C Programming/Flow Control/Assignments

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  <page>
    <title>C Programming/Flow Control/Assignments</title>
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      <id>2689297</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Anonymous Agent</username>
        <id>2925027</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Draw a rectangle with dots</comment>
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      <text bytes="1290" sha1="bthpj1yr9etmjcf5mz66k19mxmpc5z2" xml:space="preserve">==Question 1==

Assume that w=6, x=10, y=6 and z=3.  What are the truth values of the following statements?

*w&lt;9
*w!=y
*z&gt;x
*z&lt;=y
*x-6&gt;y*2

==Question 2==

With the same values of w,x,y and z, what are the values of the following combinations?

*w&lt;9 &amp;&amp; w!=y
*x+7&gt;2 || x==6
*!(x-9&gt;1)
*!((x&gt;y) &amp;&amp; (x&lt;z))
*(x&gt;7) &amp;&amp; !(x&gt;7)
*(x&gt;7) || !(x&gt;7)

==Question 3==

Under what values of x, y, and z do the following numbered statements get executed?  Give the answers in forms like x&gt;y&gt;z.

&lt;pre&gt;
if(x==y){
  statement 1;
  statement 2;
}
else if(y&gt;z){
  statement 3;
  if(x==z){
    statement 4;
    if(y&lt;z){
      statement 5;
    }
  }
}
else{
  statment 6;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

==Question 4==

Under what values of x do the following numbered statements get executed?

&lt;pre&gt;
switch (x){
case 0:
  statement 1;
  break;
case 1:
  statement 2;
case 2:
  statement 3;
case 4: 
  statement 4;
  break;
case 5:
case 6:
  statement 5;
default:
  statement 6;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Draw a rectangle with dots ==
&lt;pre&gt;
column  
***
* * row
* *
***
&lt;/pre&gt;Draw a rectangle with dots with column = 3 and row = 4

== Draw a staircase ==
&lt;pre&gt;
     #
    ##
   ###
  ####
 #####
######
&lt;/pre&gt;Draw a staircase of 6 steps

== [[Introduction to C programming/Quizes/BooleanLogic/Answers|Answers]] ==
[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689299</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Anonymous Agent</username>
        <id>2925027</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sum of all integer numbers from 1 to n</comment>
      <origin>2689299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1482" sha1="sdlyx9jztgribuo9o12ozq160xda844" xml:space="preserve">==Question 1==

Assume that w=6, x=10, y=6 and z=3.  What are the truth values of the following statements?

*w&lt;9
*w!=y
*z&gt;x
*z&lt;=y
*x-6&gt;y*2

==Question 2==

With the same values of w,x,y and z, what are the values of the following combinations?

*w&lt;9 &amp;&amp; w!=y
*x+7&gt;2 || x==6
*!(x-9&gt;1)
*!((x&gt;y) &amp;&amp; (x&lt;z))
*(x&gt;7) &amp;&amp; !(x&gt;7)
*(x&gt;7) || !(x&gt;7)

==Question 3==

Under what values of x, y, and z do the following numbered statements get executed?  Give the answers in forms like x&gt;y&gt;z.

&lt;pre&gt;
if(x==y){
  statement 1;
  statement 2;
}
else if(y&gt;z){
  statement 3;
  if(x==z){
    statement 4;
    if(y&lt;z){
      statement 5;
    }
  }
}
else{
  statment 6;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

==Question 4==

Under what values of x do the following numbered statements get executed?

&lt;pre&gt;
switch (x){
case 0:
  statement 1;
  break;
case 1:
  statement 2;
case 2:
  statement 3;
case 4: 
  statement 4;
  break;
case 5:
case 6:
  statement 5;
default:
  statement 6;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

== Draw a rectangle with dots ==
&lt;pre&gt;
column  
***
* * row
* *
***
&lt;/pre&gt;Draw a rectangle with dots with column = 3 and row = 4

== Draw a staircase ==
&lt;pre&gt;
     #
    ##
   ###
  ####
 #####
######
&lt;/pre&gt;Draw a staircase of 6 steps

== Sum of all integer numbers from 1 to n ==
Use loop to calculate the sum of all integer numbers from 1 to n, where the value of n is passed from the command line while running the program.

== [[Introduction to C programming/Quizes/BooleanLogic/Answers|Answers]] ==
[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bible/King James/Documentary Hypothesis/Deuteronomy</title>
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      <contributor>
        <ip>2600:1700:D2E1:7030:695F:B94:A09D:ABA8</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Chapter 1 */ added citations</comment>
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      <text bytes="209050" sha1="1dyuhbah708jbm720qfj0hmg0qrij4i" xml:space="preserve">According to the [[w:documentary hypothesis|documentary hypothesis]], [[w:Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] is composed from a number of originally independent sources joined by a [[w:redaction|redactor]].

There follows the text of Deuteronomy in the [[w:King James Version|King James Version]], with sources highlighted according to the documentary hypothesis.

Further subdivisions of the main sources are viewable by reading the individual source pages.
*The [[w:Deuteronomist|&quot;Deuteronomist Source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#000000|black}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Deuteronomist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Elohist|&quot;Elohist source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#008888|teal blueish grey}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Elohist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Priestly source|&quot;Priestly source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#888800|olive yellow}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Priestly source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Torah redactor|&quot;Additions by the Redactor and other late insertions&quot;]] are highlighted in {{font|color=#880000|maroon red}}

==Chapter 1==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1584881026211278848&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| (There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585233381813809152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585617873921314816&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587035867234926594&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587773750984212481&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| (The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1588495501967912961&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1590719923961360384&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1591083426131869696&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 2==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| That the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| (That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| (As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.}}

==Chapter 3==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| (Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I gave Gilead unto Machir.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And I besought the LORD at that time, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor.}}

==Chapter 4==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#880000| And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#880000| (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#880000| Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#880000| Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#880000| That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#880000| Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon,  whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah.}}

==Chapter 5==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| (I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;)}} {{font|color=#000000| saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have none other gods before me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not kill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou commit adultery.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou steal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Go say to them, Get you into your tents again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.}}

==Chapter 6==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| (For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us.}}

==Chapter 7==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing.}}

==Chapter 8==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God.}}

==Chapter 9==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm.}}

==Chapter 10==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

==Chapter 11==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day.}}

==Chapter 12==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.}}

==Chapter 13==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God.}}

==Chapter 14==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Of all clean birds ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And every raven after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But of all clean fowls ye may eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest.}}

==Chapter 15==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water.}}

==Chapter 16==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth.}}

==Chapter 17==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.}}

==Chapter 18==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose;}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.}}

==Chapter 19==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.}}

==Chapter 20==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.}}

==Chapter 21==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

==Chapter 22==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt.}}

==Chapter 23==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn.}}

==Chapter 24==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

==Chapter 25==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it.}}

==Chapter 26==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken.}}

==Chapter 27==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| And Moses charged the people the same day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#880000| And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

==Chapter 28==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#000000| A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|53}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|54}}{{font|color=#000000| So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|55}}{{font|color=#000000| So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|56}}{{font|color=#000000| The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|57}}{{font|color=#000000| And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|58}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|59}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|60}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|61}}{{font|color=#000000| Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|62}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|63}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|64}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|65}}{{font|color=#000000| And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|66}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|67}}{{font|color=#000000| In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|68}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.}}

==Chapter 29==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| (For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.}}

==Chapter 30==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#880000| And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#880000| That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.}}

==Chapter 31==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, }} {{font|color=#880000| I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also }} {{font|color=#000000| the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#008888| And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended.}}

==Chapter 32==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#888800| Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#888800| And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#888800| Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#888800| Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.}}

==Chapter 33==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000088| And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000088| Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000088| Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000088| His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000088| And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000088| Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000088| There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000088| The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000088| Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000088| Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places.}}

==Chapter 34==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,}} {{font|color=#000088|to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}} {{font|color=#008888| So Moses the servant of the LORD died}} {{font|color=#888800|there}} {{font|color=#008888|in the land of Moab,}} {{font|color=#888800| according to the word of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#888800| And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#008888| And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel.}}

[[Category:Documentary hypothesis]]</text>
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      <comment>added citations chaps 2-6</comment>
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      <text bytes="210270" sha1="5lpx9rzlcosff0x4tsdql98srgs837l" xml:space="preserve">According to the [[w:documentary hypothesis|documentary hypothesis]], [[w:Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] is composed from a number of originally independent sources joined by a [[w:redaction|redactor]].

There follows the text of Deuteronomy in the [[w:King James Version|King James Version]], with sources highlighted according to the documentary hypothesis.

Further subdivisions of the main sources are viewable by reading the individual source pages.
*The [[w:Deuteronomist|&quot;Deuteronomist Source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#000000|black}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Deuteronomist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Elohist|&quot;Elohist source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#008888|teal blueish grey}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Elohist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Priestly source|&quot;Priestly source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#888800|olive yellow}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Priestly source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Torah redactor|&quot;Additions by the Redactor and other late insertions&quot;]] are highlighted in {{font|color=#880000|maroon red}}

==Chapter 1==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1584881026211278848&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| (There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585233381813809152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585617873921314816&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587035867234926594&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587773750984212481&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| (The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1588495501967912961&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1590719923961360384&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1591083426131869696&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 2==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592185544557334530&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| That the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| (That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592486319514873866&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| (As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592867127803150340&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1597946319414624256&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 3==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| (Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598315946304847873&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I gave Gilead unto Machir.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598639610673868801&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And I besought the LORD at that time, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1599748234817085441&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 4==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1600115145832742913&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1601179864576364544&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#880000| And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#880000| (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602266499011543040&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#880000| Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602668579131990025&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#880000| Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#880000| That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#880000| Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603039598682279938&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon,  whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603378587809107968&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 5==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| (I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;)}} {{font|color=#000000| saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have none other gods before me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not kill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou commit adultery.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou steal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Go say to them, Get you into your tents again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1604822178599411712&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 6==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605176952557486080&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605530042737360896&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605909455350235136&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| (For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610236883237208065&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610634439775633410&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1611016918844022785&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 7==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing.}}

==Chapter 8==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God.}}

==Chapter 9==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm.}}

==Chapter 10==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

==Chapter 11==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day.}}

==Chapter 12==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.}}

==Chapter 13==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God.}}

==Chapter 14==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Of all clean birds ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And every raven after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But of all clean fowls ye may eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest.}}

==Chapter 15==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water.}}

==Chapter 16==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth.}}

==Chapter 17==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.}}

==Chapter 18==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose;}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.}}

==Chapter 19==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.}}

==Chapter 20==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.}}

==Chapter 21==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

==Chapter 22==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt.}}

==Chapter 23==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn.}}

==Chapter 24==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

==Chapter 25==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it.}}

==Chapter 26==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken.}}

==Chapter 27==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| And Moses charged the people the same day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#880000| And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

==Chapter 28==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#000000| A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|53}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|54}}{{font|color=#000000| So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|55}}{{font|color=#000000| So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|56}}{{font|color=#000000| The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|57}}{{font|color=#000000| And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|58}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|59}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|60}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|61}}{{font|color=#000000| Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|62}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|63}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|64}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|65}}{{font|color=#000000| And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|66}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|67}}{{font|color=#000000| In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|68}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.}}

==Chapter 29==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| (For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.}}

==Chapter 30==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#880000| And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#880000| That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.}}

==Chapter 31==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, }} {{font|color=#880000| I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also }} {{font|color=#000000| the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#008888| And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended.}}

==Chapter 32==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#888800| Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#888800| And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#888800| Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#888800| Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.}}

==Chapter 33==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000088| And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000088| Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000088| Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000088| His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000088| And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000088| Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000088| There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000088| The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000088| Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000088| Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places.}}

==Chapter 34==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,}} {{font|color=#000088|to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}} {{font|color=#008888| So Moses the servant of the LORD died}} {{font|color=#888800|there}} {{font|color=#008888|in the land of Moab,}} {{font|color=#888800| according to the word of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#888800| And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#008888| And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel.}}

[[Category:Documentary hypothesis]]</text>
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      <text bytes="213259" sha1="pihmhnin8pu9wevj8xtfx2n6g3kccb6" xml:space="preserve">According to the [[w:documentary hypothesis|documentary hypothesis]], [[w:Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] is composed from a number of originally independent sources joined by a [[w:redaction|redactor]].

There follows the text of Deuteronomy in the [[w:King James Version|King James Version]], with sources highlighted according to the documentary hypothesis.

Further subdivisions of the main sources are viewable by reading the individual source pages.
*The [[w:Deuteronomist|&quot;Deuteronomist Source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#000000|black}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Deuteronomist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Elohist|&quot;Elohist source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#008888|teal blueish grey}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Elohist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Priestly source|&quot;Priestly source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#888800|olive yellow}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Priestly source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Torah redactor|&quot;Additions by the Redactor and other late insertions&quot;]] are highlighted in {{font|color=#880000|maroon red}}

==Chapter 1==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1584881026211278848&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| (There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585233381813809152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585617873921314816&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587035867234926594&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587773750984212481&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| (The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1588495501967912961&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1590719923961360384&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1591083426131869696&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 2==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592185544557334530&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| That the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| (That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592486319514873866&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| (As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592867127803150340&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1597946319414624256&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 3==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| (Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598315946304847873&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I gave Gilead unto Machir.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598639610673868801&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And I besought the LORD at that time, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1599748234817085441&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 4==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1600115145832742913&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1601179864576364544&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#880000| And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#880000| (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602266499011543040&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#880000| Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602668579131990025&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#880000| Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#880000| That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#880000| Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603039598682279938&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon,  whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603378587809107968&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 5==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| (I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;)}} {{font|color=#000000| saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have none other gods before me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not kill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou commit adultery.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou steal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Go say to them, Get you into your tents again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1604822178599411712&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 6==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605176952557486080&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605530042737360896&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605909455350235136&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| (For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610236883237208065&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610634439775633410&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1611016918844022785&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 7==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1612415332613758976&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1614965062652858372&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1615327376090562560&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1615704753022947328&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 8==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1616055161490636801&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1616448096157958144&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 9==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1617505914894061568&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1617902807084077058&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1618602758785093632&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1618964929201213440&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620030705127542785&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 10==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620402453572374528&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620775375415681026&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1621587181889273856&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1622594851446435845&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1623664201108541441&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 11==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1624014439895687168&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625120103904821248&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625487523089883137&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625834040287809536&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 12==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628029429522784257&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628407700903034880&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628747422179508235&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1629103319032426496&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1631275430274646016&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1631638561844854792&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 13==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1632722593504477184&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1633081738548199425&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God.}}

==Chapter 14==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1633811966719344640&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Of all clean birds ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And every raven after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But of all clean fowls ye may eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1634191022338060288&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635274206438113280&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 15==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635615994293960705&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635982090658365440&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1636331022672359429&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water.}}

==Chapter 16==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1637790373828345858&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638144217036779521&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638505230580023296&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth.}}

==Chapter 17==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638870975918874625&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1639230107683377152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1640318732718202882&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1640694248898011137&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 18==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose;}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1641026131707981826&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1641423036854173696&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1642840211053789186&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 19==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1643229466989154304&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1645383994396094468&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1645767764949204993&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 20==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1646135226765115392&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1646472268481019906&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 21==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

==Chapter 22==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt.}}

==Chapter 23==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn.}}

==Chapter 24==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

==Chapter 25==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it.}}

==Chapter 26==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken.}}

==Chapter 27==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| And Moses charged the people the same day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#880000| And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

==Chapter 28==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#000000| A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|53}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|54}}{{font|color=#000000| So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|55}}{{font|color=#000000| So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|56}}{{font|color=#000000| The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|57}}{{font|color=#000000| And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|58}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|59}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|60}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|61}}{{font|color=#000000| Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|62}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|63}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|64}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|65}}{{font|color=#000000| And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|66}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|67}}{{font|color=#000000| In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|68}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.}}

==Chapter 29==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| (For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.}}

==Chapter 30==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#880000| And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#880000| That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.}}

==Chapter 31==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, }} {{font|color=#880000| I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also }} {{font|color=#000000| the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#008888| And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended.}}

==Chapter 32==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#888800| Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#888800| And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#888800| Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#888800| Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.}}

==Chapter 33==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000088| And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000088| Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000088| Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000088| His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000088| And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000088| Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000088| There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000088| The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000088| Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000088| Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places.}}

==Chapter 34==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,}} {{font|color=#000088|to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}} {{font|color=#008888| So Moses the servant of the LORD died}} {{font|color=#888800|there}} {{font|color=#008888|in the land of Moab,}} {{font|color=#888800| according to the word of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#888800| And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#008888| And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel.}}

[[Category:Documentary hypothesis]]</text>
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      <comment>added citations for chaps 21-34</comment>
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      <text bytes="216580" sha1="frd8kmc9sdfle5m9tmjrhfhd1v6q45e" xml:space="preserve">According to the [[w:documentary hypothesis|documentary hypothesis]], [[w:Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] is composed from a number of originally independent sources joined by a [[w:redaction|redactor]].

There follows the text of Deuteronomy in the [[w:King James Version|King James Version]], with sources highlighted according to the documentary hypothesis.

Further subdivisions of the main sources are viewable by reading the individual source pages.
*The [[w:Deuteronomist|&quot;Deuteronomist Source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#000000|black}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Deuteronomist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Elohist|&quot;Elohist source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#008888|teal blueish grey}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Elohist source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Priestly source|&quot;Priestly source&quot;]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#888800|olive yellow}} &lt;small&gt;{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Priestly source|view in isolation]])}}&lt;/small&gt;
*The [[w:Torah redactor|&quot;Additions by the Redactor and other late insertions&quot;]] are highlighted in {{font|color=#880000|maroon red}}

==Chapter 1==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These be the words which Moses spake unto all Israel on this side Jordan in the wilderness, in the plain over against the Red sea, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1584881026211278848&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| (There are eleven days' journey from Horeb by the way of mount Seir unto Kadeshbarnea.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585233381813809152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass in the fortieth year, in the eleventh month, on the first day of the month, that Moses spake unto the children of Israel, according unto all that the LORD had given him in commandment unto them;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1585617873921314816&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| After he had slain Sihon the king of the Amorites, which dwelt in Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, which dwelt at Astaroth in Edrei:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the land of Moab, began Moses to declare this law, saying,}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587035867234926594&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God spake unto us in Horeb, saying, Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Turn you, and take your journey, and go to the mount of the Amorites, and unto all the places nigh thereunto, in the plain, in the hills, and in the vale, and in the south, and by the sea side, to the land of the Canaanites, and unto Lebanon, unto the great river, the river Euphrates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have set the land before you: go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to give unto them and to their seed after them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1587773750984212481&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And I spake unto you at that time, saying, I am not able to bear you myself alone:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God hath multiplied you, and, behold, ye are this day as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| (The LORD God of your fathers make you a thousand times so many more as ye are, and bless you, as he hath promised you!)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| How can I myself alone bear your cumbrance, and your burden, and your strife?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take you wise men, and understanding, and known among your tribes, and I will make them rulers over you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye answered me, and said, The thing which thou hast spoken is good for us to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I took the chief of your tribes, wise men, and known, and made them heads over you, captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains over tens, and officers among your tribes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; but ye shall hear the small as well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man; for the judgment is God's: and the cause that is too hard for you, bring it unto me, and I will hear it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1588495501967912961&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time all the things which ye should do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we departed from Horeb, we went through all that great and terrible wilderness, which ye saw by the way of the mountain of the Amorites, as the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to Kadeshbarnea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And I said unto you, Ye are come unto the mountain of the Amorites, which the LORD our God doth give unto us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, the LORD thy God hath set the land before thee: go up and possess it, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath said unto thee; fear not, neither be discouraged.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1590719923961360384&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near unto me every one of you, and said, We will send men before us, and they shall search us out the land, and bring us word again by what way we must go up, and into what cities we shall come.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And the saying pleased me well: and I took twelve men of you, one of a tribe:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And they turned and went up into the mountain, and came unto the valley of Eshcol, and searched it out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And they took of the fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down unto us, and brought us word again, and said, It is a good land which the LORD our God doth give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding ye would not go up, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye murmured in your tents, and said, Because the LORD hated us, he hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakims there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then I said unto you, Dread not, neither be afraid of them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD your God which goeth before you, he shall fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And in the wilderness, where thou hast seen how that the LORD thy God bare thee, as a man doth bear his son, in all the way that ye went, until ye came into this place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet in this thing ye did not believe the LORD your God,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, and was wroth, and sware, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Surely there shall not one of these men of this evil generation see that good land, which I sware to give unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Also the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, saying, Thou also shalt not go in thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| But Joshua the son of Nun, which standeth before thee, he shall go in thither: encourage him: for he shall cause Israel to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Moreover your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, and your children, which in that day had no knowledge between good and evil, they shall go in thither, and unto them will I give it, and they shall possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for you, turn you, and take your journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye answered and said unto me, We have sinned against the LORD, we will go up and fight, according to all that the LORD our God commanded us. And when ye had girded on every man his weapons of war, ye were ready to go up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Say unto them. Go not up, neither fight; for I am not among you; lest ye be smitten before your enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| So I spake unto you; and ye would not hear, but rebelled against the commandment of the LORD, and went presumptuously up into the hill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Amorites, which dwelt in that mountain, came out against you, and chased you, as bees do, and destroyed you in Seir, even unto Hormah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD would not hearken to your voice, nor give ear unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| So ye abode in Kadesh many days, according unto the days that ye abode there.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1591083426131869696&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 2==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea, as the LORD spake unto me: and we compassed mount Seir many days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have compassed this mountain long enough: turn you northward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Meddle not with them; for I will not give you of their land, no, not so much as a foot breadth; because I have given mount Seir unto Esau for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall buy meat of them for money, that ye may eat; and ye shall also buy water of them for money, that ye may drink.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath blessed thee in all the works of thy hand: he knoweth thy walking through this great wilderness: these forty years the LORD thy God hath been with thee; thou hast lacked nothing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we passed by from our brethren the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, through the way of the plain from Elath, and from Eziongaber, we turned and passed by the way of the wilderness of Moab.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592185544557334530&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| The Horims also dwelt in Seir beforetime; but the children of Esau succeeded them, when they had destroyed them from before them, and dwelt in their stead; as Israel did unto the land of his possession, which the LORD gave unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Now rise up, said I, and get you over the brook Zered. And we went over the brook Zered.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the space in which we came from Kadeshbarnea, until we were come over the brook Zered, was thirty and eight years; until all the generation of the men of war were wasted out from among the host, as the LORD sware unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| For indeed the hand of the LORD was against them, to destroy them from among the host, until they were consumed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| So it came to pass, when all the men of war were consumed and dead from among the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| That the LORD spake unto me, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou art to pass over through Ar, the coast of Moab, this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou comest nigh over against the children of Ammon, distress them not, nor meddle with them: for I will not give thee of the land of the children of Ammon any possession; because I have given it unto the children of Lot for a possession.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| (That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| As he did to the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horims from before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead even unto this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Avims which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the Caphtorims, which came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt in their stead.)}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592486319514873866&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Rise ye up, take your journey, and pass over the river Arnon: behold, I have given into thine hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land: begin to possess it, and contend with him in battle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| This day will I begin to put the dread of thee and the fear of thee upon the nations that are under the whole heaven, who shall hear report of thee, and shall tremble, and be in anguish because of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And I sent messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon king of Heshbon with words of peace, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me pass through thy land: I will go along by the high way, I will neither turn unto the right hand nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt sell me meat for money, that I may eat; and give me water for money, that I may drink: only I will pass through on my feet;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| (As the children of Esau which dwell in Seir, and the Moabites which dwell in Ar, did unto me;) until I shall pass over Jordan into the land which the LORD our God giveth us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass by him: for the LORD thy God hardened his spirit, and made his heart obstinate, that he might deliver him into thy hand, as appeareth this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Behold, I have begun to give Sihon and his land before thee: begin to possess, that thou mayest inherit his land.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1592867127803150340&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Then Sihon came out against us, he and all his people, to fight at Jahaz.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD our God delivered him before us; and we smote him, and his sons, and all his people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, and utterly destroyed the men, and the women, and the little ones, of every city, we left none to remain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the cattle we took for a prey unto ourselves, and the spoil of the cities which we took.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the brink of the river of Arnon, and from the city that is by the river, even unto Gilead, there was not one city too strong for us: the LORD our God delivered all unto us:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| Only unto the land of the children of Ammon thou camest not, nor unto any place of the river Jabbok, nor unto the cities in the mountains, nor unto whatsoever the LORD our God forbad us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1597946319414624256&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 3==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took at that time out of the hand of the two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this side Jordan, from the river of Arnon unto mount Hermon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| (Which Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion; and the Amorites call it Shenir;)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| All the cities of the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, unto Salchah and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598315946304847873&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And this land, which we possessed at that time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and half mount Gilead, and the cities thereof, gave I unto the Reubenites and to the Gadites.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Jair the son of Manasseh took all the country of Argob unto the coasts of Geshuri and Maachathi; and called them after his own name, Bashanhavothjair, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I gave Gilead unto Machir.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And unto the Reubenites and unto the Gadites I gave from Gilead even unto the river Arnon half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok, which is the border of the children of Ammon;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| The plain also, and Jordan, and the coast thereof, from Chinnereth even unto the sea of the plain, even the salt sea, under Ashdothpisgah eastward.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded you at that time, saying, The LORD your God hath given you this land to possess it: ye shall pass over armed before your brethren the children of Israel, all that are meet for the war.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| But your wives, and your little ones, and your cattle, (for I know that ye have much cattle,) shall abide in your cities which I have given you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Until the LORD have given rest unto your brethren, as well as unto you, and until they also possess the land which the LORD your God hath given them beyond Jordan: and then shall ye return every man unto his possession, which I have given you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1598639610673868801&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I commanded Joshua at that time, saying, Thine eyes have seen all that the LORD your God hath done unto these two kings: so shall the LORD do unto all the kingdoms whither thou passest.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not fear them: for the LORD your God he shall fight for you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And I besought the LORD at that time, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| O Lord GOD, thou hast begun to shew thy servant thy greatness, and thy mighty hand: for what God is there in heaven or in earth, that can do according to thy works, and according to thy might?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD was wroth with me for your sakes, and would not hear me: and the LORD said unto me, Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Get thee up into the top of Pisgah, and lift up thine eyes westward, and northward, and southward, and eastward, and behold it with thine eyes: for thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| But charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him: for he shall go over before this people, and he shall cause them to inherit the land which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| So we abode in the valley over against Bethpeor.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1599748234817085441&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 4==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore hearken, O Israel, unto the statutes and unto the judgments, which I teach you, for to do them, that ye may live, and go in and possess the land which the LORD God of your fathers giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the LORD your God which I command you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Your eyes have seen what the LORD did because of Baalpeor: for all the men that followed Baalpeor, the LORD thy God hath destroyed them from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| But ye that did cleave unto the LORD your God are alive every one of you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I have taught you statutes and judgments, even as the LORD my God commanded me, that ye should do so in the land whither ye go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For what nation is there so great, who hath God so nigh unto them, as the LORD our God is in all things that we call upon him for?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And what nation is there so great, that hath statutes and judgments so righteous as all this law, which I set before you this day?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life: but teach them thy sons, and thy sons' sons;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1600115145832742913&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Specially the day that thou stoodest before the LORD thy God in Horeb, when the LORD said unto me, Gather me the people together, and I will make them hear my words, that they may learn to fear me all the days that they shall live upon the earth, and that they may teach their children.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye came near and stood under the mountain; and the mountain burned with fire unto the midst of heaven, with darkness, clouds, and thick darkness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD spake unto you out of the midst of the fire: ye heard the voice of the words, but saw no similitude; only ye heard a voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform, even ten commandments; and he wrote them upon two tables of stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and judgments, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go over to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1601179864576364544&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Take ye therefore good heed unto yourselves; for ye saw no manner of similitude on the day that the LORD spake unto you in Horeb out of the midst of the fire:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any beast that is on the earth, the likeness of any winged fowl that flieth in the air,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| The likeness of any thing that creepeth on the ground, the likeness of any fish that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| And lest thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou seest the sun, and the moon, and the stars, even all the host of heaven, shouldest be driven to worship them, and serve them, which the LORD thy God hath divided unto all nations under the whole heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| But the LORD hath taken you, and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt, to be unto him a people of inheritance, as ye are this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Furthermore the LORD was angry with me for your sakes, and sware that I should not go over Jordan, and that I should not go in unto that good land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| But I must die in this land, I must not go over Jordan: but ye shall go over, and possess that good land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Take heed unto yourselves, lest ye forget the covenant of the LORD your God, which he made with you, and make you a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, which the LORD thy God hath forbidden thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD thy God is a consuming fire, even a jealous God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou shalt beget children, and children's children, and ye shall have remained long in the land, and shall corrupt yourselves, and make a graven image, or the likeness of any thing, and shall do evil in the sight of the LORD thy God, to provoke him to anger:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that ye shall soon utterly perish from off the land whereunto ye go over Jordan to possess it; ye shall not prolong your days upon it, but shall utterly be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall scatter you among the nations, and ye shall be left few in number among the heathen, whither the LORD shall lead you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#880000| And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| But if from thence thou shalt seek the LORD thy God, thou shalt find him, if thou seek him with all thy heart and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#880000| (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602266499011543040&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For ask now of the days that are past, which were before thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been heard like it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Did ever people hear the voice of God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as thou hast heard, and live?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Or hath God assayed to go and take him a nation from the midst of another nation, by temptations, by signs, and by wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, according to all that the LORD your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#880000| Unto thee it was shewed, that thou mightest know that the LORD he is God; there is none else beside him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he might instruct thee: and upon earth he shewed thee his great fire; and thou heardest his words out of the midst of the fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And because he loved thy fathers, therefore he chose their seed after them, and brought thee out in his sight with his mighty power out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| To drive out nations from before thee greater and mightier than thou art, to bring thee in, to give thee their land for an inheritance, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#880000| Know therefore this day, and consider it in thine heart, that the LORD he is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath: there is none else.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt keep therefore his statutes, and his commandments, which I command thee this day, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days upon the earth, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for ever.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1602668579131990025&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#880000| Then Moses severed three cities on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#880000| That the slayer might flee thither, which should kill his neighbour unawares, and hated him not in times past; and that fleeing unto one of these cities he might live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#880000| Namely, Bezer in the wilderness, in the plain country, of the Reubenites; and Ramoth in Gilead, of the Gadites; and Golan in Bashan, of the Manassites.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603039598682279938&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the law which Moses set before the children of Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which Moses spake unto the children of Israel, after they came forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| On this side Jordan, in the valley over against Bethpeor, in the land of Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon,  whom Moses and the children of Israel smote, after they were come forth out of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| And they possessed his land, and the land of Og king of Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, which were on this side Jordan toward the sunrising;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| From Aroer, which is by the bank of the river Arnon, even unto mount Sion, which is Hermon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the plain on this side Jordan eastward, even unto the sea of the plain, under the springs of Pisgah.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1603378587809107968&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 5==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called all Israel, and said unto them, Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments which I speak in your ears this day, that ye may learn them, and keep, and do them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD made not this covenant with our fathers, but with us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD talked with you face to face in the mount out of the midst of the fire,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| (I stood between the LORD and you at that time, to shew you the word of the LORD: for ye were afraid by reason of the fire, and went not up into the mount;)}} {{font|color=#000000| saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| I am the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have none other gods before me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not make thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters beneath the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bow down thyself unto them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me and keep my commandments.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain: for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep the sabbath day to sanctify it, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the seventh day is the sabbath of the LORD thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy manservant and thy maidservant may rest as well as thou.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Honour thy father and thy mother, as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee; that thy days may be prolonged, and that it may go well with thee, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not kill.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou commit adultery.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou steal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bear false witness against thy neighbour.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou desire thy neighbour's wife, neither shalt thou covet thy neighbour's house, his field, or his manservant, or his maidservant, his ox, or his ass, or any thing that is thy neighbour's.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| These words the LORD spake unto all your assembly in the mount out of the midst of the fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a great voice: and he added no more. And he wrote them in two tables of stone, and delivered them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when ye heard the voice out of the midst of the darkness, (for the mountain did burn with fire,) that ye came near unto me, even all the heads of your tribes, and your elders;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye said, Behold, the LORD our God hath shewed us his glory and his greatness, and we have heard his voice out of the midst of the fire: we have seen this day that God doth talk with man, and he liveth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore why should we die? for this great fire will consume us: if we hear the voice of the LORD our God any more, then we shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| For who is there of all flesh, that hath heard the voice of the living God speaking out of the midst of the fire, as we have, and lived?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Go thou near, and hear all that the LORD our God shall say: and speak thou unto us all that the LORD our God shall speak unto thee; and we will hear it, and do it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD heard the voice of your words, when ye spake unto me; and the LORD said unto me, I have heard the voice of the words of this people, which they have spoken unto thee: they have well said all that they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that there were such an heart in them, that they would fear me, and keep all my commandments always, that it might be well with them, and with their children for ever!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Go say to them, Get you into your tents again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| But as for thee, stand thou here by me, and I will speak unto thee all the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which thou shalt teach them, that they may do them in the land which I give them to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall observe to do therefore as the LORD your God hath commanded you: ye shall not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your God hath commanded you, that ye may live, and that it may be well with you, and that ye may prolong your days in the land which ye shall possess.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1604822178599411712&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 6==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Now these are the commandments, the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD your God commanded to teach you, that ye might do them in the land whither ye go to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mightest fear the LORD thy God, to keep all his statutes and his commandments, which I command thee, thou, and thy son, and thy son's son, all the days of thy life; and that thy days may be prolonged.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear therefore, O Israel, and observe to do it; that it may be well with thee, and that ye may increase mightily, as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee, in the land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one LORD:}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605176952557486080&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605530042737360896&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1605909455350235136&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the LORD thy God shall have brought thee into the land which he sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give thee great and goodly cities, which thou buildedst not,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And houses full of all good things, which thou filledst not, and wells digged, which thou diggedst not, vineyards and olive trees, which thou plantedst not; when thou shalt have eaten and be full;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then beware lest thou forget the LORD, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God, and serve him, and shalt swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not go after other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| (For the LORD thy God is a jealous God among you) lest the anger of the LORD thy God be kindled against thee, and destroy thee from off the face of the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610236883237208065&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not tempt the LORD your God, as ye tempted him in Massah.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall diligently keep the commandments of the LORD your God, and his testimonies, and his statutes, which he hath commanded thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the LORD: that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest go in and possess the good land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| To cast out all thine enemies from before thee, as the LORD hath spoken.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1610634439775633410&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy son asketh thee in time to come, saying, What mean the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the LORD our God hath commanded you?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And he brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which he sware unto our fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the LORD our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is at this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the LORD our God, as he hath commanded us.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1611016918844022785&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 7==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall bring thee into the land whither thou goest to possess it, and hath cast out many nations before thee, the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than thou;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God shall deliver them before thee; thou shalt smite them, and utterly destroy them; thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor shew mercy unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou make marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods: so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be a special people unto himself, above all people that are upon the face of the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1612415332613758976&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But because the LORD loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your fathers, hath the LORD brought you out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you out of the house of bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Know therefore that the LORD thy God, he is God, the faithful God, which keepeth covenant and mercy with them that love him and keep his commandments to a thousand generations;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And repayeth them that hate him to their face, to destroy them: he will not be slack to him that hateth him, he will repay him to his face.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore keep the commandments, and the statutes, and the judgments, which I command thee this day, to do them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1614965062652858372&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore it shall come to pass, if ye hearken to these judgments, and keep, and do them, that the LORD thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant and the mercy which he sware unto thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep, in the land which he sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be blessed above all people: there shall not be male or female barren among you, or among your cattle.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD will take away from thee all sickness, and will put none of the evil diseases of Egypt, which thou knowest, upon thee; but will lay them upon all them that hate thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1615327376090562560&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them: neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt say in thine heart, These nations are more than I; how can I dispossess them?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes saw, and the signs, and the wonders, and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm, whereby the LORD thy God brought thee out: so shall the LORD thy God do unto all the people of whom thou art afraid.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover the LORD thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the LORD thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD thy God will put out those nations before thee by little and little: thou mayest not consume them at once, lest the beasts of the field increase upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| But the LORD thy God shall deliver them unto thee, and shall destroy them with a mighty destruction, until they be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall deliver their kings into thine hand, and thou shalt destroy their name from under heaven: there shall no man be able to stand before thee, until thou have destroyed them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therin: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou bring an abomination into thine house, lest thou be a cursed thing like it: but thou shalt utterly detest it, and thou shalt utterly abhor it; for it is a cursed thing.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1615704753022947328&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 8==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| All the commandments which I command thee this day shall ye observe to do, that ye may live, and multiply, and go in and possess the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember all the way which the LORD thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And he humbled thee, and suffered thee to hunger, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that he might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the LORD doth man live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt also consider in thine heart, that, as a man chasteneth his son, so the LORD thy God chasteneth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to fear him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1616055161490636801&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God bringeth thee into a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains and depths that spring out of valleys and hills;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness, thou shalt not lack any thing in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou shalt bless the LORD thy God for the good land which he hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that thou forget not the LORD thy God, in not keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and his statutes, which I command thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest when thou hast eaten and art full, and hast built goodly houses, and dwelt therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thy herds and thy flocks multiply, and thy silver and thy gold is multiplied, and all that thou hast is multiplied;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thine heart be lifted up, and thou forget the LORD thy God, which brought thee forth out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Who led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery serpents, and scorpions, and drought, where there was no water; who brought thee forth water out of the rock of flint;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou do at all forget the LORD thy God, and walk after other gods, and serve them, and worship them, I testify against you this day that ye shall surely perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| As the nations which the LORD destroyeth before your face, so shall ye perish; because ye would not be obedient unto the voice of the LORD your God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1616448096157958144&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 9==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore this day, that the LORD thy God is he which goeth over before thee; as a consuming fire he shall destroy them, and he shall bring them down before thy face: so shalt thou drive them out, and destroy them quickly, as the LORD hath said unto thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1617505914894061568&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Speak not thou in thine heart, after that the LORD thy God hath cast them out from before thee, saying, For my righteousness the LORD hath brought me in to possess this land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Not for thy righteousness, or for the uprightness of thine heart, dost thou go to possess their land: but for the wickedness of these nations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee, and that he may perform the word which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Understand therefore, that the LORD thy God giveth thee not this good land to possess it for thy righteousness; for thou art a stiffnecked people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember, and forget not, how thou provokedst the LORD thy God to wrath in the wilderness: from the day that thou didst depart out of the land of Egypt, until ye came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the LORD.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1617902807084077058&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Also in Horeb ye provoked the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry with you to have destroyed you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When I was gone up into the mount to receive the tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant which the LORD made with you, then I abode in the mount forty days and forty nights, I neither did eat bread nor drink water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass at the end of forty days and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two tables of stone, even the tables of the covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, get thee down quickly from hence; for thy people which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt have corrupted themselves; they are quickly turned aside out of the way which I commanded them; they have made them a molten image.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Furthermore the LORD spake unto me, saying, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Let me alone, that I may destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven: and I will make of thee a nation mightier and greater than they.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| So I turned and came down from the mount, and the mount burned with fire: and the two tables of the covenant were in my two hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And I looked, and, behold, ye had sinned against the LORD your God, and had made you a molten calf: ye had turned aside quickly out of the way which the LORD had commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took the two tables, and cast them out of my two hands, and brake them before your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I fell down before the LORD, as at the first, forty days and forty nights: I did neither eat bread, nor drink water, because of all your sins which ye sinned, in doing wickedly in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| For I was afraid of the anger and hot displeasure, wherewith the LORD was wroth against you to destroy you. But the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD was very angry with Aaron to have destroyed him: and I prayed for Aaron also the same time.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And I took your sin, the calf which ye had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, and ground it very small, even until it was as small as dust: and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1618602758785093632&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at Kibrothhattaavah, ye provoked the LORD to wrath.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Likewise when the LORD sent you from Kadeshbarnea, saying, Go up and possess the land which I have given you; then ye rebelled against the commandment of the LORD your God, and ye believed him not, nor hearkened to his voice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have been rebellious against the LORD from the day that I knew you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1618964929201213440&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus I fell down before the LORD forty days and forty nights, as I fell down at the first; because the LORD had said he would destroy you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I prayed therefore unto the LORD, and said, O Lord GOD, destroy not thy people and thine inheritance, which thou hast redeemed through thy greatness, which thou hast brought forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember thy servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; look not unto the stubbornness of this people, nor to their wickedness, nor to their sin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the land whence thou broughtest us out say, Because the LORD was not able to bring them into the land which he promised them, and because he hated them, he hath brought them out to slay them in the wilderness.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet they are thy people and thine inheritance, which thou broughtest out by thy mighty power and by thy stretched out arm.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620030705127542785&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 10==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD said unto me, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first, and come up unto me into the mount, and make thee an ark of wood.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will write on the tables the words that were in the first tables which thou brakest, and thou shalt put them in the ark.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And I made an ark of shittim wood, and hewed two tables of stone like unto the first, and went up into the mount, having the two tables in mine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And he wrote on the tables, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I turned myself and came down from the mount, and put the tables in the ark which I had made; and there they be, as the LORD commanded me.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620402453572374528&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the children of Israel took their journey from Beeroth of the children of Jaakan to Mosera: there Aaron died, and there he was buried; and Eleazar his son ministered in the priest's office in his stead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| From thence they journeyed unto Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath, a land of rivers of waters.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1620775375415681026&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1621587181889273856&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And I stayed in the mount, according to the first time, forty days and forty nights; and the LORD hearkened unto me at that time also, and the LORD would not destroy thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, Arise, take thy journey before the people, that they may go in and possess the land, which I sware unto their fathers to give unto them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1622594851446435845&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| To keep the commandments of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command thee this day for thy good?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the LORD's thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Only the LORD had a delight in thy fathers to love them, and he chose their seed after them, even you above all people, as it is this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Circumcise therefore the foreskin of your heart, and be no more stiffnecked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| For the LORD your God is God of gods, and Lord of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth the stranger, in giving him food and raiment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Love ye therefore the stranger: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt fear the LORD thy God; him shalt thou serve, and to him shalt thou cleave, and swear by his name.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| He is thy praise, and he is thy God, that hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy fathers went down into Egypt with threescore and ten persons; and now the LORD thy God hath made thee as the stars of heaven for multitude.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1623664201108541441&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 11==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore thou shalt love the LORD thy God, and keep his charge, and his statutes, and his judgments, and his commandments, alway.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And know ye this day: for I speak not with your children which have not known, and which have not seen the chastisement of the LORD your God, his greatness, his mighty hand, and his stretched out arm,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And his miracles, and his acts, which he did in the midst of Egypt unto Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto the army of Egypt, unto their horses, and to their chariots; how he made the water of the Red sea to overflow them as they pursued after you, and how the LORD hath destroyed them unto this day;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto you in the wilderness, until ye came into this place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what he did unto Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of Reuben: how the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their households, and their tents, and all the substance that was in their possession, in the midst of all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But your eyes have seen all the great acts of the LORD which he did.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1624014439895687168&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye keep all the commandments which I command you this day, that ye may be strong, and go in and possess the land, whither ye go to possess it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And that ye may prolong your days in the land, which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give unto them and to their seed, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| For the land, whither thou goest in to possess it, is not as the land of Egypt, from whence ye came out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy foot, as a garden of herbs:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But the land, whither ye go to possess it, is a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto my commandments which I command you this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve him with all your heart and with all your soul,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| That I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will send grass in thy fields for thy cattle, that thou mayest eat and be full.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worship them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And then the LORD's wrath be kindled against you, and he shut up the heaven, that there be no rain, and that the land yield not her fruit; and lest ye perish quickly from off the good land which the LORD giveth you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625120103904821248&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall ye lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul, and bind them for a sign upon your hand, that they may be as frontlets between your eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall teach them your children, speaking of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write them upon the door posts of thine house, and upon thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which the LORD sware unto your fathers to give them, as the days of heaven upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For if ye shall diligently keep all these commandments which I command you, to do them, to love the LORD your God, to walk in all his ways, and to cleave unto him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Then will the LORD drive out all these nations from before you, and ye shall possess greater nations and mightier than yourselves.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall no man be able to stand before you: for the LORD your God shall lay the fear of you and the dread of you upon all the land that ye shall tread upon, as he hath said unto you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625487523089883137&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when the LORD thy God hath brought thee in unto the land whither thou goest to possess it, that thou shalt put the blessing upon mount Gerizim, and the curse upon mount Ebal.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#880000| Are they not on the other side Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down, in the land of the Canaanites, which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal, beside the plains of Moreh?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye shall pass over Jordan to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God giveth you, and ye shall possess it, and dwell therein.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall observe to do all the statutes and judgments which I set before you this day.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1625834040287809536&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 12==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in the land, which the LORD God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it, all the days that ye live upon the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628029429522784257&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the place which the LORD your God shall choose out of all your tribes to put his name there, even unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt come:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, and your tithes, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows, and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your flocks:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And there ye shall eat before the LORD your God, and ye shall rejoice in all that ye put your hand unto, ye and your households, wherein the LORD thy God hath blessed thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628407700903034880&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not do after all the things that we do here this day, every man whatsoever is right in his own eyes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the inheritance, which the LORD your God giveth you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| But when ye go over Jordan, and dwell in the land which the LORD your God giveth you to inherit, and when he giveth you rest from all your enemies round about, so that ye dwell in safety;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Then there shall be a place which the LORD your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there; thither shall ye bring all that I command you; your burnt offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and the heave offering of your hand, and all your choice vows which ye vow unto the LORD:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall rejoice before the LORD your God, ye, and your sons, and your daughters, and your menservants, and your maidservants, and the Levite that is within your gates; forasmuch as he hath no part nor inheritance with you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1628747422179508235&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burnt offerings in every place that thou seest:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But in the place which the LORD shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Notwithstanding thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee: the unclean and the clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Only ye shall not eat the blood; ye shall pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn, or of thy wine, or of thy oil, or the firstlings of thy herds or of thy flock, nor any of thy vows which thou vowest, nor thy freewill offerings, or heave offering of thine hand:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates: and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border, as he hath promised thee, and thou shalt say, I will eat flesh, because thy soul longeth to eat flesh; thou mayest eat flesh, whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee, then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock, which the LORD hath given thee, as I have commanded thee, and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Even as the roebuck and the hart is eaten, so thou shalt eat them: the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only be sure that thou eat not the blood: for the blood is the life; and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat it; that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thy holy things which thou hast, and thy vows, thou shalt take, and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer thy burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, upon the altar of the LORD thy God: and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God, and thou shalt eat the flesh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee for ever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1629103319032426496&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God: for every abomination to the LORD, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1631275430274646016&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1631638561844854792&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 13==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1632722593504477184&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1633081738548199425&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt gather all the spoil of it into the midst of the street thereof, and shalt burn with fire the city, and all the spoil thereof every whit, for the LORD thy God: and it shall be an heap for ever; it shall not be built again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall cleave nought of the cursed thing to thine hand: that the LORD may turn from the fierceness of his anger, and shew thee mercy, and have compassion upon thee, and multiply thee, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep all his commandments which I command thee this day, to do that which is right in the eyes of the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1633450749840465920&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 14==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| For thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God, and the LORD hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all the nations that are upon the earth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1633811966719344640&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the beasts which ye shall eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The hart, and the roebuck, and the fallow deer, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the wild ox, and the chamois.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft into two claws, and cheweth the cud among the beasts, that ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you: ye shall not eat of their flesh, nor touch their dead carcase.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Of all clean birds ye shall eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the glede, and the kite, and the vulture after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And every raven after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| The little owl, and the great owl, and the swan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and the cormorant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: they shall not be eaten.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But of all clean fowls ye may eat.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art an holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1634191022338060288&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose to place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herds and of thy flocks; that thou mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the way be too long for thee, so that thou art not able to carry it; or if the place be too far from thee, which the LORD thy God shall choose to set his name there, when the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou turn it into money, and bind up the money in thine hand, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite that is within thy gates; thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of three years thou shalt bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Levite, (because he hath no part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, which are within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hand which thou doest.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635274206438113280&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 15==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth ought unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother thine hand shall release;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635615994293960705&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not harden thine heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor brother:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him nought; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him: because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1635982090658365440&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother, an Hebrew man, or an Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when thou sendest him out free from thee, thou shalt not let him go away empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress: of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I will not go away from thee; because he loveth thee and thine house, because he is well with thee;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt take an aul, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maidservant thou shalt do likewise.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for he hath been worth a double hired servant to thee, in serving thee six years: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1636331022672359429&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God year by year in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if there be any blemish therein, as if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat it within thy gates: the unclean and the clean person shall eat it alike, as the roebuck, and as the hart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| Only thou shalt not eat the blood thereof; thou shalt pour it upon the ground as water.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1636694745857622018&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 16==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Observe the month of Abib, and keep the passover unto the LORD thy God: for in the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought thee forth out of Egypt by night.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore sacrifice the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the flock and the herd, in the place which the LORD shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste: that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; neither shall there any thing of the flesh, which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night until the morning.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt roast and eat it in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work therein.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1637790373828345858&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God with a tribute of a freewill offering of thine hand, which thou shalt give unto the LORD thy God, according as the LORD thy God hath blessed thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt: and thou shalt observe and do these statutes.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maidservant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the LORD thy God which he hath given thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638144217036779521&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Judges and officers shalt thou make thee in all thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee, throughout thy tribes: and they shall judge the people with just judgment.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wrest judgment; thou shalt not respect persons, neither take a gift: for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise, and pervert the words of the righteous.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638505230580023296&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plant thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of the LORD thy God, which thou shalt make thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shalt thou set thee up any image; which the LORD thy God hateth.}}

