara plant in Karachi did. After Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the operation was nationalized by the new government and became Pragoti Industries Ltd. |- |B (GM)||[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|Renault Batilly]]||[[w:Batilly, Meurthe-et-Moselle|Batilly]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Opel/Vauxhall Arena]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#First generation (1980)|Renault Trafic]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Second generation (1997)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano A]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Third generation (2010)|Opel/Vauxhall Movano B]]<br />[[w:Renault Master|Renault Master]]<br />[[w:Renault Master#Renault Mascott|Renault Trucks Mascott]]<br />[[w:Nissan Interstar|Nissan Interstar]]<br />[[w:Nissan NV400|Nissan NV400]]||1997||2017||Renault-[[w:Société de Véhicules Automobiles de Batilly|SOVAB]] plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. Movano switched to being PSA/Fiat-based instead of Renault-based in 2021. |- |S (GM)||[[w:Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]||[[w:Sandouville|Sandouville]]||[[w:France|France]]||[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro]] B (high roof versions only) <br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Renault Trafic]]<br />[[w:Nissan NV300|Nissan NV300]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Nissan Primastar]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#Third generation (X82; 2014)|Fiat Talento]]||2014||2017||Renault plant. Opel/Vauxhall was sold to [[w:PSA Group|PSA Group]] in 2017. Vivaro switched to being PSA-based instead of Renault-based in 2018. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of [[w:Stellantis|Stellantis]] in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Santa Isabel]]||[[w:Santa Isabel, Córdoba|Santa Isabel]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20 & D-20]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#First generation (1992)|Chevrolet Grand Blazer]]<br />[[w:Chevrolet C/K#1997–2002|Chevrolet Silverado]]<br />[[w:Renault Trafic#South America|Chevrolet Trafic/SpaceVan]] ||1991||2002||[[w:Renault Argentina|Renault Argentina]]-CIADEA plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Sevel Argentina|Sevel Argentina]]||[[w:Córdoba, Argentina|Estación Ferreyra, Córdoba]], [[w:Córdoba Province, Argentina|Cordoba]]||[[w:Argentina|Argentina]]||[[w:Chevrolet D-20|Chevrolet C-20/D-20]]||1985||1991||Fiat - PSA jointly owned plant. Built Chevrolets under license for GM. |- |For Saab<br> 9-2X:<br> G (w/man. trans.),<br> H (w/auto. trans.)||[[w:Subaru#Manufacturing facilities|Subaru Main Plant]]||[[w:Ōta, Gunma|Ōta, Gunma]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Saab 9-2X|Saab 9-2X]] (2005-2006)<br />[[w:Subaru Forester#Second generation (SG; 2002)|Chevrolet Forester (India)]] (2003-2007)||2003 (GM prod.)||2007 (GM prod.)||[[w:Subaru|Subaru]] plant |- |4||[[w:Subaru-Isuzu Automotive|Subaru-Isuzu Automotive]] (S.I.A.)||[[w:Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette, Indiana]]||United States||[[w:Holden Frontera#Second generation (1998)|Holden Frontera]] (UE/MX)||1999 (GM prod.)||2003 (GM prod.)||Subaru & Isuzu joint venture plant. Isuzu built a rebadged, rhd version of the 2nd generation US market Isuzu Rodeo & Amigo SUVs for export to GM Holden in Australia and New Zealand. |- |W (GM),<br />4 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Iwata Assembly||[[w:Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tracker (Americas)#First generation|Geo Tracker]] (US: 1989-1990)<br />[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick]] (US: 1989-1995, 1997-98)<br />[[w:Suzuki Sidekick|Suzuki Sidekick Sport]] (US: 1996-1998)<br />[[w:Suzuki Grand Vitara|Suzuki Grand Vitara]] (1999-2013)<br />[[w:Suzuki XL-7#First generation (XL-7; 1998)|Suzuki XL-7]] (2001-2006)<br />[[w:Holden Drover#Second generation (1981)|Holden Drover (QB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Scurry#Eighth generation (DA71/DB71/DA81/DA41/DB41/DA51/DB51; 1985)|Holden Scurry (NB)]]||1985 (GM prod.)||1990 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |K (GM),<br />5 (Suzuki)||Suzuki Kosai Assembly||[[w:Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai, Shizuoka]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (US: 1985-1988)<br />[[w:Geo Metro|Geo Metro]] (US: 1989-1993)<br />[[w:Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]] (Canada)<br />[[w:Holden Barina#First generation (MB, ML; 1985–1988)|Holden Barina (MB/ML)]]<br />[[w:Holden Barina#Second generation (MF, MH; 1989–1994|Holden Barina (MF/MH)]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus|Suzuki Swift]] (US: 1989-1994)<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Chevrolet Cruze|Chevrolet/Holden Cruze (YGM1)]] (YG) ||1984 (GM prod.)||2008 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |M (GM),<br />0 (Suzuki/Fiat/Subaru)||[[w:Magyar Suzuki Corporation|Magyar Suzuki Corporation]]||[[w:Esztergom|Esztergom]]||[[w:Hungary|Hungary]]||[[w:Opel Agila#Second generation (H08; 2007)|Opel/Vauxhall Agila B]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Splash|Suzuki Splash]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Cultus#Second generation (1988)|Subaru Justy]]<br />[[w:Suzuki SX4|Suzuki SX4]]<br />[[w:Fiat Sedici|Fiat Sedici]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Suzuki Ignis]]<br />[[w:Suzuki Ignis#Suzuki Ignis (2003 facelift)|Subaru G3X Justy]]||1992<br /><br />2007 (GM prod.)||2014 (GM prod.)||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant |- |&nbsp;||Suzuki Sagara Assembly & Engine||[[w:Makinohara|Makinohara]], [[w:Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka Prefecture]]||[[w:Japan|Japan]]||[[w:Chevrolet MW|Chevrolet MW]] (sold in Japan)<br />||2000||2010||[[w:Suzuki|Suzuki]] plant.<br /> Also built the 3.6-liter GM High Feature V6 engine ([[w:GM High Feature engine#LY7|Suzuki N36A]]) to power the [[w:Suzuki XL-7#Second generation (XL7; 2006)|2nd generation Suzuki XL7]] under license from GM. (Note: Dates reflect beginning & end dates of production for GM.) |- |&nbsp;||Tecna SA||[[w:Arica, Chile|Arica]]||[[w:Chile|Chile]]||[[w:Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]<br />[[w:Beaumont (automobile)|Acadian Beaumont]] (1966-71 from CKD kits supplied by GM Oshawa and Willow Run)<br />[[w:Vauxhall Victor|Vauxhall Victor]]||1962||1971|| |- |&nbsp;||Tecno S.A.||[[w:Uruca|La Uruca]], [[w:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]||[[w:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Amigo]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Amigo was assembled in Costa Rica. |- |&nbsp;||Tecnomotor S.A.||(?)||[[w:Paraguay|Paraguay]]||[[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|GM Mitai]]||1970s||(?)||A version of GM's [[w:Bedford HA#The BTV|BTV]] called the Mitai was assembled in Paraguay. |- |9 (GM),<br />6 (Fiat & Ram)||[[w:Tofaş|Tofaş]]||[[w:Bursa|Bursa]]||[[w:Turkey|Turkey]]||[[w:Opel Combo#Combo D (2012-2018)|Opel/Vauxhall Combo D]]<br />[[w:Fiat Doblo|Fiat Doblo]]<br />[[w:Ram ProMaster City|Ram ProMaster City]]||2011||2017||[[w:Fiat|Fiat]] plant (joint venture with Koç Holding of Turkey). Opel/Vauxhall was sold to PSA Group in 2017. Combo switched to being PSA-based instead of Fiat-based in 2019. As part of PSA Group, Opel/Vauxhall became part of Stellantis in 2021. Fiat and Tofaş also became part of Stellantis in 2021. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] [[w:Toyota Australia Altona Plant|Altona plant]]||[[w:Altona North|Altona North]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Nova#Second generation (LG; 1994–1996)|Holden Nova (LG)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Corolla (E100)|Toyota Corolla (E100)]]<br />[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM/JP)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1994||1996 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995. The joint venture dissolved in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyotas were replaced with rebadged Opel models (Astra and Vectra) from GM Europe. Corolla production in Australia ended in 1999. Toyota closed the Altona plant in 2017. |- |&nbsp;||[[w:Toyota Australia|Toyota Australia]] Port Melbourne plant||[[w:Port Melbourne|Port Melbourne]], [[w:Victoria (state)|Victoria]]||[[w:Australia|Australia]]||[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JK/JL)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry#V20 (1986–1992)|Toyota Camry (V20)]]<br />[[w:Holden Apollo|Holden Apollo (JM)]]<br />[[w:Toyota Camry (XV10)|Toyota Camry (XV10)]]||1989 (GM prod.)