==Chapter 17==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the LORD thy God any bullock, or sheep, wherein is blemish, or any evilfavouredness: for that is an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1638870975918874625&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the LORD thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in the sight of the LORD thy God, in transgressing his covenant,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and enquired diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought in Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shalt thou bring forth that man or that woman, which have committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates, even that man or that woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The hands of the witnesses shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterward the hands of all the people. So thou shalt put the evil away from among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1639230107683377152&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt come unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they shall shew thee the sentence of judgment:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt put away the evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more presumptuously.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1640318732718202882&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt possess it, and shalt dwell therein, and shalt say, I will set a king over me, like as all the nations that are about me;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose: one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee: thou mayest not set a stranger over thee, which is not thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt, to the end that he should multiply horses: forasmuch as the LORD hath said unto you, Ye shall henceforth return no more that way.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither shall he multiply wives to himself, that his heart turn not away: neither shall he greatly multiply to himself silver and gold.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of that which is before the priests the Levites:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be with him, and he shall read therein all the days of his life: that he may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the words of this law and these statutes, to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That his heart be not lifted up above his brethren, and that he turn not aside from the commandment, to the right hand, or to the left: to the end that he may prolong his days in his kingdom, he, and his children, in the midst of Israel.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1640694248898011137&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 18==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| The priests the Levites, and all the tribe of Levi, shall have no part nor inheritance with Israel: they shall eat the offerings of the LORD made by fire, and his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shall they have no inheritance among their brethren: the LORD is their inheritance, as he hath said unto them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And this shall be the priest's due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep; and they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| The firstfruit also of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the first of the fleece of thy sheep, shalt thou give him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God hath chosen him out of all thy tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the LORD, him and his sons for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a Levite come from any of thy gates out of all Israel, where he sojourned, and come with all the desire of his mind unto the place which the LORD shall choose;}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Then he shall minister in the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren the Levites do, which stand there before the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall have like portions to eat, beside that which cometh of the sale of his patrimony.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1641026131707981826&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall not be found among you any one that maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do these things are an abomination unto the LORD: and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt be perfect with the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For these nations, which thou shalt possess, hearkened unto observers of times, and unto diviners: but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1641423036854173696&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| According to all that thou desiredst of the LORD thy God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, Let me not hear again the voice of the LORD my God, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I die not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that prophet shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thou say in thine heart, How shall we know the word which the LORD hath not spoken?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken, but the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously: thou shalt not be afraid of him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1642840211053789186&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 19==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When the LORD thy God hath cut off the nations, whose land the LORD thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt separate three cities for thee in the midst of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And this is the case of the slayer, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head slippeth from the helve, and lighteth upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee unto one of those cities, and live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1643229466989154304&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the LORD thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou shalt keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the LORD thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou add three cities more for thee, beside these three:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and so blood be upon thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine eye shall not pity him, but thou shalt put away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1645383994396094468&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| If a false witness rise up against any man to testify against him that which is wrong;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the judges shall make diligent inquisition: and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt thou put the evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1645767764949204993&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 20==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest out to battle against thine enemies, and seest horses, and chariots, and a people more than thou, be not afraid of them: for the LORD thy God is with thee, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when ye are come nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And shall say unto them, Hear, O Israel, ye approach this day unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint, fear not, and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to save you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, What man is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? let him go and return to his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man dedicate it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten of it? let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man eat of it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath not taken her? let him go and return unto his house, lest he die in the battle, and another man take her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the officers shall speak further unto the people, and they shall say, What man is there that is fearful and fainthearted? let him go and return unto his house, lest his brethren's heart faint as well as his heart.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1646135226765115392&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open unto thee, then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee, then thou shalt besiege it:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of these nations.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| But of the cities of these people, which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites; as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| That they teach you not to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods; so should ye sin against the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man's life) to employ them in the siege:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down; and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it be subdued.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1646472268481019906&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 21==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1648291055626858499&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1650458624869662721&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1650819474394677251&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1651187356764913665&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1651557503824527360&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 22==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1653016182616731652&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1653386352937795588&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1654089507619176451&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1654481741417988098&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1655531740151046145&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1656281444619022336&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found lying with a woman married to an husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1658094863735308290&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 23==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| He that is wounded in the stones, or hath his privy member cut off, shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| A bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to his tenth generation shall he not enter into the congregation of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD; even to their tenth generation shall they not enter into the congregation of the LORD for ever:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Because they met you not with bread and with water in the way, when ye came forth out of Egypt; and because they hired against thee Balaam the son of Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Nevertheless the LORD thy God would not hearken unto Balaam; but the LORD thy God turned the curse into a blessing unto thee, because the LORD thy God loved thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not abhor an Edomite; for he is thy brother: thou shalt not abhor an Egyptian; because thou wast a stranger in his land.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The children that are begotten of them shall enter into the congregation of the LORD in their third generation.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1658094863735308290&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| When the host goeth forth against thine enemies, then keep thee from every wicked thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be among you any man, that is not clean by reason of uncleanness that chanceth him by night, then shall he go abroad out of the camp, he shall not come within the camp:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall be, when evening cometh on, he shall wash himself with water: and when the sun is down, he shall come into the camp again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, whither thou shalt go forth abroad:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1658800897382645761&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master unto thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall dwell with thee, even among you, in that place which he shall choose in one of thy gates, where it liketh him best: thou shalt not oppress him.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1659145151304851456&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not bring the hire of a whore, or the price of a dog, into the house of the LORD thy God for any vow: for even both these are abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1659524293552742404&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1660597750629556227&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou shalt vow a vow unto the LORD thy God, thou shalt not slack to pay it: for the LORD thy God will surely require it of thee; and it would be sin in thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thou shalt forbear to vow, it shall be no sin in thee.}}
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| That which is gone out of thy lips thou shalt keep and perform; even a freewill offering, according as thou hast vowed unto the LORD thy God, which thou hast promised with thy mouth.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1660983551452389376&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into thy neighbour's vineyard, then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own pleasure; but thou shalt not put any in thy vessel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou comest into the standing corn of thy neighbour, then thou mayest pluck the ears with thine hand; but thou shalt not move a sickle unto thy neighbour's standing corn.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1661337047951462400&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 24==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1661699521489915907&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| When a man hath taken a new wife, he shall not go out to war, neither shall he be charged with any business: but he shall be free at home one year, and shall cheer up his wife which he hath taken.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a man's life to pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| If a man be found stealing any of his brethren of the children of Israel, and maketh merchandise of him, or selleth him; then that thief shall die; and thou shalt put evil away from among you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you: as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1662061207023497218&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not oppress an hired servant that is poor and needy, whether he be of thy brethren, or of thy strangers that are in thy land within thy gates:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| At his day thou shalt give him his hire, neither shall the sun go down upon it; for he is poor, and setteth his heart upon it: lest he cry against thee unto the LORD, and it be sin unto thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1663897269786103808&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for his own sin.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1664239215327035393&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not pervert the judgment of the stranger, nor of the fatherless; nor take a widow's raiment to pledge:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee thence: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou cuttest down thine harvest in thy field, and hast forgot a sheaf in the field, thou shalt not go again to fetch it: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all the work of thine hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou beatest thine olive tree, thou shalt not go over the boughs again: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou gatherest the grapes of thy vineyard, thou shalt not glean it afterward: it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless, and for the widow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt: therefore I command thee to do this thing.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1664598628789362689&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 25==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1665691151121129473&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1666056731573493762&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband's brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband's brother unto her.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And if the man like not to take his brother's wife, then let his brother's wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband's brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband's brother.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother's house.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1666440690182627332&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1666795170916868096&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1667157112554676228&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1668960987217641477&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 26==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be, when thou art come in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance, and possessest it, and dwellest therein;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shalt take of the first of all the fruit of the earth, which thou shalt bring of thy land that the LORD thy God giveth thee, and shalt put it in a basket, and shalt go unto the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name there.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt go unto the priest that shall be in those days, and say unto him, I profess this day unto the LORD thy God, that I am come unto the country which the LORD sware unto our fathers for to give us.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the priest shall take the basket out of thine hand, and set it down before the altar of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish was my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| And the Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when we cried unto the LORD God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and looked on our affliction, and our labour, and our oppression:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD brought us forth out of Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terribleness, and with signs, and with wonders:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And he hath brought us into this place, and hath given us this land, even a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And now, behold, I have brought the firstfruits of the land, which thou, O LORD, hast given me. And thou shalt set it before the LORD thy God, and worship before the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the LORD thy God hath given unto thee, and unto thine house, thou, and the Levite, and the stranger that is among you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1669660817682472969&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase the third year, which is the year of tithing, and hast given it unto the Levite, the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, that they may eat within thy gates, and be filled;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Then thou shalt say before the LORD thy God, I have brought away the hallowed things out of mine house, and also have given them unto the Levite, and unto the stranger, to the fatherless, and to the widow, according to all thy commandments which thou hast commanded me: I have not transgressed thy commandments, neither have I forgotten them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| I have not eaten thereof in my mourning, neither have I taken away ought thereof for any unclean use, nor given ought thereof for the dead: but I have hearkened to the voice of the LORD my God, and have done according to all that thou hast commanded me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| Look down from thy holy habitation, from heaven, and bless thy people Israel, and the land which thou hast given us, as thou swarest unto our fathers, a land that floweth with milk and honey.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1670738101319131136&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| This day the LORD thy God hath commanded thee to do these statutes and judgments: thou shalt therefore keep and do them with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou hast avouched the LORD this day to be thy God, and to walk in his ways, and to keep his statutes, and his commandments, and his judgments, and to hearken unto his voice:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD hath avouched thee this day to be his peculiar people, as he hath promised thee, and that thou shouldest keep all his commandments;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And to make thee high above all nations which he hath made, in praise, and in name, and in honour; and that thou mayest be an holy people unto the LORD thy God, as he hath spoken.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1673282709702025218&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 27==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses with the elders of Israel commanded the people, saying, Keep all the commandments which I command you this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall be on the day when ye shall pass over Jordan unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, that thou shalt set thee up great stones, and plaister them with plaister:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt write upon them all the words of this law, when thou art passed over, that thou mayest go in unto the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, a land that floweth with milk and honey; as the LORD God of thy fathers hath promised thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| Therefore it shall be when ye be gone over Jordan, that ye shall set up these stones, which I command you this day, in mount Ebal, and thou shalt plaister them with plaister.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And there shalt thou build an altar unto the LORD thy God, an altar of stones: thou shalt not lift up any iron tool upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt build the altar of the LORD thy God of whole stones: and thou shalt offer burnt offerings thereon unto the LORD thy God:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt offer peace offerings, and shalt eat there, and rejoice before the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this law very plainly.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses and the priests the Levites spake unto all Israel, saying, Take heed, and hearken, O Israel; this day thou art become the people of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt therefore obey the voice of the LORD thy God, and do his commandments and his statutes, which I command thee this day.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1673648792233553920&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| And Moses charged the people the same day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| These shall stand upon mount Gerizim to bless the people, when ye are come over Jordan; Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Joseph, and Benjamin:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#880000| And these shall stand upon mount Ebal to curse; Reuben, Gad, and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#880000| And the Levites shall speak, and say unto all the men of Israel with a loud voice,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be the man that maketh any graven or molten image, an abomination unto the LORD, the work of the hands of the craftsman, and putteth it in a secret place. And all the people shall answer and say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that setteth light by his father or his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that maketh the blind to wander out of the way. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that perverteth the judgment of the stranger, fatherless, and widow. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his father's wife; because he uncovereth his father's skirt. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with any manner of beast. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that lieth with his mother in law. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that smiteth his neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do them. And all the people shall say, Amen.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1674013012640817153&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 28==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken diligently unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe and to do all his commandments which I command thee this day, that the LORD thy God will set thee on high above all nations of the earth:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And all these blessings shall come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Blessed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thine enemies that rise up against thee to be smitten before thy face: they shall come out against thee one way, and flee before thee seven ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall command the blessing upon thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine hand unto; and he shall bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall establish thee an holy people unto himself, as he hath sworn unto thee, if thou shalt keep the commandments of the LORD thy God, and walk in his ways.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And all people of the earth shall see that thou art called by the name of the LORD; and they shall be afraid of thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee plenteous in goods, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy ground, in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers to give thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt not go aside from any of the words which I command thee this day, to the right hand, or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be thy basket and thy store.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto for to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the wickedness of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until he have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with a consumption, and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with an extreme burning, and with the sword, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall make the rain of thy land powder and dust: from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies: thou shalt go out one way against them, and flee seven ways before them: and shalt be removed into all the kingdoms of the earth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy carcase shall be meat unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and no man shall fray them away.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will smite thee with the botch of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee with madness, and blindness, and astonishment of heart:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not prosper in thy ways: and thou shalt be only oppressed and spoiled evermore, and no man shall save thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her: thou shalt build an house, and thou shalt not dwell therein: thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not gather the grapes thereof.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof: thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee: thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies, and thou shalt have none to rescue them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day long; and there shall be no might in thine hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed alway:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| So that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore botch that cannot be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the top of thy head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring thee, and thy king which thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation which neither thou nor thy fathers have known; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather but little in; for the locust shall consume it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worms shall eat them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olive shall cast his fruit.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but thou shalt not enjoy them; for they shall go into captivity.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| All thy trees and fruit of thy land shall the locust consume.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| The stranger that is within thee shall get up above thee very high; and thou shalt come down very low.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou hearkenedst not unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which he commanded thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| Because thou servedst not the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#000000| Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD shall bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as swift as the eagle flieth; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#000000| A nation of fierce countenance, which shall not regard the person of the old, nor shew favour to the young:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy land, until thou be destroyed: which also shall not leave thee either corn, wine, or oil, or the increase of thy kine, or flocks of thy sheep, until he have destroyed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fenced walls come down, wherein thou trustedst, throughout all thy land: and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|53}}{{font|color=#000000| And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters, which the LORD thy God hath given thee, in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|54}}{{font|color=#000000| So that the man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil toward his brother, and toward the wife of his bosom, and toward the remnant of his children which he shall leave:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|55}}{{font|color=#000000| So that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat: because he hath nothing left him in the siege, and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall distress thee in all thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|56}}{{font|color=#000000| The tender and delicate woman among you, which would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil toward the husband of her bosom, and toward her son, and toward her daughter,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|57}}{{font|color=#000000| And toward her young one that cometh out from between her feet, and toward her children which she shall bear: for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly in the siege and straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall distress thee in thy gates.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|58}}{{font|color=#000000| If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and fearful name, THE LORD THY GOD;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|59}}{{font|color=#000000| Then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|60}}{{font|color=#000000| Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|61}}{{font|color=#000000| Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|62}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou wouldest not obey the voice of the LORD thy God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|63}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to destroy you, and to bring you to nought; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|64}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall scatter thee among all people, from the one end of the earth even unto the other; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which neither thou nor thy fathers have known, even wood and stone.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|65}}{{font|color=#000000| And among these nations shalt thou find no ease, neither shall the sole of thy foot have rest: but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and sorrow of mind:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|66}}{{font|color=#000000| And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|67}}{{font|color=#000000| In the morning thou shalt say, Would God it were even! and at even thou shalt say, Would God it were morning! for the fear of thine heart wherewith thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|68}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1674385218982092800&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 29==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| These are the words of the covenant, which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto all Israel, and said unto them, Ye have seen all that the LORD did before your eyes in the land of Egypt unto Pharaoh, and unto all his servants, and unto all his land;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The great temptations which thine eyes have seen, the signs, and those great miracles:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| Yet the LORD hath not given you an heart to perceive, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And I have led you forty years in the wilderness: your clothes are not waxen old upon you, and thy shoe is not waxen old upon thy foot.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye have not eaten bread, neither have ye drunk wine or strong drink: that ye might know that I am the LORD your God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And when ye came unto this place, Sihon the king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came out against us unto battle, and we smote them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And we took their land, and gave it for an inheritance unto the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half tribe of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| Keep therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may prosper in all that ye do.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1674755751913439234&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| Ye stand this day all of you before the LORD your God; your captains of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, with all the men of Israel,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| Your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou shouldest enter into covenant with the LORD thy God, and into his oath, which the LORD thy God maketh with thee this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| That he may establish thee to day for a people unto himself, and that he may be unto thee a God, as he hath said unto thee, and as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath;}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1675833246523748353&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But with him that standeth here with us this day before the LORD our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| (For ye know how we have dwelt in the land of Egypt; and how we came through the nations which ye passed by;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| And ye have seen their abominations, and their idols, wood and stone, silver and gold, which were among them:)}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And it come to pass, when he heareth the words of this curse, that he bless himself in his heart, saying, I shall have peace, though I walk in the imagination of mine heart, to add drunkenness to thirst:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD will not spare him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy shall smoke against that man, and all the curses that are written in this book shall lie upon him, and the LORD shall blot out his name from under heaven.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD shall separate him unto evil out of all the tribes of Israel, according to all the curses of the covenant that are written in this book of the law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#880000| So that the generation to come of your children that shall rise up after you, and the stranger that shall come from a far land, shall say, when they see the plagues of that land, and the sicknesses which the LORD hath laid upon it;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#880000| And that the whole land thereof is brimstone, and salt, and burning, that it is not sown, nor beareth, nor any grass groweth therein, like the overthrow of Sodom, and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his anger, and in his wrath:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#880000| Even all nations shall say, Wherefore hath the LORD done thus unto this land? what meaneth the heat of this great anger?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#880000| Then men shall say, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their fathers, which he made with them when he brought them forth out of the land of Egypt:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#880000| For they went and served other gods, and worshipped them, gods whom they knew not, and whom he had not given unto them:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#880000| And the anger of the LORD was kindled against this land, to bring upon it all the curses that are written in this book:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD rooted them out of their land in anger, and in wrath, and in great indignation, and cast them into another land, as it is this day.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1676553582647058432&lt;/ref&gt;
 
{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| The secret things belong unto the LORD our God: but those things which are revealed belong unto us and to our children for ever, that we may do all the words of this law.}}

==Chapter 30==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#880000| And it shall come to pass, when all these things are come upon thee, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind among all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath driven thee,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#880000| And shalt return unto the LORD thy God, and shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee this day, thou and thy children, with all thine heart, and with all thy soul;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#880000| That then the LORD thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will return and gather thee from all the nations, whither the LORD thy God hath scattered thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#880000| If any of thine be driven out unto the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will the LORD thy God gather thee, and from thence will he fetch thee:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will circumcise thine heart, and the heart of thy seed, to love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, that thou mayest live.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will put all these curses upon thine enemies, and on them that hate thee, which persecuted thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#880000| And thou shalt return and obey the voice of the LORD, and do all his commandments which I command thee this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD thy God will make thee plenteous in every work of thine hand, in the fruit of thy body, and in the fruit of thy cattle, and in the fruit of thy land, for good: for the LORD will again rejoice over thee for good, as he rejoiced over thy fathers:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#880000| If thou shalt hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, and if thou turn unto the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1677275848787865601&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| For this commandment which I command thee this day, it is not hidden from thee, neither is it far off.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, that thou mayest do it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1678399949833220096&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| See, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| In that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, that thou mayest live and multiply: and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| But if thine heart turn away, so that thou wilt not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and worship other gods, and serve them;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish, and that ye shall not prolong your days upon the land, whither thou passest over Jordan to go to possess it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| That thou mayest love the LORD thy God, and that thou mayest obey his voice, and that thou mayest cleave unto him: for he is thy life, and the length of thy days: that thou mayest dwell in the land which the LORD sware unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1678734251746004992&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 31==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, }} {{font|color=#880000| I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also }} {{font|color=#000000| the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| The LORD thy God, he will go over before thee, and he will destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them: and Joshua, he shall go over before thee, as the LORD hath said.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall do unto them as he did to Sihon and to Og, kings of the Amorites, and unto the land of them, whom he destroyed.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD shall give them up before your face, that ye may do unto them according unto all the commandments which I have commanded you.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Be strong and of a good courage, fear not, nor be afraid of them: for the LORD thy God, he it is that doth go with thee; he will not fail thee, nor forsake thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses called unto Joshua, and said unto him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou must go with this people unto the land which the LORD hath sworn unto their fathers to give them; and thou shalt cause them to inherit it.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD, he it is that doth go before thee; he will be with thee, he will not fail thee, neither forsake thee: fear not, neither be dismayed.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1679102425943220224&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses commanded them, saying, At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| When all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather the people together, men and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| And that their children, which have not known any thing, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1679812908438396929&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thy days approach that thou must die: call Joshua, and present yourselves in the tabernacle of the congregation, that I may give him a charge. And Moses and Joshua went, and presented themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in a pillar of a cloud: and the pillar of the cloud stood over the door of the tabernacle.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1681303354734153728&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the strangers of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| Then my anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide my face from them, and they shall be devoured, and many evils and troubles shall befall them; so that they will say in that day, Are not these evils come upon us, because our God is not among us?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought, in that they are turned unto other gods.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| Now therefore write ye this song for you, and teach it the children of Israel: put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| And it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are befallen them, that this song shall testify against them as a witness; for it shall not be forgotten out of the mouths of their seed: for I know their imagination which they go about, even now, before I have brought them into the land which I sware.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| Moses therefore wrote this song the same day, and taught it the children of Israel.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1681649143259824128&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#008888| And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a charge, and said, Be strong and of a good courage: for thou shalt bring the children of Israel into the land which I sware unto them: and I will be with thee.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| That Moses commanded the Levites, which bare the ark of the covenant of the LORD, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| Take this book of the law, and put it in the side of the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know thy rebellion, and thy stiff neck: behold, while I am yet alive with you this day, ye have been rebellious against the LORD; and how much more after my death?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| Gather unto me all the elders of your tribes, and your officers, that I may speak these words in their ears, and call heaven and earth to record against them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses spake in the ears of all the congregation of Israel the words of this song, until they were ended.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1682022632202567683&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 32==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000000| Give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak; and hear, O earth, the words of my mouth.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000000| My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000000| Because I will publish the name of the LORD: ascribe ye greatness unto our God.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000000| He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000000| They have corrupted themselves, their spot is not the spot of his children: they are a perverse and crooked generation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000000| Do ye thus requite the LORD, O foolish people and unwise? is not he thy father that hath bought thee? hath he not made thee, and established thee?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000000| Remember the days of old, consider the years of many generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and they will tell thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000000| When the Most High divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD's portion is his people; Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000000| He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness; he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000000| As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her wings:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000000| So the LORD alone did lead him, and there was no strange god with him.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000000| He made him ride on the high places of the earth, that he might eat the increase of the fields; and he made him to suck honey out of the rock, and oil out of the flinty rock;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000000| Butter of kine, and milk of sheep, with fat of lambs, and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats, with the fat of kidneys of wheat; and thou didst drink the pure blood of the grape.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000000| But Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked: thou art waxen fat, thou art grown thick, thou art covered with fatness; then he forsook God which made him, and lightly esteemed the Rock of his salvation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000000| They provoked him to jealousy with strange gods, with abominations provoked they him to anger.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000000| They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000000| Of the Rock that begat thee thou art unmindful, and hast forgotten God that formed thee.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000000| And when the LORD saw it, he abhorred them, because of the provoking of his sons, and of his daughters.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000000| They have moved me to jealousy with that which is not God; they have provoked me to anger with their vanities: and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people; I will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000000| For a fire is kindled in mine anger, and shall burn unto the lowest hell, and shall consume the earth with her increase, and set on fire the foundations of the mountains.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000000| I will heap mischiefs upon them; I will spend mine arrows upon them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000000| They shall be burnt with hunger, and devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction: I will also send the teeth of beasts upon them, with the poison of serpents of the dust.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000000| The sword without, and terror within, shall destroy both the young man and the virgin, the suckling also with the man of gray hairs.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000000| I said, I would scatter them into corners, I would make the remembrance of them to cease from among men:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000000| Were it not that I feared the wrath of the enemy, lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely, and lest they should say, Our hand is high, and the LORD hath not done all this.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000000| For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000000| O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end!}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|30}}{{font|color=#000000| How should one chase a thousand, and two put ten thousand to flight, except their Rock had sold them, and the LORD had shut them up?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|31}}{{font|color=#000000| For their rock is not as our Rock, even our enemies themselves being judges.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|32}}{{font|color=#000000| For their vine is of the vine of Sodom, and of the fields of Gomorrah: their grapes are grapes of gall, their clusters are bitter:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|33}}{{font|color=#000000| Their wine is the poison of dragons, and the cruel venom of asps.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|34}}{{font|color=#000000| Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among my treasures?}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|35}}{{font|color=#000000| To me belongeth vengeance and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|36}}{{font|color=#000000| For the LORD shall judge his people, and repent himself for his servants, when he seeth that their power is gone, and there is none shut up, or left.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|37}}{{font|color=#000000| And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|38}}{{font|color=#000000| Which did eat the fat of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? let them rise up and help you, and be your protection.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|39}}{{font|color=#000000| See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me: I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|40}}{{font|color=#000000| For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|41}}{{font|color=#000000| If I whet my glittering sword, and mine hand take hold on judgment; I will render vengeance to mine enemies, and will reward them that hate me.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|42}}{{font|color=#000000| I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; and that with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|43}}{{font|color=#000000| Rejoice, O ye nations, with his people: for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1684170026419654656&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|44}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses came and spake all the words of this song in the ears of the people, he, and Hoshea the son of Nun.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|45}}{{font|color=#000000| And Moses made an end of speaking all these words to all Israel:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|46}}{{font|color=#000000| And he said unto them, Set your hearts unto all the words which I testify among you this day, which ye shall command your children to observe to do, all the words of this law.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|47}}{{font|color=#000000| For it is not a vain thing for you; because it is your life: and through this thing ye shall prolong your days in the land, whither ye go over Jordan to possess it.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1684527081143652352&lt;/ref&gt;

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|48}}{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses that selfsame day, saying,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|49}}{{font|color=#888800| Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab, that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|50}}{{font|color=#888800| And die in the mount whither thou goest up, and be gathered unto thy people; as Aaron thy brother died in mount Hor, and was gathered unto his people:}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|51}}{{font|color=#888800| Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of MeribahKadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the children of Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|52}}{{font|color=#888800| Yet thou shalt see the land before thee; but thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1684892172187795456&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 33==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing, wherewith Moses the man of God blessed the children of Israel before his death.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And he said, The LORD came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| Yea, he loved the people; all his saints are in thy hand: and they sat down at thy feet; every one shall receive of thy words.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| Moses commanded us a law, even the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}}{{font|color=#000088| And he was king in Jeshurun, when the heads of the people and the tribes of Israel were gathered together.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| Let Reuben live, and not die; and let not his men be few.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#000088| And this is the blessing of Judah: and he said, Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, and bring him unto his people: let his hands be sufficient for him; and be thou an help to him from his enemies.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Levi he said, Let thy Thummim and thy Urim be with thy holy one, whom thou didst prove at Massah, and with whom thou didst strive at the waters of Meribah;}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#000088| Who said unto his father and to his mother, I have not seen him; neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his own children: for they have observed thy word, and kept thy covenant.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall teach Jacob thy judgments, and Israel thy law: they shall put incense before thee, and whole burnt sacrifice upon thine altar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#000088| Bless, LORD, his substance, and accept the work of his hands; smite through the loins of them that rise against him, and of them that hate him, that they rise not again.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Benjamin he said, The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by him; and the Lord shall cover him all the day long, and he shall dwell between his shoulders.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|13}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Joseph he said, Blessed of the LORD be his land, for the precious things of heaven, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|14}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious fruits brought forth by the sun, and for the precious things put forth by the moon,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|15}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the lasting hills,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|16}}{{font|color=#000088| And for the precious things of the earth and fulness thereof, and for the good will of him that dwelt in the bush: let the blessing come upon the head of Joseph, and upon the top of the head of him that was separated from his brethren.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|17}}{{font|color=#000088| His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|18}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Zebulun he said, Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy tents.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|19}}{{font|color=#000088| They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the abundance of the seas, and of treasures hid in the sand.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|20}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Gad he said, Blessed be he that enlargeth Gad: he dwelleth as a lion, and teareth the arm with the crown of the head.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|21}}{{font|color=#000088| And he provided the first part for himself, because there, in a portion of the lawgiver, was he seated; and he came with the heads of the people, he executed the justice of the LORD, and his judgments with Israel.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|22}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Dan he said, Dan is a lion's whelp: he shall leap from Bashan.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|23}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Naphtali he said, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour, and full with the blessing of the LORD: possess thou the west and the south.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|24}}{{font|color=#000088| And of Asher he said, Let Asher be blessed with children; let him be acceptable to his brethren, and let him dip his foot in oil.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|25}}{{font|color=#000088| Thy shoes shall be iron and brass; and as thy days, so shall thy strength be.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|26}}{{font|color=#000088| There is none like unto the God of Jeshurun, who rideth upon the heaven in thy help, and in his excellency on the sky.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|27}}{{font|color=#000088| The eternal God is thy refuge, and underneath are the everlasting arms: and he shall thrust out the enemy from before thee; and shall say, Destroy them.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|28}}{{font|color=#000088| Israel then shall dwell in safety alone: the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of corn and wine; also his heavens shall drop down dew.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|29}}{{font|color=#000088| Happy art thou, O Israel: who is like unto thee, O people saved by the LORD, the shield of thy help, and who is the sword of thy excellency! and thine enemies shall be found liars unto thee; and thou shalt tread upon their high places.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1685983818862231552&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chapter 34==

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|1}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses went up from the plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo,}} {{font|color=#000088|to the top of Pisgah, that is over against Jericho. And the LORD shewed him all the land of Gilead, unto Dan,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|2}}{{font|color=#000088| And all Naphtali, and the land of Ephraim, and Manasseh, and all the land of Judah, unto the utmost sea,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|3}}{{font|color=#000088| And the south, and the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, unto Zoar.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|4}}{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto him, This is the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, saying, I will give it unto thy seed: I have caused thee to see it with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|5}} {{font|color=#008888| So Moses the servant of the LORD died}} {{font|color=#888800|there}} {{font|color=#008888|in the land of Moab,}} {{font|color=#888800| according to the word of the LORD.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|6}}{{font|color=#000088| And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|7}}{{font|color=#888800| And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|8}}{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel wept for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days: so the days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|9}}{{font|color=#888800| And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom; for Moses had laid his hands upon him: and the children of Israel hearkened unto him, and did as the LORD commanded Moses.}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|10}}{{font|color=#008888| And there arose not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|11}}{{font|color=#880000| In all the signs and the wonders, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh, and to all his servants, and to all his land,}}

{{font|size=smaller|color=#0000FF|12}}{{font|color=#880000| And in all that mighty hand, and in all the great terror which Moses shewed in the sight of all Israel.}}&lt;ref&gt;https://x.com/JoelBaden/status/1685983818862231552&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Category:Documentary hypothesis]]</text>
      <sha1>frd8kmc9sdfle5m9tmjrhfhd1v6q45e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The necessities in Numerical Methods</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119778</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689360</id>
      <parentid>2689115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T04:25:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2689360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2869" sha1="mf5tdoj7fnjvboxwdnpseuev863cdbr" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241129.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>mf5tdoj7fnjvboxwdnpseuev863cdbr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689362</id>
      <parentid>2689360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T04:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Non-linear Equations */</comment>
      <origin>2689362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2869" sha1="nnoqwnmekskv4983h17wknc1mcgxve0" xml:space="preserve">== Calculus == 
=== Numerical Differentiation ===
* Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]])
* Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]])
* Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference
* High Accuracy Differentiation
* Richardson Extrapolation
* Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation
* Numerical Differentiation with Octave
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Equations ===
* Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Newton-Raphson Method
* Secant Method
* False-Position Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Numerical Integration ===
* Trapezoidal Rule
* Simpson's 1/3 Rule
* Romberg Rule
* Gauss-Quadrature Rule
* Adaptive Quadrature
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Roots of a Nonlinear Equation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Optimization ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Matrix Algebra == 

=== Simultaneous Linear Equations === 
* A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gaussian Elimination === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LU Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Cholesky Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== LDL Decomposition === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Gauss-Seidel method === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Adequacy of Solutions === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Eigenvalue and Singular Value ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== QRD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== SVD ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Iterative methods ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Regression ==

=== Linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Non-linear Regression ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Least Squares ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Interpolation ==

=== Polynomial Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Linear Splines ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Piecewise Interpolation ===
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


== Ordinary Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== Partial Differential Equation ==
&lt;/br&gt;

== FEM (Finite Element Method) ==
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 


&lt;/br&gt;


== Using Symbolic Package in Octave ==

* Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html
* Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz

* In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed.

* After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps.
 ./configure 
 ./make 
 ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 

* While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu.

== Read some tutorials about symbolic computation ==

* Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf)

* Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf)

[[Category:Numerical methods]]

== Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == 
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>nnoqwnmekskv4983h17wknc1mcgxve0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seven Heavens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>135601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689322</id>
      <parentid>2365903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T20:46:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Virum Mundi</username>
        <id>411363</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15734" sha1="6861cd3m82yqruitokc8rag099wd5jf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jheronimus Bosch 4 last things (Paradise).jpg|thumb|400px|Paradise]]
'''Seven Heavens is a part of religious cosmology found in many major religions such as Jusaism, Islam and Hinduism and in some minor religions such as Hermeticism and Gnosticism. The Throne of God is said to be above the seventh heaven in Abrahamic religions.'''

== The Afterworld ==

The other side (the spirit world) consists of many regions. The most well-known concept is that of [[w:Seven Heavens|seven heavens]]. When we die, we first come to the lower astral world. In Yoga, this is considered part of the earth and named Bhurloka. The second heaven is the middle astral world. The souls can move about the entire cosmos. They can go to the region of stars. Every star has a different sort of energy, and every soul can settle itself in the realm of a star. They can meet similar souls in this region. The fourth heaven is the world of positive souls. They have a positive system of beliefs. They follow love, peace, and truth. They are not totally enlightened in that they still have strong egos. But they can control the negative tendencies of their spirits and concentrate on positive. The fifth heaven is the first world of light. This light world is a paradise. In paradise, souls live in a state of enlightenment. One can only get to this paradise by being happy with oneself. It is helpful to exercise spiritual practices. The main technique for entrance into the world of light is the disintegration of the ego. The souls in paradise live in a state of love and the giving of love. They are not egoistic, rather altruistic. The sixth heaven is the world of the holy. In the seventh heaven, all outer forms cease to be. The soul rests still within God. Love, happiness, and peace in the seventh heaven are so big that there is no more room for movement. The holy beings here are simply enjoy their rest within God.

* ''The [[w:Throne of God|eighth heaven]] is found above the seven heavens. It is everything in one, the connection of light and love in one dynamic, unified entity. It is life in light and the ability to affect in the lower worlds (earth and the astral world). When we allow our happiness and enlightened bliss to permeate beyond the world of light, the happiness grows. The further we succeed in dissolving the ego, the more expansive is our level of happiness. If we live for the happiness of others, rather than our own happiness, we then become a kind of cosmic mother or father of all beings. God exists in essence as a mother and a father of all beings. He or she wants all beings to come to live in happiness and to come to the seventh heaven one day. This ist the way of a spiritual master. A spiritual master devotes his or her life to the service of others. Who wants to live as a spiritual master, should first of all even walk the spiritual path to the destination. Or he should practice a dual path. He should make himself spiritually to the target and simultaneously take all of his fellow men. Both ways are possible in yoga. One can live many years as a yogi first and then return after his enlightenment in the world in order to help his fellow human beings. Or you live simultaneously as a yogi and a Karma-yogi (spiritual teacher). Who lives in the eighth heaven, lives in the ultimate double happiness. One lives in the light (in God) and additionally in the dimension of love. But this way is to go even harder than the normal spiritual path. It requires much wisdom, if you want to help the many souls in the cosmos. One often has to take grief into account, in order to lead his fellows well on the way into the light. A spiritual master takes it into stride by bringing all the elements into balance within. The inner calm is achieved through outer peace in the form of time for oneself, spiritual exercises and trust in God. He deliveres essentially the leadership of the great masters and the spontaneous activity of life. The path of love is a mystery. He feels like a way of sacrifice and ends in the overall happiness. One day, suddenly starts to flow the inner happiness and fills the whole world.''

==The Way of Wisdom and Love==
[[File:Paradiso Canto 31.jpg|thumb|Two souls walk into the light.]]
Ulla: I just talked with a girlfriend about the difficult subject of pity and compassion.

Nils: Compassion is an important spiritual quality.

Ulla: Her sister always makes the same mistake again, to take the same kind of man that is not doing her well.

Nils: Learning from mistakes is good. This creates wisdom.

Ulla: My girlfriend empathizes too much with her sister.

Nils: Man / woman must be able to delimit oneself from the suffering of others. Otherwise one gets broken.

Ulla: Compassion is good. Pain is not good.

Nils: I do not like to separate between compassion and pity. I also sometimes suffer with the suffering people. But I can always rebuild myself and bring me into the inner balance.

Ulla: Some things cannot be solved. This must be recognized.

Nils:  It is not good for anyone if you get sick out of compassion.

Ulla: Right!

Nils: Formerly I could not delimit well enough from the suffering of others. A wife in my positive thinking group had cancer. I was very taken.

Ulla: I understand that. So is my girlfriend now.

Nils: It's an art to maintain the right balance. I manage it through meditation and positive thinking. It is important always listen to your inner voice. I call it the voice of wisdom. Wisdom to me is the connection between mind and inner feelings. It is important to me always to be in good contact with myself.

== The Sermon on the Mount == 
[[File:Sermon_on_the_Mount_by_I.Makarov.jpg|thumb|Sermon on the Mount]]

*'''Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.'''
*'''Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted.'''
*'''Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land.'''
*'''Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied.'''
*'''Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy.'''
*'''Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God.'''
*'''Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God.'''
 
''Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land. Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied. Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy. Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God.''

Jesus meant „poor“ in terms of the inner self, and not the outer self. Outer poverty does not lead automatically to inner happines. Those who let go of outer attachments, can simply exist and find a way to inner contentment in God.
Suffering in and of itself does not lead to happiness. However, those who can take suffering in their lives and raise themselves through spiritual exercises, can find solace in inner peace. Mourning can help to let go, but one should not allow the self to be overwhelmed by grief. Grief is not the center of life, rather inner peace.

Those who can greet their fellow beings with non-violence and placidity, can live in a relaxed and peaceful way and relinquish into a cosmic consciousness. Those who are at peace with all things, are at peace with themselves.

Justice means correctness in the Bible. To long for a correct life, means to long for a life in the light. Those who long for happiness and search for it in the right places will receive it one day, in the form of inner peace.

Those full of empathy, will feel with the cosmos. Those who love their enemies will experience inner harmony. Those who experience the center of their existence as a love for all other beings will be rewarded by God with an all-encompassing love, peace, and inner happiness.

To dissolve inner tension, exercises for the body are required (going, meditation) and exercises for the spirit (reading, thought exercises). Those who exercise spiritually every day will reach a lasting happiness one day. Then one day the meaning of God will be found.

Those who let go of the ego, come into the light. Without a sacrifice, the breakthrough to enlightenment cannot be made. Those who live according to these teachings and therefore experience difficulty in their daily lives, provide the basis for such a spiritual sacrifice. To let go in a spiritual manner is an art. Those who do not go about this the right way create inner tension and conflict. We should not sacrifice too little or too much. Those who go about this the right way will be rid of their inner conflict.

A peacemaker is a person who makes peace within the self and the world. Those who are enlightened can be called holy, a son or daughter of God. Those who live in peace radiate peace into the world.

The central message of Jesus’ Mount Sermon is to show His followers how they are to conduct themself. Our lives should be marked but the characteristics of Jesus Christ as His followed and here are some layers out clearly for us. May we overflow in good works and produce much good fruit to glorify God our Father in the name of Jesus Christ, amen (see John 15:8).

==The Lord´s Prayer== 
[[File:Fridolin Leiber - Pater noster.jpg|thumb|300px|Holy Trinity: God, Holy Spirit (holy energy) and Son (Enlightened)]]
There is only one interpretation of the Word of God and many applications. We can apply the the Lord's Prayer in our own lives. The Pater Noster picture divides the Lord's Prayer in eight areas. 

1.''Our Father in heaven,''

(We visualize God a person in heaven.)

2.''hallowed be your name,''

(We imagine a beautiful melody to our image of God.)

3.''your kingdom come,''

(We recognize our world as not a paradise.)

4.''your will be done, on earth as in heaven.''

(Gods ways are not our ways and He will accomplish all He sets out to do.)

5.''Give us today our daily bread.''

(We are grateful for everything positive in our lives.)

6.''Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.''

(What do you want to forgive/ repent your fellow man / your life today?)

7.''Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil.''

(What false desires you want to let go of today?)

8.''For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours now and for ever. Amen.''

Believe in the Jesus Christ the Lord  and you shall be saved (see John 3:16). Live a Christ centered life and join in fellowship with Him.