||1994 (GM prod.)|| Production for GM Holden at Toyota's Australian plant was done as part of [[w:United Australian Automobile Industries|United Australian Automobile Industries]], a model sharing joint venture in Australia between Holden and Toyota from 1987-1996. This was created as part of the Australian government's [[w:Button car plan|Button car plan]] for rationalization of local automotive production. Toyota consolidated its Australian production at the new Altona plant in 1994-1995 and production ended at the older Port Melbourne plant in late 1994. The joint venture would later dissolve in 1996 and Holden's rebadged Toyota Camry was replaced with a rebadged Opel Vectra from GM Europe. |- |&nbsp;||PT. Udatin (Usaha Dagang Teknik Indonesia)||[[w:Surabaya|Surabaya]], [[w:East Java|East Java]]||[[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]||[[w:Holden FC|Holden FC]]<br />[[w:Holden FB|Holden FB]]<br />[[w:Holden EK|Holden EK]]<br />[[w:Holden EJ|Holden EJ]]<br />[[w:Holden EH|Holden EH]]<br />[[w:Holden HQ|Holden HQ]]<br />[[w:Holden HJ|Holden HJ]]<br />[[w:Holden HX|Holden HX]]<br />[[w:Holden HZ|Holden HZ]]<br />[[w:Statesman (automobile)|Statesman brand HQ-HZ]]<br />[[w:Holden Monaro|Holden Monaro]] HQ<br />[[w:Holden Torana|Holden Torana]] LJ, LH, LX<br /> [[w:Holden Gemini#First generation|Holden Gemini TX, TC, TD, TE, TF, TG]]<br />[[w:Holden Camira|Holden Camira]] JB<br />[[w:Isuzu Aska#South-East Asia and New Zealand|Holden Aska]]<br />[[w:Holden Gemini#Second generation|Holden Gemini (RB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VB)|Holden Commodore (VB)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VC)|Holden Commodore (VC)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VH)|Holden Commodore (VH)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VK)|Holden Commodore (VK)]]<br />[[w:Holden Commodore (VL)|Holden Calais (VL)]]<br />[[w:Isuzu Faster#Second generation (1980–1988)|Holden Lincah/Raider]]<br />[[w:GMC (automobile)|GMC trucks]]||1959||1988||Built vehicles under contract for GM. During the 1960's, production was off and on due to Indonesian government policies and the economic situation. Production ended in 1988. |- |&nbsp;||Unison||[[w:Minsk|Minsk]]||[[w:Belarus|Belarus]]||[[w:Chevrolet Tahoe#Fourth generation (2015)|Chevrolet Tahoe]] K2XX, [[w:Chevrolet Trax|Chevrolet Tracker]], [[w:Cadillac Escalade#Fourth generation (2015)|Cadillac Escalade]] K2XX, [[w:Opel Mokka#First generation (J13; 2012)|Opel Mokka]]||2015||2018||Built under contract by Unison for GM. Production ended in 2018. |- |6,7 (Saab)<br />9 (Opel/Vauxhall)||[[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]]||[[w:Uusikaupunki|Uusikaupunki]]||[[w:Finland|Finland]]||[[w:Saab 9-3#First generation (1998–2003)|Saab 9-3 Convertible & 9-3 Viggen]]<br />[[w:Saab 900|Saab 900]] (including 900 Convertible)<br />[[w:Opel Calibra|Opel/Vauxhall Calibra]]||1969||2003||Built under contract by [[w:Valmet Automotive|Valmet Automotive]] for Saab & for Opel/Vauxhall. Saab-Valmet was established in 1968 as a joint venture between Valmet and Saab-Scania. In 1992, Valmet became the sole owner, and the company was renamed Valmet Automotive in 1995. |- |X||[[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]]||[[w:Zaporizhia|Zaporizhia]] & [[w:Illichivsk|Illichivsk]]||[[w:Ukraine|Ukraine]]||[[w:Chevrolet Aveo (T200)|Chevrolet Aveo]], [[w:Chevrolet Lacetti|Chevrolet Lacetti]], [[w:Chevrolet Lanos|Chevrolet Lanos]], [[w:Opel Astra#G|Opel Astra Classic]], [[w:Opel Astra#H|Opel Astra]], [[w:Opel Corsa|Opel Corsa]], [[w:Opel Combo|Opel Combo]], [[w:Opel Meriva|Opel Meriva]], [[w:Opel Vectra|Opel Vectra]], [[w:Opel Zafira|Opel Zafira]]||2003||2012||Built under contract by [[w:ZAZ|ZAZ]] for GM. |- |} 5yd76lzp2313ys5aie46ou2u0nkfmwk 0 470081 4443518 4443319 2024-11-02T20:04:24Z Jgalean 3485053 Added the Institutional arrangement section to the casebook along with the necessary references 4443518 wikitext text/x-wiki This page is for a case study on the South Fork Wind Farm by Jose Galeano Amaya, Jad Dannoura, and Nikolas Hawley as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-003 / CEIE 499-005 Spring 2024 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, and the Volgenau