==Paradise Meditation==
[[File:Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights - The Earthly Paradise (Garden of Eden).jpg|thumb|200px|Hieronymus Bosch - Paradise.]]
1. The Body = We concentrate on our bodies and through this process bring the spirit into a state of peace. We sense this through our legs and feet as we let the light circulate through our lower limbs. '''We think of the word “light” as our mantra.''' We let the light then circulate through our arms and hands while envisioning the word “light”. We then wrap our entire bodies in a vision of light and think of the word at the same time. Then we relax. We begin our ascent to heaven. First we enter the astral world. We become a soul. We then visualize a cloud composed of very fine energy which encircles the body. We are this cloud. We concentrate on the cloud and not our bodies. We leave the body and think of the mantra '''“I am a cloud. I am a soul. I am independent from my body.”''' We think of this mantra until we can feel this cloud. 

2. Stars = We visualize the entire cosmos around us as full of stars. Our souls can travel anywhere they so desire. We meditate on the cosmos. '''We think of the mantra “stars”. We make large circles with the arms until we feel at one with the cosmos.''' We feel secure with our place in the world, we are at one with the world. 

3. The World of Positive Souls = We land in the upper astral world, beyond the material cosmos. This is the world of positive souls. We become positive unto ourselves. We consider the positive points in our lives. We think of the mantra '''“Positive in my life is...”''' We count as many positive things as possible, until the soul is glowing with positivity.

4. The World of Happy Souls = Over the positive souls are the blessed souls. We are now in paradise. We imagine that all our wishes have been fulfilled. What do you wish? Fulfill them or let go of them here. Define the point where you have reached enough. Create contentment with your life. '''“My way to contentment is...”''' 

5. The World of the Holy = Above the world of the happy souls lies the world of the enlightened. We become sons and daughters of God, Gods and Goddesses, enlightened Buddhas. We wish for a happy world. We envision the following: '''“I send light to... May all people be happy. May the world be a happy world.”''' 

6. The Great Transformation = We move our hand to bless the entire cosmos with love and light. We move light into all areas of suffering. We send all suffering beings light. We surround them with light and think of the mantra '''“I send light to all suffering beings”'''. We think of all the problems in our lives and surround these problems with light. We integrate our problems into our life. We become masters of our lives. We surround all our life’s situations with light.

7. Seventh Heaven = We come to the seventh heaven. We visualize a sun with strong energy composed of peace, love and happiness. The hands lay relaxed in the lap. We think of the mantra,''' “Om sun, peace, love, happiness, living in the light.“''' We fill our souls with peace, love, happiness and light, and rest in the light of God (in bliss, in the enlightenment energy).

8. God = We connect ourselves with God (the enlightened Masters). We rub the palms of our hands in front of the heart chakra and think, '''&quot;Om God (Angels, Jesus). Om inner wisdom. Please guide me and help me on my way.”'''

==Meditation of Love and Peace==

'''The most important thing in spirituality is the inner voice. The inner voice is the voice of your own truth and wisdom. It is your feeling of rightness. You combine your intellect and your feeling. Follow the five features truth, peace, love, selfdiscipline and happiness. Than you will find your way into the light.'''

1. Light = We send light to the world. We visualize the earth, move a hand and think: '''&quot;I send light to ... May all people be happy. May the world be happy.&quot;''' 
  
2. Cosmos = We visualize the cosmos around us, a universe full of stars. We make large circles with our arms and think: '''&quot;I take things the way they are. I let go of my false desires. I flow positive with my live.&quot;'''  

3. God = We rub the palms in front of the heart chakra. We connect us with God (Jesus, our enlightened Master) and think: '''&quot;Om Jesus (God, light). Om inner wisdom. I ask for guidance and help on my way.&quot;'''
 
4. Question = Think about your life. What are your goals? What is your way of a wise life? What does your inner wisdom say? '''&quot;My way of wisdom is... Unwisdom is...&quot;''' 

5. Be optimistic = '''&quot;My positive sentence is...&quot;''' Optimism. Forward. Success.

== God ==
[[File:Comus 1910 Tree of Heaven.jpg|thumb|400px|Paradise garden]]
#[[What is God]]
#[[Existence of God]]
#[[What is Enlightenment]]
#[[God and Enlightenment]]
#[[God and Quantum Physics]]
#[[Afterlife]]
#[[Paradise]]
#[[Christianity]]
#[[Religious Toleration]]
#[[Discussion about God]]

==See also==
{{Wikipedia|Third Heaven}}{{wikipedia|Seven Heavens}}{{wikipedia|Throne of God}}
*[[Angel oracle]]
*[[Prayer]]
*[[Desert Fathers]]


[[Category: Religion]]</text>
      <sha1>6861cd3m82yqruitokc8rag099wd5jf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Understanding Arithmetic Circuits</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>139384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689390</id>
      <parentid>2689196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2689390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3000" sha1="s0naxiqwsd0xtdifd84tw7e4gyhfv6w" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241129.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>s0naxiqwsd0xtdifd84tw7e4gyhfv6w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689392</id>
      <parentid>2689390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:03:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Adder */</comment>
      <origin>2689392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3000" sha1="1ek26f6w9qcrmqfdbaz9ig4j6fzz2xf" xml:space="preserve">
== Adder ==

* Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]]  )
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  Adder type      !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design  !! CMOS Level Design  
|-
| '''1. Ripple Carry Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|-
| '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20221130.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
| '''3. Carry Save Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]||
|| ||
|-
|| '''4. Carry Select Adder''' 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''5. Carry Skip Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20241130.pdf|A]]||
|| 
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''6. Carry Chain Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]],  [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]]
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]]
|- 
|| '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]||
|| [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]||
|-
|| '''8. Prefix Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.1 Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]]||
|| || 
|-
|| '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder'''
|| [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]||
|| || 
|}
&lt;/br&gt;
 
=== Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === 
* FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]])
* FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]])
* Carry-Skip Adder
&lt;/br&gt;

== Barrel Shifter ==
* Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]])
&lt;/br&gt;

'''Mux Based Barrel Shifter'''
* Analysis  ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) 
* Implementation 
&lt;/br&gt;

== Multiplier == 
=== Array Multipliers ===
* Analysis  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Tree Mulltipliers ===
* Lattice Multiplication  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Wallace Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]])
* Dadda Tree  ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Booth Multipliers ===
* [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]]
* Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

== Divider == 
* Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])&lt;/br&gt;

&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

[[Category:Digital Circuit Design]]
[[Category:FPGA]]</text>
      <sha1>1ek26f6w9qcrmqfdbaz9ig4j6fzz2xf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The necessities in Filter Theory</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>199550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689309</id>
      <parentid>2687442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T17:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample Processing Methods */</comment>
      <origin>2689309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1524" sha1="8oz7a0etiuxppzk76avy18a5qx4ffyz" xml:space="preserve">==''' Background '''==
=== Bode plot ===

See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore]
&lt;/br&gt;

=== OP Amp ===
Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf  |pdf]])
 
See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics]
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''==
=== First Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Second Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''==

=== Sample Processing Methods  ===
* Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20241118.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Programming Considerations
* Circular Buffers

=== FIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form FIR Filter 
* Canonical Form FIR Filter
* Cascade Form FIR Filter

=== IIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Canonical Form IIR Filter
* Cascade Form IIR Filter 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Block Processing Methods
* Sample Processing Methods
* Window Method
* Kaiser Window
* Frequency Sampling Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Bilinear Transform
* 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* Parametric Equalizer Filters
* Comb Filters
* High Order Filters
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === 

==== Octave Functions for Filters ====
* Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf  |A.pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>8oz7a0etiuxppzk76avy18a5qx4ffyz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689311</id>
      <parentid>2689309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T17:55:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample Processing Methods */</comment>
      <origin>2689311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1524" sha1="h34s0moktywv6g8rwo9hznzkrn4plg5" xml:space="preserve">==''' Background '''==
=== Bode plot ===

See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore]
&lt;/br&gt;

=== OP Amp ===
Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf  |pdf]])
 
See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics]
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''==
=== First Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Second Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''==

=== Sample Processing Methods  ===
* Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20241119.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Programming Considerations
* Circular Buffers

=== FIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form FIR Filter 
* Canonical Form FIR Filter
* Cascade Form FIR Filter

=== IIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Canonical Form IIR Filter
* Cascade Form IIR Filter 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Block Processing Methods
* Sample Processing Methods
* Window Method
* Kaiser Window
* Frequency Sampling Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Bilinear Transform
* 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* Parametric Equalizer Filters
* Comb Filters
* High Order Filters
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === 

==== Octave Functions for Filters ====
* Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf  |A.pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>h34s0moktywv6g8rwo9hznzkrn4plg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689313</id>
      <parentid>2689311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T17:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample Processing Methods */</comment>
      <origin>2689313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1524" sha1="8e2zmp52jaa38rmasvxr205eeibvf82" xml:space="preserve">==''' Background '''==
=== Bode plot ===

See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore]
&lt;/br&gt;

=== OP Amp ===
Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf  |pdf]])
 
See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics]
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''==
=== First Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Second Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''==

=== Sample Processing Methods  ===
* Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20241120.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Programming Considerations
* Circular Buffers

=== FIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form FIR Filter 
* Canonical Form FIR Filter
* Cascade Form FIR Filter

=== IIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Canonical Form IIR Filter
* Cascade Form IIR Filter 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Block Processing Methods
* Sample Processing Methods
* Window Method
* Kaiser Window
* Frequency Sampling Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Bilinear Transform
* 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* Parametric Equalizer Filters
* Comb Filters
* High Order Filters
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === 

==== Octave Functions for Filters ====
* Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf  |A.pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>8e2zmp52jaa38rmasvxr205eeibvf82</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689315</id>
      <parentid>2689313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T17:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample Processing Methods */</comment>
      <origin>2689315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1524" sha1="1isefzx3ccdddjw72ijvgpuh6mhr5hh" xml:space="preserve">==''' Background '''==
=== Bode plot ===

See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore]
&lt;/br&gt;

=== OP Amp ===
Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf  |pdf]])
 
See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics]
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''==
=== First Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Second Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''==

=== Sample Processing Methods  ===
* Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20241121.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Programming Considerations
* Circular Buffers

=== FIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form FIR Filter 
* Canonical Form FIR Filter
* Cascade Form FIR Filter

=== IIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Canonical Form IIR Filter
* Cascade Form IIR Filter 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Block Processing Methods
* Sample Processing Methods
* Window Method
* Kaiser Window
* Frequency Sampling Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Bilinear Transform
* 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* Parametric Equalizer Filters
* Comb Filters
* High Order Filters
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === 

==== Octave Functions for Filters ====
* Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf  |A.pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>1isefzx3ccdddjw72ijvgpuh6mhr5hh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689317</id>
      <parentid>2689315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T17:58:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sample Processing Methods */</comment>
      <origin>2689317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1524" sha1="00im891lkmb9rmyl7ch0zjgte6k5ryr" xml:space="preserve">==''' Background '''==
=== Bode plot ===

See [http://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html swarthmore]
&lt;/br&gt;

=== OP Amp ===
Overview ([[Media:OPAmp.A.1.20151203.pdf  |pdf]])
 
See [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opampcon.html#c1 Hyperphysics]
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Analog Filter Analysis (Continuous Time) '''==
=== First Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Second Order Filters ===
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Digital Filter Analysis (Discrete Time) '''==

=== Sample Processing Methods  ===
* Tapped Delays ([[Media:Sample.TappedDelay.20241122.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Programming Considerations
* Circular Buffers

=== FIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form FIR Filter 
* Canonical Form FIR Filter
* Cascade Form FIR Filter

=== IIR Filter Realizations ===
* Direct Form IIR Filter ([[Media:IIR.DirectForm.20231209.pdf  |A.pdf]])
* Canonical Form IIR Filter
* Cascade Form IIR Filter 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== FIR (Finite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Block Processing Methods
* Sample Processing Methods
* Window Method
* Kaiser Window
* Frequency Sampling Method
&lt;/br&gt;

=== IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) Filters ===
* Bilinear Transform
* 1st Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* 2nd Order Lowpass and Highpass Filters
* Parametric Equalizer Filters
* Comb Filters
* High Order Filters
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Example Octave Codes for Digital Filters === 

==== Octave Functions for Filters ====
* Octave Functions for Filters ([[Media:Octave.1.Function.1.A.20180219.pdf  |A.pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>00im891lkmb9rmyl7ch0zjgte6k5ryr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Risk Management</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>199948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689383</id>
      <parentid>2631729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:47:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Learning Task */</comment>
      <origin>2689383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10959" sha1="8vm8wl3alj4lzekngvgwi3kll05zu84" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
    &quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8vm8wl3alj4lzekngvgwi3kll05zu84</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689384</id>
      <parentid>2689383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:Role-playing games]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10991" sha1="ssryvqn97jtmvz0ks3l8toci5ubey6l" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
    &quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11006" sha1="lw28bg9jc97eitf7vuk2oifpub3g4ya" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
    &quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lw28bg9jc97eitf7vuk2oifpub3g4ya</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689386</id>
      <parentid>2689385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="11008" sha1="r77qefuaql56109346w9k65buein2if" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
: ''&quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;''
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r77qefuaql56109346w9k65buein2if</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689387</id>
      <parentid>2689386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Learning Task */</comment>
      <origin>2689387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11844" sha1="hz0ej920qpmef8v0marexuthvvb1bn1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
: ''&quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;''
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajbhandari, L., &amp; Snekkenes, E. A. (2013, July). Case study role play for risk analysis research and training. In International Workshop on Security in Information Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 12-23). SCITEPRESS.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''([[3D Modelling]])''' How can [[3D Modelling]], [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] support risk management&lt;ref&gt;Blanco-Fernández, Y., López-Nores, M., Pazos-Arias, J. J., Gil-Solla, A., Ramos-Cabrer, M., &amp; García-Duque, J. (2014). REENACT: A step forward in immersive learning about Human History by augmented reality, role playing and social networking. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(10), 4811-4828.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., &amp; Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers &amp; education, 62, 41-49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>2387134</id>
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      <text bytes="11865" sha1="odj7qk5uh6050iew9z4l6sjn3s2vfc6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
: ''&quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;''
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajbhandari, L., &amp; Snekkenes, E. A. (2013, July). Case study role play for risk analysis research and training. In International Workshop on Security in Information Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 12-23). SCITEPRESS.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''([[3D Modelling]])''' How can [[3D Modelling]], [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] support risk management&lt;ref&gt;Blanco-Fernández, Y., López-Nores, M., Pazos-Arias, J. J., Gil-Solla, A., Ramos-Cabrer, M., &amp; García-Duque, J. (2014). REENACT: A step forward in immersive learning about Human History by augmented reality, role playing and social networking. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(10), 4811-4828.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., &amp; Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers &amp; education, 62, 41-49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
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      <text bytes="11962" sha1="lmvey32042r33x0ml2w06dcp9d2nu6w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Basic Risk Response Cycle.png|thumb|Basic Risk and Response Cycle]]
[[File:Risk response cylce.png|thumb|Application: Risk and Response Cycle with intergration of Satellite technology and smartphone (see Learning Task)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 11SustainableCities.svg|thumb|[[SDG11]]: Sustainable Cities and Communities - Learning Resource supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines]&lt;ref&gt;UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Role playing 110808-A-ZW119-022.jpg|thumb|Role playing - risk management training event]]
'''Risk management''' has two main tasks:
* [[/Content_Matrix/|determine and calculate the risk]] and
* organize the response to the identified risk:
** Improve the preparedness to an event,
** Reduce the probability of an event by risk mitigation activities,
** Reduce the impact of an event
See [[/Content Matrix/|Risk Management Content Matrix RM]]
== Response Time ==
When someone has a [[Wikipedia:heart attack|heart attack]] or a [[Wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] the medical response is urgent in comparison to a broken leg that has in general a long time span in which medical response will not have a serious impact on the health condition of the patient. For the link between risk and response to the available time span is crucial for the assessment of the impact on an hazardous event. Going back to example of a patient with a heart attack, the main question is 
: ''&quot;How long does it take until an ambulance with medical support is available?&quot;''
People living close to the health care facility have a better response time in an case of emergency than people living in rural areas. This leads to that fact that risk depends on spatial allocation of resources and distance of an event to the resource that can be used for risk mitigation (see [[/Spatial risk management/]]).

== Main Applications of Risk Management ==
* [[/Finance|Risk Management in Finance]]&lt;ref&gt;Stulz, R. M. (1996). Rethinking risk management. Journal of applied corporate finance, 9(3), 8-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Environment/|Environmental Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;Power, M., &amp; McCarty, L. S. (1998). Peer reviewed: a comparative analysis of environmental risk assessment/risk management frameworks. Environmental science &amp; technology, 32(9), 224A-231A.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Health/|Risk Management in the Health Domain]]&lt;ref&gt;Cagliano, Anna Corinna, Sabrina Grimaldi, and Carlo Rafele. &quot;A systemic methodology for risk management in healthcare sector.&quot; Safety Science 49.5 (2011): 695-708.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Global Challenges/|Global Challenges of Risk Management]]: Climate Change and Planetary Boundaries&lt;ref&gt;Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F. S., Lambin, E., ... &amp; Nykvist, B. (2009). Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and society, 14(2).&lt;/ref&gt; are linked to economy, health&lt;ref&gt;McMichael, A. J., Woodruff, R. E., &amp; Hales, S. (2006). Climate change and human health: present and future risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859-869.&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Risk Literacy|social, cultural and technical beliefs]]&lt;ref&gt;O'connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., &amp; Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk analysis, 19(3), 461-471.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Vulnerability assessment]]Vulnerability Assessment]] is necessary to improve the preparedness to certain risks.

== Learning Task ==

[[File:Earthlights dmsp 1994–1995.jpg|thumb|[[w:light pollution|Artificial lights]] can be detected from satellites. Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters.]]
* '''([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Risk_Management#/media/File:Basic_Risk_Response_Cycle.png Risk &amp; Response Cycle])''' On this page on right you find an example of an extended risk and response cycle, with a focus on satellite technology and smartphones. Take your personal expertise as starting point and create your own cycle for a domain of your choice. 
* '''([[w:planetary boundaries|Planetary Boundaries]])''' Approach risk management from the angle of [[w:planetary boundaries|planetary boundaries]]&lt;ref&gt;Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... &amp; Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855.&lt;/ref&gt; and consumption of planetary resources. Create a first risk mitigations concept that might work in your family, school, university, town or region. What are the requirements and constraints you can identify?
* '''([[Machine learning|Machine Learning]])''' Explain how [[Machine learning|Machine Learning (ML)]] can be used to assess risk, allocate resources according to risk and assess the efficiency of the resources to reduce the risk for a specific community. Discuss also ethical aspect in the context of [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] and Risk Management.
* '''(Sustainable Development Goals)''' Consider people in developing countries that battle to survive the next day, week, month. Describe the challenges for long-term goals in the context of climate change and the planetary boundaries (see [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Sustainable Development Goals SDG of United Nations]&lt;ref&gt;Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... &amp; Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305-307.&lt;/ref&gt;). Explain how Risk Management could contribute to sustainable communities and sustainable development in general!
* '''(Systems Thinking)''' If we apply [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systems thinking]] in risk management, we will now look on a basic case, where someone living in a [[w:semi-arid |semi-arid]] region will cut down trees for fire wood or for a campfire. Systems analysis will tell us, that cutting down trees will increase erosion of soil and it will cause long-term food problem of agricultural production. 
** Analyze what you would do with the last trees, if you are risk literate and you know about this dependencies, but it gets &lt;math&gt;2^{o}C&lt;/math&gt; during night? 
** What are you implication for [[Risk_Management/Short-term_long-term_drivers_in_Risk_Management|short-term  and long-term risk management]]?
* '''(Risk Management for Electricity as Resource):''' Light emission during night is a proxy variable for the availability of electricity after disasters. Describe the procedure of assessment from the analysis of satellite images (before/after the event), to assessment of the impact of missing electricity for health service delivery, communication or provision of services in general. How would you assess the vulnerability in your hometown in comparison to other areas in the world?
* '''([[COVID-19]])''' Analyze the challenges of risk management in epidemiology and identify different phases:
:* direct implementation of risk mitigations strategies,
:* assessment of the impact of risk mitigation strategies and the improvement of the strategies, 
:* the comparison different risks for the health system, economy, society, ... and explain how the risks are linked, e.g. improvement of protective measures, [[COVID-19/Workflow_Transformation|workflow transformations]] and other elements of [[Risk Literacy]] did not work good enough and a lockdown created economic impacts, ...
* '''[[/Tailored Wikibooks/]]''' Learner have different requirements, constraints and prerequisites. Learning resources that included for one learner might be superfluous for an other learner, because he or she might know the topic very well. Create Wikibook tailored for the learner is an innovative tool to cover this needs. It is applicable in any domain for learning and capacity building. In the context of Risk Management we focus on capacity building and learning and create or adapt a Wikibook tailored to the individual exposure to certain risks and individual skills to respond to the risk.
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of [[Role Play|role play]] and serious games&lt;ref&gt;Susi, T., Johannesson, M., &amp; Backlund, P. (2007). Serious games: An overview.&lt;/ref&gt; for risk management&lt;ref&gt;Rumore, D., Schenk, T., &amp; Susskind, L. (2016). Role-play simulations for climate change adaptation education and engagement. Nature Climate Change, 6(8), 745-750.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rajbhandari, L., &amp; Snekkenes, E. A. (2013, July). Case study role play for risk analysis research and training. In International Workshop on Security in Information Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 12-23). SCITEPRESS.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''([[3D Modelling]])''' How can [[3D Modelling]], [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] support risk management&lt;ref&gt;Blanco-Fernández, Y., López-Nores, M., Pazos-Arias, J. J., Gil-Solla, A., Ramos-Cabrer, M., &amp; García-Duque, J. (2014). REENACT: A step forward in immersive learning about Human History by augmented reality, role playing and social networking. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(10), 4811-4828.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wu, H. K., Lee, S. W. Y., Chang, H. Y., &amp; Liang, J. C. (2013). Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Computers &amp; education, 62, 41-49.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Resources ==
* [[Risk_Management/Content Matrix|Risk Management - Content Matrix]]
* [[Risk Literacy]] describes the individual skill/expertise to manage the risk
* [[/Spatial risk management/]], risk vary in different geolocation, spatial risk management takes the spatio-temporal variations of risk into account
* [[/Agricultural Water Pollution Management/]]
* [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/]] Economy, environment, public health, social and cultural conditions for risk are connected and risk mitigation activities in Systemic Risk)
* [[/Disaster Management/]] considers risk management for disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, that cause a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNSDR)  (2017) http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology&lt;/ref&gt;. [[w:Emergency Management|Disasters]] involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. The [[/Systems Thinking and Risk/|systemic risk]] is managed in different phases from immediate response after an event and long-term preparedness measures and capacity building to reduce the [[w:Vulnerability|vulnerability]].
* [[/Tailored Wikibooks/]] to let the learners adapt provided Wikibooks according to their needs and skills.
* [[Vulnerability assessment]] is required to determine the key assets, that must be protected by risk mitigation strategies and may lead to better preparedness.

==See also==
* [[Decision Making]]
* [[Resource Management]]
* [[Risk_Management#Origin_of_Course_Development|Origin of Course Development]]
* [[High risk research]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Project Management/Risk]]
* [[w:Emergency Management|Emergency Management]]
* [[Open Educational Resources]] for Risk management - Reach People provide access to risk mitigation strategies.
* [[w:UNOCHA|UNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]
* [[Grand Challenges]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[COVID-19]]
* [[Applied toxicity of chemicals]]
* [[One Health]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Risk management]]
[[Category:SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Risikomanagement]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lmvey32042r33x0ml2w06dcp9d2nu6w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Haskell programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>203942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689347</id>
      <parentid>2689106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T02:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lambda Calculus */</comment>
      <origin>2689347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6230" sha1="e9y1gq3xcmjbrzf7mfjzgnlj1uz4cen" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==
* Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Applications==
* Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
* Bird's Implementation 
:- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]])
:- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]])
:- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;/br&gt;

==Using GHCi==
* Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Using Libraries==
* Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


==Types==
* Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]])
* Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]])
* Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]])

==Functions==
* Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]])

==Expressions==
* Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]])
* Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Lambda Calculus==
* Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]])
* Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]])
* Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]])
* Encoding Datatypes 
:- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]])
:- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]])
:- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]])
:- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241129.pdf |pdf]])
:- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20240418.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Function Oriented Typeclasses== 
=== Functors ===
* Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]])

=== Applicatives ===
* Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads I : Background ===
* Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]])
* IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]])
* Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads II : State Transformer Monads ===
* State Transformer 
: - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]])

* State Monad 
: - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) 
: - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads III : Mutable State Monads ===
* Mutability Background 
: - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]])
: - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]])
: - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]])
: - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]])

* Mutable Objects
: - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutable Data Structures  ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]])

* IO Monad 
: - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]])
: - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]])  
: - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]])  

* ST Monad 
: - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]])
: - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]])
: - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads ===
* Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadState Class
:: - State &amp; StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadReader Class
:: - Reader &amp; ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
* Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monoid ===
* Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]])

=== Arrow ===
* Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Polymorphism==
* Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Concurrent Haskell ==
&lt;/br&gt;


go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell]
* [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell]
* [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material]


[[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]]</text>
      <sha1>e9y1gq3xcmjbrzf7mfjzgnlj1uz4cen</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689349</id>
      <parentid>2689347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T02:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lambda Calculus */</comment>
      <origin>2689349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6230" sha1="gvuiron10uncbpwuy2dyxdvqvzaw3q6" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==
* Overview I ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.1.A.20160806.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview II ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.2.A.20160926.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview III ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.3.A.20161011.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview IV ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.4.A.20161104.pdf |pdf]])
* Overview V ([[Media:HSKL.Overview.5.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Applications==
* Sudoku Background ([[Media:Sudoku.Background.0.A.20161108.pdf |pdf]])
* Bird's Implementation 
:- Specification ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.1.A.Spec.20170425.pdf |pdf]])
:- Rules ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.2.A.Rule.20170201.pdf |pdf]])
:- Pruning ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.3.A.Pruning.20170211.pdf |pdf]])
:- Expanding ([[Media:Sudoku.1Bird.4.A.Expand.20170506.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;/br&gt;

==Using GHCi==
* Getting started ([[Media:GHCi.Start.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Using Libraries==
* Library ([[Media:Library.1.A.20170605.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;


==Types==
* Constructors ([[Media:Background.1.A.Constructor.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* TypeClasses ([[Media:Background.1.B.TypeClass.20180904.pdf |pdf]])
* Types ([[Media:MP3.1A.Mut.Type.20200721.pdf |pdf]])
* Primitive Types ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.PrimType.20200611.pdf |pdf]])
* Polymorphic Types ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Polymorphic.20201212.pdf |pdf]])

==Functions==
* Functions ([[Media:Background.1.C.Function.20180712.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Background.1.E.Operator.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Continuation Passing Style ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Continuation.20220110.pdf |pdf]])

==Expressions==
* Expressions I ([[Media:Background.1.D.Expression.20180707.pdf |pdf]])
* Expressions II ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Expression.20220628.pdf |pdf]])
* Non-terminating Expressions ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Non-terminating.20220616.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Lambda Calculus==
* Lambda Calculus - informal description ([[Media:LCal.1A.informal.20220831.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda Calculus - Formal definition ([[Media:LCal.2A.formal.20221015.pdf |pdf]])
* Expression Reduction ([[Media:LCal.3A.reduction.20220920.pdf |pdf]])
* Normal Forms ([[Media:LCal.4A.Normal.20220903.pdf |pdf]])
* Encoding Datatypes 
:- Church Numerals ([[Media:LCal.5A.Numeral.20230627.pdf |pdf]])
:- Church Booleans ([[Media:LCal.6A.Boolean.20230815.pdf |pdf]])
:- Functions ([[Media:LCal.7A.Function.20231230.pdf |pdf]])
:- Combinators ([[Media:LCal.8A.Combinator.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
:- Recursions ([[Media:LCal.9A.Recursion.20240418.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

==Function Oriented Typeclasses== 
=== Functors ===
* Functor Overview ([[Media:Functor.1.A.Overview.20180802.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Functor ([[Media:Functor.2.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Functor Lifting ([[Media:Functor.2.B.Lifting.20180721.pdf |pdf]])

=== Applicatives ===
* Applicatives Overview ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Overview.20180606.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Methods ([[Media:Applicative.3.B.Method.20180519.pdf |pdf]])
* Function Applicative ([[Media:Applicative.3.A.Function.20180804.pdf |pdf]])
* Applicatives Sequencing ([[Media:Applicative.3.C.Sequencing.20180606.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads I : Background ===
* Side Effects ([[Media:Monad.P1.1A.SideEffect.20190316.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Overview ([[Media:Monad.P1.2A.Overview.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Monadic Operations ([[Media:Monad.P1.3A.Operations.20190308.pdf |pdf]])
* Maybe Monad ([[Media:Monad.P1.4A.Maybe.201900606.pdf |pdf]])
* IO Actions ([[Media:Monad.P1.5A.IOAction.20190606.pdf |pdf]])
* Several Monad Types ([[Media:Monad.P1.6A.Types.20191016.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads II : State Transformer Monads ===
* State Transformer 
: - State Transformer Basics ([[Media:MP2.1A.STrans.Basic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Generic Monad ([[Media:MP2.1B.STrans.Generic.20191002.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Transformer Monads ([[Media:MP2.1C.STrans.Monad.20191022.pdf |pdf]])

* State Monad 
: - State Monad Basics ([[Media:MP2.2A.State.Basic.20190706.pdf |pdf]])
: - State Monad Methods ([[Media:MP2.2B.State.Method.20190706.pdf |pdf]]) 
: - State Monad Examples ([[Media:MP2.2C.State.Example.20190706.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads III : Mutable State Monads ===
* Mutability Background 
: - Inhabitedness ([[Media:MP3.1F.Mut.Inhabited.20220319.pdf |pdf]])
: - Existential Types ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.Existential.20220128.pdf |pdf]])
: - forall Keyword ([[Media:MP3.1E.Mut.forall.20210316.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutability and Strictness ([[Media:MP3.1C.Mut.Strictness.20200613.pdf |pdf]])
: - Strict and Lazy Packages ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.Package.20200620.pdf |pdf]])

* Mutable Objects
: - Mutable Variables ([[Media:MP3.1B.Mut.Variable.20200224.pdf |pdf]])
: - Mutable Data Structures  ([[Media:MP3.1D.Mut.DataStruct.20191226.pdf |pdf]])

* IO Monad 
: - IO Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.2A.IO.Basic.20191019.pdf |pdf]])
: - IO Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.2B.IO.Method.20191022.pdf |pdf]])  
: - IORef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.2C.IO.IORef.20191019.pdf |pdf]])  

* ST Monad 
: - ST Monad Basics ([[Media:MP3.3A.ST.Basic.20191031.pdf |pdf]])
: - ST Monad Methods ([[Media:MP3.3B.ST.Method.20191023.pdf |pdf]])
: - STRef Mutable Variable ([[Media:MP3.3C.ST.STRef.20191023.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monads IV : Reader and Writer Monads ===
* Function Monad ([[Media:Monad.10.A.Function.20180806.pdf |pdf]])
* Monad Transformer ([[Media:Monad.3.I.Transformer.20180727.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadState Class
:: - State &amp; StateT Monads ([[Media:Monad.9.A.MonadState.Monad.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.9.B.MonadState.Class.20180920.pdf |pdf]])
* MonadReader Class
:: - Reader &amp; ReaderT Monads ([[Media:Monad.11.A.Reader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
:: - MonadReader Class ([[Media:Monad.12.A.MonadReader.20180821.pdf |pdf]])
* Control Monad ([[Media:Monad.9.A.Control.20180908.pdf |pdf]])

=== Monoid ===
* Monoids ([[Media:Monoid.4.A.20180508.pdf |pdf]])

=== Arrow ===
* Arrows ([[Media:Arrow.1.A.20190504.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Polymorphism==
* Polymorphism Overview ([[Media:Poly.1.A.20180220.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;

==Concurrent Haskell ==
&lt;/br&gt;


go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://learnyouahaskell.com/introduction Learn you Haskell]
* [http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/ Real World Haskell]
* [http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/slides/ Standford Class Material]


[[Category:Haskell|programming in plain view]]</text>
      <sha1>gvuiron10uncbpwuy2dyxdvqvzaw3q6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Python programming in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>212733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689356</id>
      <parentid>2689112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T04:05:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2689356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="d5zirutcx4rysl21i3avu43xhsee4qc" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241129.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241109.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
      <sha1>d5zirutcx4rysl21i3avu43xhsee4qc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689358</id>
      <parentid>2689356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T04:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Using Libraries */</comment>
      <origin>2689358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="k7c1m6iq3hy470jd1gso8z4nnv2ljgd" xml:space="preserve">==''' Part I '''==
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
===  Introduction ===

* Overview 
* Memory 
* Number 

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Python for C programmers ===

* Hello, World! ([[Media:CProg.Hello.1A.20230406.pdf |pdf]])
* Statement Level  ([[Media:CProg.Statement.1A.20230509.pdf |pdf]])
* Output with print
* Formatted output
* File IO

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;


=== Using Libraries ===

* Scripts ([[Media:Python.Work2.Script.1A.20231129.pdf |pdf]])
* Modules ([[Media:Python.Work2.Module.1A.20231216.pdf |pdf]])
* Packages ([[Media:Python.Work2.Package.1A.20241130.pdf |pdf]])
* Libraries ([[Media:Python.Work2.Library.1A.20241109.pdf |pdf]])
* Namespaces ([[Media:Python.Work2.Scope.1A.20231021.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

===   Handling Repetition ===
 
* Control ([[Media:Python.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20230314.pdf |pdf]])

* Loop ([[Media:Repeat2.Loop.1A.20230401.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling a Big Work ===

* Functions ([[Media:Python.Work1.Function.1A.20230529.pdf |pdf]])
* Lambda ([[Media:Python.Work2.Lambda.1A.20230705.pdf |pdf]])
* Type Annotations ([[Media:Python.Work2.AtypeAnnot.1A.20230817.pdf |pdf]])

  
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Series of Data ===

* Arrays ([[Media:Python.Series1.Array.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series2.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Lists ([[Media:Python.Series3.List.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Tuples ([[Media:Python.Series4.Tuple.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Sets ([[Media:Python.Series5.Set.1A.pdf |pdf]])
* Dictionary ([[Media:Python.Series6.Dictionary.1A.pdf |pdf]])

&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
  
* Types 
* Operators ([[Media:Python.Data3.Operators.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:Python.Data4.File.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;

=== Class and Objects ===
  
* Classes &amp; Objects ([[Media:Python.Work2.Class.1A.20230906.pdf |pdf]])
* Inheritance

 
&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== Python in Numerical Analysis  ==
 
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]

==External links==
* [http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/training/python/pdfs/Python-for-Computational-Science-and-Engineering.pdf Python and Computational Science and Engineering]</text>
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      <text bytes="17594" sha1="b5960okwq7gdc8v2aeug9i8iymp2pte" xml:space="preserve">{{Wikijournal_discussions}}
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*[[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ozzie10aaaa&amp;diff=2069290&amp;oldid=2067113|Dyslexia Dyslexia article-miscellaneous discussion]]&lt;br&gt;
*[[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Ozzie10aaaa&amp;diff=2072757&amp;oldid=2069418|Congratulations! Congratulations! Dyslexia]]}}
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=={{spaces|14|type}}.............'''''Journal (medicine)'''''[https://doaj.org/ *]//     '''[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/wijoumed #]PEER REVIEWER[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Peer_reviewers_list #][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Peer_reviewers +]'''''   //[[File:WikiJournal of Medicine logo.svg|40 px|]][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikijournal_of_Medicine WikiJournal of Medicine]''..............==
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====='''''{{resize|180%|suggest}}'''''=====
1.&lt;u&gt;[https://publicationethics.org/files/Ethical_Guidelines_For_Peer_Reviewers_2.pdf  COPE/Guidance for peer reviewers] leaving this should there be need for it[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:Wikiversity_Journal_of_Medicine/Peer_reviewers] [https://doaj.org/](would be better if quarter yearly, instead of semi- annual)[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity_Journal_of_Medicine/Past_issues]&lt;/u&gt;--
[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 19:58, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

2.[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]]  knowing ''reviewers'' cant author papers, however below have put together a suggestion that you may accept/decline (or consider for later) for anyone who might be interested,  hoping this is helpful for the journal, thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 15:03, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
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{{collapse top|''EVD''[[File:Ebola virus particles.jpg|30 px]]|bg=#F0F8FF}}
*&lt;mark&gt;'''suggestion'''&lt;/mark&gt; among possible topics for future ''issues'',could be a ''literature review'' which looks at 1.pathophysiological mechanism aspects of the Ebola virus disease that might make it '''''susceptible''''' to certain treatments, and 2. the '''''efficacy''''' of ZMapp to treat the Ebola virus disease based on current secondary (and other sources if needed) references.

*'''possible sources'''
*''sample'' reference for question 1
**{{cite journal|last1=Falasca|first1=L|last2=Agrati|first2=C|last3=Petrosillo|first3=N|last4=Di Caro|first4=A|last5=Capobianchi|first5=M R|last6=Ippolito|first6=G|last7=Piacentini|first7=M|title=Molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus pathogenesis: focus on cell death|journal=Cell Death and Differentiation|date=1 August 2015|volume=22|issue=8|pages=1250–1259|doi=10.1038/cdd.2015.67|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495366/|accessdate=8 August 2016|issn=1350-9047}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Jeffrey E|last2=Saphire|first2=Erica Ollmann|title=Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry|journal=Future virology|date=1 January 2009|volume=4|issue=6|pages=621–635|doi=10.2217/fvl.09.56|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829775/|accessdate=8 August 2016|issn=1746-0794}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Lai|first1=Kang Yiu|last2=Ng|first2=Wing Yiu George|last3=Cheng|first3=Fan Fanny|title=Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus|journal=Infectious Diseases of Poverty|date=28 November 2014|volume=3|doi=10.1186/2049-9957-3-43|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334593/|accessdate=8 August 2016|issn=2049-9957}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Nancy|last2=Yang|first2=Zhi-Yong|last3=Nabel|first3=Gary J.|title=Ebola Virus Pathogenesis: Implications for Vaccines and Therapies|journal=Journal of Virology|date=15 September 2003|volume=77|issue=18|pages=9733–9737|doi=10.1128/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003|url=http://jvi.asm.org/content/77/18/9733.full|accessdate=8 August 2016|language=en|issn=0022-538X}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Mahanty|first1=Siddhartha|last2=Bray|first2=Mike|title=Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|date=August 2004|volume=4|issue=8|pages=487–498|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01103-X|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(04)01103-X/fulltext|accessdate=8 August 2016}}


*''sample'' references for question 2
**{{cite journal|last1=Davidson|first1=Edgar|last2=Bryan|first2=Christopher|last3=Fong|first3=Rachel H.|last4=Barnes|first4=Trevor|last5=Pfaff|first5=Jennifer M.|last6=Mabila|first6=Manu|last7=Rucker|first7=Joseph B.|last8=Doranz|first8=Benjamin J.|title=Mechanism of Binding to Ebola Virus Glycoprotein by the ZMapp, ZMAb, and MB-003 Cocktail Antibodies|journal=Journal of Virology|date=26 August 2015|volume=89|issue=21|pages=10982–10992|doi=10.1128/JVI.01490-15|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621129/|accessdate=8 August 2016|issn=0022-538X}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Madelain|first1=Vincent|last2=Nguyen|first2=Thi Huyen Tram|last3=Olivo|first3=Anaelle|last4=Lamballerie|first4=Xavier de|last5=Guedj|first5=Jérémie|last6=Taburet|first6=Anne-Marie|last7=Mentré|first7=France|title=Ebola Virus Infection: Review of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials|journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics|date=21 January 2016|volume=55|issue=8|pages=907–923|doi=10.1007/s40262-015-0364-1|url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40262-015-0364-1|accessdate=8 August 2016|language=en|issn=0312-5963}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Beeching|first1=Nicholas J.|last2=Fenech|first2=Manuel|last3=Houlihan|first3=Catherine F.|title=Ebola virus disease|journal=BMJ|date=10 December 2014|volume=349|pages=g7348|doi=10.1136/bmj.g7348|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7348|accessdate=8 August 2016|language=en|issn=1756-1833}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Tran|first1=Erin E. H.|last2=Nelson|first2=Elizabeth A.|last3=Bonagiri|first3=Pranay|last4=Simmons|first4=James A.|last5=Shoemaker|first5=Charles J.|last6=Schmaljohn|first6=Connie S.|last7=Kobinger|first7=Gary P.|last8=Zeitlin|first8=Larry|last9=Subramaniam|first9=Sriram|last10=White|first10=Judith M.|title=Mapping of Ebolavirus Neutralization by Monoclonal Antibodies in the ZMapp Cocktail Using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Studies of Cellular Entry|journal=Journal of Virology|date=8 June 2016|pages=JVI.00406–16|doi=10.1128/JVI.00406-16|url=http://jvi.asm.org/content/early/2016/06/02/JVI.00406-16.long|accessdate=8 August 2016|language=en|issn=0022-538X}}
**{{cite journal|last1=Qiu|first1=Xiangguo|last2=Wong|first2=Gary|last3=Audet|first3=Jonathan|last4=Bello|first4=Alexander|last5=Fernando|first5=Lisa|last6=Alimonti|first6=Judie B.|last7=Fausther-Bovendo|first7=Hugues|last8=Wei|first8=Haiyan|last9=Aviles|first9=Jenna|last10=Hiatt|first10=Ernie|last11=Johnson|first11=Ashley|last12=Morton|first12=Josh|last13=Swope|first13=Kelsi|last14=Bohorov|first14=Ognian|last15=Bohorova|first15=Natasha|last16=Goodman|first16=Charles|last17=Kim|first17=Do|last18=Pauly|first18=Michael H.|last19=Velasco|first19=Jesus|last20=Pettitt|first20=James|last21=Olinger|first21=Gene G.|last22=Whaley|first22=Kevin|last23=Xu|first23=Bianli|last24=Strong|first24=James E.|last25=Zeitlin|first25=Larry|last26=Kobinger|first26=Gary P.|title=Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp|journal=Nature|date=29 August 2014|volume=advance online publication|doi=10.1038/nature13777|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vnfv/ncurrent/full/nature13777.html|language=en|issn=1476-4687}}
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*thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 13:35, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for the suggestions! It is inadvisable (but not impossible) to submit a work as a participant of the journal (see [[Wikiversity Journal of Medicine/Publishing#participants in the journal|Publishing#Participants in the journal]]). You could also try contacting and inviting people who you may think are interested in authoring such a work. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 15:41, 8 August 2016 (UTC)
:thank you({{font color|red|update}}) 
*perhaps another possibility would be to submit[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic '''''West African Ebola virus epidemic''''']which is '''GA'''/
*additionally another GA article [though unrelated[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia]] is also done...--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 15:53, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

:::::::::::[[Talk:WikiJournal of Medicine/2016#Publishing Wikipedia articles]]

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=====new name/user group status=====
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*{{Done}}[https://twitter.com/Wijoumed '''WikiJournal of Medicine''' !]
*{{partly done}} ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiJournal &lt;big&gt;'''{{font color|orange|This is a proposal for a new Wikimedia sister project}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{spaces|26|type}}&lt;big&gt;'''{{font color|orange|A site where authors can write their works directly online. The works then undergo independent scholarly peer review before {{spaces|22|type}}officially published in the journal.}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{spaces|26|type}}&lt;big&gt;'''{{font color|orange|It is a way of bridging the Wikipedia–academia gap....}}'''&lt;/big&gt;][[File:WikiJournal logo (flat blue yellow).svg|right|50px]])
:*[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group&amp;diff=1718470&amp;oldid=1718192 discussion]
:*[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1815676 other option]([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_thematic_organizations#existing thematic])[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_User_Group&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1891784 sent]{{resize|50%|I hope edits/history is moved as well?}}
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===== Credentials for peer reviewing an article on genetics =====

Hi again!

WikiJournal of Medicine now has a submission about genetics. If you'd be interested in peer reviewing it, I first want you to provide some credentials of your expertise in molecular biology, such as a link to a reliable webpage, or copies of certification documents. You may email it to {{nospam|editor.in.chief|wijoumed.org}}, and I will then keep it confidential.

Best regards,

[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 21:02, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
:[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] per [https://tools.wmflabs.org/xtools-ec/?user=Ozzie10aaaa&amp;project=en.wikipedia.org] this month has gone ~1600 edits to ~380 (RL work increased/time of year[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season]...as you know I've been signed on since ''7 August''[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Peer_reviewers&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1587236])...im very grateful for the opportunity to do a proper review, due to the aforementioned reason, I will have to ''pass''. I would guess the last week of December things will slow down again, and I hope I can be afforded another opportunity. Thank you again--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 01:50, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
::Very well. I will let you know if there is a fitting submission next year then. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 08:30, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
*''postscript'' am interested in 2-4 reviews per yr.(if possible)
{{collapse top|{{nay}} or {{aye}}}}
{{Done/See also}}
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=== {{resize|125%|1}} '''Table of pediatric medical conditions and findings named after foods'''/([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Table_of_pediatric_medical_conditions_and_findings_named_after_foods {{font color|red|''response''}}:{{Tick}} '''{{font color|red|acknowledged}}'''])===

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=== {{resize|125%|2}} '''Article on Rotavirus'''/({{font color|red|''response''}}:    {{Not sure}}     )===

Hi!

We now have [[Draft:WikiJournal of Medicine/Rotavirus|a submission on Rotavirus]]. Could you peer review this one?