School of Engineering, and Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan L. Gifford. == Summary == == Funding and Financing == The construction of the South Fork Wind Farm project was funded through a private joint venture between Ørsted and Eversource Energy; originally the ownership of the South Fork Wind Farm was divided fifty-fifty between Ørsted and Eversource Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ørsted and Eversource Joint Venture Approves Final Investment Decision for New York’s South Fork Wind Offshore Wind Farm |url=https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/02/orsted-and-eversource-joint-venture-takes-final-investment-decision |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=us.orsted.com |language=en}}</ref> On February 13, 2024, Eversource Energy announced the execution of a definitive agreement to sell their fifty-percent ownership of the South Fork Wind Farms to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eversource Offshore Wind |url=https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/about/sustainability/renewable-generation/offshore-wind |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Eversource |language=en}}</ref> The South Fork Wind Farm also received a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) from the Long Island Power Authority, for the original 90 megawatts project, which was later updated to include an additional 40 megawatts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL |url=https://www.lipower.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Long Island Power Authority - LIPA}}</ref> == Institutional arrangement == The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) defines outer continental shelves (OCS) as all submerged lands lying 3 miles offshore and requires the Secretary of the Interior to be responsible for their development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OCS Lands Act History {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/ocs-lands-act-history |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref> The United States Department of the Interior through its Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) provides development of the OCS through leases that are awarded to renewable energy projects. On August 18, 2011, the BOEM published a "Call for Information and Nominations for Commercial Leasing for Wind Power on the OCS Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts" to measure interest in the development of the area and received eight commercial indications of interest; which included Deepwater Wind, the company that would ultimately win the leased area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Wind Leasing Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/commercial-wind-leasing-offshore-rhode-island-and-massachusetts |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref> Deepwater Wind would be bought by Ørsted in 2019 through an agreement with the D.E. Shaw Group for a purchase price of 510 million USD; which provided the offshore wind development project to Ørsted, that project would become the South Fork Wind Farm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ørsted acquires Deepwater Wind and creates leading US offshore wind platform |url=https://orsted.com/en/company-announcement-list/2018/10/1819975 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=orsted.com |language=en}}</ref> On January 18, 2022, the BOEM would approve the construction, and operations plan of South Fork Wind Farm; construction would begin that same month and end in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Fork {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/south-fork |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction Archive |url=https://southforkwind.com/onshore-construction-updates |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=southforkwind.com |language=en}}</ref> {{BookCat}} == References == p6xjuif3l0fvf9ld3qtktnjnut28012 4443519 4443518 2024-11-02T20:04:41Z Jgalean 3485053 /* Institutional arrangement */ 4443519 wikitext text/x-wiki This page is for a case study on the South Fork Wind Farm by Jose Galeano Amaya, Jad Dannoura, and Nikolas Hawley as part of the Infrastructure Past, Present and Future: GOVT 490-003 / CEIE 499-005 Spring 2024 course at George Mason University's Schar School of Policy and Government, and the Volgenau School of Engineering, and Sid and Reva Dewberry Department of Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Under the instruction of Professor Jonathan L. Gifford. == Summary == == Funding and Financing == The construction of the South Fork Wind Farm project was funded through a private joint venture between Ørsted and Eversource Energy; originally the ownership of the South Fork Wind Farm was divided fifty-fifty between Ørsted and Eversource Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ørsted and Eversource Joint Venture Approves Final Investment Decision for New York’s South Fork Wind Offshore Wind Farm |url=https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/02/orsted-and-eversource-joint-venture-takes-final-investment-decision |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=us.orsted.com |language=en}}</ref> On February 13, 2024, Eversource Energy announced the execution of a definitive agreement to sell their fifty-percent ownership of the South Fork Wind Farms to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eversource Offshore Wind |url=https://www.eversource.com/content/residential/about/sustainability/renewable-generation/offshore-wind |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Eversource |language=en}}</ref> The South Fork Wind Farm also received a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) from the Long Island Power Authority, for the original 90 megawatts project, which was later updated to include an additional 40 megawatts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL |url=https://www.lipower.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIPA-First-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Doc-V19_102819-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Long Island Power Authority - LIPA}}</ref> == Institutional Arrangement == The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) defines outer continental shelves (OCS) as all submerged lands lying 3 miles offshore and requires the Secretary of the Interior to be responsible for their development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OCS Lands Act History {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/oil-gas-energy/leasing/ocs-lands-act-history |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref> The United States Department of the Interior through its Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) provides development of the OCS through leases that are awarded to renewable energy projects. On August 18, 2011, the BOEM published a "Call for Information and Nominations for Commercial Leasing for Wind Power on the OCS Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts" to measure interest in the development of the area and received eight commercial indications of interest; which included Deepwater Wind, the company that would ultimately win the leased area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Wind Leasing Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/commercial-wind-leasing-offshore-rhode-island-and-massachusetts |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref> Deepwater Wind would be bought by Ørsted in 2019 through an agreement with the D.E. Shaw Group for a purchase price of 510 million USD; which provided the offshore wind development project to Ørsted, that project would become the South Fork Wind Farm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ørsted acquires Deepwater Wind and creates leading US offshore wind platform |url=https://orsted.com/en/company-announcement-list/2018/10/1819975 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=orsted.com |language=en}}</ref> On January 18, 2022, the BOEM would approve the construction, and operations plan of South Fork Wind Farm; construction would begin that same month and end in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Fork {{!}} Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |url=https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/south-fork |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.boem.