Best regards,

[[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 19:19, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
:will look at article and consider(will inform you should I have the time/email you needed ''Peer reviewer cred.'')thank you--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ozzie10aaaa|contribs]]) 19:41, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
::Thanks for your consideration! We now have one peer review, and we'd like the second one to be from someone outside the Wikiversity project, so you can help by being a [[WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Editors#Coordinator|peer review coordinator]] for this purpose when you have the time. [[User:Mikael Häggström|Mikael Häggström]] ([[User talk:Mikael Häggström|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mikael Häggström|contribs]]) 18:10, 16 April 2017 (UTC)


{{od}}
(see '''''&lt;u&gt;new name&lt;/u&gt;'' subsection''')
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[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group/Publishing#Author_guidelines '''Criteria for inclusion''']

=== {{resize|125%|3}} '''Article on Pitfalls in Global Response to COVID-19 and its Impact on Global Health'''/( {{font color|red|''response''}}{{Done}})===
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*[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WikiJournal_Preprints/Pitfalls_in_Global_Response_to_COVID-19_and_its_Impact_on_Global_Health&amp;diff=2188364&amp;oldid=2186133 commented]..........(editorial comments) Aug/2020
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*[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Proposal:_WikiJournal_as_a_sister_project&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27861881 update]
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[https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=2701 {{font color|orange|SCHimago}}][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:WikiJournal_of_Medicine {{font color|red|category}}][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group '''''user group'''''][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiJournal_article_nominations#Nominations ''nom'']
[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Ethics_statement#Disclosure_and_Conflict_of_Interest coi]
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::preferences&gt;appearance&gt;[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering ''modern'']
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  <page>
    <title>Metalcore Theory</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-30T06:58:35Z</timestamp>
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        <ip>2405:201:8008:C037:B190:87E3:5CB5:D857</ip>
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      <comment>/* Notable Influences */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8633" sha1="tll8g0wlbzm8hxl545lyteeiz8aa6qj" xml:space="preserve">Metalcore theory is a set of composition ideals which support fast paced riffing, dramatic changes in rhythm, polyrhythic beats, extreme phonation, and aggressive tones.

== General ==

=== Instruments of Choice ===
The following instruments are commonly found in metalcore music:
* Electric guitar with distortion
* Electric bass
* Vocal performance
* Keyboards
* Rock drum kits
* Alternative percussion
Most Metalcore bands will feature two guitars, a bass, a drum kit, and, frequently, more than one vocal performer. While any instrument, with clever composition, can be used in any genre, these instruments will support the theory of metalcore the easiest. 

=== Notable Influences ===
* Asking Alexandria
* Parkway Drive
* Darkest Hour
* Bullet for my Valentine
* Killswitch Engage
* A Day To Remember
* August Burns Red
* Lamb of God
* In Flames
* As I Lay Dying
* Avenged Sevenfold
* Converge
* Norma Jean
* Trivium
* Bring Me The Horizon
* Miss May I

== Beginning Metalcore Composition ==

=== Metalcore riffing ===
Metalcore riffing features theory similar to hardcore punk, metal, black metal, and post-hardcore music. Here are some techniques that are common in Metalcore Riffing.

==== The Basic Metalcore Riff: Alternating Notes ====
The most common feature of Metalcore is the alternating note riff. This technique focuses on having a base palm muted note, such as C2 (since many metalcore arrangements feature guitars in drop C or C Standard), and alternating between that note and the melody either in the same or a different octave. These are most often played in eighth note intervals, putting the melody note on beat and the base note off beat. One notable example is in &quot;A Paradox with Flies&quot; by Darkest Hour. In the first verse, the progression switches from mainly chords to alternating note riffs. This kind of riffing techniques creates a feeling of rapid marching, or aggressive sprinting which is a cornerstone of metalcore. Here is an example riff:
 e |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 B |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------      * = palm muted
 G |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 D |------------------------------------------------------10-10-10-9-9--------------------------
 A |7---7---7---7---8---8---8---8---7---7---7---7---7-7-7---------------------------------------
 E |--0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---------------------------------------------
      *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *
This technique can be difficult at first; as with any new technique, slow down your metronome when trying for the first time or if you start to lose precision as the riff progresses. As you increase your tempo, it may be difficult to catch each note with specific up and down motions. In this case, making use of string muting is effective. For example, in the riff above, muting the E string with the tip of your index (or other) finger while playing the E3 note (7 on A) and muting the A string while playing the bass note is an effective way to hide sloppiness that always arises from riffs of this nature. The muted E3 being played in addition to a palm muted E2 can also add to the percussion of the muted note.

Another aspect of this kind of play that can be difficult is rapidly switching between palm muted and open notes. In this case, practice is the best remedy.

It is also popular to change the base note to provide a different mood. For example:
 e |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 B |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------      * = palm muted
 G |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 D |------------------------------------------------------10-10-10-9-9--------------------------
 A |7---7---7---7---8---8---8---8---7---7---7---7---7-7-7---------------------------------------
 E |--0---0---0---0---0---0---0---0---5---5---5---5---------------------------------------------
      *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *
You can also play with the stress of the melody:
 e |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 B |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------      * = palm muted
 G |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 D |------------------------------------------------------10-10-10-9-9--------------------------
 A |7-------7---7-----------8-------7-------7---7---7-7-7---------------------------------------
 E |--0-0-0---0---0-0-0-0-0---0-0-0---0-0-0---0---0---------------------------------------------
      * * *   *   * * * * *   * * *   * * *   *   *
These kinds of passages are best placed in a verse role. While any riff style can be used in any song section with clever composition, this kind of riff provides the speed and aggression needed for metalcore while setting up a satisfying chorus experience. It should be noted alternating notes is a particularly challenging riff for listeners, being on par with controlled solos in other genres; the rapid alternating octaves can be draining to appreciate over time, so avoid overusing this kind of riff.

==== Metalcore Transitions ====
A common feature of metalcore composition are high-speed transitions. These are often quarter and eighth note progressions played as 32nd notes. For example:
 e |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 B |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------      * = palm muted
 G |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 D |----------------10.10.10.10.99999999--------10.10.10.10.9999--------10.10.10.10.99999999----
 A |7777777788888888--------------------77778888----------------77778888------------------------
 E |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It should be apparent that this riff is an eighth note progression - all notes of this melody can be played using only eighth notes.

Riffs of this nature communicate rapid speed and are useful tools for linking sections of songs that have radically different tempos. Transitioning in this style should be done sparingly; not only is it challenging, and even dangerous, to play, but it is also especially challenging for listeners.

==== Metalcore Chorus ====
A chorus in metalcore is not too unlike an orthodox chorus: compared to the rest of the song, a chorus is typically open (referring to muting texture), fuller (referring to chord texture), and smoother (referring to rhythm texture). The chorus serves as a familiar satisfaction point in contrast to the tension built during the preceeding sections. A Metalcore chorus typically takes two forms: monophonic degree progressions, and polyphonorhythmic progressions.

===== Monophonic Degree Progressions =====
Monophonic degree progressions are common throughout metalcore, not just in metalcore chorus. These sections focus on an in-key progression that is accompanied by the same riff in a different key, usually in the same mode but at a different root. Taking the first riff from alternation note riffs as an example:

This riff is in the key of E Phrygian. An accompanying guitar might play the same riff, however playing each note three notes further in the scale (making the accompaniment a minor third to the main progression). Since a G2 might be difficult to reach, the E2 in the original riff can be left unaltered:

A variety of riffs and degrees can be used; octave, major third, and perfect fifth modulations are some of the most popular in metalcore.

===== Polyphonorhythmic Progressions =====
Polyphonorhymthmic progressions, like Monophonic degrees, are popular throughout metalcore. These sections feature a straightforward 4/4 lead with an occasionally polyrhymic polyphonic rhythm accompaniment. Rhythms in Metalcore play like jazz rhythm: the stress sits in rests as opposed to notes in most other genres. This kind of riff sacrifices fill for space, allowing the lead and rhythm to not only be chromatically wide, but also rhythmically wide. The straightforward lead balances out the more awkward rhythm, giving the listener a place of comfort to return to. Take, for example, this riff with accompaniment:</text>
      <sha1>tll8g0wlbzm8hxl545lyteeiz8aa6qj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:ThaniosAkro/sandbox</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>219126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689409</id>
      <parentid>2689283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T10:53:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Radians, the natural angle */</comment>
      <origin>2689409</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72349" sha1="2ujcjtegdv9f7m8v0xdbovhtbqtus4e" xml:space="preserve">= Hyperbola =
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' &lt;/br&gt;&lt;/br&gt;

Origin at point &lt;math&gt;O&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;: (0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Foci are points &lt;math&gt;F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
Vertices are points &lt;math&gt;V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
Line segment &lt;math&gt;V_1OV_2&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;transverse\ axis.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.&lt;/math&gt;
]]

In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; that moves relative to two fixed points called &lt;math&gt;foci&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;: F_1, F_2.&lt;/math&gt;
The distance &lt;math&gt;F_1 F_2&lt;/math&gt; from one &lt;math&gt;focus\ (F_1)&lt;/math&gt; to the other &lt;math&gt;focus\ (F_2)&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances &lt;math&gt;(PF_1, PF_2)&lt;/math&gt; from point to foci is constant.


&lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = K.&lt;/math&gt; See figure 1. 


Center of hyperbola is located at the origin &lt;math&gt;O (0,0)&lt;/math&gt; and the foci &lt;math&gt;(F_1, F_2)&lt;/math&gt; are on the &lt;math&gt;X\ axis&lt;/math&gt;
at distance &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;O. &lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-c, 0). F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(c,0)&lt;/math&gt;. Line segments &lt;math&gt;OF_1 = OF_2 = c.&lt;/math&gt;


Each point &lt;math&gt;(V_1,V_2)&lt;/math&gt; where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a &lt;math&gt;vertex.\ V_1,V_2&lt;/math&gt; are the vertices of the ellipse.


By definition &lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,&lt;/math&gt; the length of the
&lt;math&gt;transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OV_1 = OV_2 = a.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Radians, the natural angle==
[[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center.
&lt;/br&gt;
In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1.
&lt;/br&gt;
One radian &lt;math&gt;= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define 
the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest
the angle in an equilateral triangle.
This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call
this angle the &quot;natural&quot; angle.

The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base.
In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into
60 parts, now called minutes, and so on.

Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle.

We know that &lt;math&gt;\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})&lt;/math&gt; should be &lt;math&gt;0.5,&lt;/math&gt; or one half of our concept of the natural angle.

Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times
with invention of the calculus.

In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function:

&lt;math&gt;\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.&lt;/math&gt;

The following python code calculates 
&lt;math&gt;\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})&lt;/math&gt; using Gregory's series:
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

r3 = 3 ** .5
x = r3/3

arctan_x = (
      x        -  x**3/3  +  x**5/5  -  x**7/7  +  x**9/9  - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19
    + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39
    + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59
    + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69
)

sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess.

However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle that subtends an arc on the circumference of a circle equal to the radius.

Six times arctan_x &lt;math&gt;= 180^\circ&lt;/math&gt; or the number of radians in a semi-circle:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793
180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,&lt;/math&gt; number of radians in semi-circle.

One radian &lt;math&gt;= 57.29577951308232^\circ,&lt;/math&gt; slightly less than &lt;math&gt;60^\circ.&lt;/math&gt;


Because the value &lt;math&gt;\frac\sqrt{3}{3}&lt;/math&gt; is fairly large, calculation of &lt;code&gt;arctan_x&lt;/code&gt; above required 34 operations
to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly.

Python code below uses much smaller values of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and calculation of &lt;code&gt;arctan_x&lt;/code&gt; for precision of 1001 is quite fast.

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==tan(A/2)==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2}&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OQ = 1;\ QP = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(1,t).&lt;/math&gt;

Point &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).&lt;/math&gt;

Mid point of &lt;math&gt;PR,\ M&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(   \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2}, \frac{t}{2}            ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2} = \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{1-(1+t^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{-t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Implementation==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
This section calculates five values of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; using the following known values of &lt;math&gt;\tan(A):&lt;/math&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! Angle &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tan(A)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;45^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;36^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{   5 - 2\sqrt{5}  }&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;30^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;27^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{    11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3)   \sqrt{   10 - 2\sqrt{5}      }   }&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;24^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{       (3\sqrt{5} + 7)     \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3}     }{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Values of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in table below are derived from the above values by using identity &lt;math&gt;\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}&lt;/math&gt;:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! Angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;x = \tan(\theta)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778&lt;/code&gt;
|}


&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

desired_precision = 1001
number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below.

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision.
dgt = decimal.getcontext()

Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3  # Adjust as necessary.
Tolerance = dD(&quot;1e-&quot; + str(Precision-2))      # Adjust as necessary.
adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3

def tan_halfA(tan_A) :
    dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision
    top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt()
    dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision
    tan_A_2 = top/tan_A
    return tan_A_2
    
def tan_2A (tanA) :
    '''
          2 * tanA
tan(2A) = -----------
          1 - tanA**2
    '''
    if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0'
    dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision
    bottom = (1 - tanA**2)
    output = 2*tanA/bottom
    dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision
    return output+0

def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) :
    '''
if input == 45,1
output is:
&quot;dD(45) / (2 ** (33))&quot;, &quot;0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912&quot;
                           ^^^^^^^^^^^
number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes.
θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA)
    '''
    θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA
    for p in range (1,100) :
        θ /= 2
        tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ)
        if tanθ &gt;= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue
        str1 = str(tanθ)
        # str1 = &quot;n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11&quot;
        str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4]
        list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ]
        str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1))
        dD2 = dD(str2)
        (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2])
        ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3])
        str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p)
        (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4])
        return str3, str2
    ({}[5])


r3 = dD(3).sqrt()
r5 = dD(5).sqrt()
tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt()
tan45 = dD(1)
tan30 = r3/3

v1 = 3*r5+7
v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt()
v3 = (r5+3)*r3
tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2

v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt()
tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt()


values_of_A_tanA = (
    (dD(45), tan45),
    (dD(36), tan36),
    (dD(30), tan30),
    (dD(27), tan27),
    (dD(24), tan24),
)

values_of_θ_tanθ = []
for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA :
    θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA)
    print()
    sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
#    sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
    print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:]))
    values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ]

# Check
for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) :
    A, tanA = v1,v2
    θ = eval(v3)
    tanθ = dD(v4)
    status = 0
    for p in range (1,100) :
        θ *= 2
        tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) 
        if θ == A :
            dgt.prec = desired_precision
            (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10])
            dgt.prec = Precision            
            status = 1
            break
    status or ({}[11])
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912

θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713

θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689

θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738

θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :
    '''
angleθ may be: &quot;dD(27) / (2 ** (33))&quot;
tanθ may be: &quot;0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738&quot;
π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ)
    '''
    thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :'

    if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass
    elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ)
    else : ({}[21])
    if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass
    elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ)
    else : ({}[22])
    
    x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0

    #         x**3   x**5   x**7   x**9
    # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ----
    #           3      5      7      9
    # 
    # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2.
    # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point.
    # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes.
    # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum
    # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop.
    # 
    for p in range (3,200,2) :
        # This is main loop.
        count += 1
        addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p
        sum += addendum
        if abs(addendum) &lt; Tolerance :
            status = 1; break
        multiplier = -multiplier
    status or ({}[23])
    print(thisName, 'count =',count)
    π = sum * 180 / angleθ
    dgt.prec = desired_precision
    π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision.
    dgt.prec = Precision
    return π

# Calculate five values of π:
values_of_π = []
for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ :
    π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ)
    values_of_π += [ π ]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop:
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check that all 5 values of π are equal:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

set1 = set(values_of_π)
sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
len(values_of_π) = 5
len(set1) = 1
set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Print value of π as python command formatted:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

newLine = '''
'''[-1:]

def print_π (π) :
    '''
Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989')
This function prints:
π = ( &quot;3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510_58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679&quot;
     +  &quot;82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128_48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196&quot;
     .....
     +  &quot;59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778_18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989&quot; )
    '''
    πstr = str(π)
    (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31])
    (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32])

    ten_rows = []
    for p in range (2, len(πstr), 100) :
        str1a = πstr[p:p+100]
        list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ]
        str1b = '_'.join(list1a)
        ten_rows += [str1b]
    ten_rows[0] = '3.' + ten_rows[0]
    joiner = '&quot;{}     +  &quot;'.format(newLine)
    str3 = '( &quot;{}&quot; )'.format(joiner.join(ten_rows))
    
    str4 = eval(str3)
    (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33])
    print ('π =', str3)
    return str3

π1 = print_π (π)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
π = ( &quot;3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510_58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679&quot;
     +  &quot;82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128_48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196&quot;
     +  &quot;44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091_45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273&quot;
     +  &quot;72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436_78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094&quot;
     +  &quot;33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548_07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912&quot;
     +  &quot;98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798_60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132&quot;
     +  &quot;00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872_14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235&quot;
     +  &quot;42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960_51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859&quot;
     +  &quot;50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881_71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303&quot;
     +  &quot;59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778_18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989&quot; )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Code returns list containing two points:
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Asymptotes of hyperbola==

===Line and hyperbola===
This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola.
====With two common points====

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Line and hyperbola have two common points.
&lt;/br&gt;
When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote.
&lt;/br&gt;
]]
Line 1:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775

abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2
result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) 
sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Code returns list containing two points:
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Length of latus rectum==
-----------------------

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a^2y^2 = b^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{b^2}{a}&lt;/math&gt;

Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.&lt;/math&gt;

=Conic sections generally=
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere
and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of
the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.
==Slope of curve==

Given equation of conic section: &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,&lt;/math&gt;

differentiate both sides with respect to &lt;math&gt;x.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}&lt;/math&gt;


For slope horizontal: &lt;math&gt;2Ax + Cy + D = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

For slope vertical: &lt;math&gt;Cx + 2By + E = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

For given slope &lt;math&gt;m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
===Implementation===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) :
    '''
equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) 
equation1 is equation for slope horizontal.
equation2 is equation for slope vertical.
equation3 is equation for slope supplied.
All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0.
    '''
    A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF
    output = []

    abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ]
    abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ]

    m = slope
    # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D
    # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D
    # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0
    abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ]

    if flag :
        str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[0]
        str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[1]
        str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[2]
        str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        
    return output
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Examples===
====Quadratic function====

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{line 1:}\ x = 7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{line 2:}\ x = 17&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
=====y = f(x)=====
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function &lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never vertical.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This is quadratic function: &lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of this curve: &lt;math&gt;m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;5:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic 
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0
For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0  # x = 7
For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0      # This does not make sense. 
                                               # Slope is never vertical. 
For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0           # x = 17. 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check results:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

for x in (7,17) :
    m = (2*x - 14)/4
    s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
x,m (7, 0.0)   # When x = 7, slope = 0. 
x,m (17, 5.0)  # When x =17, slope = 5.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=====x = f(y)=====

&lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{line 1:}\ y = -7&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{line 2:}\ y = -11&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;0.5&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never horizontal.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This is quadratic function: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of this curve: &lt;math&gt;\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}&lt;/math&gt;

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;0.5:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y)
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0
For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0    # This does not make sense.
                                                # Slope is never horizontal.
For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0    # y = -7
For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0   # y = -11
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check results:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

for y in (-7,-11) :
    top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14
    if bottom == 0 :
        print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom))
        continue
    m = top/bottom
    s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
y,m -7 -4/0     # When y = -7, slope is vertical.
y,m (-11, 0.5)  # When y = -11, slope is 0.5.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

====Parabola====


&lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola &lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; because axis has slope &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; and curve is never parallel to axis.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is a parabola.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;2:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0
For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0
For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0
For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope &lt;math&gt;\frac{3}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;0.75:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0
For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above.
For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0    # Same as above.
For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0    # Impossible.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Axis has slope &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; and curve is never parallel to axis.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

====Ellipse====

&lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;-1.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is an ellipse.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;-1:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse
three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0
For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0
For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{0}.&lt;/math&gt;

If slope of curve is given as &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{0},&lt;/math&gt; it means that curve is vertical at that
point and tangent to curve has equation &lt;math&gt;x = k.&lt;/math&gt;

For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve
at those points has the given slope.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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====Hyperbola====


&lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

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[[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola &lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is a hyperbola.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;2:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0
For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0
For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0
For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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==Latera recta et cetera==
&quot;Latus rectum&quot; is a Latin expression meaning &quot;straight side.&quot;
According to Google, the Latin plural of &quot;latus rectum&quot; is &quot;latera recta,&quot;
but English allows &quot;latus rectums&quot; or possibly &quot;lati rectums.&quot;
The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student
and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is &quot;Latus rectums and other things.&quot; This section describes the calculation of interesting items 
associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.


When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above.
Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:
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[[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Eccentricity = 0.9&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID2}&lt;/math&gt; = (6.32, 7.24)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I2}&lt;/math&gt;  = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)&lt;/br&gt;
F2  = (8, 5)&lt;/br&gt;
M   = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)&lt;/br&gt;
F1  = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I1}&lt;/math&gt;  = (23.12, -15.16)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID1}&lt;/math&gt; = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
P   = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
Q   = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)&lt;/br&gt;
R   = (5.984, 3.488)&lt;/br&gt;
S   = (10.016, 6.512)&lt;/br&gt;
T   = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)&lt;/br&gt;
U   = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Length of major axis: &lt;math&gt;\text{I1I2}&lt;/math&gt; = 26.52631578947368421052&lt;/br&gt;
Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170&lt;/br&gt;
Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse

result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF)
(len(result) == 2) or 1/0

# ellipse or hyperbola
(abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result
a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
(e1 == e2) or 2/0
(1 &gt; e1 &gt; 0) or 3/0

print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1)
print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:')
print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
Equation of ellipse in standard form:
(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def sum_zero(input) :
    '''
sum = sum_zero(input)
If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0.
For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999)
this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0.
    '''
    global Tolerance
    sump = sumn = 0
    for v in input :
        if v &gt; 0 : sump += v
        elif v &lt; 0 : sumn -= v
    sum = sump - sumn
    if abs(sum) &lt; Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    min, max = sorted((sumn,sump))
    if abs(sum) &lt;= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    return sum
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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===Major axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# axis is perpendicular to directrix.
ax,bx = b1,-a1
# axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0
cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1))
axis = ax,bx,cx
print ( '    Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) )
print ( '    Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) )
print ()
print ( '    Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) )
print ( '    Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) )
F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1.
print ( '    F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) )
F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2.
print ( '    F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) )

#  Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2:
dx,dy = a1,b1

# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx
else :  distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1)
if distance_F1_F2 &lt; 0 :
    distance_F1_F2 *= -1
    dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1

# Intercept on directrix1
distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1)
ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1
print ( '    Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) )

# 
# distance_F1_F2
# -------------------- = e
# length_of_major_axis
# 
length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1

# Intercept1 on curve
distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2

xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve
I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ]
print ( '    Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0
    Eccentricity = 0.9

    Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0
    Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0
    F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)
    F2 : (8, 5)
    Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)
    Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;I2, ID2.&lt;/math&gt;
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===Latus rectums===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# direction cosines along latus rectum.
dlx,dly = -dy,dx
# 
# distance from U to F1               half_latus_rectum
# ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1
# distance from U to directrix 1   distance_from_F1_to_ID1
# 
half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1)
# latus rectum 1
# Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0.
afc,bfc = a1,b1
cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1))
print ( '    Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) )
        
P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) )
U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) )
distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt())
print ('    Length PU =', distance)
print ('    half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0
    Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)
    Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    Length PU = 5.04
    half_latus_rectum = 2.52
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;R, S.&lt;/math&gt;
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===Minor axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
print ()

# Mid point between F1, F2:
M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2
print ( '    Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) )
half_major  = length_of_major_axis / 2
half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2
half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt()
length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2
        
Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor,  yM + dly*half_minor
T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor,  yM - dly*half_minor
print ( '    Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) )
print ( '    Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) )

print ('    length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
print ('    length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis)
# 
# A basic check.
# length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2)
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- = 1-e**2
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1
sum_zero(values) and 3/0
        
aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix.
cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM))
print ( '    Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)
    Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052
    length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170
    Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Checking===
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All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:


* Check that points &lt;math&gt;ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1&lt;/math&gt; are on axis.

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;R, F2, S&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F2.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;Q, M, T&lt;/math&gt; are on minor axis through &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;P, F1, U&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F1.&lt;/math&gt;


Test below checks that 8 points &lt;math&gt;I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U&lt;/math&gt; are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e = 0.9.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
t1 = (
    ('I1'), ('I2'),
    ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'),
    ('S'), ('T'), ('U'),
)

for name in t1 :
    value = eval(name)
    x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ]
    print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y))
    values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F
    sum_zero(values) and 3/0

    # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1:
    distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1
    e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1
    print ('    e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed.

    # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2:
    distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2
    e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2
    e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2)
    print ('    e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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Note the differences between &quot;raw&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; and &quot;clean&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_2.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 
    e2 = 0.9
I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
P  : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) 
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
Q  : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002
    e2 = 0.9
R  : (5.984, 3.488)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9
S  : (10.016, 6.512) 
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9   
T  : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996
    e2 = 0.9
U  : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    e1 = -0.9
    e2 = 0.9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==Traditional definition of ellipse==
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[[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and Focus 2 or &lt;math&gt;F_2.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance between &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt;, distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;, must be non-zero.

Point &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt;
and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


Points &lt;math&gt;T_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;T_2&lt;/math&gt; are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points.

distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_2T_2&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore the constant is &lt;math&gt;\text{length of major axis}&lt;/math&gt; which must be greater than distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2.&lt;/math&gt;


From information given, calculate eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; and equation of one directrix.
Choose directrix 1 &lt;math&gt;dx1&lt;/math&gt; associated with focus F1.


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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==Ellipse at origin==
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[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


By definition distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt;

Expand &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and result is &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt;A = 4k^2 - 16p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = 4k^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;y = 0,&lt;/math&gt; point &lt;math&gt;B,\ Ax^2 = -F&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{k}{2} = a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;k = \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

By definition, distance &lt;math&gt;F_2A&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = a.&lt;/math&gt;


Intercept form of ellipse at origin:

&lt;math&gt;(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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==Second definition of ellipse==
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[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b = 20,12&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


Let &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero,

* &lt;math&gt;a &gt; p,&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;a = p + u.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let directrix have equation &lt;math&gt;x = t&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;\frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;B:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pu + uu = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u(p + u) = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

Statement &lt;math&gt;(3)&lt;/math&gt; is true at point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; also.


Section under &quot;Proof&quot; below proves that statement (3) is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on ellipse.
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===Proof===
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[[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Graph is part of curve &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
distance to Directrix1 &lt;math&gt;= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
base = &lt;math&gt;x - p = x - ae&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt;
]]
As expressed above in statement &lt;math&gt;3,&lt;/math&gt; second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


This section proves that this definition is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on the ellipse.


At point &lt;math&gt;P:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2&lt;/math&gt;

base &lt;math&gt;= x-p = x-ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a-ex)^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;


Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 &lt;math&gt;(-p, 0)&lt;/math&gt; and Directrix2 &lt;math&gt;(x = -t)&lt;/math&gt;
in which case:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;


Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

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&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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==Heading==
===Properties of ellipse===
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[[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Traditional definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Second definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance } AF_1}  {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Triangle &lt;math&gt;A F_1  G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle  O F_1  A  = \cos \angle   F_1 A G&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse in diagram has:


* Two foci: &lt;math&gt;F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of major axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of minor axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } A B = 2b&lt;/math&gt;

* Equation: &lt;math&gt;\frac {x^2} {a^2}  + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } P Q&lt;/math&gt;

* Distance between directrices &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t&lt;/math&gt;


Properties of ellipse:

* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}  {\text{distance between directrices}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{length of major axis}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}}  {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}}  {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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====Major axis====
From traditional definition of ellipse:

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_1\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_1&lt;/math&gt;

= &lt;math&gt;k.&lt;/math&gt;


Therefore: 

Length of major axis = distance &lt;math&gt;I_2I_1 = 2a = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.&lt;/math&gt;


From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
====Foci====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = te - ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = a - ae&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = ae&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.&lt;/math&gt;
====Minor axis====
Triangle &lt;math&gt;AOF_1&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.

&lt;math&gt;\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{p}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{ae}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    e^2  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Triangles &lt;math&gt;AOF_1,\ AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; are similar.

Triangle &lt;math&gt;AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.


&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.&lt;/math&gt;
====Latus rectum====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt; \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}}  + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

====Slope of curve====
Curve has equation: &lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{ae}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Therefore line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

===Intercept form of equation===


&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Equation of ellipse has format &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,b).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,-b).&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(f,0)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;f = ea.&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-f,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Curve has equation &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,&lt;/math&gt; called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the 
fractional value of each coefficient.


Standard form of this equation is: &lt;math&gt;(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; While the standard form is
valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and
intercepts are neatly contained within the equation.


Slope of curve:

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;


At point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on latus rectum &lt;math&gt;PQ:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e&lt;/math&gt;


Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Line &lt;math&gt;PD&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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===Example===
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[[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
M is mid-point between F1 and F2.
&lt;/br&gt;
Point R is on minor axis.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_minor_axis = 6
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = 0.8&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Given:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

F1 = 1, -7          # Focus 1
F2 = -1.24, 0.68    # Focus 2
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate equation of ellipse.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;

F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ]    # Focus 1
F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ]    # Focus 2

length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis)
half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2

# Direction cosines from F1 to F2
dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1
divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt()
dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ]

# F2
# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy
half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# The mid-point
M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2

# Eccentricity:
e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis

# distance from point R to F1                half_major_axis
# ------------------------------------ = e = -----------------------------------------
# distance from point R to Directrix 1       distance from point M to Directrix 1

distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e

# Intersection of axis and directrix 1
D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1,  yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1
D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ]

# Equation of Directrix 1
# dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis.
# adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0
# Directrix 1 contains point D1
cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) )

abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
epq = e,p1,q1
ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq  (abc,epq, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Equation of ellipse in standard form:

&lt;math&gt;(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


For more insight into method of calculation and proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
if 1 :
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))
    print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1))

    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))
    print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
    
    print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM))
    print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM))

    # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2
    half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt()
    length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2
    s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    # Direction cosines on major axis:
    print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy)
    
    # Direction cosines on minor axis:
    dnx,dny = dy,-dx
    print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny)

    # One point on minor axis:
    R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis
    print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR))
    print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR))
    # Verify that point R is on ellipse:
    sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0

    s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1))
    print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1))

    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1))

    print()
# For proof, reverse the process:    
    (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq  (ABCDEF)
    a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1))
    print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1))
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))

    print()
    a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
    print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2))
    print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2))
    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:')
    A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ]
    str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'
    print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
F1: (1, -7)
F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1
F2: (-1.24, 0.68)
F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1
length_of_major_axis = 10
M: (-0.12, -3.16)
M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1
length_of_minor_axis = 6
dx,dy = -0.28 0.96
dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28
R: (2.76, -2.32)
R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1
e = 0.8
D1: (1.63, -9.16)
D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1
Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0

Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0
Eccentricity e1: 0.8
F1: (1, -7)

Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 
Eccentricity e2: 0.8
F2: (-1.24, 0.68) 

Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=allEqual=

{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; padding-bottom:0.2em; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.75em;&quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
====Welcomee====
{{Robelbox|title=[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]]|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFF800;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;

=====Welcomen=====
{{Robelbox|title=|theme={{{theme|9}}}}}
&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
     padding-left:0.5em; 
     padding-right:0.75em;
     background-color: #FFFFFF;
     &quot;&gt;
[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.
if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :
    pass
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
{{Robelbox/close}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category: main page templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; !! &lt;math&gt;x^2 - N&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-221&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-208&lt;/code&gt;
|-
|-
| &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-157&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-136&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;12&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-113&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;13&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;-88&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;26&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;419&lt;/code&gt;
|}

=Testing=
======table1======
{|style=&quot;border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|
Hello

As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum.
]]
Coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; may be negative as shown in diagram.


As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.


Unless stated otherwise, any reference to &quot;cubic function&quot; on this page will assume coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; positive.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;x_{poi} = -1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

=====Various planes in 3 dimensions=====
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:0713x=4.png|&lt;small&gt;plane x=4.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713y=3.png|&lt;small&gt;plane y=3.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713z=-2.png|&lt;small&gt;plane z=-2.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
1.4142135623730950488016887242096980785696718753769480731766797379907324784621070388503875343276415727
  3501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141322266592750559275579995050115278206057147
  0109559971605970274534596862014728517418640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989
  6872533965463318088296406206152583523950547457502877599617298355752203375318570113543746034084988471
  6038689997069900481503054402779031645424782306849293691862158057846311159666871301301561856898723723
  5288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585487415565706967765372022648544701585880162
  0758474922657226002085584466521458398893944370926591800311388246468157082630100594858704003186480342
  1948972782906410450726368813137398552561173220402450912277002269411275736272804957381089675040183698
  6836845072579936472906076299694138047565482372899718032680247442062926912485905218100445984215059112
  0249441341728531478105803603371077309182869314710171111683916581726889419758716582152128229518488472
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\theta_1&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2 - x - 2&lt;/math&gt;
and &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = 2x - 1.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
]]
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;O\ (0,0,0)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&amp;\ 0\\
	       2Ap + B =&amp;\ 0\\
                   2Ap =&amp;\ - B\\
\\
                     p =&amp;\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
1.&amp;4141475869yugh\\
  &amp;2645er3423231sgdtrf\\
  &amp;dhcgfyrt45erwesd
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;
  4\sin 18^\circ
  = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)}
  = \sqrt 5 - 1
&lt;/math&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2ujcjtegdv9f7m8v0xdbovhtbqtus4e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689412</id>
      <parentid>2689409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Implementation */</comment>
      <origin>2689412</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72328" sha1="hhxrqx4cwy1vlkj59t5ihklqk8rjgv6" xml:space="preserve">= Hyperbola =
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0911hyperbola00.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Hyperbola at origin with transverse axis horizontal.''' &lt;/br&gt;&lt;/br&gt;

Origin at point &lt;math&gt;O&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;: (0,0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Foci are points &lt;math&gt;F_1 (-c,0),\ F_2 (c,0). OF_1 = OF_2 = c.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
Vertices are points &lt;math&gt;V_1 (-a,0),\ V_2 (a,0). OV_1 = OV_2 = a.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
Line segment &lt;math&gt;V_1OV_2&lt;/math&gt; is the &lt;math&gt;transverse\ axis.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = 2a.&lt;/math&gt;
]]

In cartesian [[geometry]] in two dimensions hyperbola is locus of a point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; that moves relative to two fixed points called &lt;math&gt;foci&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;: F_1, F_2.&lt;/math&gt;
The distance &lt;math&gt;F_1 F_2&lt;/math&gt; from one &lt;math&gt;focus\ (F_1)&lt;/math&gt; to the other &lt;math&gt;focus\ (F_2)&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero. The absolute difference of the distances &lt;math&gt;(PF_1, PF_2)&lt;/math&gt; from point to foci is constant.


&lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = K.&lt;/math&gt; See figure 1. 


Center of hyperbola is located at the origin &lt;math&gt;O (0,0)&lt;/math&gt; and the foci &lt;math&gt;(F_1, F_2)&lt;/math&gt; are on the &lt;math&gt;X\ axis&lt;/math&gt;
at distance &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;O. &lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-c, 0). F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(c,0)&lt;/math&gt;. Line segments &lt;math&gt;OF_1 = OF_2 = c.&lt;/math&gt;


Each point &lt;math&gt;(V_1,V_2)&lt;/math&gt; where the curve intersects the transverse axis is called a &lt;math&gt;vertex.\ V_1,V_2&lt;/math&gt; are the vertices of the ellipse.


By definition &lt;math&gt;PF_1 - PF_2 = V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_1F_2 - V_1F_1 = K.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\therefore V_2F_1 - V_2F_2 = V_2F_1 - V_1F_1 = V_1V_2 = K = 2a,&lt;/math&gt; the length of the
&lt;math&gt;transverse\ axis\ (V_1V_2).&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OV_1 = OV_2 = a.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Radians, the natural angle==
[[File:1129radian00.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram illustrating one radian of angular measurement.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Arc of circle (red curved line with arrows) with length equal to radius of circle subtends one radian at center.
&lt;/br&gt;
In diagram above, length of radius = length of arc = 1.
&lt;/br&gt;
One radian &lt;math&gt;= 57.29577951308232\dots^\circ.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
If you were a mathematician among the ancient Sumerians of the 3rd millennium BC and you were determined to define 
the angle that could be adopted as a standard to be used by all users of trigonometry, you would probably suggest
the angle in an equilateral triangle.
This angle is easily defined, easily constructed, easily understood and easily reproduced. It would be easy to call
this angle the &quot;natural&quot; angle.

The numeral system used by the ancient Sumerians was Sexagesimal, also known as base 60, a numeral system with sixty as its base.
In practice the natural angle could be divided into 60 parts, now called degrees, and each degree could be divided into
60 parts, now called minutes, and so on.

Three equilateral triangles fit neatly into a semi-circle, hence 180 degrees in a semi-circle.

We know that &lt;math&gt;\tan 30^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}.&lt;/math&gt;
Therefore, &lt;math&gt;\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})&lt;/math&gt; should be &lt;math&gt;0.5,&lt;/math&gt; or one half of our concept of the natural angle.

Whatever the natural angle might be, it has existed for billions of years, but it has come to light only in recent times
with invention of the calculus.

In mathematics, the arctangent series, traditionally called Gregory's series, is the Taylor series expansion at the origin of the arctangent function:

&lt;math&gt;\arctan x = x - \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \frac{x^7}{7} + \frac{x^9}{9} + \cdots.&lt;/math&gt;

The following python code calculates 
&lt;math&gt;\arctan (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})&lt;/math&gt; using Gregory's series:
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

r3 = 3 ** .5
x = r3/3

arctan_x = (
      x        -  x**3/3  +  x**5/5  -  x**7/7  +  x**9/9  - x**11/11 + x**13/13 - x**15/15 + x**17/17 - x**19/19
    + x**21/21 - x**23/23 + x**25/25 - x**27/27 + x**29/29 - x**31/31 + x**33/33 - x**35/35 + x**37/37 - x**39/39
    + x**41/41 - x**43/43 + x**45/45 - x**47/47 + x**49/49 - x**51/51 + x**53/53 - x**55/55 + x**57/57 - x**59/59
    + x**61/61 - x**63/63 + x**65/65 - x**67/67 + x**69/69
)

sx = 'arctan_x' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
arctan_x = 0.5235987755982988
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Our assessment of the natural angle as the angle in an equilateral triangle was a very reasonable guess.

However, the natural angle is the radian, the angle that subtends an arc on the circumference of a circle equal to the radius.

Six times arctan_x &lt;math&gt;= 180^\circ&lt;/math&gt; or the number of radians in a semi-circle:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

sx = 'arctan_x * 6' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = '180/(arctan_x * 6)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
arctan_x * 6 = 3.141592653589793
180/(arctan_x * 6) = 57.29577951308232
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\pi = 3.141592653589793\dots,&lt;/math&gt; number of radians in semi-circle.

One radian &lt;math&gt;= 57.29577951308232^\circ,&lt;/math&gt; slightly less than &lt;math&gt;60^\circ.&lt;/math&gt;


Because the value &lt;math&gt;\frac\sqrt{3}{3}&lt;/math&gt; is fairly large, calculation of &lt;code&gt;arctan_x&lt;/code&gt; above required 34 operations
to produce result accurate to 16 places of decimals. The calculation did not converge quickly.

Python code below uses much smaller values of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; and calculation of &lt;code&gt;arctan_x&lt;/code&gt; for precision of 1001 is quite fast.

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==tan(A/2)==

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:1122tanA_200.png|thumb|400px|'''Graphical calculation of &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2}&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OQ = 1;\ QP = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\tan(A) = \frac{QP}{OQ} = \frac{t}{1} = t.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;OP = OR = \sqrt{1 + t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(1,t).&lt;/math&gt;

Point &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(\sqrt{1 + t^2},0).&lt;/math&gt;

Mid point of &lt;math&gt;PR,\ M&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(   \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2}, \frac{t}{2}            ).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{t}{2} / \frac{ 1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2}  }{2} = \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t}{1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} } \cdot \frac{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}}{1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{1-(1+t^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{t(   1 -  \sqrt{1 + t^2}    )}{-t^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + t^2} }{t}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\tan \frac{A}{2} = \frac{\tan(A)}{1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}} = \frac{-1 +  \sqrt{1 + \tan^2 (A)} }{\tan (A)}&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;\tan (2A) = \frac{2\tan (A)}{ 1 - \tan^2 (A) }&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Implementation==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
This section calculates five values of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; using the following known values of &lt;math&gt;\tan(A):&lt;/math&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! Angle &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;\tan(A)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;45^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;36^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{   5 - 2\sqrt{5}  }&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;30^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;27^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\sqrt{    11 - 4\sqrt{5} + (\sqrt{5} - 3)   \sqrt{   10 - 2\sqrt{5}      }   }&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;24^\circ&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{       (3\sqrt{5} + 7)     \sqrt{5 - 2\sqrt{5}} - (\sqrt{5} + 3)\sqrt{3}     }{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}

Values of &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in table below are derived from the above values by using identity &lt;math&gt;\tan(\frac{A}{2}) = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + \tan^2(A)}}{\tan(A)}&lt;/math&gt;:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
! Angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; || &lt;math&gt;x = \tan(\theta)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{45^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{36^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{30^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{27^\circ}{2^{33}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{24^\circ}{2^{32}}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;code&gt;0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778&lt;/code&gt;
|}


&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

desired_precision = 1001
number_of_leading_zeroes = 10 # See below.

import decimal
dD = decimal.Decimal # decimal object is like float with (almost) infinite precision.
dgt = decimal.getcontext()

Precision = dgt.prec = desired_precision + 3  # Adjust as necessary.
Tolerance = dD(&quot;1e-&quot; + str(Precision-2))      # Adjust as necessary.
adjustment_to_precision = number_of_leading_zeroes * 2 + 3

def tan_halfA(tan_A) :
    dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision
    top = -1 + (1+tan_A**2).sqrt()
    dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision
    tan_A_2 = top/tan_A
    return tan_A_2
    
def tan_2A (tanA) :
    '''
          2 * tanA
tan(2A) = -----------
          1 - tanA**2
    '''
    if tanA in (1,-1) : return '1/0'
    dgt.prec += adjustment_to_precision
    bottom = (1 - tanA**2)
    output = 2*tanA/bottom
    dgt.prec -= adjustment_to_precision
    return output+0

def θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA) :
    '''
if input == 45,1
output is:
&quot;dD(45) / (2 ** (33))&quot;, &quot;0.00000_00000_91432_37995_....._63759_3912&quot;
                           ^^^^^^^^^^^
number_of_leading_zeroes refers to these zeroes.
θ,tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (angleA, tanA)
    '''
    θ, tanθ = angleA, tanA
    for p in range (1,100) :
        θ /= 2
        tanθ = tan_halfA(tanθ)
        if tanθ &gt;= dD('1e-' + str(number_of_leading_zeroes)) : continue
        str1 = str(tanθ)
        # str1 = &quot;n.nnnnnnnnnnnnn ..... nnnnnnnnnnnnE-11&quot;
        str1a = str1[0] + str1[2:-4]
        list1 = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range (0, len(str1a), 5) ]
        str2 = '0.00000_00000_' + ('_'.join(list1))
        dD2 = dD(str2)
        (dD2 == tanθ) or ({}[2])
        ((θ * (2**p)) == angleA ) or ({}[3])
        str3 = 'dD({}) / (2 ** ({}))'.format(angleA,p)
        (θ == eval(str3)) or ({}[4])
        return str3, str2
    ({}[5])


r3 = dD(3).sqrt()
r5 = dD(5).sqrt()
tan36 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt()
tan45 = dD(1)
tan30 = r3/3

v1 = 3*r5+7
v2 = (5 - 2*r5).sqrt()
v3 = (r5+3)*r3
tan24 = ( v1*v2 - v3 )/2

v1 = r5 - 3 ; v2 = (10 - 2*r5).sqrt()
tan27 = ( 11 - 4*r5 + v1*v2 ).sqrt()


values_of_A_tanA = (
    (dD(45), tan45),
    (dD(36), tan36),
    (dD(30), tan30),
    (dD(27), tan27),
    (dD(24), tan24),
)

values_of_θ_tanθ = []
for (A, tanA) in values_of_A_tanA :
    θ, tanθ = θ_tanθ_from_A_tanA (A, tanA)
    print()
    sx = 'θ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
#    sx = 'tanθ' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
    print ('tanθ =', '{}.....{}'.format(tanθ[:30], tanθ[-20:]))
    values_of_θ_tanθ += [ (θ, tanθ) ]

# Check
for (v1,v2),(v3,v4) in zip (values_of_A_tanA, values_of_θ_tanθ) :
    A, tanA = v1,v2
    θ = eval(v3)
    tanθ = dD(v4)
    status = 0
    for p in range (1,100) :
        θ *= 2
        tanθ = tan_2A (tanθ) 
        if θ == A :
            dgt.prec = desired_precision
            (+tanθ == +tanA) or ({}[10])
            dgt.prec = Precision            
            status = 1
            break
    status or ({}[11])
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
θ = dD(45) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_91432_37995_4197.....089_03901_63759_3912

θ = dD(36) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_73145_90396_3357.....211_97500_56173_0713

θ = dD(30) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_60954_91996_9464.....024_32806_94580_0689

θ = dD(27) / (2 ** (33))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_54859_42797_2518.....791_30634_03540_9738

θ = dD(24) / (2 ** (32))
tanθ = 0.00000_00000_97527_87195_1143.....736_60376_04724_6778
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

def calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :
    '''
angleθ may be: &quot;dD(27) / (2 ** (33))&quot;
tanθ may be: &quot;0.00000_00000_54859_42797_ ..... _03540_9738&quot;
π = calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ)
    '''
    thisName = 'calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) :'

    if isinstance(angleθ, dD) : pass
    elif isinstance(angleθ, str) : angleθ = eval(angleθ)
    else : ({}[21])
    if isinstance(tanθ, dD) : pass
    elif isinstance(tanθ, str) : tanθ = dD(tanθ)
    else : ({}[22])
    
    x = tanθ ; multiplier = -1 ; sum = x ; count = 0; status = 0

    #         x**3   x**5   x**7   x**9
    # y = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + ----
    #           3      5      7      9
    # 
    # Each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term multiplied by x**2.
    # Each value of x contains 10 leading zeroes after decimal point.
    # Therefore, each term in the sequence is roughly the previous term with 20 more leading zeroes.
    # Each pass through main loop adds about 20 digits to current value of sum
    # and θ is calculated to precision of 1004 digits with about 50 passes through main loop.
    # 
    for p in range (3,200,2) :
        # This is main loop.
        count += 1
        addendum = (multiplier * (x**p)) / p
        sum += addendum
        if abs(addendum) &lt; Tolerance :
            status = 1; break
        multiplier = -multiplier
    status or ({}[23])
    print(thisName, 'count =',count)
    π = sum * 180 / angleθ
    dgt.prec = desired_precision
    π += 0 # This forces π to adopt precision of desired_precision.
    dgt.prec = Precision
    return π

# Calculate five values of π:
values_of_π = []
for θ,tanθ in values_of_θ_tanθ :
    π = calculate_π (θ,tanθ)
    values_of_π += [ π ]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Each calculation of π required about 50 passes through main loop:
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 49
calculate_π (angleθ, tanθ) : count = 50
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check that all 5 values of π are equal:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

set1 = set(values_of_π)
sx = 'len(values_of_π)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = 'len(set1)' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
sx = 'set1' ; print (sx, '=', eval(sx))
π, = set1 # Note the syntax. If length of set1 is not 1, this statement fails.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
len(values_of_π) = 5
len(set1) = 1
set1 = {Decimal('3.141592653589793238462643383279.....12268066130019278766111959092164201989')}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Print value of π as python command formatted:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

newLine = '''
'''[-1:]

def print_π (π) :
    '''
Input π is : Decimal('3.141592653589793238 ..... 66111959092164201989')
This function prints:
π = ( &quot;3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510_58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679&quot;
     +  &quot;82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128_48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196&quot;
     .....
     +  &quot;59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778_18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989&quot; )
    '''
    πstr = str(π)
    (len(πstr) == (desired_precision + 1)) or ({}[31])
    (πstr[:2] == '3.') or ({}[32])

    ten_rows = []
    for p in range (2, len(πstr), 100) :
        str1a = πstr[p:p+100]
        list1a = [ str1a[q:q+5] for q in range(0, len(str1a), 5) ]
        str1b = '_'.join(list1a)
        ten_rows += [str1b]
    ten_rows[0] = '3.' + ten_rows[0]
    joiner = '&quot;{}     +  &quot;'.format(newLine)
    str3 = '( &quot;{}&quot; )'.format(joiner.join(ten_rows))
    
    str4 = eval(str3)
    (dD(str4) == π) or ({}[33])
    print ('π =', str3)
    return str3

π1 = print_π (π)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
π = ( &quot;3.14159_26535_89793_23846_26433_83279_50288_41971_69399_37510_58209_74944_59230_78164_06286_20899_86280_34825_34211_70679&quot;
     +  &quot;82148_08651_32823_06647_09384_46095_50582_23172_53594_08128_48111_74502_84102_70193_85211_05559_64462_29489_54930_38196&quot;
     +  &quot;44288_10975_66593_34461_28475_64823_37867_83165_27120_19091_45648_56692_34603_48610_45432_66482_13393_60726_02491_41273&quot;
     +  &quot;72458_70066_06315_58817_48815_20920_96282_92540_91715_36436_78925_90360_01133_05305_48820_46652_13841_46951_94151_16094&quot;
     +  &quot;33057_27036_57595_91953_09218_61173_81932_61179_31051_18548_07446_23799_62749_56735_18857_52724_89122_79381_83011_94912&quot;
     +  &quot;98336_73362_44065_66430_86021_39494_63952_24737_19070_21798_60943_70277_05392_17176_29317_67523_84674_81846_76694_05132&quot;
     +  &quot;00056_81271_45263_56082_77857_71342_75778_96091_73637_17872_14684_40901_22495_34301_46549_58537_10507_92279_68925_89235&quot;
     +  &quot;42019_95611_21290_21960_86403_44181_59813_62977_47713_09960_51870_72113_49999_99837_29780_49951_05973_17328_16096_31859&quot;
     +  &quot;50244_59455_34690_83026_42522_30825_33446_85035_26193_11881_71010_00313_78387_52886_58753_32083_81420_61717_76691_47303&quot;
     +  &quot;59825_34904_28755_46873_11595_62863_88235_37875_93751_95778_18577_80532_17122_68066_13001_92787_66111_95909_21642_01989&quot; )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}
[[File:1130value_of_pi.png|thumb|400px|'''Value of &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; highlighted.''']]
If you highlight the above expression for &lt;math&gt;\pi&lt;/math&gt; as shown in diagram,
you can copy and paste it into your python source file as valid python code.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Asymptotes of hyperbola==

===Line and hyperbola===
This section describes possibilities that arise when we consider intersection of line and hyperbola.
====With two common points====

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:01hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Diagram of hyperbola and line.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Line and hyperbola have two common points.
&lt;/br&gt;
When line and hyperbola have two common points, line cannot be parallel to asymptote.
&lt;/br&gt;
]]
Line 1:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 704, -1404, 1344, -11040, -41220, -161775

abc = a,b,c = .96, .28, .2
result = hyperbola_and_line (ABCDEF, abc) 
sx = 'result' ; print (sx, eval(sx))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Code returns list containing two points:
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
result [ (1.425,-5.6), (4.575,-16.4) ]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Length of latus rectum==
-----------------------

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2c^2 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2(a^2 - b^2) + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;b^2a^2 - b^4 + a^2y^2 - a^2b^2 =0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a^2y^2 = b^4&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{b^4}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{b^2}{a}&lt;/math&gt;

Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= L_1R_1 = L_2R_2 = \frac{2b^2}{a}.&lt;/math&gt;

=Conic sections generally=
Within the two dimensional space of Cartesian Coordinate Geometry a conic section may be located anywhere
and have any orientation.

This section examines the parabola, ellipse and hyperbola, showing how to calculate the equation of
the section, and also how to calculate the foci and directrices given the equation.
==Slope of curve==

Given equation of conic section: &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,&lt;/math&gt;

differentiate both sides with respect to &lt;math&gt;x.&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;2Ax + B(2yy') + C(xy' + y) + D + Ey' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;2Ax + 2Byy' + Cxy' + Cy + D + Ey' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;2Byy' + Cxy' + Ey' + 2Ax + Cy + D = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y'(2By + Cx + E) = -(2Ax + Cy + D)&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}&lt;/math&gt;


For slope horizontal: &lt;math&gt;2Ax + Cy + D = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

For slope vertical: &lt;math&gt;Cx + 2By + E = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

For given slope &lt;math&gt;m = \frac{-(2Ax + Cy + D)}{Cx + 2By + E}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(mC + 2A)x + (m2B + C)y + (mE + D) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
===Implementation===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

def three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope, flag = 0) :
    '''
equation1, equation2, equation3 = three_slopes (ABCDEF, slope[, flag]) 
equation1 is equation for slope horizontal.
equation2 is equation for slope vertical.
equation3 is equation for slope supplied.
All equations are in format (a,b,c) where ax + by + c = 0.
    '''
    A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF
    output = []

    abc = 2*A, C, D ; output += [ abc ]
    abc = C, 2*B, E ; output += [ abc ]

    m = slope
    # m(Cx + 2By + E) = -2Ax - Cy - D
    # mCx + m2By + mE = -2Ax - Cy - D
    # mCx + 2Ax + m2By + Cy + mE + D = 0
    abc = m*C + 2*A, m*2*B + C, m*E + D ; output += [ abc ]

    if flag :
        str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (A,B,C,D,E,F)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[0]
        str1 = 'For slope horizontal: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[1]
        str1 = 'For slope vertical: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        a,b,c = output[2]
        str1 = 'For slope {}: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format (slope, a,b,c)
        print (str1)
        
    return output
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Examples===
====Quadratic function====

&lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{line 1:}\ x = 7&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{line 2:}\ x = 17&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
=====y = f(x)=====
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0502quadratic01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function &lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;5&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never vertical.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This is quadratic function: &lt;math&gt;y = \frac{x^2 - 14x - 39}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of this curve: &lt;math&gt;m = y' = \frac{2x - 14}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;5:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -1,0,0,14,4,39 # quadratic 
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 5, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(-1)x^2 + (0)y^2 + (0)xy + (14)x + (4)y + (39) = 0
For slope horizontal: (-2)x + (0)y + (14) = 0  # x = 7
For slope vertical: (0)x + (0)y + (4) = 0      # This does not make sense. 
                                               # Slope is never vertical. 
For slope 5: (-2)x + (0)y + (34) = 0           # x = 17. 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check results:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

for x in (7,17) :
    m = (2*x - 14)/4
    s1 = 'x,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
x,m (7, 0.0)   # When x = 7, slope = 0. 
x,m (17, 5.0)  # When x =17, slope = 5.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=====x = f(y)=====

&lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{line 1:}\ y = -7&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{line 2:}\ y = -11&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0502quadratic02.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of quadratic function &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;0.5&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never horizontal.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This is quadratic function: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{-(y^2 + 14y + 5)}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of this curve: &lt;math&gt;\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{-2y - 14}{4}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m = y' = \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{-4}{2y + 14}&lt;/math&gt;

Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;0.5:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 0,-1,0,-4,-14,-5 # quadratic x = f(y)
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.5, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(0)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (-4)x + (-14)y + (-5) = 0
For slope horizontal: (0)x + (0)y + (-4) = 0    # This does not make sense.
                                                # Slope is never horizontal.
For slope vertical: (0)x + (-2)y + (-14) = 0    # y = -7
For slope 0.5: (0.0)x + (-1.0)y + (-11.0) = 0   # y = -11
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Check results:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

for y in (-7,-11) :
    top = -4 ; bottom = 2*y + 14
    if bottom == 0 :
        print ('y,m',y,'{}/{}'.format(top,bottom))
        continue
    m = top/bottom
    s1 = 'y,m' ; print (s1, eval(s1))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
y,m -7 -4/0     # When y = -7, slope is vertical.
y,m (-11, 0.5)  # When y = -11, slope is 0.5.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

====Parabola====


&lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0504parabola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of parabola &lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At interscetion of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;/br&gt;
Slope of curve is never &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; because axis has slope &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; and curve is never parallel to axis.
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is a parabola.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;2:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 9,16,-24,104,28,-144 # parabola
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0
For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0
For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0
For slope 2: (-30)x + (40)y + (160) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Because all 3 lines are parallel to axis, all 3 lines have slope &lt;math&gt;\frac{3}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;0.75:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

three_slopes (ABCDEF, 0.75, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(9)x^2 + (16)y^2 + (-24)xy + (104)x + (28)y + (-144) = 0
For slope horizontal: (18)x + (-24)y + (104) = 0 # Same as above.
For slope vertical: (-24)x + (32)y + (28) = 0    # Same as above.
For slope 0.75: (0.0)x + (0.0)y + (125.0) = 0    # Impossible.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Axis has slope &lt;math&gt;0.75&lt;/math&gt; and curve is never parallel to axis.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

====Ellipse====

&lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0504ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;-1.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is an ellipse.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;-1:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse
three_slopes (ABCDEF, -1, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
For slope horizontal: (3542)x + (1944)y + (-44860) = 0
For slope vertical: (1944)x + (2408)y + (-18520) = 0
For slope -1: (1598)x + (-464)y + (-26340) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Because curve is closed loop, slope of curve may be any value including &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{0}.&lt;/math&gt;

If slope of curve is given as &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{0},&lt;/math&gt; it means that curve is vertical at that
point and tangent to curve has equation &lt;math&gt;x = k.&lt;/math&gt;

For any given slope there are always 2 points on opposite sides of curve where tangent to curve
at those points has the given slope.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

====Hyperbola====


&lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3:}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0505hyperbola01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of hyperbola &lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 1}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope is horizontal.&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Line 2}&lt;/math&gt; and curve do not intersect. Slope is never vertical.&lt;/br&gt;
At intersection of &lt;math&gt;\text{Line 3}&lt;/math&gt; and curve, slope = &lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is a hyperbola.


Produce values for slope horizontal, slope vertical and slope &lt;math&gt;2:&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = -351, 176, -336, 4182, -3824, -16231 # hyperbola
three_slopes (ABCDEF, 2, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(-351)x^2 + (176)y^2 + (-336)xy + (4182)x + (-3824)y + (-16231) = 0
For slope horizontal: (-702)x + (-336)y + (4182) = 0
For slope vertical: (-336)x + (352)y + (-3824) = 0
For slope 2: (-1374)x + (368)y + (-3466) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Latera recta et cetera==
&quot;Latus rectum&quot; is a Latin expression meaning &quot;straight side.&quot;
According to Google, the Latin plural of &quot;latus rectum&quot; is &quot;latera recta,&quot;
but English allows &quot;latus rectums&quot; or possibly &quot;lati rectums.&quot;
The title of this section is poetry to the eyes and music to the ears of a Latin student
and this author hopes that the gentle reader will permit such poetic licence in a mathematical topic.

The translation of the title is &quot;Latus rectums and other things.&quot; This section describes the calculation of interesting items 
associated with the ellipse: latus rectums, major axis, minor axis, focal chords, directrices and various points on these lines.


When given the equation of an ellipse, the first thing is to calculate eccentricity, foci and directrices as shown above.
Then verify that the curve is in fact an ellipse.

From these values everything about the ellipse may be calculated. For example:
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0608ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Eccentricity = 0.9&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum RS : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-0.8) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Latus rectum PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID2}&lt;/math&gt; = (6.32, 7.24)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I2}&lt;/math&gt;  = (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)&lt;/br&gt;
F2  = (8, 5)&lt;/br&gt;
M   = (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)&lt;/br&gt;
F1  = (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{I1}&lt;/math&gt;  = (23.12, -15.16)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ID1}&lt;/math&gt; = (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
P   = (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
Q   = (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)&lt;/br&gt;
R   = (5.984, 3.488)&lt;/br&gt;
S   = (10.016, 6.512)&lt;/br&gt;
T   = (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)&lt;/br&gt;
U   = (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Length of major axis: &lt;math&gt;\text{I1I2}&lt;/math&gt; = 26.52631578947368421052&lt;/br&gt;
Length of minor axis: QT = 11.56255298707631300170&lt;/br&gt;
Length of latus rectum: RS = PU = 5.04
]]
Consider conic section: &lt;math&gt;1771x^2 + 1204y^2 + 1944xy -44860x - 18520y + 214400 = 0.&lt;/math&gt;

This curve is ellipse with random orientation.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

ABCDEF = A,B,C,D,E,F = 1771, 1204, 1944, -44860, -18520, 214400 # ellipse

result = calculate_abc_epq(ABCDEF)
(len(result) == 2) or 1/0

# ellipse or hyperbola
(abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = result
a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
(e1 == e2) or 2/0
(1 &gt; e1 &gt; 0) or 3/0

print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
A,B,C,D,E,F = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq(abc1,epq1)
print ('Equation of ellipse in standard form:')
print ( '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(A,B,C,D,E,F) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
(1771)x^2 + (1204)y^2 + (1944)xy + (-44860)x + (-18520)y + (214400) = 0
Equation of ellipse in standard form:
(-0.7084)x^2 + (-0.4816)y^2 + (-0.7776)xy + (17.944)x + (7.408)y + (-85.76) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code
def sum_zero(input) :
    '''
sum = sum_zero(input)
If sum is close to 0 and Tolerance permits, sum is returned as 0.
For example: if input contains (2, -1.999999999999999999999)
this function returns sum of these 2 values as 0.
    '''
    global Tolerance
    sump = sumn = 0
    for v in input :
        if v &gt; 0 : sump += v
        elif v &lt; 0 : sumn -= v
    sum = sump - sumn
    if abs(sum) &lt; Tolerance : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    min, max = sorted((sumn,sump))
    if abs(sum) &lt;= Tolerance*min : return (type(Tolerance))(0)
    return sum
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Major axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# axis is perpendicular to directrix.
ax,bx = b1,-a1
# axis contains foci. ax + by + c = 0
cx = reduce_Decimal_number(-(ax*p1 + bx*q1))
axis = ax,bx,cx
print ( '    Axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(ax,bx,cx) )
print ( '    Eccentricity = {}'.format(e1) )
print ()
print ( '    Directrix 1 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1,b1,c1) )
print ( '    Directrix 2 : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2,b2,c2) )
F1 = p1,q1 # Focus 1.
print ( '    F1 : ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1) )
F2 = p2,q2 # Focus 2.
print ( '    F2 : ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2) )

#  Direction cosines along axis from F1 towards F2:
dx,dy = a1,b1

# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
if dx : distance_F1_F2 = (p2 - p1)/dx
else :  distance_F1_F2 = (q2 - q1)
if distance_F1_F2 &lt; 0 :
    distance_F1_F2 *= -1
    dx *= -1 ; dy *= -1

# Intercept on directrix1
distance_from_F1_to_ID1 = abs(a1*p1 + b1*q1 + c1)
ID1 = xID1,yID1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_ID1, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_ID1
print ( '    Intercept ID1 : ({}, {})'.format(xID1,yID1) )

# 
# distance_F1_F2
# -------------------- = e
# length_of_major_axis
# 
length_of_major_axis = distance_F1_F2 / e1

# Intercept1 on curve
distance_from_F1_to_curve = (length_of_major_axis - distance_F1_F2 )/2

xI1,yI1 = p1 - dx*distance_from_F1_to_curve, q1 - dy*distance_from_F1_to_curve
I1 = xI1,yI1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in (xI1,yI1) ]
print ( '    Intercept I1 : ({}, {})'.format(xI1,yI1) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Axis : (-0.8)x + (-0.6)y + (9.4) = 0
    Eccentricity = 0.9

    Directrix 1 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-27.47368421052631578947) = 0
    Directrix 2 : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (2) = 0
    F1 : (22.32421052631578947368, -14.09894736842105263158)
    F2 : (8, 5)
    Intercept ID1 : (24.00421052631578947368, -16.33894736842105263158)
    Intercept I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;I2, ID2.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Latus rectums===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# direction cosines along latus rectum.
dlx,dly = -dy,dx
# 
# distance from U to F1               half_latus_rectum
# ------------------------------ = ----------------------- = e1
# distance from U to directrix 1   distance_from_F1_to_ID1
# 
half_latus_rectum = reduce_Decimal_number(e1*distance_from_F1_to_ID1)
# latus rectum 1
# Focal chord has equation (afc)x + (bfc)y + (cfc) = 0.
afc,bfc = a1,b1
cfc = reduce_Decimal_number(-(afc*p1 + bfc*q1))
print ( '    Focal chord PU : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(afc,bfc,cfc) )
        
P = xP,yP = p1 + dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 + dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point P : ({}, {})'.format(xP,yP) )
U = xU,yU = p1 - dlx*half_latus_rectum, q1 - dly*half_latus_rectum
print ( '    Point U : ({}, {})'.format(xU,yU) )
distance = reduce_Decimal_number(( (xP - xU)**2 + (yP - yU)**2 ).sqrt())
print ('    Length PU =', distance)
print ('    half_latus_rectum =', half_latus_rectum)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Focal chord PU : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-24.67368421052631578947) = 0
    Point P : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158)
    Point U : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    Length PU = 5.04
    half_latus_rectum = 2.52
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Techniques similar to above can be used to calculate points 
&lt;math&gt;R, S.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Minor axis===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
print ()

# Mid point between F1, F2:
M = xM,yM = (p1 + p2)/2, (q1 + q2)/2
print ( '    Mid point M : ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM) )
half_major  = length_of_major_axis / 2
half_distance = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# half_distance**2 + half_minor**2 = half_major**2
half_minor = ( half_major**2 - half_distance**2 ).sqrt()
length_of_minor_axis = half_minor * 2
        
Q = xQ,yQ = xM + dlx*half_minor,  yM + dly*half_minor
T = xT,yT = xM - dlx*half_minor,  yM - dly*half_minor
print ( '    Point Q : ({}, {})'.format(xQ,yQ) )
print ( '    Point T : ({}, {})'.format(xT,yT) )

print ('    length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
print ('    length_of_minor_axis =', length_of_minor_axis)
# 
# A basic check.
# length_of_minor_axis**2 = (length_of_major_axis**2)(1-e**2)
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- = 1-e**2
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
# length_of_minor_axis**2
# ----------------------- + (e**2 - 1) = 0
# length_of_major_axis**2
# 
values = (length_of_minor_axis/length_of_major_axis)**2, e1**2 - 1
sum_zero(values) and 3/0
        
aM,bM = a1,b1 # Minor axis is parallel to directrix.
cM = reduce_Decimal_number(-(aM*xM + bM*yM))
print ( '    Minor axis : ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(aM,bM,cM) )
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
    Mid point M : (15.16210526315789473684, -4.54947368421052631579)
    Point Q : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    Point T : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    length_of_major_axis = 26.52631578947368421052
    length_of_minor_axis = 11.56255298707631300170
    Minor axis : (0.6)x + (-0.8)y + (-12.73684210526315789474) = 0
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Checking===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
All interesting points have been calculated without using equations of any of the relevant lines.

However, equations of relevant lines are very useful for testing, for example:


* Check that points &lt;math&gt;ID2, I2, F2, M, F1, I1, ID1&lt;/math&gt; are on axis.

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;R, F2, S&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F2.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;Q, M, T&lt;/math&gt; are on minor axis through &lt;math&gt;M.&lt;/math&gt;

* Check that points &lt;math&gt;P, F1, U&lt;/math&gt; are on latus rectum through &lt;math&gt;F1.&lt;/math&gt;


Test below checks that 8 points &lt;math&gt;I1, I2, P, Q, R, S, T, U&lt;/math&gt; are on ellipse and satisfy eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e = 0.9.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
t1 = (
    ('I1'), ('I2'),
    ('P'), ('Q'), ('R'),
    ('S'), ('T'), ('U'),
)

for name in t1 :
    value = eval(name)
    x,y = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in value ]
    print ('{} : ({}, {})'.format((name+' ')[:2], x,y))
    values = A*x**2, B*y**2, C*x*y, D*x, E*y, F
    sum_zero(values) and 3/0

    # Relative to Directrix 1 and Focus 1:
    distance_to_F1 = ( (x-p1)**2 + (y-q1)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix1 = a1*x + b1*y + c1
    e1 = distance_to_F1 / distance_to_directrix1
    print ('    e1 =',e1) # Raw value is printed.

    # Relative to Directrix 2 and Focus 2:
    distance_to_F2 = ( (x-p2)**2 + (y-q2)**2 ).sqrt()
    distance_to_directrix2 = a2*x + b2*y + c2
    e2 = distance_to_F2 / distance_to_directrix2
    e2 = reduce_Decimal_number(e2)
    print ('    e2 =',e2) # Clean value is printed.
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
Note the differences between &quot;raw&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_1&lt;/math&gt; and &quot;clean&quot; values of &lt;math&gt;e_2.&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
I1 : (23.12, -15.16)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000034 
    e2 = 0.9
I2 : (7.204210526315789473684, 6.061052631578947368421)
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
P  : (20.30821052631578947368, -15.61094736842105263158) 
    e1 = -0.9 
    e2 = 0.9
Q  : (10.53708406832736953616, -8.018239580333420216299)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000002
    e2 = 0.9
R  : (5.984, 3.488)
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9
S  : (10.016, 6.512) 
    e1 = -0.9000000000000000000003
    e2 = 0.9   
T  : (19.78712645798841993752, -1.080707788087632415281)
    e1 = -0.8999999999999999999996
    e2 = 0.9
U  : (24.34021052631578947368, -12.58694736842105263158)
    e1 = -0.9
    e2 = 0.9
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

==Traditional definition of ellipse==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0617ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Ellipse may be defined as the locus of a point that moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


In the diagram the two fixed points are the foci, Focus 1 or &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and Focus 2 or &lt;math&gt;F_2.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance between &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt;, distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;, must be non-zero.

Point &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; on perimeter of ellipse moves so that sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt;
and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


Points &lt;math&gt;T_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;T_2&lt;/math&gt; are on axis of ellipse and the same rule applies to these points.

distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt; is constant.


distance &lt;math&gt;F_1T_1&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_1G&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_2G&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;=&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;F_2T_2&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;T_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore the constant is &lt;math&gt;\text{length of major axis}&lt;/math&gt; which must be greater than distance &lt;math&gt;F_1F_2.&lt;/math&gt;


From information given, calculate eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; and equation of one directrix.
Choose directrix 1 &lt;math&gt;dx1&lt;/math&gt; associated with focus F1.


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
==Ellipse at origin==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Sum of distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; and distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.
]]
Traditional definition of ellipse states that ellipse is locus of a point that moves so that sum of its distances from two fixed points is constant.


By definition distance &lt;math&gt;F_2P&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1P&lt;/math&gt; is constant.

&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{(x-(-p))^2 + y^2} + \sqrt{(x-p)^2 + y^2} = k\ \dots\ (1)&lt;/math&gt;

Expand &lt;math&gt;(1)&lt;/math&gt; and result is &lt;math&gt;Ax^2 + By^2 + F = 0\ \dots\ (2)&lt;/math&gt; where:

&lt;math&gt;A = 4k^2 - 16p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;B = 4k^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;F = 4k^2p^2 - k^4&lt;/math&gt;


When &lt;math&gt;y = 0,&lt;/math&gt; point &lt;math&gt;B,\ Ax^2 = -F&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;x^2 = \frac{-F}{A}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{k^4 - 4k^2p^2}{4k^2 - 16p^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;=\frac{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}{4(k^2 - 4p^2)} = \frac{k^2}{4}.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;x = \frac{k}{2} = a&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;k = \text{length of major axis.}&lt;/math&gt;

By definition, distance &lt;math&gt;F_2A&lt;/math&gt; + distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore distance &lt;math&gt;F_1A = a.&lt;/math&gt;


Intercept form of ellipse at origin:

&lt;math&gt;(4k^2 - 16p^2)x^2 + (4k^2)y^2 = k^4 - 4k^2p^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4(k^2-4p^2)}{k^2(k^2-4p^2)}x^2 + \frac{4k^2}{k^2(k^2 - 4p^2)}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{4}{(2a)^2}x^2 + \frac{4}{(2a)^2 - 4p^2}y^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Second definition of ellipse==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0901ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;a,b = 20,12&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;B,\ \frac{u}{v} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
At point &lt;math&gt;A,\ \frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


Let &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e&lt;/math&gt; where:

* &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is non-zero,

* &lt;math&gt;a &gt; p,&lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt;a = p + u.&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore, &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;

Let directrix have equation &lt;math&gt;x = t&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;\frac{a}{t} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;B:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{p+u} = \frac{p+u}{p+u+v} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(p+u)^2 = p(p+u+v)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pp + pu + pu + uu = pp + pu + pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;pu + uu = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;u(p + u) = pv&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{u}{v} = \frac{p}{p+u} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e\ \dots\ (3)&lt;/math&gt;

Statement &lt;math&gt;(3)&lt;/math&gt; is true at point &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; also.


Section under &quot;Proof&quot; below proves that statement (3) is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on ellipse.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
===Proof===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0902ellipse00.png|thumb|400px|'''Proving that &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from point to focus}}{\text{distance from point to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt;.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
Graph is part of curve &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
distance to Directrix1 &lt;math&gt;= t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a - ex}{e}.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
base = &lt;math&gt;x - p = x - ae&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{(distance to Focus1)}^2 = \text{base}^2 + y^2&lt;/math&gt;
]]
As expressed above in statement &lt;math&gt;3,&lt;/math&gt; second definition of ellipse states that ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to
fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant.


This section proves that this definition is true for any point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on the ellipse.


At point &lt;math&gt;P:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2y^2 -a^2(a^2 - p^2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y^2 = \frac{-(a^2 - p^2)x^2 + a^2(a^2 - p^2)}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= \frac{a^2e^2x^2 - a^2x^2 + a^2a^2 - a^2a^2e^2}{a^2}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;= e^2x^2 - x^2 + a^2 - a^2e^2&lt;/math&gt;

base &lt;math&gt;= x-p = x-ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;(\text{distance}\ F_1P)^2 = y^2 + \text{base}^2 = y^2 + (x-ae)^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= a^2 - 2aex + e^2x^2&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a-ex)^2&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Focus1} = \text{distance}\ F_1P = a - ex&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance to Directrix1} = t - x = \frac{a}{e} - x = \frac{a-ex}{e}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus1}}{\text{distance to Directrix1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a - ex)\frac{e}{(a-ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;


Similar calculations can be used to prove the case for Focus2 &lt;math&gt;(-p, 0)&lt;/math&gt; and Directrix2 &lt;math&gt;(x = -t)&lt;/math&gt;
in which case:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to Focus2}}{\text{distance to Directrix2}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (a + ex)\frac{e}{(a + ex)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance to focus}}{\text{distance to directrix}} = e&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;1 &gt; e &gt; 0.&lt;/math&gt;


Ellipse is path of point that moves so that ratio of distance to fixed point and distance to fixed line is constant, called eccentricity &lt;math&gt;e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Heading==
===Properties of ellipse===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0822ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Graph of ellipse used to illustrate and calculate certain properties of ellipses.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Traditional definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance } AF_1 + \text{distance } AF_2 = \text{constant } k.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Second definition of ellipse:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance } AF_1}  {\text{distance } AG } = \text{eccentricity } e.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Triangle &lt;math&gt;A F_1  G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle  O F_1  A  = \cos \angle   F_1 A G&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Ellipse in diagram has:


* Two foci: &lt;math&gt;F_1\ (p,0),\ F_2\ (-p,0).&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of major axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } I_2 I_1 = 2a&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of minor axis &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } A B = 2b&lt;/math&gt;

* Equation: &lt;math&gt;\frac {x^2} {a^2}  + \frac {y^2} {b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;

* Length of latus rectum &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } P Q&lt;/math&gt;

* Distance between directrices &lt;math&gt;= \text{distance } D_2 D_1 = 2t&lt;/math&gt;


Properties of ellipse:

* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}  {\text{distance between directrices}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{length of major axis}} = e&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}  {\text{distance between directrices}}= e^2&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;(\frac{\text{length of minor axis}}  {\text{length of major axis}})^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* &lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of latus rectum}}  {\text{length of major axis}} + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


* line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
====Major axis====
From traditional definition of ellipse:

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_1\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_1F_2&lt;/math&gt;

= distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_2\ +&lt;/math&gt; distance &lt;math&gt;I_2F_1&lt;/math&gt;

= &lt;math&gt;k.&lt;/math&gt;


Therefore: 

Length of major axis = distance &lt;math&gt;I_2I_1 = 2a = k.&lt;/math&gt;

Distance &lt;math&gt;AF_1 = \frac{k}{2} = a.&lt;/math&gt;


From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }AF_1}{\text{distance }AG} = \frac{a}{t} = \text{eccentricity }e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{distance }OI_1}{\text{distance }OD_1}.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{length of major axis}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;
====Foci====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }I_1F_1}{\text{distance }I_1D_1} = \frac{a-p}{t-a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = te - ae&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a - p = a - ae&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore: &lt;math&gt;p = ae&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac{p}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{length of major axis}} = e.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance between foci}}{\text{distance between directrices}} = e^2.&lt;/math&gt;
====Minor axis====
Triangle &lt;math&gt;AOF_1&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.

&lt;math&gt;\cos ^2 \angle OAF_1 + \sin ^2 \angle OAF_1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{p}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    (\frac{ae}{a})^2  &lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= (\frac{b}{a})^2    +    e^2  = 1&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;( \frac{\text{length of minor axis}} {\text{length of major axis}} )^2 + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;


Triangles &lt;math&gt;AOF_1,\ AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; are similar.

Triangle &lt;math&gt;AF_1G&lt;/math&gt; is right triangle.


&lt;math&gt;e = \cos \angle OF_1A = \cos \angle F_1AG.&lt;/math&gt;
====Latus rectum====
From second definition of ellipse:

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {\text{distance }F_1D_1} = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{t-p} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\text{distance }PF_1 = te - pe = a - (ae)e = a(1-e^2).&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance }PF_1} {a} = 1 - e^2.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt; \frac{\text{length of latus rectum}} {\text{length of major axis}}  + e^2 = 1&lt;/math&gt;

====Slope of curve====
Curve has equation: &lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

At point &lt;math&gt;P:\ m_1 = y' = \frac{-p(1-e^2)}{-a(1-e^2)}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{ae}{a} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD_1:\ m_2 = \frac{\text{distance }PF_1}{\text{distance }F_1D_1} = e.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Therefore line &lt;math&gt;PD_1&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

===Intercept form of equation===


&lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0625ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Ellipse at origin with major axis on X axis.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
Equation of ellipse has format &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} = 1&lt;/math&gt; where:
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of major axis} = 2a = \text{distance}\ I_2I_1 = 40&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Length of minor axis} = 2b = \text{distance}\ BA = 24&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{Length of minor axis}}{\text{Length of major axis}} = \sqrt{1 - e^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = \sqrt{1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}} = 0.8.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
]]
In diagram:

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;I_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-a,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,b).&lt;/math&gt;

Intercept &lt;math&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(0,-b).&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_1&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(f,0)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math&gt;f = ea.&lt;/math&gt;

Focus &lt;math&gt;F_2&lt;/math&gt; has coordinates &lt;math&gt;(-f,0).&lt;/math&gt;

Curve has equation &lt;math&gt;\frac{x^2}{20^2} + \frac{y^2}{12^2} = 1,&lt;/math&gt; called intercept form of equation of ellipse because intercepts are apparent as the 
fractional value of each coefficient.


Standard form of this equation is: &lt;math&gt;(-0.36)x^2 + (-1)y^2 + (0)xy + (0)x + (0)y + (144) = 0.&lt;/math&gt; While the standard form is
valuable as input to a computer program, the intercept form is still attractive to the human eye because center of ellipse and
intercepts are neatly contained within the equation.


Slope of curve:

&lt;math&gt;b^2x^2 + a^2y^2 = a^2b^2&lt;/math&gt;

Derivative of both sides:

&lt;math&gt;b^22x + a^22yy' = 0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;y' = \frac{-xb^2}{ya^2}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{-x(1-e^2)}{y}&lt;/math&gt;


At point &lt;math&gt;P&lt;/math&gt; on latus rectum &lt;math&gt;PQ:&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = y' = \frac{-(ea)(1-e^2)}{-(a(1-e^2))} = e&lt;/math&gt;


Slope of line &lt;math&gt;PD = m_2 = \frac{PF_1}{F_1D} = e&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;m_1 = m_2.&lt;/math&gt; Line &lt;math&gt;PD&lt;/math&gt; is tangent to curve at latus rectum, point &lt;math&gt;P.&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{ }&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

===Example===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0618ellipse01.png|thumb|400px|'''Traditional definition of ellipse uses abc, epq.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
M is mid-point between F1 and F2.
&lt;/br&gt;
Point R is on minor axis.
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\frac{\text{distance from R to F1}}{\text{distance from R to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= e&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;= \frac{\text{half major axis}}{\text{distance from M to directrix 1}}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{distance from M to directrix 1} = \frac{\text{half major axis}}{e}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F1:}\ (1, -7)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{F2:}\ (-1.24, 0.68)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{M:}\ (-0.12, -3.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
length_of_minor_axis = 6
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{R:}\ (2.76, -2.32)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e = 0.8&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{D1:}\ (1.63, -9.16)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{Directrix 1:}\ (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{abc}\ =\ (-0.28,\ 0.96,\ 9.25)&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\text{epq}\ =\ (0.8,\ 1,\ -7)&lt;/math&gt;
]]
Given:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code

F1 = 1, -7          # Focus 1
F2 = -1.24, 0.68    # Focus 2
length_of_major_axis = 10
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Calculate equation of ellipse.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;

F1 = p1,q1 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F1 ]    # Focus 1
F2 = p2,q2 = [ dD(str(v)) for v in F2 ]    # Focus 2

length_of_major_axis = dD(length_of_major_axis)
half_major_axis = length_of_major_axis / 2

# Direction cosines from F1 to F2
dx = p2-p1 ; dy = q2-q1
divider = (dx**2 + dy**2).sqrt()
dx,dy = [ (v/divider) for v in (dx,dy) ]

# F2
# p2 = p1 + dx*distance_F1_F2
# q2 = q1 + dy*distance_F1_F2
distance_F1_F2 = (q2-q1)/dy
half_distance_F1_F2 = distance_F1_F2 / 2

# The mid-point
M = xM,ym = p1 + dx*half_distance_F1_F2, q1 + dy*half_distance_F1_F2

# Eccentricity:
e = distance_F1_F2 / length_of_major_axis

# distance from point R to F1                half_major_axis
# ------------------------------------ = e = -----------------------------------------
# distance from point R to Directrix 1       distance from point M to Directrix 1

distance_from_point_M_to_dx1 = half_major_axis / e

# Intersection of axis and directrix 1
D1 = xM-dx*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1,  yM-dy*distance_from_point_M_to_dx1
D1 = xD1, yD1 = [ reduce_Decimal_number(v) for v in D1 ]

# Equation of Directrix 1
# dx1 = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
adx1,bdx1 = dx, dy # Perpendicular to axis.
# adx1*x + bdx1*y + cdx1 = 0
# Directrix 1 contains point D1
cdx1 = reduce_Decimal_number( -( adx1*xD1 + bdx1*yD1 ) )

abc = adx1,bdx1,cdx1
epq = e,p1,q1
ABCDEF = ABCDEF_from_abc_epq  (abc,epq, 1)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Equation of ellipse in standard form:

&lt;math&gt;(-0.949824)x^2 + (-0.410176)y^2 + (-0.344064)xy + (-1.3152)x + (-2.6336)y + (4.76) = 0&lt;/math&gt;


For more insight into method of calculation and proof:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
if 1 :
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))
    print ('F1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p1,q1))

    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))
    print ('F2: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('length_of_major_axis =', length_of_major_axis)
    
    print ('M: ({}, {})'.format(xM,yM))
    print ('M: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xM,yM))

    # half_minor_axis**2 + half_distance_F1_F2**2 = half_major_axis**2
    half_minor_axis = (half_major_axis**2 - half_distance_F1_F2**2).sqrt()
    length_of_minor_axis = half_minor_axis * 2
    s1 = 'length_of_minor_axis' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    # Direction cosines on major axis:
    print ('dx,dy =', dx,dy)
    
    # Direction cosines on minor axis:
    dnx,dny = dy,-dx
    print ('dnx,dny =', dnx,dny)

    # One point on minor axis:
    R = xR,yR = xM + dnx*half_minor_axis, yM + dny*half_minor_axis
    print ('R: ({}, {})'.format(xR,yR))
    print ('R: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xR,yR))
    # Verify that point R is on ellipse:
    sum_zero((A*xR**2, B*yR**2, C*xR*yR, D*xR, E*yR, F)) and 1/0

    s1 = 'e' ; print (s1, '=', eval(s1))

    print ('D1: ({}, {})'.format(xD1,yD1))
    print ('D1: (x - ({}))^2 + (y - ({}))^2 = 1'.format(xD1,yD1))

    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(adx1, bdx1, cdx1))

    print()
# For proof, reverse the process:    
    (abc1,epq1), (abc2,epq2) = calculate_abc_epq  (ABCDEF)
    a1,b1,c1 = abc1 ; e1,p1,q1 = epq1
    print ('Directrix 1: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a1, b1, c1))
    print ('Eccentricity e1: {}'.format(e1))
    print ('F1: ({}, {})'.format(p1,q1))

    print()
    a2,b2,c2 = abc2 ; e2,p2,q2 = epq2
    print ('Directrix 2: ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'.format(a2, b2, c2))
    print ('Eccentricity e2: {}'.format(e2))
    print ('F2: ({}, {})'.format(p2,q2))

    print ('\nEquation of ellipse with integer coefficients:')
    A,B,C,D,E,F = [ reduce_Decimal_number(-v*1000000/64) for v in ABCDEF ]
    str1 = '({})x^2 + ({})y^2 + ({})xy + ({})x + ({})y + ({}) = 0'
    print (str1.format(A,B,C,D,E,F))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
F1: (1, -7)
F1: (x - (1))^2 + (y - (-7))^2 = 1
F2: (-1.24, 0.68)
F2: (x - (-1.24))^2 + (y - (0.68))^2 = 1
length_of_major_axis = 10
M: (-0.12, -3.16)
M: (x - (-0.12))^2 + (y - (-3.16))^2 = 1
length_of_minor_axis = 6
dx,dy = -0.28 0.96
dnx,dny = 0.96 0.28
R: (2.76, -2.32)
R: (x - (2.76))^2 + (y - (-2.32))^2 = 1
e = 0.8
D1: (1.63, -9.16)
D1: (x - (1.63))^2 + (y - (-9.16))^2 = 1
Directrix 1: (-0.28)x + (0.96)y + (9.25) = 0

Directrix 1: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (-9.25) = 0
Eccentricity e1: 0.8
F1: (1, -7)

Directrix 2: (0.28)x + (-0.96)y + (3.25) = 0 
Eccentricity e2: 0.8
F2: (-1.24, 0.68) 

Equation of ellipse with integer coefficients: 
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(14841)x^2 + (6409)y^2 + (5376)xy + (20550)x + (41150)y + (-74375) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

=allEqual=

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====Welcomee====
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&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.25em; 
     padding-bottom:0.2em; 
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[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

&lt;/div&gt;

=====Welcomen=====
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[[Wikiversity:Welcome|Wikiversity]] is a [[Wikiversity:Sister projects|Wikimedia Foundation]] project devoted to [[learning resource]]s, [[learning projects]], and [[Portal:Research|research]] for use in all [[:Category:Resources by level|levels]], types, and styles of education from pre-school to university, including professional training and informal learning. We invite [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|teachers]], [[Wikiversity:Learning goals|students]], and [[Portal:Research|researchers]] to join us in creating [[open educational resources]] and collaborative [[Wikiversity:Learning community|learning communities]]. To learn more about Wikiversity, try a [[Help:Guides|guided tour]], learn about [[Wikiversity:Adding content|adding content]], or [[Wikiversity:Introduction|start editing now]].

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&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
# python code.
if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :if a == b == c == d == e == f == g == h == 0 :
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[[Category: main page templates]]
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|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-221&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;7&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-208&lt;/code&gt;
|-
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| &lt;code&gt;10&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-157&lt;/code&gt;
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| &lt;code&gt;11&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-136&lt;/code&gt;
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| &lt;code&gt;12&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;-113&lt;/code&gt;
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| &lt;code&gt;13&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;-88&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;26&lt;/code&gt; || &lt;code&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;419&lt;/code&gt;
|}

=Testing=
======table1======
{|style=&quot;border-left:solid 3px blue;border-right:solid 3px blue;border-top:solid 3px blue;border-bottom:solid 3px blue;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; 
|
Hello

As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.
When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.
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[[File:0410cubic01.png|thumb|400px|'''
Graph of cubic function with coefficient a negative.'''
&lt;/br&gt;
There is no absolute maximum or absolute minimum.
]]
Coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; may be negative as shown in diagram.


As &lt;math&gt;abs(x)&lt;/math&gt; increases, the value of &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is dominated by the term &lt;math&gt;-ax^3.&lt;/math&gt;

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large negative value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always positive.

When &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; has a very large positive value, &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; is always negative.


Unless stated otherwise, any reference to &quot;cubic function&quot; on this page will assume coefficient &lt;math&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; positive.
{{RoundBoxBottom}}
&lt;math&gt;x_{poi} = -1&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;

=====Various planes in 3 dimensions=====
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File:0713x=4.png|&lt;small&gt;plane x=4.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713y=3.png|&lt;small&gt;plane y=3.&lt;/small&gt;
File:0713z=-2.png|&lt;small&gt;plane z=-2.&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;\theta_1&lt;/math&gt;


{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
[[File:0422xx_x_2.png|thumb|400px|'''
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating relationship between &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2 - x - 2&lt;/math&gt;
and &lt;math&gt;f'(x) = 2x - 1.&lt;/math&gt;'''
&lt;/br&gt;
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&lt;math&gt;O\ (0,0,0)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;M\ (A_1,B_1,C_1)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;N\ (A_2,B_2,C_2)&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt;


&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
(6) - (7),\ 4Apq + 2Bq =&amp;\ 0\\
	       2Ap + B =&amp;\ 0\\
                   2Ap =&amp;\ - B\\
\\
                     p =&amp;\ \frac{-B}{2A}\ \dots\ (8)
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
1.&amp;4141475869yugh\\
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  &amp;dhcgfyrt45erwesd
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&lt;math&gt;\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ &lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt;
  4\sin 18^\circ
  = \sqrt{2(3 - \sqrt 5)}
  = \sqrt 5 - 1
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      <sha1>hhxrqx4cwy1vlkj59t5ihklqk8rjgv6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Commercial Data Harvesting</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>227113</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689365</id>
      <parentid>2485672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T06:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Learning Tasks */</comment>
      <origin>2689365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="14097" sha1="8gm7egk40ecb8rq5zoezmobfcz2jbj2" xml:space="preserve">The concept '''Commercial Data Harvesting (CDH)''' needs 5 basic constituents:
* '''(Benefit/Incentive)''' information/communication service or game that is attractive for users. The user is provider of the data that can be sold by the CDH company. For the users it is intended that they perceive the IT infrastructure as a service instead of their data being harvested.
* '''(USER GROUP)''' a large community of users of the service that generate the data (e.g. users of an [[information systems|information system]], [[w:messenger|messenger]] or in general a software package)
* '''(CDH COMPANY: Service Provider)''' Company that performs commerical data harvesting.
* '''(Method: User Data Analysis)''' analysis of collected data from and about the user by using [[w:data mining|data mining]] approaches to destill (digital) products&lt;ref&gt;Silverstein, C., Marais, H., Henzinger, M., &amp; Moricz, M. (1999, September). Analysis of a very large web search engine query log. In ACm SIGIR Forum (Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 6-12). ACM.&lt;/ref&gt; that can be sold so customers of the company
* '''(CDH CUSTOMERS: Buyers of User Data and derived products)''' customers of the company that performs commercial data harvesting (CDH). The customers are willing to pay for the knowledge about users, e.g. tailored advertisments according to profile of the users. Users are embedded as employees in commerical, research and development contexts and provide by their interaction with their digital environment data to the CDH company. 
* '''(DATA4SERVICE)''' The payment for CDH user data and derived services and IT products allow a free service (e.g. free e-mail account, free use of messenger, ...). CHD is not dependent on a free service as a reward for provision of data.