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction Archive |url=https://southforkwind.com/onshore-construction-updates |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=southforkwind.com |language=en}}</ref> {{BookCat}} == References == akef411m5sjin3gk1zfpwo1r2klbg2e 4 470262 4443541 4443476 2024-11-03T08:10:21Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General]] 4443541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Re: The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == [[File:Vector 2022 video-en.webm|thumb|A two minute-long video about Vector 2022]] Hello everyone, I'm reaching out on behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] responsible for the MediaWiki skins. I'd like to revisit the topic of making Vector 2022 the default here on English Wikibooks. I [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/2022/September#The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks?|did post a message about this almost two years ago]] (where you can find all the details about the skin), but we didn't finalize it back then. What happened in the meantime? We built [[mw:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|dark mode and different options for font sizes]], and made Vector 2022 the default on most wikis, including all other Wikibooks. With the not-so-new V22 skin being the default, existing and coming features, like dark mode and [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] respectively, will become available for logged-out users here. So, if no large concerns are raised, we will deploy Vector 2022 here in two weeks, in the week of September 16. Do let me know if you have any questions. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SGrabarczuk (WMF)|contribs]]) 21:48, 2 September 2024 (UTC) == Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees! == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:13, 3 September 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> 6oqeqn5rnc7hx9d1ere6iexlyi38yw2 102 470263 4443494 4443485 2024-11-02T14:41:35Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 incomplete 4443494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=no procedure, no quantities}}__NOTOC__{{recipe summary | category = | servings = | time = | difficulty = 2 | image = [[File:Dan Wake.jpg|thumb|Danwake]] | energy = | note = }} {{Recipe}} '''Danwake''' Is a popular Nigerian food originally from Northern Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Flour or Beans flour or guinea corn flour. * Baobab leaf flour * Potassium * Salt * Pepper flour * Water * Palm oil or vegetable oil == Procedure == 6dtwcwlwpgxvg5260ep8ustot34dk7f 4443499 4443494 2024-11-02T16:30:51Z Gwanki 1861649 /* Procedure */ 4443499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=no procedure, no quantities}}__NOTOC__{{recipe summary | category = | servings = | time = | difficulty = 2 | image = [[File:Dan Wake.jpg|thumb|Danwake]] | energy = | note = }} {{Recipe}} '''Danwake''' Is a popular Nigerian food originally from Northern Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Flour or Beans flour or guinea corn flour. * Baobab leaf flour * Potassium * Salt * Pepper flour * Water * Palm oil or vegetable oil == Procedure == # Soak potash with water # Mix the flour or bean flour with a the soaked potash. # Gradually add soaked water and stir until you get a thick dough. # Heat water in a pot until it boils, then drop small portions of the dough into the boiling water. # Let it cook until the dumplings are tender. # Once done, drizzle with groundnut oil, and add onions and cabbage if desired. s5ym1pkqvwa9b3b9azck4ark06wdxig 4443500 4443499 2024-11-02T16:32:59Z Gwanki 1861649 /* Procedure */ 4443500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Incomplete recipe|reason=no procedure, no quantities}}__NOTOC__{{recipe summary | category = | servings = | time = | difficulty = 2 | image = [[File:Dan Wake.jpg|thumb|Danwake]] | energy = | note = }} {{Recipe}} '''Danwake''' Is a popular Nigerian food originally from Northern Nigeria. == Ingredients == * Flour or Beans flour or guinea corn flour. * Baobab leaf flour * Potassium * Salt * Pepper flour * Water * Palm oil or vegetable oil == Procedure == # Soak potash with water # Mix the flour or bean flour with a the soaked potash. # Gradually add soaked water and stir until you get a thick dough. # Heat water in a pot until it boils, then drop small portions of the dough into the boiling water. # Let it cook until the dumplings