== Definition ==
This leads to the following definition:
: '''Commercial Data Harvesting''' is a concept that 
:* uses a communication and information service or game to collect data from a target user group and 
:* sell the data or derived digital products to customers, that expect a benefit form having the data or using a digital service, that is based on the harvested user data.

== Value of Harvested Data ==
The value is data and the derived information services is dependent on the 
* '''Size:''' the size community determines if the impact of CUSTOMERS of  the data is harvested. 
* '''Community Network:''' Who communicates to whom? What type of target group works in the network (educators/students, engineers/developers, researchers, administration)? What type of data can be harvested?
* '''Content:''' What are the topics that are discussed?

== Security ==
Explain the requirements and constraints to avoid commercial data harvesting in critical infrastructure!
* Explore concept of [[w:en:Business analytics|business analytics]] for CDH now from user data provider as an individual or as a company or as institutions. What kind of CDH data creates disadvantages or vulnerability for yourself or for your working environment? 
* How would you address this with internal [[Capacity Building|capacity building]] e.g. for staff members?

== Digital Learning Environments ==
* Explain the requirements and constraints to avoid commercial data harvesting in [[Digital Learning Environment]]s.
* Explain the role of [[open source]] and a transparent implementation of [[Digital Learning Environment|digital learning environments]]
* Discuss in a group of teacher student, how CHD can be reduced in educational systems. What are the most effective measures?
* What is the role of teacher education according to CDH?
* How would you incorporate CDH as educational content in [[ICT Literacy|ICT risk literacy and awareness]]?

== Derived Information ==
* Create a user-profile of knowledge and expertise, e.g. to derive tailored advertisments. Basis driver is, that the probability of buying a product is higher if advertisment matches with interests and background of the users.
* Political opinions and attitudes: Political statements can be tailored to public opinions that are identified by data mining methods.
* Leisure activties, used technology: Users can be guided to leisure activities that are of interest for the user 
* Health related information and fitness. Certain activities have a positive or negative impact on health. The knowledge about these activities may be of interest for health care and health insurance.

== IT-Environments for Harvesting ==
* Commericial data harvesting needs IT environments in which users leave a &quot;large&quot; [[w:Digital_footprint|Digital Footprint]]. Analyse your own online behavior! Where do you leave a digital footprint (determine roughly the percentage of total online time or explicitly the time span for each IT environment. Examples of IT-environments that can serve as harvesting environments are:
** Messengers (WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, deltaChat, Mail, ...) 
** Social Media,
** Office Products (e.g. writing project proposals, summaries, results, an analysis, ...)
** GPS-Tracks and Navigation,
** Voice Recognition,
** [[Videoconferencing]] that is running on IT-infrastructure, that is not controlled by the company, research and developement unit, 
** Online petitions
** ...
* Analyse the benefits and drawbacks for yourself and perform a [[Risk Literacy|Risk Analysis]] 
** for yourself, 
** for a company or institution you work for or 
** in general for institutions, companies, ... you know (e.g. health care facilities, governmental administration, ...).

== Learning Tasks and Activities ==
* '''([[Role Play]])''' Divide the group of students into two groups:
** '''Group 1:''' Company that tries to harvesting data from other companies,
** '''Group 2:''' A company that uses digital services and its workflows and product design is harvested.
: Discuss internal e.g. customer service interaction, strategies to harvest the data and strategies for protection of intellectual property, requirements and constraints for using a specific IT service, conclusions of both groups to accomplish the individual objectives of the groups.  
* '''(Customer or Data Source)''' Users may apply or use certain service with a divers constraints. The software tools might be free or preinstalled or even compulsary to use with a digital service if you buy a hardware product. Services are e.g.
** e-mail account, 
** fitness analysis, 
** routing and navigation support,
** ... 
: Expand the list above and identify the type of data that can be collected, e.g. for mail services the content of the data or if mail is encrypted e.g. with [[w:en:GNU_Privacy_Guard|GNU Privacy Guard]] who communicates with home can be harvested.
* '''(Drivers to allow Commercial Data Harvesting)''' The drivers for allowing commercial data harvesting might be different. 
** So users regard themselves as a ''customer'' of a provider of a free digital service, instead of being the information source by using a digital products. 
** users do not know alternatives,
** users cannot afford a paid service,
** compare paid and free services and choose to select the free service,
** users do not care, that data is harvested with the service,
** ...
: Expand the list above and analyze your own IT-habits of using a specific service. Why do you use a specific service and when do you avoid using a specific service?
* '''(Commercial Value of Harvested Data)''' Harvested data is processed and analyzed and sold to someone, who is willing to pay for the information itself or the derived services from the analyzed user-profiles. From the angle of the data harvester it is important that users spent as much time in the digital infrastructure and expose there data about there profile (e.g. for tailored advertisment)? Why is it important that users e.g. regards themselves as &quot;customers of a free digital service&quot; or do not think much about instead of being part of a sold digital product? Elaborate on the optimization of data harvesting for a services. What are valuable information for the harvester. What is &quot;noise&quot; that can be ignored? How can pattern recognition and [[machine learning]] be used to distinguish between valuable information with commercial value und irrelevant &quot;noise&quot; in the harvested data? Keep in mind the identification of relevant and irrelevant information is dependent on the information you want to extract. Select an example and explain the different approaches for analytic methods for the data! 
* '''([[Speech Recognition]])''' Explain the role of speech recognition with mobile devices&lt;ref&gt;McGraw, I., Prabhavalkar, R., Alvarez, R., Arenas, M. G., Rao, K., Rybach, D., ... &amp; Parada, C. (2016, March). Personalized speech recognition on mobile devices. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 5955-5959). IEEE.&lt;/ref&gt; for Commercial Data Harvesting. How is it possible to derive tailored advertisment by analysis of conversations. What are the potential privacy concerns&lt;ref&gt;Ramos, C., Augusto, J. C., &amp; Shapiro, D. (2008). Ambient intelligence—the next step for artificial intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(2), 15-18.&lt;/ref&gt; of individuals, research or development units, health care facilities,...
* '''(Competition with an Award)''' A company designs a competition with a first, second and third price for providing a solution for a given problem. 
** Compare the PROs and CONs of a competition in comparision to research and development unit of the company.
** There are many submissions to the competitions that have weaknesses and will not get a award. Why do have even unsuccessful submissions to competition a value for the company and the solution for the given problem. Would you communicate the value of submissions for the company to the participants?
: What are the similarities and differences of ''Competition with a Award'' and ''Commercial data harvesting''?
* '''([[Trust]])''' Explain the importance of [[trust]] in the concept of ''Commercial data harvesting''!
* '''(Comparison to Commercial Data Harvesting and [[Collaborative Mapping]])I''' Analyse the [https://www.hotosm.org/ Humanitarian Open Street Map (HOT-OSM)]&lt;ref&gt;Humanitarian Open Street Map Team - Web Portal (accessed 2017/09/11) - https://www.hotosm.org/&lt;/ref&gt;. HOT collect also data from user groups, process the data and provide a service. Describe similarities are difference between 
** Humanitarian Data Harvesting (e.g. [[Collaborative Mapping]]) and
** Commercial Data Harvesting
: Discuss the need to communicate the ''&quot;WHY&quot;'' data is collected from a Neutral Point of View (NPOV) to support decision making of users if they want to share the data or are not willing to share the data for a specific purpose.
* '''(Task for Authors of the Learning Resource)''' How should this learning resource should evolve that the Neutral Point of View (NPOV) in Wikiversity is respected ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Commercial_Data_Harvesting&amp;action=edit use talk/discuss page]])?
* '''([[Artificial Intelligence]])''' Commercial Data Harvesting e.g. from mobile devices, fitness trackers, ... generate user-specific data. Analyse the concepts of artificial intelligence and explain, how AI can be applied for pattern recognition of collected data about users!
* '''([[Digital Learning Environment]])''' This learning task focuses on learning envirnoments and protective measures for learners/students to avoid commercial data harvesting in the educational system. Explain why it is important that data about students must be protected. Furthermore adapting a [[Digital Learning Environment|digital learning environment]] to the requirements and constraints of the learner ([[Learner Analytics]]) can be designed that the data about the learner does not leave the device of the learner has control about 
** the selected application,
** the selected storage device,
** data protection of the learner data,
** ...
: Explain, how you would design a OpenSource mobile device distribution (e.g. based on [[LineageOS]]) to create a tailored Linux/Android distribution for colleges, universities or schools that have all the tools preinstalled that are allowed in the IT-Infrastructure of the educational unit. How can schools and educational units share [[Open Educational Resources]] and add adaptive components to the underlying Open Source Operating System?  Build bottom up 
:* from the operating system on clients with root access,
:* Open Source Server infrastructure that can be shared between schools e.g. a RESTful API 
:* a boot selector for the device to select initial operating system for the tailored installtion of the [[LineageOS]] image for the device course, class, .... 
:* Explain how you would select the appropriate apps for the group of learner, ...
:* ...

== [[WikiJournal of Science]] ==
Do you want to create a paper for [[WikiJournal_of_Science/Contribute|WikiJournal of Science]]? Extend the topic with the state of the art technology, IT-strategies and an analysis of basic concepts of business plans for CDH or write an encyclopedic paper for the [[WikiJournal_of_Science/Contribute|WikiJournal of Science]], feel free to incorporate parts of the learning resource into the paper. Just use the &quot;Cite this page...&quot; feature for reference (see also Open Paper Development)

== See also ==
{{Col list|2|
* [[Trust]]
* [[Information systems|Information Systems]]
* [[Wikipedia:Quantified self]]
* [[Digital Learning Environment]] - avoid and reduce of CHD 
* [[Risk Management/User-driven spatial activities/collect information|Data harvesting for Risk Management]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[Collaborative Mapping|Non-commercial humanitarian collaborative mapping]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[w:Digital_footprint|Digital Footprint]]
* [[Big Data]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[w:en:GNU_Privacy_Guard|GNU Privacy Guard]] - Encrypt messages and private data (e.g. health related data)
}}

== References ==

[[Category:Information Systems]]
[[Category:Quantified Self]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Digital Media Concepts]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[de:Kommerzielle Datenernte]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8gm7egk40ecb8rq5zoezmobfcz2jbj2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689366</id>
      <parentid>2689365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T06:17:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <origin>2689366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14116" sha1="osmyq477jrua88dmovfzeq97029lxtl" xml:space="preserve">The concept '''Commercial Data Harvesting (CDH)''' needs 5 basic constituents:
* '''(Benefit/Incentive)''' information/communication service or game that is attractive for users. The user is provider of the data that can be sold by the CDH company. For the users it is intended that they perceive the IT infrastructure as a service instead of their data being harvested.
* '''(USER GROUP)''' a large community of users of the service that generate the data (e.g. users of an [[information systems|information system]], [[w:messenger|messenger]] or in general a software package)
* '''(CDH COMPANY: Service Provider)''' Company that performs commerical data harvesting.
* '''(Method: User Data Analysis)''' analysis of collected data from and about the user by using [[w:data mining|data mining]] approaches to destill (digital) products&lt;ref&gt;Silverstein, C., Marais, H., Henzinger, M., &amp; Moricz, M. (1999, September). Analysis of a very large web search engine query log. In ACm SIGIR Forum (Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 6-12). ACM.&lt;/ref&gt; that can be sold so customers of the company
* '''(CDH CUSTOMERS: Buyers of User Data and derived products)''' customers of the company that performs commercial data harvesting (CDH). The customers are willing to pay for the knowledge about users, e.g. tailored advertisments according to profile of the users. Users are embedded as employees in commerical, research and development contexts and provide by their interaction with their digital environment data to the CDH company. 
* '''(DATA4SERVICE)''' The payment for CDH user data and derived services and IT products allow a free service (e.g. free e-mail account, free use of messenger, ...). CHD is not dependent on a free service as a reward for provision of data.

== Definition ==
This leads to the following definition:
: '''Commercial Data Harvesting''' is a concept that 
:* uses a communication and information service or game to collect data from a target user group and 
:* sell the data or derived digital products to customers, that expect a benefit form having the data or using a digital service, that is based on the harvested user data.

== Value of Harvested Data ==
The value is data and the derived information services is dependent on the 
* '''Size:''' the size community determines if the impact of CUSTOMERS of  the data is harvested. 
* '''Community Network:''' Who communicates to whom? What type of target group works in the network (educators/students, engineers/developers, researchers, administration)? What type of data can be harvested?
* '''Content:''' What are the topics that are discussed?

== Security ==
Explain the requirements and constraints to avoid commercial data harvesting in critical infrastructure!
* Explore concept of [[w:en:Business analytics|business analytics]] for CDH now from user data provider as an individual or as a company or as institutions. What kind of CDH data creates disadvantages or vulnerability for yourself or for your working environment? 
* How would you address this with internal [[Capacity Building|capacity building]] e.g. for staff members?

== Digital Learning Environments ==
* Explain the requirements and constraints to avoid commercial data harvesting in [[Digital Learning Environment]]s.
* Explain the role of [[open source]] and a transparent implementation of [[Digital Learning Environment|digital learning environments]]
* Discuss in a group of teacher student, how CHD can be reduced in educational systems. What are the most effective measures?
* What is the role of teacher education according to CDH?
* How would you incorporate CDH as educational content in [[ICT Literacy|ICT risk literacy and awareness]]?

== Derived Information ==
* Create a user-profile of knowledge and expertise, e.g. to derive tailored advertisments. Basis driver is, that the probability of buying a product is higher if advertisment matches with interests and background of the users.
* Political opinions and attitudes: Political statements can be tailored to public opinions that are identified by data mining methods.
* Leisure activties, used technology: Users can be guided to leisure activities that are of interest for the user 
* Health related information and fitness. Certain activities have a positive or negative impact on health. The knowledge about these activities may be of interest for health care and health insurance.

== IT-Environments for Harvesting ==
* Commericial data harvesting needs IT environments in which users leave a &quot;large&quot; [[w:Digital_footprint|Digital Footprint]]. Analyse your own online behavior! Where do you leave a digital footprint (determine roughly the percentage of total online time or explicitly the time span for each IT environment. Examples of IT-environments that can serve as harvesting environments are:
** Messengers (WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, deltaChat, Mail, ...) 
** Social Media,
** Office Products (e.g. writing project proposals, summaries, results, an analysis, ...)
** GPS-Tracks and Navigation,
** Voice Recognition,
** [[Videoconferencing]] that is running on IT-infrastructure, that is not controlled by the company, research and developement unit, 
** Online petitions
** ...
* Analyse the benefits and drawbacks for yourself and perform a [[Risk Literacy|Risk Analysis]] 
** for yourself, 
** for a company or institution you work for or 
** in general for institutions, companies, ... you know (e.g. health care facilities, governmental administration, ...).

== Learning Tasks and Activities ==
* '''([[Role Play]])''' Divide the group of students into two groups:
** '''Group 1:''' Company that tries to harvesting data from other companies,
** '''Group 2:''' A company that uses digital services and its workflows and product design is harvested.
: Discuss internal e.g. customer service interaction, strategies to harvest the data and strategies for protection of intellectual property, requirements and constraints for using a specific IT service, conclusions of both groups to accomplish the individual objectives of the groups.  
* '''(Customer or Data Source)''' Users may apply or use certain service with a divers constraints. The software tools might be free or preinstalled or even compulsary to use with a digital service if you buy a hardware product. Services are e.g.
** e-mail account, 
** fitness analysis, 
** routing and navigation support,
** ... 
: Expand the list above and identify the type of data that can be collected, e.g. for mail services the content of the data or if mail is encrypted e.g. with [[w:en:GNU_Privacy_Guard|GNU Privacy Guard]] who communicates with home can be harvested.
* '''(Drivers to allow Commercial Data Harvesting)''' The drivers for allowing commercial data harvesting might be different. 
** So users regard themselves as a ''customer'' of a provider of a free digital service, instead of being the information source by using a digital products. 
** users do not know alternatives,
** users cannot afford a paid service,
** compare paid and free services and choose to select the free service,
** users do not care, that data is harvested with the service,
** ...
: Expand the list above and analyze your own IT-habits of using a specific service. Why do you use a specific service and when do you avoid using a specific service?
* '''(Commercial Value of Harvested Data)''' Harvested data is processed and analyzed and sold to someone, who is willing to pay for the information itself or the derived services from the analyzed user-profiles. From the angle of the data harvester it is important that users spent as much time in the digital infrastructure and expose there data about there profile (e.g. for tailored advertisment)? Why is it important that users e.g. regards themselves as &quot;customers of a free digital service&quot; or do not think much about instead of being part of a sold digital product? Elaborate on the optimization of data harvesting for a services. What are valuable information for the harvester. What is &quot;noise&quot; that can be ignored? How can pattern recognition and [[machine learning]] be used to distinguish between valuable information with commercial value und irrelevant &quot;noise&quot; in the harvested data? Keep in mind the identification of relevant and irrelevant information is dependent on the information you want to extract. Select an example and explain the different approaches for analytic methods for the data! 
* '''([[Speech Recognition]])''' Explain the role of speech recognition with mobile devices&lt;ref&gt;McGraw, I., Prabhavalkar, R., Alvarez, R., Arenas, M. G., Rao, K., Rybach, D., ... &amp; Parada, C. (2016, March). Personalized speech recognition on mobile devices. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) (pp. 5955-5959). IEEE.&lt;/ref&gt; for Commercial Data Harvesting. How is it possible to derive tailored advertisment by analysis of conversations. What are the potential privacy concerns&lt;ref&gt;Ramos, C., Augusto, J. C., &amp; Shapiro, D. (2008). Ambient intelligence—the next step for artificial intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(2), 15-18.&lt;/ref&gt; of individuals, research or development units, health care facilities,...
* '''(Competition with an Award)''' A company designs a competition with a first, second and third price for providing a solution for a given problem. 
** Compare the PROs and CONs of a competition in comparision to research and development unit of the company.
** There are many submissions to the competitions that have weaknesses and will not get a award. Why do have even unsuccessful submissions to competition a value for the company and the solution for the given problem. Would you communicate the value of submissions for the company to the participants?
: What are the similarities and differences of ''Competition with a Award'' and ''Commercial data harvesting''?
* '''([[Trust]])''' Explain the importance of [[trust]] in the concept of ''Commercial data harvesting''!
* '''(Comparison to Commercial Data Harvesting and [[Collaborative Mapping]])I''' Analyse the [https://www.hotosm.org/ Humanitarian Open Street Map (HOT-OSM)]&lt;ref&gt;Humanitarian Open Street Map Team - Web Portal (accessed 2017/09/11) - https://www.hotosm.org/&lt;/ref&gt;. HOT collect also data from user groups, process the data and provide a service. Describe similarities are difference between 
** Humanitarian Data Harvesting (e.g. [[Collaborative Mapping]]) and
** Commercial Data Harvesting
: Discuss the need to communicate the ''&quot;WHY&quot;'' data is collected from a Neutral Point of View (NPOV) to support decision making of users if they want to share the data or are not willing to share the data for a specific purpose.
* '''(Task for Authors of the Learning Resource)''' How should this learning resource should evolve that the Neutral Point of View (NPOV) in Wikiversity is respected ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Commercial_Data_Harvesting&amp;action=edit use talk/discuss page]])?
* '''([[Artificial Intelligence]])''' Commercial Data Harvesting e.g. from mobile devices, fitness trackers, ... generate user-specific data. Analyse the concepts of artificial intelligence and explain, how AI can be applied for pattern recognition of collected data about users!
* '''([[Digital Learning Environment]])''' This learning task focuses on learning envirnoments and protective measures for learners/students to avoid commercial data harvesting in the educational system. Explain why it is important that data about students must be protected. Furthermore adapting a [[Digital Learning Environment|digital learning environment]] to the requirements and constraints of the learner ([[Learner Analytics]]) can be designed that the data about the learner does not leave the device of the learner has control about 
** the selected application,
** the selected storage device,
** data protection of the learner data,
** ...
: Explain, how you would design a OpenSource mobile device distribution (e.g. based on [[LineageOS]]) to create a tailored Linux/Android distribution for colleges, universities or schools that have all the tools preinstalled that are allowed in the IT-Infrastructure of the educational unit. How can schools and educational units share [[Open Educational Resources]] and add adaptive components to the underlying Open Source Operating System?  Build bottom up 
:* from the operating system on clients with root access,
:* Open Source Server infrastructure that can be shared between schools e.g. a RESTful API 
:* a boot selector for the device to select initial operating system for the tailored installtion of the [[LineageOS]] image for the device course, class, .... 
:* Explain how you would select the appropriate apps for the group of learner, ...
:* ...

== [[WikiJournal of Science]] ==
Do you want to create a paper for [[WikiJournal_of_Science/Contribute|WikiJournal of Science]]? Extend the topic with the state of the art technology, IT-strategies and an analysis of basic concepts of business plans for CDH or write an encyclopedic paper for the [[WikiJournal_of_Science/Contribute|WikiJournal of Science]], feel free to incorporate parts of the learning resource into the paper. Just use the &quot;Cite this page...&quot; feature for reference (see also Open Paper Development)

== See also ==
{{Col list|2|
* [[Role-playing]]
* [[Trust]]
* [[Information systems|Information Systems]]
* [[Wikipedia:Quantified self]]
* [[Digital Learning Environment]] - avoid and reduce of CHD 
* [[Risk Management/User-driven spatial activities/collect information|Data harvesting for Risk Management]]
* [[ICT Literacy]]
* [[Collaborative Mapping|Non-commercial humanitarian collaborative mapping]]
* [[Risk Literacy]]
* [[w:Digital_footprint|Digital Footprint]]
* [[Big Data]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[w:en:GNU_Privacy_Guard|GNU Privacy Guard]] - Encrypt messages and private data (e.g. health related data)
}}

== References ==

[[Category:Information Systems]]
[[Category:Quantified Self]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:Digital Media Concepts]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[de:Kommerzielle Datenernte]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>osmyq477jrua88dmovfzeq97029lxtl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The necessities in Microprocessor Based System Design</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>232469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689351</id>
      <parentid>2689109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T03:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */</comment>
      <origin>2689351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5910" sha1="5b11w4dc2fsxs4mo3qqna2ncmgagdcz" xml:space="preserve">== '''Background''' ==

'''Combinational and Sequential Circuits'''
* [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] 
* [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]]

'''FSM'''
* [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]]
* [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]]

'''Tiny CPU Example'''
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]]
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Microprocessor Architecture''' ==
* ARM Architecture 
: - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]])
: - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Organization 

* ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture 
* ARM Processor Cores
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ==
* ARM Instruction Set 
: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]])
: - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]])
: - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]])
: - Assembler Format
::  - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 

&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Assembly Programming''' == 


=== ARM Assembly Programming (I) ===
* 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]])
* 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]])
* 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]])
* 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]])
* 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]])
* 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]])  
* 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) 
::  

::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (II) ===
::  
* 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241129.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
* ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]])
::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (III) ===
* 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division)
* 2. Floating point arithmetic 
* 3. Matrix multiply

=== ARM Linking ===
* arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;

=== ARM Microcontroller Programming ===
* 1. Input / Output 
* 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing
* 3. Analog I/O Interfacing
* 4. Communication


&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Memory Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Memory Hierarchy''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Architectural Support''' === 
* High Level Languages
* System Development
* Operating Systems
&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Peripheral Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Timers ''' === 
* Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) 
* Real Time Clock
* Watchdog Timer
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Serial Bus''' === 
* '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter  ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) 
* '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit 
* '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface 
* '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''I/Os ''' === 
* General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO)
* Pulse Width Modulator
* Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
* Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Synchrnoization'''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== H/W and S/W Synchronization === 
* busy wait synchronization
* handshake interface
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Interrupt Synchronization === 
* interrupt synchronization
* reentrant programming
* buffered IO
* periodic interrupt
* periodic polling 
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Interfacing '''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Time Interfacing === 
* input capture
* output compare
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Serial Interfacing === 
* Programming UART
* Programming SPI
* Programming I2C
* Programming USB 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Analog Interfacing === 
* OP Amp
* Filters
* ADC 
* DAC 
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Old materials''' ==

=== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ===
* ARM Instruction Set 
:: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 
* ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>5b11w4dc2fsxs4mo3qqna2ncmgagdcz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689353</id>
      <parentid>2689351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T03:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ARM Assembly Programming (II) */</comment>
      <origin>2689353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5910" sha1="h7hrufu6u9wms6leahcc40otbh0rpwh" xml:space="preserve">== '''Background''' ==

'''Combinational and Sequential Circuits'''
* [[Media:DD2.B.4..Adder.20131007.pdf |Adder]] 
* [[Media:DD3.A.1.LatchFF.20160308.pdf |Latches and Flipflops]]

'''FSM'''
* [[Media:DD3.A.3.FSM.20131030.pdf |FSM]]
* [[Media:CArch.2.A.Bubble.20131021.pdf |FSM Example]]

'''Tiny CPU Example'''
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.A.ISA.20160511.pdf |Instruction Set]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.B.DPath.20160502.pdf |Data Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.C.CPath.20160427.pdf |Control Path]]
* [[Media:CDsgn6.TinyCPU.2.D.Implement.20160513.pdf |FPGA Implementation]]
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Microprocessor Architecture''' ==
* ARM Architecture 
: - Programmer's Model ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.1A.Model.20180321.pdf |pdf]])
: - Pipelined Architecture ([[Media:ARM.1Arch.2A.Pipeline.20180419.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Organization 

* ARM Cortex-M Processor Architecture 
* ARM Processor Cores
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ==
* ARM Instruction Set 
: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20190611.pdf |pdf]])
: - Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.AddrMode.20191108.pdf |pdf]])
: - Multiple Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.MTransfer.20190903.pdf |pdf]])
: - Assembler Format
::  - Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4A.Proc.Format.20200204.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4B.Trans.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Coprocessor ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4C.CoProc.Format.20191214.pdf |pdf]])
::  - Summary ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.4D.Summary.Format.20200205.pdf |pdf]])
: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.5A.Encoding.201901105.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 

&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Assembly Programming''' == 


=== ARM Assembly Programming (I) ===
* 1. Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.1A.Overview.20200101.pdf |pdf]])
* 2. Example Programs ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.2A.Program.20200108.pdf |pdf]])
* 3. Addressing Modes ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.3A.Address.20200127.pdf |pdf]])
* 4. Data Transfer ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.4A.DTransfer.20230726.pdf |pdf]])
* 5. Data Processing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.5A.DProcess.20200208.pdf |pdf]])
* 6. Control ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.6A.Control.20200215.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Arrays ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.7A.Array.20200311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Data Structures ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.8A.DataStruct.20200718.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Finite State Machines ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.9A.FSM.20200417.pdf |pdf]])  
* 10. Functions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.10A.Function.20210115.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 11. Parameter Passing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.11A.Parameter.20210106.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 12. Stack Frames ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.12A.StackFrame.20210611.pdf |pdf]]) 
::  

::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (II) ===
::  
* 1. Branch and Return Methods ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Branch.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 2. PC Relative Addressing ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.PCRelative.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 3. Thumb instruction Set ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Thumb.20241123.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 4. Exceptions ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.Exception.20220722.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 5. Exception Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionProg.20220311.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 6. Exception Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.ExceptionHandler.20220131.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 7. Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptProg.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 8. Interrupt Handlers ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.InterruptHandler.20211030.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 9. Vectored Interrupt Programming ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.VectorInt.20230610.pdf |pdf]]) 
* 10. Tail Chaining ([[Media:ARM.2ASM.TailChain.20230816.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;
* ARM Assembly Exercises ([[Media:ESys.3.A.ARM-ASM-Exercise.20160608.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:ESys.3.B.Assembly.20160716.pdf |B.pdf]])
::

=== ARM Assembly Programming (III) ===
* 1. Fixed point arithmetic (integer division)
* 2. Floating point arithmetic 
* 3. Matrix multiply

=== ARM Linking ===
* arm link ([[Media:arm_link.20211208.pdf |pdf]]) 


&lt;/br&gt;

=== ARM Microcontroller Programming ===
* 1. Input / Output 
* 2. Serial / Parallel Port Interfacing
* 3. Analog I/O Interfacing
* 4. Communication


&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Memory Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Memory Hierarchy''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''System and Peripheral Buses''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Architectural Support''' === 
* High Level Languages
* System Development
* Operating Systems
&lt;/br&gt;


== '''Peripheral Architecture''' == 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Vectored Interrupt Controller ''' === 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Timers ''' === 
* Timer / Counter ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.Timer.20220801.pdf |pdf]]) 
* Real Time Clock
* Watchdog Timer
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''Serial Bus''' === 
* '''UART''' : Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter  ([[Media:ARM.4ASM.UART.20220924.pdf |pdf]]) 
* '''I2C''' : Inter-Integrated Circuit 
* '''SPI''' : Serial Peripheral Interface 
* '''USB''' : Universal Serial Bus Device Controller
&lt;/br&gt;

=== '''I/Os ''' === 
* General Purpose Input/Output ports (GPIO)
* Pulse Width Modulator
* Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
* Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;!-- == '''Interrupts and Exceptions ''' == --&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Synchrnoization'''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== H/W and S/W Synchronization === 
* busy wait synchronization
* handshake interface
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Interrupt Synchronization === 
* interrupt synchronization
* reentrant programming
* buffered IO
* periodic interrupt
* periodic polling 
&lt;/br&gt;

==''' Interfacing '''==
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Time Interfacing === 
* input capture
* output compare
&lt;/br&gt;


=== Serial Interfacing === 
* Programming UART
* Programming SPI
* Programming I2C
* Programming USB 
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Analog Interfacing === 
* OP Amp
* Filters
* ADC 
* DAC 
&lt;/br&gt;

== '''Old materials''' ==

=== '''Instruction Set Architecture''' ===
* ARM Instruction Set 
:: - Overview ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.1A.Overview.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Binary Encoding ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.2A.Encoding.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
:: - Assembler Format ([[Media:ARM.2ISA.3A.Format.20180528.pdf |pdf]])
* Thumb Instruction Set 
* ARM Assembly Language ([[Media:ESys3.1A.Assembly.20160608.pdf |pdf]])
* ARM Machine Language ([[Media:ESys3.2A.Machine.20160615.pdf |pdf]])
&lt;/br&gt;


&lt;/br&gt; 
go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ]</text>
      <sha1>h7hrufu6u9wms6leahcc40otbh0rpwh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Digital Learning Environment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>247306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689378</id>
      <parentid>2474870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:42:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Learning Tasks */</comment>
      <origin>2689378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14016" sha1="75k4dsfc8j6vlaazb64yr32xivmrywc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 04QualityEducation.svg|thumb|SDG4: Quality Education - Learning Resource Supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines] &lt;ref&gt; UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf &lt;/ref&gt;]]
The goal of this learning unit is to develop a generic IT infrastructure for digital learning environments relevant to your discipline or content area:

== Version ==
* alpha version - Brainstorming possible sub-aspects that could be covered in the learning module - collected some key questions

== Target Group ==
* Teachers who want to engage in the design of Digital Learning Environments
* Researchers who want to analyze learning processes with digital learning environments.

== Learner Data ==
Explore the following aspects for learner data:

* [[/Learning Analytics/|Learner Analytics and Learner Support]]
* [[/Content Level/|Content Level]]
* [[/Technical Level/]]
* [[/Institutional Level/]]

== Learning Tasks ==
* What are possible options and your way-forward to collect data about the learning process? 
* How would a [[/Design Example/|generic IT implementation of learning environment]] look like?
* Explore 
** [[PanDocElectron/AudioSlides4Web|AudioSlides4Web]], 
** [[PanDocElectron/Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]], 
** [[Screencasting]]
: identify requirements and constraints for the application on learning environments in the [[COVID-19|COVID-19 epidemics]]. How can [[w:Moodle|Moodle]], [[Olat]], ... and co. be used in conjunction with the 3 applications above. What others alternative do you have, if you want to apply the Open Community Approach and Open Educational Resources for your learning scenarios.
* '''([[Screencasting]])''' Explore the concept of [[Screencasting]] and explain how screencast can be used in learning environments. Imagine the learning task for learner is to create a screencast for a certain topic. What do the learner learn from creating their own screencast (include not only technical skills but also instructional design of the video and the embedding in a learning environment).
* '''([[Real World Lab]])''' Explore the concept of a [[Real World Lab]] and explain why  [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|tailored Open Educational Resources]] are required to support multiple different [[Real World Lab]]s in different regions that need to adapt the [[Open Educational Resources|learning resources]] to the location of  learning environment?
* '''([[Educational OpenSource Operating System|Operating System of Educational Environments]])''' Analyze setting up an OpenSource client server infrastructure for a learning enviroment. What are the basic requirements and components that you need for hosting e.g. a learning management system? How would you design a Linux distribution that has all the required IT service pre-installed on the Linux distribution? What are the benefits and drawbacks of such an approach?
* '''([[Open source|Open Source]])''' Identify the requirements and constraints for the use of Open Source software in digital learning environments. What are the drivers for adaptation of the software to the local IT infrastructure and educational requirements?
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of role plays and explore the options of digital learning environments to support role play and digital augmentation of the scenario in which the role play takes place&lt;ref&gt;Alrehaili, E. A., &amp; Al Osman, H. (2022). A virtual reality role-playing serious game for experiential learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 922-935.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Digital contextualization of extracurricular learning places ==
Digital Contextualization can be viewed in extracurricular learning settings (e.g., [[w: de: Virtual_Reality|VR]],
[[v:en:3D_Modelling/Examples/Panorama_360|Aframe]], AR.js, ...) Basically Mixare (https://www.mixare.org) with
Learning elements in the camera image. Mixare, however, is no longer maintained
and refactoring in HTML5 application in a corresponding
Framework would be useful.

Extracurricular learning sites: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Real_World_Lab

* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AFrame]]:''' 
:* [https://aframe.io/examples/showcase/sky/ 3D Mountain View in Browser] 
:* [https://cecropia.github.io/thehallaframe/ 3D Museum Tour with Audio Background Noise]
* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js]]:''' [[v:en:3D_Modelling/Create_3D_Models/AR.js|Create 3D Models Using AR.js and location based Augmented Reality]]
* '''[[v:en:Augmented Reality/Tutorial|MixARe]]:''' https://www.mixare.org (not maintained anymore - use [[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js/GeoAR]] instead)
* '''[[v:en:Markerless_Tracking|TrackingJS]]:''' https://trackingjs.com/ - see also [[Markerless Tracking]]

Libraries like TrackingJS https://trackingjs.com/ - would be for me too
from the side of the informatical implementation of particle tracking as
also interesting from the spatial geometry. But here is yes
Once generic elements of learning environments are involved, such would be
Subject-specific not so relevant. Rather, it would be about it
to interact with gestures with digital learning environments
non-digital and digital elements relate to a learning environment
geoJSON is also suitable for spatial contexts
as format.

== Adaptive help systems and individualized task generation ==

=== Learner Profiles ===
In order for digital learning environments to adapt to learners' individual learning needs, a learning profile is needed on the basis of which individual tasks and resources can be offered. &lt;ref&gt; Alexopoulou, T., Michel, M., Murakami, A., &amp; Meurers, D. (2017). Task effects on linguistic complexity and accuracy: A large-scale learner corpus analysis employing natural language processing techniques. Language Learning, 67 (S1), 180-208. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Pistilli, M.D. (2017). Learner Analytics and Student Success Interventions. New Directions for Higher Education, 2017 (179), 43-52. &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Privacy ===
Hoel, T., Griffiths, D., &amp; Chen, W. (2017, March). The influence of [[privacy|privacy protection and privacy frameworks]] on the design of learning analytics systems. In Proceedings of the seventh international learning analytics &amp; knowledge conference (pp. 243-252). ACM. &lt;/ref&gt; Transfer data from the learner's device to a server and analyze it and, if necessary, log on the basis of a larger data set Analysis of error patterns, selection of tasks and help. In the sense of the data protection of the learner data this is not absolutely necessary.
Ideally, learner data remains on the user's device by default. Only the explicit sending of tasks to the school server or to servers in a research project, this client-server communication can be explicitly approved for a fixed period by the owner. Otherwise, help systems are only parameterized on the client side or on the end device (laptop, tablet, PC, smartphone)

=== help systems ===
Adaptive help systems e.g. Using weak-AI methods, learner data analysis is used to tailor the digital learning environment to users' needs and learning requirements. So, in a generic approach, consider the components of a digital learning environment that require adaptive feedback, help, and task selection. Aspects from the Known Areas of the [[w:en:Intelligent_Tutorial_System|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]] (ITS) &lt;ref&gt; Lester, J., Taylor, R., Sawyer, R., Culbertson, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2018). MetaMentor: A System Designed to Study, Teach, Train, and Foster Self-regulated Learning for Students and Experts Using Their Multimodal Data Visualizations. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (page 411). Springer. &lt;/ref&gt; are implemented on the server in a kind of plugin concept (e.g., R-statistic software). The statistical software R serves in this context to use existing methods for the control of the digital learning environment. Through such an approach, large parts of the implementation (eg of clustering, associative networks, ...) by the use of existing statistical analysis of the save aggregated and anonymous learner data.

=== Dynamic Document Generation ===
Used tools will be the following application:
* [[v:en:KnitR|'''KnitR''' as R/RStudio package]]
* '''Statistic Numeric Packages''' in R for use with Learner Analytics ([[w:en:Machine Learning|Machine Learning]])
* '''Output formats''' - depending on the learning environment:
** [https://shiny.rstudio.com/gallery/ '''Shiny WebApps'''] - result of Learner Analytics, but also to control help system and calculate a principle of minimal help (ie what help is minimal for the learner, which help actually &quot;helps&quot;)
** '''[[v:en:AppLSAC|AppLSAC]]:''' WebApps with client-side learner profile,
** '''Web-based presentations:''' DZSlides, Reveal, ....
** '''(Libre) Office Documents''' (Application of the [Open Community Approach|Open Community Approach]])
** '''e-Books:''' Tailored to learners' learning requirements
** '''wtf_wikipedia''' Tools for downloading collaborative learning units in offline learning environments with adaptive help systems support learners.
* '''Paper output''' of individualized tasks and help based on task processing with mobile devices, which can be parameterized and filtered by a task pool
* '''Geo-Tailored Questionnaires:''' &lt;ref&gt; Herselman, M., Niehaus, E., Ruxwana, N., D'Souza-Niehaus, N., Heyne, N., Platz, M., &amp; Wagner, R. (2010). Geo-referenced learning resources can be offered via the GPS sensors of mobile devices depending on the location of the learners.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crowd Sourcing and Citizen Sciences ==
Data Collection Using the [[w:en:Open Data Kit|Open Data Kit]] allows collaborative data collection &lt;ref&gt; Brabham, D.C. (2010). Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 13 (8), 1122-1145. &lt;/ref&gt; in a learning group that provides insights into a student's research question in an aggregated state. Crowd Sourcing will be such a component of training and learning of data and methods that can be solved as collaboratively by data collection and evaluation problem &lt;ref&gt; Skaržauskaitė, M. (2012). The application of crowd sourcing in educational activities. Social Technologies, 2 (1), 67-76. &lt;/ref&gt;:
* '' '(Problem-oriented access)' '' How many vehicles drive certain roads in our city? How loud it is at different times (see [http://www.noisetube.net NoiseTube]) George Drosatos, Pavlos S. Efraimidis, Ioannis N. Athanasiadis, Matthias Stevens and Ellie D'Hondt Privacy Preserving Computation of Participatory Noise Maps in the Cloud, Journal of Systems and Software, February 2014. Note, DOI: 10.1016 / j.jss.2014.01.035 &lt;/ref&gt;)? If traffic calming is e.g. possible in the school environment? Where were frequent road accidents in the past and why is this place so dangerous for pedestrians / cyclists?
* '' '(Spatial data evaluation)' '' Are there patterns in the collected data? What is the cause of the found pattern? Can the type of data collection have led to the pattern, or is there actually an increased occurrence of events, noise levels, ... at a particular location?
Overall, digital learning environments are integrated into the spatial context, and personalized data analysis, along with the client-side learning profile, provides bidirectional data transport. In the Citizen Science concept, data is collected from the learners and at the same time they gain insights into the aggregated data of all users and thus also see the state of the current collaborative data collection. Furthermore, one can also identify missing areas that had not been edited by a user before.

== Client-side / server-side learner profiles: ==
In the course of the data protection discussion, client-side storage of learner profiles should also be considered, whereby the client-side learner profile adapts to the learning prerequisites of the learners, but no user data is collected, aggregated and evaluated on the servers. In the case of research projects with a digital learning environment, of course, then the learner data must be encrypted and only then transferred to a RestfulAPI as backend. In essence, this point is about deciding on the client-side or server-side storage of learner data and an abstraction on generic software components for digital learning environments, which may be made available with virtualization as a backend for schools.

== Tasks ==
* Search for existing open source software packages that you would like to use for your digital learning environment!
* First try to determine at subject-didactic level whether and which learner data should be collected about the learning process and analyze whether the existing software offers this possibility!
* Learning Environments can produce data about the learner that can be processed for learner analytics. Look at your digital learning environments and identify options for adaptation of learning environment to the requirements and constraints of the learner.

== See also ==
* [[v:en:3D_Modelling|3D Modeling for Digital Learning Environments]]
* [[v:de:Collaborative Mapping|Collaborative Mapping]]
* [[w:en:Design Science|Design Science]] as a cyclic iterative design process for learning environments as [[w:en:Design_pattern|Design Pattern]]
* [[w:en:Flipped classroom|Flipped Classroom]]
* [[w:en:Intelligent_tutoring_system|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]]
* [[Markerless Tracking]]
* [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|Localization Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Operating Systems|Open Source Operating Systems]] 
* [[Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Real World Lab]]
* [[Teaching and Learning Online]]

== References ==

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Digitale_Lernumgebung]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:E-Learning]]
[[Category:Learning Analytics]]
[[Category:Screencasting]]</text>
      <sha1>75k4dsfc8j6vlaazb64yr32xivmrywc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689379</id>
      <parentid>2689378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:43:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Roleplaying]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <origin>2689379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14041" sha1="q0meo39eyk8f0te7kpxj5fxuw1puq0j" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 04QualityEducation.svg|thumb|SDG4: Quality Education - Learning Resource Supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines] &lt;ref&gt; UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf &lt;/ref&gt;]]
The goal of this learning unit is to develop a generic IT infrastructure for digital learning environments relevant to your discipline or content area:

== Version ==
* alpha version - Brainstorming possible sub-aspects that could be covered in the learning module - collected some key questions

== Target Group ==
* Teachers who want to engage in the design of Digital Learning Environments
* Researchers who want to analyze learning processes with digital learning environments.

== Learner Data ==
Explore the following aspects for learner data:

* [[/Learning Analytics/|Learner Analytics and Learner Support]]
* [[/Content Level/|Content Level]]
* [[/Technical Level/]]
* [[/Institutional Level/]]

== Learning Tasks ==
* What are possible options and your way-forward to collect data about the learning process? 
* How would a [[/Design Example/|generic IT implementation of learning environment]] look like?
* Explore 
** [[PanDocElectron/AudioSlides4Web|AudioSlides4Web]], 
** [[PanDocElectron/Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]], 
** [[Screencasting]]
: identify requirements and constraints for the application on learning environments in the [[COVID-19|COVID-19 epidemics]]. How can [[w:Moodle|Moodle]], [[Olat]], ... and co. be used in conjunction with the 3 applications above. What others alternative do you have, if you want to apply the Open Community Approach and Open Educational Resources for your learning scenarios.
* '''([[Screencasting]])''' Explore the concept of [[Screencasting]] and explain how screencast can be used in learning environments. Imagine the learning task for learner is to create a screencast for a certain topic. What do the learner learn from creating their own screencast (include not only technical skills but also instructional design of the video and the embedding in a learning environment).
* '''([[Real World Lab]])''' Explore the concept of a [[Real World Lab]] and explain why  [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|tailored Open Educational Resources]] are required to support multiple different [[Real World Lab]]s in different regions that need to adapt the [[Open Educational Resources|learning resources]] to the location of  learning environment?
* '''([[Educational OpenSource Operating System|Operating System of Educational Environments]])''' Analyze setting up an OpenSource client server infrastructure for a learning enviroment. What are the basic requirements and components that you need for hosting e.g. a learning management system? How would you design a Linux distribution that has all the required IT service pre-installed on the Linux distribution? What are the benefits and drawbacks of such an approach?
* '''([[Open source|Open Source]])''' Identify the requirements and constraints for the use of Open Source software in digital learning environments. What are the drivers for adaptation of the software to the local IT infrastructure and educational requirements?
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of role plays and explore the options of digital learning environments to support role play and digital augmentation of the scenario in which the role play takes place&lt;ref&gt;Alrehaili, E. A., &amp; Al Osman, H. (2022). A virtual reality role-playing serious game for experiential learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 922-935.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Digital contextualization of extracurricular learning places ==
Digital Contextualization can be viewed in extracurricular learning settings (e.g., [[w: de: Virtual_Reality|VR]],
[[v:en:3D_Modelling/Examples/Panorama_360|Aframe]], AR.js, ...) Basically Mixare (https://www.mixare.org) with
Learning elements in the camera image. Mixare, however, is no longer maintained
and refactoring in HTML5 application in a corresponding
Framework would be useful.

Extracurricular learning sites: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Real_World_Lab

* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AFrame]]:''' 
:* [https://aframe.io/examples/showcase/sky/ 3D Mountain View in Browser] 
:* [https://cecropia.github.io/thehallaframe/ 3D Museum Tour with Audio Background Noise]
* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js]]:''' [[v:en:3D_Modelling/Create_3D_Models/AR.js|Create 3D Models Using AR.js and location based Augmented Reality]]
* '''[[v:en:Augmented Reality/Tutorial|MixARe]]:''' https://www.mixare.org (not maintained anymore - use [[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js/GeoAR]] instead)
* '''[[v:en:Markerless_Tracking|TrackingJS]]:''' https://trackingjs.com/ - see also [[Markerless Tracking]]

Libraries like TrackingJS https://trackingjs.com/ - would be for me too
from the side of the informatical implementation of particle tracking as
also interesting from the spatial geometry. But here is yes
Once generic elements of learning environments are involved, such would be
Subject-specific not so relevant. Rather, it would be about it
to interact with gestures with digital learning environments
non-digital and digital elements relate to a learning environment
geoJSON is also suitable for spatial contexts
as format.

== Adaptive help systems and individualized task generation ==

=== Learner Profiles ===
In order for digital learning environments to adapt to learners' individual learning needs, a learning profile is needed on the basis of which individual tasks and resources can be offered. &lt;ref&gt; Alexopoulou, T., Michel, M., Murakami, A., &amp; Meurers, D. (2017). Task effects on linguistic complexity and accuracy: A large-scale learner corpus analysis employing natural language processing techniques. Language Learning, 67 (S1), 180-208. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Pistilli, M.D. (2017). Learner Analytics and Student Success Interventions. New Directions for Higher Education, 2017 (179), 43-52. &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Privacy ===
Hoel, T., Griffiths, D., &amp; Chen, W. (2017, March). The influence of [[privacy|privacy protection and privacy frameworks]] on the design of learning analytics systems. In Proceedings of the seventh international learning analytics &amp; knowledge conference (pp. 243-252). ACM. &lt;/ref&gt; Transfer data from the learner's device to a server and analyze it and, if necessary, log on the basis of a larger data set Analysis of error patterns, selection of tasks and help. In the sense of the data protection of the learner data this is not absolutely necessary.
Ideally, learner data remains on the user's device by default. Only the explicit sending of tasks to the school server or to servers in a research project, this client-server communication can be explicitly approved for a fixed period by the owner. Otherwise, help systems are only parameterized on the client side or on the end device (laptop, tablet, PC, smartphone)

=== help systems ===
Adaptive help systems e.g. Using weak-AI methods, learner data analysis is used to tailor the digital learning environment to users' needs and learning requirements. So, in a generic approach, consider the components of a digital learning environment that require adaptive feedback, help, and task selection. Aspects from the Known Areas of the [[w:en:Intelligent_Tutorial_System|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]] (ITS) &lt;ref&gt; Lester, J., Taylor, R., Sawyer, R., Culbertson, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2018). MetaMentor: A System Designed to Study, Teach, Train, and Foster Self-regulated Learning for Students and Experts Using Their Multimodal Data Visualizations. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (page 411). Springer. &lt;/ref&gt; are implemented on the server in a kind of plugin concept (e.g., R-statistic software). The statistical software R serves in this context to use existing methods for the control of the digital learning environment. Through such an approach, large parts of the implementation (eg of clustering, associative networks, ...) by the use of existing statistical analysis of the save aggregated and anonymous learner data.

=== Dynamic Document Generation ===
Used tools will be the following application:
* [[v:en:KnitR|'''KnitR''' as R/RStudio package]]
* '''Statistic Numeric Packages''' in R for use with Learner Analytics ([[w:en:Machine Learning|Machine Learning]])
* '''Output formats''' - depending on the learning environment:
** [https://shiny.rstudio.com/gallery/ '''Shiny WebApps'''] - result of Learner Analytics, but also to control help system and calculate a principle of minimal help (ie what help is minimal for the learner, which help actually &quot;helps&quot;)
** '''[[v:en:AppLSAC|AppLSAC]]:''' WebApps with client-side learner profile,
** '''Web-based presentations:''' DZSlides, Reveal, ....
** '''(Libre) Office Documents''' (Application of the [Open Community Approach|Open Community Approach]])
** '''e-Books:''' Tailored to learners' learning requirements
** '''wtf_wikipedia''' Tools for downloading collaborative learning units in offline learning environments with adaptive help systems support learners.
* '''Paper output''' of individualized tasks and help based on task processing with mobile devices, which can be parameterized and filtered by a task pool
* '''Geo-Tailored Questionnaires:''' &lt;ref&gt; Herselman, M., Niehaus, E., Ruxwana, N., D'Souza-Niehaus, N., Heyne, N., Platz, M., &amp; Wagner, R. (2010). Geo-referenced learning resources can be offered via the GPS sensors of mobile devices depending on the location of the learners.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crowd Sourcing and Citizen Sciences ==
Data Collection Using the [[w:en:Open Data Kit|Open Data Kit]] allows collaborative data collection &lt;ref&gt; Brabham, D.C. (2010). Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 13 (8), 1122-1145. &lt;/ref&gt; in a learning group that provides insights into a student's research question in an aggregated state. Crowd Sourcing will be such a component of training and learning of data and methods that can be solved as collaboratively by data collection and evaluation problem &lt;ref&gt; Skaržauskaitė, M. (2012). The application of crowd sourcing in educational activities. Social Technologies, 2 (1), 67-76. &lt;/ref&gt;:
* '' '(Problem-oriented access)' '' How many vehicles drive certain roads in our city? How loud it is at different times (see [http://www.noisetube.net NoiseTube]) George Drosatos, Pavlos S. Efraimidis, Ioannis N. Athanasiadis, Matthias Stevens and Ellie D'Hondt Privacy Preserving Computation of Participatory Noise Maps in the Cloud, Journal of Systems and Software, February 2014. Note, DOI: 10.1016 / j.jss.2014.01.035 &lt;/ref&gt;)? If traffic calming is e.g. possible in the school environment? Where were frequent road accidents in the past and why is this place so dangerous for pedestrians / cyclists?
* '' '(Spatial data evaluation)' '' Are there patterns in the collected data? What is the cause of the found pattern? Can the type of data collection have led to the pattern, or is there actually an increased occurrence of events, noise levels, ... at a particular location?
Overall, digital learning environments are integrated into the spatial context, and personalized data analysis, along with the client-side learning profile, provides bidirectional data transport. In the Citizen Science concept, data is collected from the learners and at the same time they gain insights into the aggregated data of all users and thus also see the state of the current collaborative data collection. Furthermore, one can also identify missing areas that had not been edited by a user before.

== Client-side / server-side learner profiles: ==
In the course of the data protection discussion, client-side storage of learner profiles should also be considered, whereby the client-side learner profile adapts to the learning prerequisites of the learners, but no user data is collected, aggregated and evaluated on the servers. In the case of research projects with a digital learning environment, of course, then the learner data must be encrypted and only then transferred to a RestfulAPI as backend. In essence, this point is about deciding on the client-side or server-side storage of learner data and an abstraction on generic software components for digital learning environments, which may be made available with virtualization as a backend for schools.

== Tasks ==
* Search for existing open source software packages that you would like to use for your digital learning environment!
* First try to determine at subject-didactic level whether and which learner data should be collected about the learning process and analyze whether the existing software offers this possibility!
* Learning Environments can produce data about the learner that can be processed for learner analytics. Look at your digital learning environments and identify options for adaptation of learning environment to the requirements and constraints of the learner.

== See also ==
* [[v:en:3D_Modelling|3D Modeling for Digital Learning Environments]]
* [[v:de:Collaborative Mapping|Collaborative Mapping]]
* [[w:en:Design Science|Design Science]] as a cyclic iterative design process for learning environments as [[w:en:Design_pattern|Design Pattern]]
* [[w:en:Flipped classroom|Flipped Classroom]]
* [[w:en:Intelligent_tutoring_system|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]]
* [[Markerless Tracking]]
* [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|Localization Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Operating Systems|Open Source Operating Systems]] 
* [[Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Real World Lab]]
* [[Teaching and Learning Online]]

== References ==

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Digitale_Lernumgebung]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:E-Learning]]
[[Category:Learning Analytics]]
[[Category:Screencasting]]
[[Category:Roleplaying]]</text>
      <sha1>q0meo39eyk8f0te7kpxj5fxuw1puq0j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689380</id>
      <parentid>2689379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T07:44:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bert Niehaus</username>
        <id>2387134</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */</comment>
      <origin>2689380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14057" sha1="dfmjerj80b7f3f3id9n86f1v3qhejx1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sustainable Development Goal 04QualityEducation.svg|thumb|SDG4: Quality Education - Learning Resource Supports the SDGs - [http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf UN-Guidelines] &lt;ref&gt; UN-Guidelines for Use of SDG logo and the 17 SDG icons (2016/10) - http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/UN-Guidelines-for-Use-of-SDG-logo-and-17-icons.October-2016.pdf &lt;/ref&gt;]]
The goal of this learning unit is to develop a generic IT infrastructure for digital learning environments relevant to your discipline or content area:

== Version ==
* alpha version - Brainstorming possible sub-aspects that could be covered in the learning module - collected some key questions

== Target Group ==
* Teachers who want to engage in the design of Digital Learning Environments
* Researchers who want to analyze learning processes with digital learning environments.

== Learner Data ==
Explore the following aspects for learner data:

* [[/Learning Analytics/|Learner Analytics and Learner Support]]
* [[/Content Level/|Content Level]]
* [[/Technical Level/]]
* [[/Institutional Level/]]

== Learning Tasks ==
* What are possible options and your way-forward to collect data about the learning process? 
* How would a [[/Design Example/|generic IT implementation of learning environment]] look like?
* Explore 
** [[PanDocElectron/AudioSlides4Web|AudioSlides4Web]], 
** [[PanDocElectron/Wiki2Reveal|Wiki2Reveal]], 
** [[Screencasting]]
: identify requirements and constraints for the application on learning environments in the [[COVID-19|COVID-19 epidemics]]. How can [[w:Moodle|Moodle]], [[Olat]], ... and co. be used in conjunction with the 3 applications above. What others alternative do you have, if you want to apply the Open Community Approach and Open Educational Resources for your learning scenarios.
* '''([[Screencasting]])''' Explore the concept of [[Screencasting]] and explain how screencast can be used in learning environments. Imagine the learning task for learner is to create a screencast for a certain topic. What do the learner learn from creating their own screencast (include not only technical skills but also instructional design of the video and the embedding in a learning environment).
* '''([[Real World Lab]])''' Explore the concept of a [[Real World Lab]] and explain why  [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|tailored Open Educational Resources]] are required to support multiple different [[Real World Lab]]s in different regions that need to adapt the [[Open Educational Resources|learning resources]] to the location of  learning environment?
* '''([[Educational OpenSource Operating System|Operating System of Educational Environments]])''' Analyze setting up an OpenSource client server infrastructure for a learning enviroment. What are the basic requirements and components that you need for hosting e.g. a learning management system? How would you design a Linux distribution that has all the required IT service pre-installed on the Linux distribution? What are the benefits and drawbacks of such an approach?
* '''([[Open source|Open Source]])''' Identify the requirements and constraints for the use of Open Source software in digital learning environments. What are the drivers for adaptation of the software to the local IT infrastructure and educational requirements?
* '''[[Role Play]]:''' Explore the concept of role plays and explore the options of digital learning environments to support role play and digital augmentation of the scenario in which the role play takes place&lt;ref&gt;Alrehaili, E. A., &amp; Al Osman, H. (2022). A virtual reality role-playing serious game for experiential learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 922-935.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Digital contextualization of extracurricular learning places ==
Digital Contextualization can be viewed in extracurricular learning settings (e.g., [[w: de: Virtual_Reality|VR]],
[[v:en:3D_Modelling/Examples/Panorama_360|Aframe]], AR.js, ...) Basically Mixare (https://www.mixare.org) with
Learning elements in the camera image. Mixare, however, is no longer maintained
and refactoring in HTML5 application in a corresponding
Framework would be useful.

Extracurricular learning sites: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Real_World_Lab

* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AFrame]]:''' 
:* [https://aframe.io/examples/showcase/sky/ 3D Mountain View in Browser] 
:* [https://cecropia.github.io/thehallaframe/ 3D Museum Tour with Audio Background Noise]
* '''[[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js]]:''' [[v:en:3D_Modelling/Create_3D_Models/AR.js|Create 3D Models Using AR.js and location based Augmented Reality]]
* '''[[v:en:Augmented Reality/Tutorial|MixARe]]:''' https://www.mixare.org (not maintained anymore - use [[w:en:3D_Modelling/Examples|AR.js/GeoAR]] instead)
* '''[[v:en:Markerless_Tracking|TrackingJS]]:''' https://trackingjs.com/ - see also [[Markerless Tracking]]

Libraries like TrackingJS https://trackingjs.com/ - would be for me too
from the side of the informatical implementation of particle tracking as
also interesting from the spatial geometry. But here is yes
Once generic elements of learning environments are involved, such would be
Subject-specific not so relevant. Rather, it would be about it
to interact with gestures with digital learning environments
non-digital and digital elements relate to a learning environment
geoJSON is also suitable for spatial contexts
as format.

== Adaptive help systems and individualized task generation ==

=== Learner Profiles ===
In order for digital learning environments to adapt to learners' individual learning needs, a learning profile is needed on the basis of which individual tasks and resources can be offered. &lt;ref&gt; Alexopoulou, T., Michel, M., Murakami, A., &amp; Meurers, D. (2017). Task effects on linguistic complexity and accuracy: A large-scale learner corpus analysis employing natural language processing techniques. Language Learning, 67 (S1), 180-208. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Pistilli, M.D. (2017). Learner Analytics and Student Success Interventions. New Directions for Higher Education, 2017 (179), 43-52. &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Privacy ===
Hoel, T., Griffiths, D., &amp; Chen, W. (2017, March). The influence of [[privacy|privacy protection and privacy frameworks]] on the design of learning analytics systems. In Proceedings of the seventh international learning analytics &amp; knowledge conference (pp. 243-252). ACM. &lt;/ref&gt; Transfer data from the learner's device to a server and analyze it and, if necessary, log on the basis of a larger data set Analysis of error patterns, selection of tasks and help. In the sense of the data protection of the learner data this is not absolutely necessary.
Ideally, learner data remains on the user's device by default. Only the explicit sending of tasks to the school server or to servers in a research project, this client-server communication can be explicitly approved for a fixed period by the owner. Otherwise, help systems are only parameterized on the client side or on the end device (laptop, tablet, PC, smartphone)

=== help systems ===
Adaptive help systems e.g. Using weak-AI methods, learner data analysis is used to tailor the digital learning environment to users' needs and learning requirements. So, in a generic approach, consider the components of a digital learning environment that require adaptive feedback, help, and task selection. Aspects from the Known Areas of the [[w:en:Intelligent_Tutorial_System|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]] (ITS) &lt;ref&gt; Lester, J., Taylor, R., Sawyer, R., Culbertson, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2018). MetaMentor: A System Designed to Study, Teach, Train, and Foster Self-regulated Learning for Students and Experts Using Their Multimodal Data Visualizations. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (page 411). Springer. &lt;/ref&gt; are implemented on the server in a kind of plugin concept (e.g., R-statistic software). The statistical software R serves in this context to use existing methods for the control of the digital learning environment. Through such an approach, large parts of the implementation (eg of clustering, associative networks, ...) by the use of existing statistical analysis of the save aggregated and anonymous learner data.

=== Dynamic Document Generation ===
Used tools will be the following application:
* [[v:en:KnitR|'''KnitR''' as R/RStudio package]]
* '''Statistic Numeric Packages''' in R for use with Learner Analytics ([[w:en:Machine Learning|Machine Learning]])
* '''Output formats''' - depending on the learning environment:
** [https://shiny.rstudio.com/gallery/ '''Shiny WebApps'''] - result of Learner Analytics, but also to control help system and calculate a principle of minimal help (ie what help is minimal for the learner, which help actually &quot;helps&quot;)
** '''[[v:en:AppLSAC|AppLSAC]]:''' WebApps with client-side learner profile,
** '''Web-based presentations:''' DZSlides, Reveal, ....
** '''(Libre) Office Documents''' (Application of the [Open Community Approach|Open Community Approach]])
** '''e-Books:''' Tailored to learners' learning requirements
** '''wtf_wikipedia''' Tools for downloading collaborative learning units in offline learning environments with adaptive help systems support learners.
* '''Paper output''' of individualized tasks and help based on task processing with mobile devices, which can be parameterized and filtered by a task pool
* '''Geo-Tailored Questionnaires:''' &lt;ref&gt; Herselman, M., Niehaus, E., Ruxwana, N., D'Souza-Niehaus, N., Heyne, N., Platz, M., &amp; Wagner, R. (2010). Geo-referenced learning resources can be offered via the GPS sensors of mobile devices depending on the location of the learners.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Crowd Sourcing and Citizen Sciences ==
Data Collection Using the [[w:en:Open Data Kit|Open Data Kit]] allows collaborative data collection &lt;ref&gt; Brabham, D.C. (2010). Moving the crowd at Threadless: Motivations for participation in a crowdsourcing application. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 13 (8), 1122-1145. &lt;/ref&gt; in a learning group that provides insights into a student's research question in an aggregated state. Crowd Sourcing will be such a component of training and learning of data and methods that can be solved as collaboratively by data collection and evaluation problem &lt;ref&gt; Skaržauskaitė, M. (2012). The application of crowd sourcing in educational activities. Social Technologies, 2 (1), 67-76. &lt;/ref&gt;:
* '' '(Problem-oriented access)' '' How many vehicles drive certain roads in our city? How loud it is at different times (see [http://www.noisetube.net NoiseTube]) George Drosatos, Pavlos S. Efraimidis, Ioannis N. Athanasiadis, Matthias Stevens and Ellie D'Hondt Privacy Preserving Computation of Participatory Noise Maps in the Cloud, Journal of Systems and Software, February 2014. Note, DOI: 10.1016 / j.jss.2014.01.035 &lt;/ref&gt;)? If traffic calming is e.g. possible in the school environment? Where were frequent road accidents in the past and why is this place so dangerous for pedestrians / cyclists?
* '' '(Spatial data evaluation)' '' Are there patterns in the collected data? What is the cause of the found pattern? Can the type of data collection have led to the pattern, or is there actually an increased occurrence of events, noise levels, ... at a particular location?
Overall, digital learning environments are integrated into the spatial context, and personalized data analysis, along with the client-side learning profile, provides bidirectional data transport. In the Citizen Science concept, data is collected from the learners and at the same time they gain insights into the aggregated data of all users and thus also see the state of the current collaborative data collection. Furthermore, one can also identify missing areas that had not been edited by a user before.

== Client-side / server-side learner profiles: ==
In the course of the data protection discussion, client-side storage of learner profiles should also be considered, whereby the client-side learner profile adapts to the learning prerequisites of the learners, but no user data is collected, aggregated and evaluated on the servers. In the case of research projects with a digital learning environment, of course, then the learner data must be encrypted and only then transferred to a RestfulAPI as backend. In essence, this point is about deciding on the client-side or server-side storage of learner data and an abstraction on generic software components for digital learning environments, which may be made available with virtualization as a backend for schools.

== Tasks ==
* Search for existing open source software packages that you would like to use for your digital learning environment!
* First try to determine at subject-didactic level whether and which learner data should be collected about the learning process and analyze whether the existing software offers this possibility!
* Learning Environments can produce data about the learner that can be processed for learner analytics. Look at your digital learning environments and identify options for adaptation of learning environment to the requirements and constraints of the learner.

== See also ==
* [[v:en:3D_Modelling|3D Modeling for Digital Learning Environments]]
* [[v:de:Collaborative Mapping|Collaborative Mapping]]
* [[w:en:Design Science|Design Science]] as a cyclic iterative design process for learning environments as [[w:en:Design_pattern|Design Pattern]]
* [[w:en:Flipped classroom|Flipped Classroom]]
* [[w:en:Intelligent_tutoring_system|Intelligent Tutorial Systems]]
* [[Markerless Tracking]]
* [[Open Educational Resources/Localization|Localization Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Operating Systems|Open Source Operating Systems]] 
* [[Open Educational Resources]]
* [[Real World Lab]]
* [[Role Play]]
* [[Teaching and Learning Online]]

== References ==

&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[de:Digitale_Lernumgebung]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

[[Category:E-Learning]]
[[Category:Learning Analytics]]
[[Category:Screencasting]]
[[Category:Roleplaying]]</text>
      <sha1>dfmjerj80b7f3f3id9n86f1v3qhejx1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson</title>
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      <text bytes="16663" sha1="pm7tn0ldpr5dtm3f7sku91b3xcwqzde" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
== Organizations ==

=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
*&quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]&quot;
*Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&amp;oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gordon Wilson ===
*Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards
*Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking

=== Wilfred Wilson ===

* 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry

== Timeline ==
'''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Sir Samuel Wilson.&quot; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson. (Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]]; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.)

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
[[File:François Boucher 019 (Madame de Pompadour).jpg|thumb|alt=Old portrait of a reclining woman holding a book in a very ornate dress| Madame de Pompadour, by François Boucher, c. 1750–1758]]

=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
[[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} 

John Thomson's portrait (left) of &quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour&quot; in costume is photogravure #157 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; 

If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. 

François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking greener.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;) 

An image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} 

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
* &quot;(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}}
* The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. …   No. 17. L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;ARAH&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
=== Captain Gordon Wilson ===
According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&amp;oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680&quot; in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&amp;oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ====
*He wore a &quot;Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}
*&quot;Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2b}}
*&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

=== Wilfred Wilson ===
Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdreses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

=== Clarence Wilson ===
Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* &quot;Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Herbert Wilson ===
Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (misspelled as Briali&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession.

* &quot;Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Wilsons Who Attended by Family ===

==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ====

* Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson
* Mr. Wilfred Wilson
* Mr. Clarence Wilson
* Mr. Herbert Wilson

==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ====

* Arthur and Mary Wilson
* Clive Wilson
* Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies
* [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]
* Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson
* Enid Wilson

==== Unknown Family ====

* Mr. T.W. Wilson

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: she, English&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;; he, Australian
*Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&amp;oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Residences ===

==== Sir Samuel Wilson ====

* After returning from Australia
* 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Family ==
=== Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family ===

* Sir Samuel Wilson (7&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; or 17&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; February 1832 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
*# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)
*# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.&lt;/ref&gt; )
*# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Man and Matters.&quot; ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – )
*# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – )
*# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.&lt;/ref&gt;– 24 October 1933&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.&lt;/ref&gt;– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;]
*# Florence Mabel Wilson ()
*# Herbert H. Wilson (1878&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;–) [see Bertie, above]


*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929)
*Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Relations ===

* Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934).

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Wilson
*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]]
*Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O.
*Lady Sarah Wilson
*The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]]

== Questions and Notes ==
#Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]].
#Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the &quot;aristocratic lady journalists&quot; and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson.
#Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914.
#For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates.

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="26241" sha1="2h7bp3lt9mgnf9tdilt0u44zh95o4in" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
[[File:Alice Keppel.jpg|thumb|alt=Painted portrait of the upper third of a woman wearing a white formal dress and large jewels|Alice Keppel, 1890s]]

Freddie (Alice) Keppel is shown (right) at about 30 years old. She died (at nearly 80) of cirrhosis of the liver.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; George Keppel was the 3rd son of the Earl of Albemarle. Freddie and George Keppel were the great grandparents of Queen Camilla, who was less than a year old when they died. Freddie Keppel was [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s last mistress (c. 1898–1901), an improvement over [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was not discreet and who had enemies. Because of her discretion and social skills, [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed.

She was [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]'s last mistress, following [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]]. Famous for her discretion and social skills, she and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]] were friends, and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Alex, Princess of Wales]], tolerated her and allowed her to visit King Edward VII on his deathbed.


In his account of the &quot;Social and Diplomatic Life&quot; of Edward VII, Gordon Brook-Shepherd describes ways George and Alice Keppel's lives changed after the Prince of Wales's accession to the throne:&lt;blockquote&gt;For Mrs Keppel, in particular, the accession brought greater problems as well as greater privileges. It was one thing to have an Heir-Apparent for a lover but something quite different when that lover became the ruler of the British Empire. To begin with, even to move in the appropriate style at the King's side cost a great deal more money, / and money was something that neither Edward VII nor the Hon. George Keppel had to spare. Indeed, in an attempt to put extra cash into the Keppel family coffers after Alice had become the mistress of a king, her husband was obliged to go &quot;into trade.&quot; Sir Thomas Lipton, the grocer millionaire and yachting friend of King Edward's, found a job for him in his &quot;Buyers' Association&quot; at No. 70–74 Wigmore Street. This, to judge from the firm's stationery on which George Keppel once wrote a business letter to [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Soveral]], sold everything direct to the customer, from groceries, bedding and tobacco, to cartridges and coal. It also advertised &quot;Motor Cars Bought, Sold or Exchanged,&quot; and it was about this that Keppel, prompted by his Alice, wrote to the Portuguese Minister:

:&quot;Dear Soveral, My wife tells me you contemplate buying a small motor car for use in London. May we offer our services in the matter ...? [sic]


For an earl's son to be a salesman in Edwardian England was bad enough. For the salesman to be the husband of the King's official mistress was an added humiliation. Though George Keppel seems to have taken the whole situation philosophically, there were many in society who condemned him for being so much the ''mari complaisant''. As one distinguished survivor from that Edwardian age, who shall be anonymous, commented: &quot;Had Keppel been put up for membership at some London clubs, the black balls would have come rolling out like caviare.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. ''Uncle of Europe: The Social and Diplomatic Life of Edward VII''. London: Collins, 1975. Internet Archive: [https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/page/62/mode/2up?q=soveral https://archive.org/details/uncleofeurope0000unse/].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|138–139}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==

=== Freddie Keppel's Friends ===

* [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|Luís de Soveral]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Lady Sarah (Spencer-Churchill) Wilson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Freddie Keppel's Sexual Partners Outside Her Marriage ===
* Ernest Beckett, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Grimthorpe|Baron Grimthorpe]]
* Humphrey Sturt, 2nd [[Social Victorians/People/Alington|Baron Alington]]
* [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]

== Organizations ==

* The inner circle of the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales and King Edward VII]] of England after his accession.

== Timeline ==
'''1891 June 1''', Alice (Freddie) [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Edmonstone]] and George Keppel married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Alice Frederica Edmonstone.&quot; {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1723.htm#i17228|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1893 December 12, Tuesday''', Freddie and George Keppel took part in [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1893#12 December 1893, Tuesday|tableaux vivants at the Newland Bazaar in Hull]]. They were in [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Mrs. Arthur Wilson]]'s party.

'''1894 July 19, Thursday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel were guests at the ball following a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1894#19 July 1894, Thursday|dinner hosted by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire for the Prince and Princess of Wales]] and their family.

'''1895 February 1, Friday''', the Hon. George Keppel and Alice Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|bal poudré at Warwick castle]].

'''1896 April 27, Monday''', Alice Keppel gave a box to [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1896#27 April 1896, Monday|Lady Angela St Clair Erskine and James Stewart Forbes for their wedding]].

'''1897 June 28, Monday''', the Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|the Queen's Garden Party at Buckingham Palace]], the last official event of the Diamond Jubilee. They were two of perhaps 5,000 or 6,000 people present.

'''1897 July 2''', Alice and George Keppel attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House. Freddie Keppel's brother and sister-in-law, [[Social Victorians/People/Edmonstone|Sir Archibald and Lady Edmonstone]], also attended.

'''1897 July 6, Tuesday''', Alice and George Keppel attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#6 July 1897, Tuesday|garden party at Devonshire House]]. No one from Victoria's or the Prince of Wales's family was present, although a number of dignitaries from around the empire were.

'''1897 July 31, Saturday''', Alice and George Keppel may have attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#31 July 1897, Saturday|wedding of Mabel Caroline Wombwell and Henry R. Hohler]] and the reception afterwards, although their names are not listed. The ''Morning Post'' does list a gift from the Keppels' — &quot;white enamel and turquoise sleeve links.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marriage of Mr. H. R. Hohler and Miss Wombwell.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 2 August 1897, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970802/067/0006 (accessed June 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; The the [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales|Princess of Wales]] did not attend or send a gift.

'''1897 November 20, Saturday or so''', [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1897#20 November 1897, Saturday|house parties for Derby horseraces run at Epsom Downs]]. The ''Derby Mercury'' cites the ''Daily Mail'': unlike 10 years ago, &quot;now all the smartest people go, and it is one of the most important meetings, rivalling Doncaster in popularity.&quot; The Keppels were guests at the Miller Mundy house party at Shipley Hall: &quot;At Shipley are Sir Charles and Lady Hartopp, Mr. and Mrs. George Keppel, Mrs. de Winton, Lord Athlumney, and Mr. Sturt, among others.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hints for Ladies. Fashion at Derby Races.&quot; ''Derby Mercury'' 24 November 1897, Wednesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000052/18971124/050/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1898''', Alice (Freddie) Keppel became the mistress of [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales |Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. The article on her in ''Wikipedia''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-11|title=Alice Keppel|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Keppel&amp;oldid=962041251|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Keppel.&lt;/ref&gt; says they met in 1898, but they both were present at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball in 1897, so she likely was presented if not introduced to him; on the other hand, more than 700 people were there.

'''1899 January 25, Wednesday''', the Hon. George Keppel, at least, and perhaps Freddie, was present at the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1899#25 January 1899, Wednesday|Holderness Hunt Ball]].

'''1899 September 4, Monday,''' the Hon. George and Mrs. George Keppel were at [[Social Victorians/People/Holden#1899 September 4, Monday|the house party of Mr. E. W. Meckett, M.P., at Kirkstall Grange]] that week, held as part of the Doncaster races.

'''1900 July 27, Friday''', Alice Keppel (at least) was present at a [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson#1900 July 27, Friday|dinner party for Albert Edward, Princes of Wales hosted by the Arthur Wilsons]]. George Keppel's name is not listed.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
Freddie Keppel — the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] dressed as Madame de Polignac. The Hon. George Keppel attended, dressed as King Solomon. Neither appears to have been in the first supper seating, suggesting that her prominence was yet to come. Also, they did not use any of the most notable costumiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mr. Alias|Mr. Alias]]) or couturiers (like [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Mrs. Mason|Mrs. Mason]]) who sometimes provided the press with information about or perhaps viewings of the costumes.[[File:Duchess of Polignac by E.Vigee-Lebrun (1787, Atheneum).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of the upper half of a woman wearing a white dress with a black lacy shawl and a large straw hat over hair that is loose and lightly powdered|''Duchess of Polignac'' by Vigee-Le Brun, 1787]]
=== The Hon. Mrs. George Keppel ===
The newspapers commented on the Keppels' costumes, but no portrait of either for this ball survives.

The portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac (right), painted by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun in 1787, shows the duchess at about 30 years old, about what Freddie Keppel was at the time of the ball. Vigée Le Brun painted several portraits of Gabrielle around this time, and in them all, Gabrielle appears informally dressed, without jewelry, so the portraits seem more intimate than official. Gabrielle's dress in this portrait is not the original for Keppel's dress — its style is transitional between the stiff fabrics and panniers of the formal court (and the past) and the post-revolutionary empire waists, columnar shape and lightweight fabrics. [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Ardern Holt]]'s description of Keppel's dress for ''The Queen'' (below) bears no relation to what we can see in Le Brun's portrait of Gabrielle, Duchess of Polignac.

==== Newspaper Reports of Her Costume ====
Freddie Keppel walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|Louis XV procession]] led by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick]], who was dressed as Marie Antoinette.
*She was &quot;very beautiful,&quot; and, &quot;as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched out over dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 6, Col. 1a}}
*She was dressed as Madame de Polignac in the quadrille of the Louis XV and XVI Period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&quot;Mrs. George Keppel, as Madame de Polignac, wore a dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple-green satin.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3c}}
*&quot;Among these [in the Countess of Warwick's Marie Antoinette quadrille] the Honourable Mrs. George Keppell looked very beautiful.... Mrs. George Keppell, as Madame de Polignac, wore a lovely dress of silver cloth embroidered in silver, and pink gems and garlands of small roses. The bunched-out over-dress was of pink and silver brocade lined with apple green satin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram.&quot; ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9c}}
*Ardern Holt's writing for ''The Queen'' is typically more trustworthy on fashion and garment construction than other, more traditional news outlets: &quot;''Madame de Polignac'' appeared at the Devonshire House ball in the Louis XV. quadrille, represented by the Hon. Mrs George Keppel, in an old dress of the period, a rose and silver brocade handed down from that century. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|pouf paniers]] [sic] were lined with pale green soft satin, and faced back with wide bands of silver embroidery. The hooped petticoat was of cloth of silver worked in tinsel threads of all shades, forming a design of roses in true lovers' knots extending from the waist to the hem; at the foot it was garlanded with pink pompon [sic] roses, interlaced through the stripes of embroidery, and below this was a quaint pleating of silver lace. The low bodice was finished off with a transparent lace collar sewn with silver. The hair was powdered and dressed very high, with soft curls falling on the neck, surmounted by a pink and green ostrich feather and a small garland of roses. She wore long lace mittens.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Arden. “Fancy Dress.” ''The Queen'' 31 July 1897, Saturday: 43 [of 84], Col. 3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18970731/280/0043.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Madame de Polignac ====
Madame de Polignac was Yolande Martine Gabrielle de Polastron (1749–1793), known as Gabrielle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-10-01|title=Yolande de Polastron|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_de_Polastron.&lt;/ref&gt; She was a confidante and favorite of Marie Antoinette beginning in 1775, though Gabrielle was unpopular and the queen's affections were variable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; One of Madame de Polignac's closest friends was Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. Gabrielle died of cancer in Switzerland, shortly after Marie Antoinette's execution in Paris, having fled France after the storming of the Bastille.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

[[File:King Solomon.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of a seated, bearded man holding a scepter and looking off to our left|Simeon Solomon's ''King Solomon'', c. 1874]]
=== The Hon. George Keppel ===
George Keppel (who is early in the list '''of the people attending the ball''' for the London ''Morning Post''), walked in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Quadrilles Courts#Louis XV and XVI Period|&quot;Oriental&quot; procession]] as King Solomon in the Suite of Men following the two Queens of Sheba (Lady Cynthia Graham and [[Social Victorians/People/Pless |Daisy, Princess of Pless]])&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 5b}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; and was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

No photograph of Keppel in his costume from this ball exists. The c. 1874 portrait of King Solomon (right), by Simeon Solomon, is now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., which received it as a gift in 1995 from William B. O'Neal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Solomon, Simeon (1874?)), King Solomon.&quot; Art Object Page 76152. National Gallery of Art. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.76152.html#provenance (retrieved 2024-11-27).&lt;/ref&gt; O'Neal may have bought it from the Durlacher Brothers,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; an art gallery founded in London in 1843 by Henry Durlacher and his brother George. After Henry Durlacher's death his sons opened a New York branch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-05-13|title=Lewis Durlacher|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher.&lt;/ref&gt; Where George Keppel might have seen this painting — if he ever did — is not clear, because it is not clear how long the Durlacher Brothers owned it or when they exhibited it. In spite of how it looks, this is the entire painting.

Of the many depictions of King Solomon, Simeon Solomon's painting might have been familiar to Keppel or his costumier, and it shows the king wearing a crown, robe and light-colored tunic, like Keppel. 

According to the newspaper reports Keppel was dressed as
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7b}}
*&quot;King Solomon. Tunic of white silk with an elaborate border of jewels; turquoise silk robe, lined with white, and a jewelled crown.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2a}}
*(King Solomon), tunic of white silk, embroidered in gold, with an elaborate border on the bottom of jewels and turquoise; turquoise silk robe lined with white; jewelled headdress.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}}

==== King Solomon ====
Stories about King Solomon appear in Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Baháʼí traditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-11-04|title=Solomon|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon.&lt;/ref&gt; The Queen of Sheba visited King Solomon with gifts and tested his wisdom, perhaps the characteristic most associated with him. The [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Encyclopaedia Britannica|9th edition of the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'']] does not have an article about King Solomon, although he figures in other, historical articles, like the one on Israel.

== The 1895 Warwick Bal Poudré ==
[[File:Alice - Kostümfest.jpg|thumb|alt=Old black-and-white photograph showing a woman dressed in a long gown with a lot of ruffles|Alice Keppel, 1895?]]
The Hon. George and Alice Keppel attended the Countess and Earl of Warwick's [[Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle|February 1895 bal poudré at Warwick Castle]].

Even though no portrait of Freddie in her costume from the 1897 Duchess of Devonshire ball exists, a photograph of her in what may be her costume for at the Warwick ball does. This photograph (right), which has no provenance information, is a low-resolution digital image of a positive rather than a negative, which explains its poor quality. (The Lafayette Negative Archive [http://lafayette.org.uk/&lt;nowiki&gt;] and the Bassano Studio Portrait Collection [&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/about/photographs-collection/bassano-studio-portrait-collection&lt;nowiki&gt;] do not include any portraits of the Keppels.)&lt;/nowiki&gt;

According to the ''Leamington Spa Courier'', Freddie Keppel was dressed as a &quot;Lady, time Louis XVI.&quot; at the Warwick ball and wearing a&lt;blockquote&gt;Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, 4c)&lt;/blockquote&gt;The description from the ''Leamington Spa Courier'' does not match the dress in this photograph in a number of particulars, at least as well as it is possible to analyze the image. The dress in the photograph is not a dress from the 18th century, and it does not appear to have &quot;[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Hoops|full paniers]],&quot; although it may have the late 19th-century version of panniers — a bustle. The neckline, however, makes it look like a costume intended to look like an 18th century dress. The sleeves also have &quot;long ruffles&quot; of lace and, because of the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Frou-frou|frou-frou]], also seem 18th century. Keppel's gloves cover her arm up above the elbow, an oddity that seems to clash with the long ruffles on the sleeves, which would normally emphasize the flesh.

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: British
=== Residences ===
*1 February 1895: 2, Wilton Crescent, London&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, Col. 4c)
*30 Portman Square&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Family ==

* William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle (15 April 1832 – 28 August 1894)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16514.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16514 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sophia Mary MacNab (5 July 1832 – 5 April 1917)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sophia Mary MacNab.&quot; &quot;Person Page 16517.&quot; ''The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe'' https://www.thepeerage.com/p1652.htm#i16517 (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

# Lt.-Col. Arnold Allen Cecil Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (1 June 1858 – 12 April 1942)
# Gertrude Mary Keppel (9 November 1859 – 7 April 1860)
# Lady Theodora Keppel (11 January 1862 – 30 October 1945)
# '''Hon. Sir Derek William George Keppel''' (7 April 1863 – 26 April 1944)
# Lady Hilda Mary Keppel (29 August 1864 – 7 October 1955)
# '''Lt.-Col. Hon. George Keppel''' (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)
# Lady Leopoldina Olivia Keppel (14 November 1866 – 9 August 1948)
# Lady Susan Mary Keppel (5 May 1868 – 26 June 1953)
# Lady Mary Stuart Keppel (15 May 1869 – 21 September 1906)
# Lady Florence Cecilia Keppel (24 February 1871 – 30 June 1963)


*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel (29 April 1868 – 11 September 1947)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*George Keppel (14 October 1865 – 22 November 1947)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-14|title=George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)&amp;oldid=967698366|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Violet Trefusis (6 June 1894 – 1 March 1970 [Wikipedia says 1972])
#Sonia Cubitt (24 May 1900 – 16 August 1986)

== Also Known As ==
Freddie Keppel
*Family name: his, Keppel; hers, Edmunstone
*Freddie (Alice Frederica) Edmonstone Keppel
*Alice Keppel: [https://viaf.org/viaf/62357923/ VIAF: 62357923]
The Honourable George Keppel

Sir Derek Keppel

== Notes and Questions ==
# David Cannadine says of courtiers with aristocratic connections and long careers, &quot;Sir Derek Keppel, brother of the eighth Earl of Albermarle, served every sovereign from Queen Victoria to King George VI.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Cannadine, David. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy''. New York: Yale University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|245}}
# The Hon. George Keppel is #39 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]; the Hon. Mrs. George Keppel — Freddie — is #231.
# Lamont-Brown, Raymond. ''Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser: Edward VII's Last Loves''. History Press, 2013. Rpt. of ''Edward VII's Last Loves'', Sutton, 2005. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQTDQAAQBAJ.
# When were the Keppels presented to the Queen?
# George Keppel was attended by &quot;Messrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]].&quot;

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Halifax</title>
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      <id>2689319</id>
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        <username>Scogdill</username>
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      <text bytes="5655" sha1="7wxuj1xfro3p4yckxafximwqvams38k" xml:space="preserve">==Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies==
==Timeline==
'''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Mary Grey.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood (at 234) was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdreses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|34, Col. 3a}}

== Also Known As ==
* Family name: Wood
* Viscount Halifax&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Halifax, Viscount.&quot; ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean &amp; Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866  – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934)
* Viscountess Halifax
** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884)
** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919)
* Dowager Viscountess Halifax

==Demographics==
* Nationality: English
===Residences===
==Family==
* Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921)
*#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934)
*#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)
*#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904)
*#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
*#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903)
*#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)


* Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899)
# Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965)
# Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889)
# Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962)
# Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886)
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)


* Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)
* Dorothy

=== Another Wood Family ===

* Edward Wood (1833 – )&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col.  1b.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isabella Annie Boileau ( – 1871)
*# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (1866 – )
*# Other issue as well

==Notes and Questions==
# DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living.
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <id>2689324</id>
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      <text bytes="7580" sha1="09rv2bq7ry0vwxg605qktung1ghfe8q" xml:space="preserve">==Organizations==

=== Gordon Edward Boileau Wood ===

* Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo &amp; Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood]

==Timeline==
'''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Mary Grey.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood (at 234) was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdreses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|34, Col. 3a}}

== Also Known As ==
* Family name: Wood
* Viscount Halifax&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Halifax, Viscount.&quot; ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean &amp; Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866  – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934)
* Viscountess Halifax
** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884)
** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919)
* Dowager Viscountess Halifax

==Demographics==
* Nationality: English
===Residences===
==Family==
* Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921)
*#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934)
*#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)
*#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904)
*#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
*#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903)
*#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)


* Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899)
# Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965)
# Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889)
# Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962)
# Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886)
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)


* Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)
* Dorothy

=== Another Wood Family ===

* Edward Wood (1833 – )&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col.  1b.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – 1871&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;)
*# Madoline Wood (c. 1862&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; –  20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;)
*# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )

==Notes and Questions==
# DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living.
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all.
#In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
#Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <id>2689325</id>
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      <text bytes="7755" sha1="qg54utmcdub3ztxdors1hkmzlirg0bk" xml:space="preserve">==Organizations==

=== Gordon Edward Boileau Wood ===

* Christ Church, Oxford (14 January 1887&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Oxford Men and Their Colleges, 1880–1892''. Vol. 2. 669.&lt;/ref&gt; – )
* Captain, commanding Shropshire Company, Imperial Yeomanry&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/|title=Wood Gordon Edward Boileau|date=2010-11-04|website=A Military Photo &amp; Video Website|language=en-US|access-date=2024-11-29}} https://www.militaryimages.net/media/wood-gordon-edward-boileau.56858/.&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray: [http://www.leicestershirewarmemorials.co.uk/war/memorials/view/771 memorial window to Gordon Wood]

==Timeline==
'''1829 July 30''', Charles Wood and Mary Grey married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Mary Grey.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2598.htm#i25974|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1869 April 22''', Charles Lindley Wood and Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p912.htm#i9113|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1897 July 2''', Gordon Wood attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House.