are tender. # Once done, drizzle with groundnut oil, and add onions and cabbage if desired. [[Category:Vegetable oil recipes]] [[Category:Pepper recipes]] [[Category:Salt recipes]] [[Category:Swallow recipes]] [[Category:Hausa recipes]] suw3br9fpa4g7kibys9hparf92ya9a6 3 470264 4443498 2024-11-02T16:05:50Z Pathoschild 13563 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Wüstenspringmaus]]) 4443498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Redirect arrow without text.svg|46px|link=]][[m:User talk:Wüstenspringmaus|m:User talk:Wüstenspringmaus]] s48bp6md0bqlqfh7qca2oj8x1jbdi2a 102 470265 4443501 2024-11-02T16:45:29Z Gwanki 1861649 Creating new cookbook about Hausa and Nupe recipe 4443501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuli-kuli''' is a beloved traditional snack from Nigeria, made primarily from groundnuts, or peanuts. This delightful treat is known for its satisfying crunch and rich flavor, making it a favorite among many. 2844qbzya913xjgcjr7ib0wlkpmug3g 4443502 4443501 2024-11-02T16:46:06Z Gwanki 1861649 4443502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuli-kuli''' is a beloved traditional snack from Nigeria, made primarily from groundnuts, or peanuts. This delightful treat is known for its satisfying crunch and rich flavor, making it a favorite among many. == Ingredients == tgdefe41tnp2d2fvwu9ngyigt25aidr 4443503 4443502 2024-11-02T16:46:40Z Gwanki 1861649 /* Ingredients */ 4443503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuli-kuli''' is a beloved traditional snack from Nigeria, made primarily from groundnuts, or peanuts. This delightful treat is known for its satisfying crunch and rich flavor, making it a favorite among many. == Ingredients == # Groundnut # Salt # Water 4cwd8a6ma2ehrw614k7z4e3ubeid7ui 4443504 4443503 2024-11-02T16:47:13Z Gwanki 1861649 4443504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuli-kuli''' is a beloved traditional snack from Northern Nigeria, made primarily from groundnuts. This delightful treat is known for its satisfying crunch and rich flavor, making it a favorite among many. == Ingredients == # Groundnut # Salt # Water ltb3ggz2b3dppv45lzly4n4m5uw8en9 0 470266 4443521 2024-11-02T20:43:07Z GoreyCat 3384416 Created page with "A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 4. This set contains 0 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== ==Exercises== ===Section 4.1=== ==Reason and Apply== ==Challenge Problems==" 4443521 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 4. This set contains 0 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== ==Exercises== ===Section 4.1=== ==Reason and Apply== ==Challenge Problems== oa1exnph0z1o66qbv31nxx7jqzbdcuy 4443522 4443521 2024-11-02T20:45:29Z GoreyCat 3384416 4443522 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 4. This set contains 0 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== ==Exercises== ===Section 4.1=== ===Section 4.2=== ===Section 4.3=== ===Section 4.4=== ==Reason and Apply== ==Challenge Problems== jkn9uukt8va4krbdo7rxfdsifojwa4g 4443527 4443522 2024-11-03T02:46:35Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4443527 wikitext text/x-wiki A set of exercises related to concepts from Chapter 4. This set contains 0 exercises (including the Conceptual Questions) ==Conceptual Questions== ==Exercises== ===Section 4.1=== ===Section 4.2=== ===Section 4.3=== ===Section 4.4=== ==Reason and Apply== ==Challenge Problems== {{BookCat}} l80t0i1efcz7tv36dfujalgxnbrsgwo 3 470267 4443531 2024-11-03T03:18:06Z MathXplore 3097823 Created page with "== November 2024 == {{subst:uw-vandalism1|History of Spain}} ~~~~" 4443531 wikitext text/x-wiki == November 2024 == {{tmbox|type=notice|text='''Please help <u>''improve''</u> Wikibooks'''. Your [[Special:Contributions/2001:48F8:4083:336:38FA:5522:A71:40EB|recent edits]], such as those you made to [[:History of Spain]], are considered unconstructive by fellow contributors. Please read [[WB:WIW|What is Wikibooks?]] for a description of what we allow. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. Please use the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]] for experimenting with the wiki software in the future.<br>Thanks. }} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 03:18, 3 November 2024 (UTC) ko38nxn438yiqeaxbpxfiz3qq1hwof0