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Gordon Edward Boileau Wood was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdreses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|34, Col. 3a}}

== Also Known As ==
* Family name: Wood
* Viscount Halifax&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Halifax, Viscount.&quot; ''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage''. London: Dean &amp; Son, 1884: 324. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlo-AQAAIAAJ.&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (21 February 1866  – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifx of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p4559.htm#i45588|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (8 August 1885 – 19 January 1934)
* Viscountess Halifax
** Mary Grey Wood (21 February 1866 – 6 July 1884)
** Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (8 August 1885 – 4 July 1919)
* Dowager Viscountess Halifax

==Demographics==
* Nationality: English
===Residences===
==Family==
* Mary Grey Wood (3 May 1807 – 6 July 1884)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (20 December 1800 – 8 August 1885)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
*#Hon. Blanche Edith Wood ( – 21 July 1921)
*#Hon. Alice Louisa Wood ( – 3 June 1934)
*#Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)
*#Hon. Emily Charlotte Wood (1840 – 21 December 1904)
*#Captain Hon. Francis Lindley Wood (17 October 1841 – 14 October 1873)
*#Lt.-Col. Hon. Henry John Lindley Wood (12 Jan 1843 – 5 Jan 1903)
*#Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell (4 June 1846 – 4 November 1910)


* Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (7 June 1839 – 19 January 1934)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Charles Lindley Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax of Monk Bretton.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p1079.htm#i10781|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay Wood (1 May 1838 – 4 July 1919)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
# Charles Reginald Lindley Wood (7 July 1870 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 September 1899)
# Alexandra Mary Elizabeth Wood (25 August 1871 – 10 March 1965)
# Francis Hugh Lindley Wood (21 September 1873 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 17 March 1889)
# Mary Agnes Wood (25 March 1877 – 25 March 1962)
# Henry Paul Lindley Wood (25 Jan 1879 – [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax#Notes and Questions|dvp]]. 6 June 1886)
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)


* Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax (1881–1959)
* Dorothy

=== Another Wood Family ===

* Edward Wood (1833 – )&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt2wGQa8iDUC|title=The County Families of the United Kingdom Or Royal Manual of the Titled and Untitled Aristocracy of Great Britain and Ireland|last=Walford|first=Edward|date=1876|language=en}} 1046, Col.  1b.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Isabella Annie Boileau (c. 1841&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;The National Archives; Kew, London, England; ''1871 England Census''; Class: ''RG10''; Piece: ''2670''; Folio: ''17''; Page: ''27''; GSU roll: ''835333''. Ancestry.com. ''1871 England Census'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; – 1871&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;)
*# Madoline Wood (c. 1862&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# Maud B. Wood (c. 1865&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )
*# '''Gordon Edward Boileau Wood''' (July 1866&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; –  20 October 1900 [near Zeerust, South Africa]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;)
*# Charles C. B. Wood (c. 1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; – )

==Notes and Questions==
# DVP is ''decessit vita patris'', died while his father was still living.
# Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Viscount Halifax, wasn't promoted to Earl until 11 July 1944.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] with the [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Hon. George Keppel]]: Gordon Wood, [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson|Wilfred Wilson]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is reasonably certain because of contemporary newspaper accounts; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none mentions his family of origin. The [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]], also in the Suite of Men, is not difficult to identify at all.
#In 1871, the family of Edward and Isabella Annie Boileau Wood had 11 staff and servants, including a governess, butler and 3 nurses.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
#Gordon Edward Boileau Wood's estate went to his brother, Charles Peevor Boileau Wood, valued at £40,612 6''s''. 2''d''.&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
#Gordon Edward Boileau Wood is #234 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]] at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>qg54utmcdub3ztxdors1hkmzlirg0bk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WikiJournal User Group/Technical editors/tasks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>271287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689321</id>
      <parentid>2688480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T19:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OhanaUnited</username>
        <id>18921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>post 2 tasks</comment>
      <origin>2689321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18908" sha1="630fzzcwbkz611tmwyenjhizyds19xz" xml:space="preserve">{{WikiJ top menu}}__NOTOC__

{{Archive box
|
Completed tasks:
*[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
}}

Tasks for the technical editors are syncronised between this page and [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] by [[user:WorkmarketBot|WorkmarketBot]]. The process to to create a new assignment is:

* Add a new row at the bottom of the table ([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group/Technical_editors/tasks?veaction=edit activate editing mode], click bottom row, click chevron that appears on the left, select 'insert below').
* You must include:
**Task Title (a short name for the task)
**Task Description (details of what needs to be done)
**Group (Sci / Med / Hum / All - whichever journal the work most closely aligns to)
* The assignment will automatically be added to the [https://www.workmarket.com/manage Workmarket assignment list] and assigned an ID
* Optionally: Log into [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] and assign directly to a tech editor, indicate maximum number of hours, or add other details

Tasks can be claimed by a tech editor by logging into [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] and apply for an item. If multiple tech editors apply for a task, open tasks will distributed amongst applicants. Outlines on how to approach the most common tasks can be found at these [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines/Technical editor summary|process summary guidelines]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Assignment ID
!Task title
!Task description
!Group
!Person
!Time taken
!Completion
!Comments
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9821056566/overview 9821056566]
|Wikidata items of each WikiJSci author ([https://w.wiki/4462 query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all authors
|Sci
|
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|-
|
|Wikidata items of each WikiJMed reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445v query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Med
|Michelle Fong
|
|
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|-
|
|Wikidata items of each WikiJSci reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445x query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Sci
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|
|Wikidata items of each WikiJHum reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445u query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Hum
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|
|Edit all titles to sentence case ([[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Article title format - Why no consistency?|discussion]])
|''on hold until consensus''
Pagemove the articles, update wikidata, update the PDFs
|
|
|
|
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|-
|
|[[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|DOAJ]]
|upload WikiJMed [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|article metadata to DOAJ]]
|Med
|Crystal Au
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Leptospirosis|Leptospirosis]]
|format PDF and upload
|Med
|Andrew Neil
|240 min
+60 mins
|2022-08-26
(30/10/22)
|&lt;s&gt;Complete&lt;/s&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Note: PDF has not been uploaded. There are some outstanding issues to fix. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 18:50, 9 October 2022 (UTC) - Completed tasks and re-uploaded word document. PDF to be uploaded after discussion regarding new abstract.
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/E-extension in Nepal: brief overview in Nepalese agriculture/ne|E-extension in Nepal: brief overview in Nepalese agriculture/ne]]
|format PDF and upload
|Sci
|Ellen Sussman
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Rabeprazole|Rabeprazole]]
|If Wikidata record has been created, please accept this one (date 29 November 2018) and then process - inform author, create pdf.
|Med
|Crystal Au
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Antidepressant Mirtazapine Solid dispersions with Characterization and Formulation Development by 3? Factorial Design]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Purchasing High-Cost Medical Equipment in Hospitals in OECD Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1320 min (22 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Extract of Laurus nobilis attenuates inflammation and epithelial ulcerations in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1020 min (17 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Please add new peer revew pdf
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|150 minutes
|2023-01-28
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)|The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|360 minutes 
|2023-02-17
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Add new peer review pdf &amp; complete submitted peer review tasks 3&amp;4 (note added 27/2/2023 still waiting for upload of pdf)
|Med
|Treens Alcorn
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system]]
|Could you please add me (Roger Watson) as the Handling Editor for this one on the landing page of the article and on the reviewer sheet please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|50 minutes
|2023-02-10
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells|Induced Stem cells]]
|Add new peer review, create Wikidata item
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|60 minutes
|2023/02/27
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents|Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
|Ensure Manual of Style consistent with Wikipedia on the page and in PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes 
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-yellow broadbill|Black-and-yellow broadbill]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Potential upcoming articles]]
|Could all published articles - all indicated by Volume/Issues - be removed from this list please.
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 minutes 
|2023/03/03
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|613 minutes
|2023/04/06
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine]]
| Volumes 8, 9 &amp; 10 are all referred to as 'Current Issue' and Volume 7 as 'Previous Issue' - needs to be updated, thanks
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 minutes 
|2023/04/07
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| The task above related to this article is 'completed' but the article is not incorporated into a volume or see the pdf version linked to the article or that it is designated as having been accepted - can this be done please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|237 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Please create a speer review location
|Med
|Peter Agan
|35 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|Add both new peer reviews, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|187 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Add new peer review, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Med
|Peter Agan
|188 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Non-canonical base pairing|Non-canonical base pairing]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|780 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|540 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Please delete the contents of this preprint, but leave the page there blank and I will put an appropriate comment under Reviewer Comments
|Med
|Peter Agan
|25 minutes
|2023/05/20
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|For both reviews, upload the reviewer-submitted PDF and include that PDF alongside the on-wiki peer review comments 
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|250 minutes
|2023/06/28
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Add new peer review and update that reviewer's Wikidata item
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|120 minutes
|2023/05/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Loveday, 1458|Loveday, 1458]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|486 minutes
|2023/06/20
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6554498532/overview 6554498532]
|TEST ROW 8
|Test to confirm that bot is active on main task list.
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia|Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|600 minutes
|2023/8/6
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|409 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Thanks for accepting and generating pdf; would it be possible to correct the title of the pre-print and the pdf to say 'mesenchymal' as opposed to 'mesinchimal'; also, in the body of the pdf please change 'Fisher's test' to Fisher's exact test' - I have altered this in the pre-print
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9414409635/overview 9414409635]
| [[WikiJournal Preprints/Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods|Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods]]
| Import content PDF uploaded in Google Drive into wiki. Author requested anonymity until article acceptance. Ensure that formulas and tables are uploaded and formatted properly. Note that I am contacting the author to request for better images so please don't upload images for now.
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|1200 mins
|2023/09/30
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7695454963/overview 7695454963]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder|Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Above it says a location for peer review Reviewer Comments was created but the content there is a not correct, can this be done again please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/2024
|Withdrawn
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3783913689/overview 3783913689]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
| Use uploaded manuscript to create the preprint page on wiki
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7951305361/overview 7951305361]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?|Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
| Adjust references to inline citation numbers format
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|180 mins
|2023/11/24
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4273374750/overview 4273374750]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9966491909/overview 9966491909]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6865707097/overview 6865707097]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers|Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page 
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|360 mins
|2024/05/08
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9651035026/overview 9651035026]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging|Bioclogging]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/04/02
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9579295387/overview 9579295387]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging/ja|Bioclogging/ja]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5518065368/overview 5518065368]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats|The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/03/15
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3748703910/overview 3748703910]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/05/05
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5461106502/overview 5461106502]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect#:~:text=The design effect depends on,(such as the mean).|Design effect]]
|Review formatting for character corruption
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/2861404825/overview 2861404825]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Accepted article. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Thanks for accepting this and generating pdf - is it possible to initiate Volume 11 Issue 1 please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design and validation of an open access, 3D printed dermatoscope]]
|Please add this to the page: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6438659080/overview 6438659080]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging]]
|Update PDF to reflect the added references
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9677184653/overview 9677184653]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-red broadbill]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.003 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/26
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4342621673/overview 4342621673]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Popular Pet Reptile, the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius), Spontaneously Uses Running Wheel? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.005 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4007689347/overview 4007689347]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Poisson manifold|Poisson manifold]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/04
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/8357919333/overview 8357919333]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 Minutes
|2024/11/09
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7805714759/overview 7805714759]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax#Background|WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax]]
|Accepted by WikiJournal of Science, please add to the main page, generate DOI, and generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/19
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7662852102/overview 7662852102]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 Minutes
|2024/11/22
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges|Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair|Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|}


{{Archive box
|
Completed tasks:
*[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
}}</text>
      <sha1>630fzzcwbkz611tmwyenjhizyds19xz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689334</id>
      <parentid>2689321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T22:51:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WorkmarketBot</username>
        <id>2959407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Set WorkMarket assignment IDs</comment>
      <origin>2689334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19040" sha1="9fuiq4wb18taqcu8myldd7xjgiy7smb" xml:space="preserve">{{WikiJ top menu}}__NOTOC__

{{Archive box
|
Completed tasks:
*[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
}}

Tasks for the technical editors are syncronised between this page and [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] by [[user:WorkmarketBot|WorkmarketBot]]. The process to to create a new assignment is:

* Add a new row at the bottom of the table ([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group/Technical_editors/tasks?veaction=edit activate editing mode], click bottom row, click chevron that appears on the left, select 'insert below').
* You must include:
**Task Title (a short name for the task)
**Task Description (details of what needs to be done)
**Group (Sci / Med / Hum / All - whichever journal the work most closely aligns to)
* The assignment will automatically be added to the [https://www.workmarket.com/manage Workmarket assignment list] and assigned an ID
* Optionally: Log into [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] and assign directly to a tech editor, indicate maximum number of hours, or add other details

Tasks can be claimed by a tech editor by logging into [https://www.Workmarket.com Workmarket] and apply for an item. If multiple tech editors apply for a task, open tasks will distributed amongst applicants. Outlines on how to approach the most common tasks can be found at these [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines/Technical editor summary|process summary guidelines]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+
!Assignment ID
!Task title
!Task description
!Group
!Person
!Time taken
!Completion
!Comments
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9821056566/overview 9821056566]
|Wikidata items of each WikiJSci author ([https://w.wiki/4462 query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all authors
|Sci
|
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|-
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|Wikidata items of each WikiJMed reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445v query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Med
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|
|Wikidata items of each WikiJSci reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445x query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Sci
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|
|Wikidata items of each WikiJHum reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445u query])
|add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers
|Hum
|Michelle Fong
|
|
|
|-
|
|Edit all titles to sentence case ([[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Article title format - Why no consistency?|discussion]])
|''on hold until consensus''
Pagemove the articles, update wikidata, update the PDFs
|
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|-
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|[[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|DOAJ]]
|upload WikiJMed [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|article metadata to DOAJ]]
|Med
|Crystal Au
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Leptospirosis|Leptospirosis]]
|format PDF and upload
|Med
|Andrew Neil
|240 min
+60 mins
|2022-08-26
(30/10/22)
|&lt;s&gt;Complete&lt;/s&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Note: PDF has not been uploaded. There are some outstanding issues to fix. [[User:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0000FF;&quot;&gt;OhanaUnited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;Talk page&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;]] 18:50, 9 October 2022 (UTC) - Completed tasks and re-uploaded word document. PDF to be uploaded after discussion regarding new abstract.
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/E-extension in Nepal: brief overview in Nepalese agriculture/ne|E-extension in Nepal: brief overview in Nepalese agriculture/ne]]
|format PDF and upload
|Sci
|Ellen Sussman
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Rabeprazole|Rabeprazole]]
|If Wikidata record has been created, please accept this one (date 29 November 2018) and then process - inform author, create pdf.
|Med
|Crystal Au
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Antidepressant Mirtazapine Solid dispersions with Characterization and Formulation Development by 3? Factorial Design]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Purchasing High-Cost Medical Equipment in Hospitals in OECD Countries: A Systematic Review Protocol]]
| Please add Athikhun Suwannakhan as a reviewer to the peer review Google form
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 mins
|2023-01-29
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1320 min (22 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Extract of Laurus nobilis attenuates inflammation and epithelial ulcerations in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|1020 min (17 hrs)
|2023-02-14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Please add new peer revew pdf
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|150 minutes
|2023-01-28
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)|The Efficacy of Paxlovid against COVID-19 is the Result of the Tight Molecular Docking between Mpro and Antiviral Drugs (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir)]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|360 minutes 
|2023-02-17
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Add new peer review pdf &amp; complete submitted peer review tasks 3&amp;4 (note added 27/2/2023 still waiting for upload of pdf)
|Med
|Treens Alcorn
|
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|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system]]
|Could you please add me (Roger Watson) as the Handling Editor for this one on the landing page of the article and on the reviewer sheet please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|50 minutes
|2023-02-10
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Induced stem cells|Induced Stem cells]]
|Add new peer review, create Wikidata item
|Sci
|Treens Alcorn
|60 minutes
|2023/02/27
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents|Resources for the Assessment and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder in Adolescents]]
|Ensure Manual of Style consistent with Wikipedia on the page and in PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes 
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-yellow broadbill|Black-and-yellow broadbill]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|240 minutes
|2023/03/04
|Complete
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Potential upcoming articles]]
|Could all published articles - all indicated by Volume/Issues - be removed from this list please.
|Med
|Peter Agan
|30 minutes 
|2023/03/03
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|613 minutes
|2023/04/06
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Medicine]]
| Volumes 8, 9 &amp; 10 are all referred to as 'Current Issue' and Volume 7 as 'Previous Issue' - needs to be updated, thanks
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 minutes 
|2023/04/07
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Androgen backdoor pathway]]
| The task above related to this article is 'completed' but the article is not incorporated into a volume or see the pdf version linked to the article or that it is designated as having been accepted - can this be done please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|237 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Please create a speer review location
|Med
|Peter Agan
|35 minutes
|2023/04/14
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|Add both new peer reviews, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|187 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed 
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Add new peer review, update reviewer's Wikidata item
|Med
|Peter Agan
|188 minutes
|2023/05/01
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Non-canonical base pairing|Non-canonical base pairing]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|780 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Multiple object tracking|Multiple object tracking]]
|Generate DOI, PDF and upload
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|540 minutes
|2023/05/12
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Immune system|Immune System]]
|Please delete the contents of this preprint, but leave the page there blank and I will put an appropriate comment under Reviewer Comments
|Med
|Peter Agan
|25 minutes
|2023/05/20
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Orhan Gazi, the first statesman|Orhan Gazi, the first statesman]]
|For both reviews, upload the reviewer-submitted PDF and include that PDF alongside the on-wiki peer review comments 
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|250 minutes
|2023/06/28
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Add new peer review and update that reviewer's Wikidata item
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|120 minutes
|2023/05/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Loveday, 1458|Loveday, 1458]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Hum
|Peter Agan
|486 minutes
|2023/06/20
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6554498532/overview 6554498532]
|TEST ROW 8
|Test to confirm that bot is active on main task list.
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia|Where experts and amateurs meet: the ideological hobby of medical volunteering on Wikipedia]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|600 minutes
|2023/8/6
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Accepted. Generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|409 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system|Impact of xenogenic mesenchimal stem cells secretome on a humoral component of the immune system]]
|Thanks for accepting and generating pdf; would it be possible to correct the title of the pre-print and the pdf to say 'mesenchymal' as opposed to 'mesinchimal'; also, in the body of the pdf please change 'Fisher's test' to Fisher's exact test' - I have altered this in the pre-print
|Med
|Peter Agan
|45 mins
|2023/07/31
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9414409635/overview 9414409635]
| [[WikiJournal Preprints/Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods|Practical applications of moisture sorption models for predicting the drying characteristics and shelf-life of malted and/or fermented FARO 44 rice plus soybean-based complementary foods]]
| Import content PDF uploaded in Google Drive into wiki. Author requested anonymity until article acceptance. Ensure that formulas and tables are uploaded and formatted properly. Note that I am contacting the author to request for better images so please don't upload images for now.
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|1200 mins
|2023/09/30
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7695454963/overview 7695454963]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder|Psychotherapy: An important component of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of bipolar disorder]]
| Above it says a location for peer review Reviewer Comments was created but the content there is a not correct, can this be done again please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/2024
|Withdrawn
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3783913689/overview 3783913689]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
| Use uploaded manuscript to create the preprint page on wiki
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7951305361/overview 7951305361]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?|Globally Popular Pet Reptile Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) Demonstrates Capability in Using Running Wheel Voluntarily ? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
| Adjust references to inline citation numbers format
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|180 mins
|2023/11/24
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4273374750/overview 4273374750]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9966491909/overview 9966491909]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants|Screening of potential microorganisms from pharmaceutical effluence capable of degrading environmental pollutants]]
|Identify and compile a list of 10-15 potential peer reviewers related to this topic
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 mins
|2024/01/25
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6865707097/overview 6865707097]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers|Crisis Readiness and Innovation for Burnout Prevention Among Community Health Workers]]
|Transcribe document from Google Drive onto the wiki page 
|Med
|Emma Chiu
|360 mins
|2024/05/08
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9651035026/overview 9651035026]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging|Bioclogging]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/04/02
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9579295387/overview 9579295387]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging/ja|Bioclogging/ja]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5518065368/overview 5518065368]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats|The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF 
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/03/15
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/3748703910/overview 3748703910]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Accepted, update Wikidata entry, generate DOI and PDF
|Med
|Peter Agan
|360 minutes
|2024/05/05
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5461106502/overview 5461106502]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design effect#:~:text=The design effect depends on,(such as the mean).|Design effect]]
|Review formatting for character corruption
|Sci
|Emma Chiu
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/2861404825/overview 2861404825]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Accepted article. Generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Body image disturbance in eating disorders]]
|Thanks for accepting this and generating pdf - is it possible to initiate Volume 11 Issue 1 please?
|Med
|Peter Agan
|60 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5784308213/overview 5784308213]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/Design and validation of an open access, 3D printed dermatoscope]]
|Please add this to the page: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles
|Med
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6438659080/overview 6438659080]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Bioclogging]]
|Update PDF to reflect the added references
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/9677184653/overview 9677184653]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Black-and-red broadbill]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.003 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/26
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4342621673/overview 4342621673]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Popular Pet Reptile, the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius), Spontaneously Uses Running Wheel? Is It Locomotion Play?]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI (use 10.15347/WJS/2024.005 for this paper) and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 minutes
|2024/09/10
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/4007689347/overview 4007689347]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Poisson manifold|Poisson manifold]]
|Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/04
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/8357919333/overview 8357919333]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Brace Roots|Brace Roots]]
|Accepted, generate DOI and PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|240 Minutes
|2024/11/09
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7805714759/overview 7805714759]
|[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax#Background|WikiJournal Preprints/The Himalayan fossil hoax]]
|Accepted by WikiJournal of Science, please add to the main page, generate DOI, and generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|300 Minutes
|2024/11/19
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/7662852102/overview 7662852102]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Design effect|Design effect]]
|Generate PDF
|Sci
|Peter Agan
|360 Minutes
|2024/11/22
|Completed
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/6624972799/overview 6624972799]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges|Mobility-aware Scheduling in Fog Computing: Analysis and Challenges]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|-
|[https://www.workmarket.com/manage/5387063030/overview 5387063030]
|[[WikiJournal of Science/Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair|Enhancing Dry Shampoo Formulation with Aloe Vera and Lemongrass Herbal Extract Powders for Management of Greasy Hair]]
|Create preprint page from uploaded Google Drive file
|Sci
|
|
|
|
|}


{{Archive box
|
Completed tasks:
*[[/Archive 2021|2021]]
*[[/Archive 2022|2022]] (complete)
}}</text>
      <sha1>9fuiq4wb18taqcu8myldd7xjgiy7smb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>C language in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285380</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689394</id>
      <parentid>2689195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:15:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Applications */</comment>
      <origin>2689394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9878" sha1="bmi4p462xolnrk7lc6o0g0wgz5bh31w" xml:space="preserve">=== Introduction ===
* Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])

=== Handling Repetition ===
* Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling a Big Work ===
* Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Series of Data ===

==== Background ==== 
* Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]])
 
==== Basics ====
* Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples ==== 
* Spreadsheet Example Programs
:: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]])

==== Applications ==== 
* Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241129.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]])

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
* Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Low Level Operations ===
* Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Declarations ===
* Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]])
* Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]])
* Scope 


=== Class Notes ===

* TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]])
* Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library
* Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements
* Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers
* Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts
* Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops
* Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control
* Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions
* Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope
* Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion
* Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions
* Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications
* Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions
* Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications
* Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) 
* Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2)
* Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO
* Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions
* Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications
* Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum
* Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List 
* Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing
* Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

== '''Old Materials '''==

until 201201
* Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
 
&lt;br&gt;

until 201107
* Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]])
* Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]])
* Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]

&lt;/br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bmi4p462xolnrk7lc6o0g0wgz5bh31w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689396</id>
      <parentid>2689394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Applications */</comment>
      <origin>2689396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9878" sha1="0nic944dpju33f17nlobqd03zhawkgn" xml:space="preserve">=== Introduction ===
* Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]])

=== Handling Repetition ===
* Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]])
* Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling a Big Work ===
* Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Functions &amp; Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Series of Data ===

==== Background ==== 
* Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]])
 
==== Basics ====
* Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples ==== 
* Spreadsheet Example Programs
:: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]])
:: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]])

==== Applications ==== 
* Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20241130.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]])

=== Handling Various Kinds of Data ===
* Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Handling Low Level Operations ===
* Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]])

=== Declarations ===
* Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]])
* Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]])
* Scope 


=== Class Notes ===

* TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]])
* Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library
* Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements
* Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers
* Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts
* Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops
* Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control
* Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions
* Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope
* Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion
* Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions
* Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications
* Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions
* Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications
* Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) 
* Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2)
* Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO
* Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions
* Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications
* Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum
* Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List 
* Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing
* Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing


&lt;!----------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/br&gt;
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

== '''Old Materials '''==

until 201201
* Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]])
* Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]])
* Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
 
&lt;br&gt;

until 201107
* Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]])
* Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]])
* Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]])
* Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]])


go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]

&lt;/br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0nic944dpju33f17nlobqd03zhawkgn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Workings of gcc and ld in plain view</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285384</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689298</id>
      <parentid>2689252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T16:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Integer Arithmetic */</comment>
      <origin>2689298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3249" sha1="2id13oecte40xcjn0yfuyj43w69uu9b" xml:space="preserve">=== Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 ===

==== Overview ====
* Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]])

==== Data Processing ====
* Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]])

==== Control ====
* Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]])
* Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]])

==== Function calls ==== 
* Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]])
* Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]])

==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== 
* Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]])
* Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]])

==== Integer Arithmetic ==== 
* Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]])
* Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241129.pdf |pdf]])
* Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20230701.pdf |pdf]])

==== Floating point Arithmetic ====
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 ===

==== Linking Libraries ====

* Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]])

* Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241129.pdf |pdf]])

==== Library Search Path ====

* Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Linking Process ====

* Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Example I ====
* Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples II ====
* analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

* analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])

* analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;
go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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      <id>2689339</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Young1lim</username>
        <id>21186</id>
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      <comment>/* Linking Libraries */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3249" sha1="p753r3zj2fs1ab3sv3cyc156qabpff4" xml:space="preserve">=== Workings of the GNU Compiler for IA-32 ===

==== Overview ====
* Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]])

==== Data Processing ====
* Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]])
* Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]])

==== Control ====
* Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20230630.pdf |pdf]])
* Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]])

==== Function calls ==== 
* Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]])
* Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]])

==== Pointer and Aggregate Types ==== 
* Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]])
* Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]])
* Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]])
* Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]])

==== Integer Arithmetic ==== 
* Overview ([[Media:gcc.1.Overview.20240813.pdf |pdf]])
* Carry Flag ([[Media:gcc.2.Carry.20241129.pdf |pdf]])
* Overflow Flag ([[Media:gcc.3.Overflow.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Examples ([[Media:gcc.4.Examples.20240724.pdf |pdf]])
* Borrow ([[Media:Borrow.20230701.pdf |pdf]])

==== Floating point Arithmetic ====
&lt;/br&gt;

=== Workings of the GNU Linker for IA-32 ===

==== Linking Libraries ====

* Static Libraries ([[Media:LIB.1A.Static.20241128.pdf |pdf]])

* Shared Libraries ([[Media:LIB.2A.Shared.20241130.pdf |pdf]])

==== Library Search Path ====

* Using -L and -l only ([[Media:Link.4A.LibSearch-withLl.20240807.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4B.LibSearch-withLl.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Using RPATH ([[Media:Link.5A.LibSearch-RPATH.20241101.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5B.LibSearch-RPATH.20240705.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Linking Process ====

* Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]])

* Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.5C.StaticLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:LNK.6C.DynamicLinking.20241128.pdf |C.pdf]])

* Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Example I ====
* Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])
* Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

==== Examples II ====
* analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]])

* analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])

* analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]])


&lt;/br&gt;
go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ]

[[Category:C programming language]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/Terminology</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
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      <text bytes="99768" sha1="mmf050eqxlhfusmax0qd1jtcr78rr9s" xml:space="preserve">Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have.

We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does.

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific ==

=== Mantle, Cloak, Cape ===
In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments.

'''Mantle'''

A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous.

'''Cloak'''

'''Cape'''

=== Peplum ===
According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a &quot;Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress&quot; [translation by Google Translate].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&amp;oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Revers ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the &quot;edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;revers, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&amp;oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's ==
[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below.

=== À la Romaine ===
[[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']]
A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls.

Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments.

For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' &quot;at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|81, Col. 2c}}

=== Cavalier ===
[[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]]
As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&amp;oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress.

=== Coats ===

==== Doublet ====
* In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''.
* Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.

==== Pourpoint ====
A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor.

==== Surcoat ====
Sometimes just called ''coat''.

[[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]]
=== Hose, Stockings and Tights ===
Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights.

In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as &quot;Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted.

''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous.

In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling.

The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait.

In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject.

=== Shoes and Boots ===

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's ==

=== '''Chérusque''' ===
According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&amp;oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corsage ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the &quot;'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;corsage, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making.

The sense of &quot;a bouquet worn on the bodice&quot; is, according to the ''OED'', American.

=== Décolletage ===

=== Girdle ===

=== Mancheron ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a &quot;historical&quot; word for &quot;A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;mancheron, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve &quot;cut directly on the bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&amp;oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Petticoat ===

According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a &lt;blockquote&gt;skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.&lt;ref&gt;“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', &quot;The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries.&quot; However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. 

=== Stomacher ===
According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is &quot;An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry.

=== Train ===
A train is

The Length of the Train

'''For the monarch [or a royal?]'''

According to Debrett's,&lt;blockquote&gt;A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer:

* Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet
* Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet
* Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet
* Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet
* Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms.

Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?''']

=== Foundation Garments ===
Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. 

The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. 

==== Corset ====
[[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]]
The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. 

This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.)

* This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.
* The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.
* The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.
* The sharp definition of the waist was caused by
** length of the corset (especially on the sides)
** the stiffness of the boning
** the layers of fabric
** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)
** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom
** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom
* The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.
* The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.
* The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.
* This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.
The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century &quot;look&quot; is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets.

=== Hoops ===
Striking for how long they lasted and how much they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore hoops from the 15th century, around the time of Katherine of Aragon, through the bustle of the late 19th century. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of panniers and the bustle. Hoops circled the body symmetrically in a cone or drum shape, were moved to the sides with panniers, ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and were pulled to the rear with a bustle.

That is, like corsets, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, '''especially below the waist'''. 

Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops changed — cane, wood, whalebone, steel or wire. Add fabric structural stuff

''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body.

==== 15th Century ====
Hoops began in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for many years:&lt;blockquote&gt;Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale (a hooped underskirt) into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. Both styles were worn in the early years of the century.&lt;p&gt;
By mid-century many changes had occurred, paralleling those in men’s costume. Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (291)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 16th Century ====
In the 16th century, the garment was called a farthingale. By the 18th century, it was called hoops, which were made of wood.

==== 18th Century ====
The evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order:

# The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode.
# The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720.
# The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, expect that skirts were allowed to curve outward in back again. English court costume followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.
# The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise (see Fig. 452). These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our Revolutionary War period.
# The return of the bustle in the 1780s.
# The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (411–413)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 19th Century ====
In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire. By the 1860s, hoops made for huge round skirts.

In Laura Ingalls Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', the adolescent Laura wears hoops:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be.

“As she and Carrie hurried ob she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again.

“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.”

“They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==== Farthingale ====
''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''.

''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'', a cage made of hoops supporting a skirt — &quot;un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&amp;oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, &quot;La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501 [The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death.

The French and Spanish farthingales were not identical by the end of the 16th century. The Spanish farthingale shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French farthingale was a flattish &quot;cartwheel&quot; or platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping the skirt into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale.

&quot;FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (105)

==== Panniers ====
Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they are &quot;baskets&quot; or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides.

== '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' ==

=== Progressive Style ===
The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit.

=== Traditional Style ===
By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 &quot;high style&quot; in a gown by Worth with &quot;the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|530}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''.

William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style.

=== The Styles ===
[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']]
We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — &quot;recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress&quot; — deliberately contrasts what he calls the &quot;folly&quot; of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.&lt;/ref&gt; Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress &quot;ephemeral,&quot; but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century.

As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the &quot;craze&quot; associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or &quot;bones&quot;) to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope.

A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''&lt;ref&gt;Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, &quot;while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Rebecca N. &quot;The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900.&quot; ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.&lt;/ref&gt; (294)

* historical dress: beautiful clothing.

* the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys
* &quot;In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ...&quot;

Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] 

But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. 

As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it.  

Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove,&quot; that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]].  

Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change.  

== Cinque Cento ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cinquecento, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century.

== Crevé ==
''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;creve, v.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.''']

== Elastic ==
Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of &quot;Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“elastic, adj. &amp; n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: &quot;The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Elaborations ==
In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}

Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at &quot;historical accuracy&quot; reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,&lt;blockquote&gt;In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.&lt;ref&gt;Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&amp;A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.&lt;/ref&gt; (117)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Aglet, Aiglet ===
Historically, an aglet is a &quot;point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches).

=== Frou-frou ===
In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&amp;oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&amp;oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial.

=== Pouf, Puff, Poof ===
According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a &quot;kind of women's hairstyle&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing.

=== Shirring ===
''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam.

=== Sequins ===
Sequins, paillettes, spangles

Sequins — or paillettes — are &quot;small, scalelike glittering disks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as &quot;Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&amp;oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.&lt;/ref&gt; The first instance of ''spangle'' as &quot;A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts&quot; is from c. 1420.&lt;ref&gt;“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger).

Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins.

=== Trim and Lace ===
''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6–7}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ====

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — &quot;And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work.&quot; In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel&quot; worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold &quot;tissue&quot; to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver.

Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the &quot;gold wire&quot; of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &amp;c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. &quot;Gold and silver,&quot; says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, &quot;are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly.&quot;

Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as &quot;orris,&quot; fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality.  Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies.

The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &amp;c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.&lt;ref&gt;William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. &quot;Gold and Silver Lace.&quot; In &quot;Gold.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Honiton Lace ====

Kate Stradsin says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Strasdin, Kate. &quot;Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research.&quot; ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt  http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads &quot;Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]]
==== Passementerie ====
''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great &quot;''exubérance''&quot; in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&amp;oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Point d'Alençon Lace ====
A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure.

Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is &quot;a two thread [needlepoint] lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a &quot;floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}}

The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.&lt;/ref&gt; The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine.

== Fabric ==

=== Brocatelle ===
Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du &lt;abbr&gt;xvi&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&amp;oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Which translates to this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an &quot;imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed&quot; between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;brocatelle, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broché ===

=== Ciselé ===

=== Crépe de Chine ===
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is &quot;often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;crêpe, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is &quot;a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk.&quot;

=== Épinglé Velvet ===
Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. 

=== Lace ===
While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]].

=== Liberty Fabrics ===

=== Lisse ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a &quot;kind of silk gauze&quot; was used in the 19th-century UK and US.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;lisse, n.1.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satin ===
The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's &quot;insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description&quot; at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Selesia ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is &quot;A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Silesia, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — &quot;Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sleazy, adj.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; — may be related.

=== Shot Fabric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', &quot;Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.&lt;/ref&gt; A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers.

=== Tissue ===
A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft.

Historically, the term in English was used for a &quot;rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver&quot; or &quot;various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fan ==

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century &lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;C&lt;/small&gt;. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day.

Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies.

Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals.

Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously  proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes.

The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century.

The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes.

During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other &quot;genre&quot; painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &amp;c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum.

Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.&lt;ref&gt;J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. &quot;Fan.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Fancy-dress Ball ==
Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. 

At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. 

''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. 

In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: &quot;Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Ardern. &quot;Fancy Dress a la Mode.&quot; The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.&lt;/ref&gt; Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy.

Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress.

# ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman &amp; Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust)
# ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham &amp; Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust)


As Leonore Davidoff says, &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations]

=== Historical Accuracy ===
Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages.

The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor.

By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric).

* clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques
* Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. 

==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look &quot;Victorian&quot; to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. 

Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. 

==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways.

* Trim
* Mixing neck treatments
* Hair
* Breeches
* Shoes and boots
* Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots

== Feathers and Plumes ==

=== Aigrette ===
Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as &quot;France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle.

=== Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes ===
The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]].

For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes.

First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt;It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.&lt;p&gt;
White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abstract&quot; for Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?'''

Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]:

# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]]
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]]
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)
#Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay
#Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'')
#[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers
#Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775
#Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde &quot;Daisy&quot; Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick
#Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri
#Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette

More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers:

*

==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ====
* Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x.
* &quot;Prince of Wales's feathers.&quot; ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page''']
* Simpson, William. &quot;On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers.&quot; ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=643&amp;q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.

== Honors ==

=== The Bath ===
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion)

=== The Garter ===
The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion)

[[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 &quot;Last Knight&quot; exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]]
=== The Golden Fleece ===
To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be &quot;the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world&quot; because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&amp;oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]]
The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the &quot;turn of the XV and XVI centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Polski:  Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]].

The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit.

The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.&lt;ref&gt;Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Victorian Order ===
(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member)

=== St. John ===
The Order of the Knights of St. John

=== Star of India ===
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion)

=== Thistle ===
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle

== Jewelry and Stones ==

=== Cabochon ===
This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing &quot;the rough parts&quot; and the parts that are not the right stone.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cabochon, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting.

=== Jet ===

=== ''Orfèvrerie'' ===
Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler.

=== Turquoises ===

== Military ==
Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not.

=== Baldric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is &quot;A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;baldric, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense has been in existence since c. 1300.

=== Cuirass ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is &quot;A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cuirass, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]]
=== Household Cavalry ===
The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of &quot;the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joll, Christopher. &quot;Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles.&quot; The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, &quot;the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from &quot;the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch.

The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 &quot;and guarding their subsequent execution,&quot; the Household Cavalry contributed to the &quot;the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents&quot; in 1884.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} In 1887 they &quot;were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

==== Grenadier Guards ====
Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing &quot;scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs&quot; as well as items associated with weapons and armor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}}

Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment &quot;was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation&quot; at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&amp;oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt; They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&amp;oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&amp;oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,&lt;blockquote&gt;In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats.

The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:&lt;blockquote&gt;Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Life Guards ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&amp;oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.&lt;/ref&gt; The 1st Life Guards were on &quot;the extreme right&quot; of a French countercharge and &quot;kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Photography ==

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="99904" sha1="iy7zhunzik5pqxjql36ynu3lv3pfoxo" xml:space="preserve">Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have.

We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does.

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific ==

=== Mantle, Cloak, Cape ===
In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments.

'''Mantle'''

A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous.

'''Cloak'''

'''Cape'''

=== Peplum ===
According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a &quot;Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress&quot; [translation by Google Translate].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&amp;oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Revers ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the &quot;edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;revers, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&amp;oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's ==
[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below.

=== À la Romaine ===
[[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']]
A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls.

Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments.

For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' &quot;at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|81, Col. 2c}}

=== Cavalier ===
[[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]]
As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&amp;oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress.

=== Coats ===

==== Doublet ====
* In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''.
* Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.

==== Pourpoint ====
A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor.

==== Surcoat ====
Sometimes just called ''coat''.

[[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]]
=== Hose, Stockings and Tights ===
Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights.

In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as &quot;Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted.

''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous.

In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling.

The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait.

In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject.

=== Shoes and Boots ===

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's ==

=== '''Chérusque''' ===
According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&amp;oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corsage ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the &quot;'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;corsage, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making.

The sense of &quot;a bouquet worn on the bodice&quot; is, according to the ''OED'', American.

=== Décolletage ===

=== Girdle ===

=== Mancheron ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a &quot;historical&quot; word for &quot;A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;mancheron, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve &quot;cut directly on the bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&amp;oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Petticoat ===

According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a &lt;blockquote&gt;skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.&lt;ref&gt;“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', &quot;The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries.&quot; However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. 

=== Stomacher ===
According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is &quot;An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry.

=== Train ===
A train is

The Length of the Train

'''For the monarch [or a royal?]'''

According to Debrett's,&lt;blockquote&gt;A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer:

* Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet
* Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet
* Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet
* Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet
* Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms.

Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?''']

=== Foundation Garments ===
Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. 

The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. 

==== Corset ====
[[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]]
The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. 

This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.)

* This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.
* The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.
* The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.
* The sharp definition of the waist was caused by
** length of the corset (especially on the sides)
** the stiffness of the boning
** the layers of fabric
** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)
** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom
** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom
* The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.
* The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.
* The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.
* This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.
The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century &quot;look&quot; is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets.

=== Hoops ===
Striking for how long they lasted and how much they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore hoops from the 15th century, around the time of Katherine of Aragon, through the bustle of the late 19th century. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of panniers and the bustle. Hoops circled the body symmetrically in a cone or drum shape, were moved to the sides with panniers, ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and were pulled to the rear with a bustle.

That is, like corsets, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, '''especially below the waist'''. 

Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops changed — cane, wood, whalebone, steel or wire. Add fabric structural stuff

''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body.

==== 15th Century ====
Hoops began in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for many years:&lt;blockquote&gt;Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale (a hooped underskirt) into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. Both styles were worn in the early years of the century.&lt;p&gt;
By mid-century many changes had occurred, paralleling those in men’s costume. Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (291)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 16th Century ====
In the 16th century, the garment was called a farthingale. By the 18th century, it was called hoops, which were made of wood.

==== 18th Century ====
The evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order:

# The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode.
# The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720.
# The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, expect that skirts were allowed to curve outward in back again. English court costume followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.
# The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise (see Fig. 452). These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our Revolutionary War period.
# The return of the bustle in the 1780s.
# The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (411–413)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 19th Century ====
In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire. By the 1860s, hoops made for huge round skirts.

In Laura Ingalls Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', the adolescent Laura wears hoops:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be.

“As she and Carrie hurried ob she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again.

“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.”

“They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==== Farthingale ====
''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''.

''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'', a cage made of hoops supporting a skirt — &quot;un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&amp;oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, &quot;La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501 [The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death.

The French and Spanish farthingales were not identical by the end of the 16th century. The Spanish farthingale shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French farthingale was a flattish &quot;cartwheel&quot; or platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping the skirt into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale.

&quot;FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (105)

==== Panniers ====
Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they are &quot;baskets&quot; or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides.
[[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]]

== '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' ==

=== Progressive Style ===
The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit.

=== Traditional Style ===
By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 &quot;high style&quot; in a gown by Worth with &quot;the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|530}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''.

William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style.

=== The Styles ===
[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']]
We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — &quot;recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress&quot; — deliberately contrasts what he calls the &quot;folly&quot; of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.&lt;/ref&gt; Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress &quot;ephemeral,&quot; but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century.

As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the &quot;craze&quot; associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or &quot;bones&quot;) to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope.

A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''&lt;ref&gt;Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, &quot;while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Rebecca N. &quot;The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900.&quot; ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.&lt;/ref&gt; (294)

* historical dress: beautiful clothing.

* the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys
* &quot;In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ...&quot;

Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] 

But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. 

As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it.  

Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove,&quot; that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]].  

Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change.  

== Cinque Cento ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cinquecento, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century.

== Crevé ==
''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;creve, v.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.''']

== Elastic ==
Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of &quot;Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“elastic, adj. &amp; n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: &quot;The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Elaborations ==
In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}

Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at &quot;historical accuracy&quot; reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,&lt;blockquote&gt;In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.&lt;ref&gt;Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&amp;A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.&lt;/ref&gt; (117)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Aglet, Aiglet ===
Historically, an aglet is a &quot;point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches).

=== Frou-frou ===
In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&amp;oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&amp;oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial.

=== Pouf, Puff, Poof ===
According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a &quot;kind of women's hairstyle&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing.

=== Shirring ===
''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam.

=== Sequins ===
Sequins, paillettes, spangles

Sequins — or paillettes — are &quot;small, scalelike glittering disks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as &quot;Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&amp;oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.&lt;/ref&gt; The first instance of ''spangle'' as &quot;A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts&quot; is from c. 1420.&lt;ref&gt;“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger).

Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins.

=== Trim and Lace ===
''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6–7}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ====

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — &quot;And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work.&quot; In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel&quot; worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold &quot;tissue&quot; to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver.

Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the &quot;gold wire&quot; of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &amp;c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. &quot;Gold and silver,&quot; says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, &quot;are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly.&quot;

Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as &quot;orris,&quot; fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality.  Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies.

The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &amp;c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.&lt;ref&gt;William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. &quot;Gold and Silver Lace.&quot; In &quot;Gold.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Honiton Lace ====

Kate Stradsin says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Strasdin, Kate. &quot;Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research.&quot; ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt  http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads &quot;Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]]
==== Passementerie ====
''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great &quot;''exubérance''&quot; in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&amp;oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Point d'Alençon Lace ====
A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure.

Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is &quot;a two thread [needlepoint] lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a &quot;floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}}

The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.&lt;/ref&gt; The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine.

== Fabric ==

=== Brocatelle ===
Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du &lt;abbr&gt;xvi&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&amp;oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Which translates to this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an &quot;imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed&quot; between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;brocatelle, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broché ===

=== Ciselé ===

=== Crépe de Chine ===
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is &quot;often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;crêpe, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is &quot;a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk.&quot;

=== Épinglé Velvet ===
Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. 

=== Lace ===
While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]].

=== Liberty Fabrics ===

=== Lisse ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a &quot;kind of silk gauze&quot; was used in the 19th-century UK and US.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;lisse, n.1.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satin ===
The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's &quot;insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description&quot; at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Selesia ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is &quot;A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Silesia, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — &quot;Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sleazy, adj.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; — may be related.

=== Shot Fabric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', &quot;Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.&lt;/ref&gt; A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers.

=== Tissue ===
A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft.

Historically, the term in English was used for a &quot;rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver&quot; or &quot;various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fan ==

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century &lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;C&lt;/small&gt;. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day.

Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies.

Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals.

Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously  proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes.

The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century.

The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes.

During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other &quot;genre&quot; painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &amp;c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum.

Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.&lt;ref&gt;J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. &quot;Fan.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Fancy-dress Ball ==
Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. 

At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. 

''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. 

In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: &quot;Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Ardern. &quot;Fancy Dress a la Mode.&quot; The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.&lt;/ref&gt; Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy.

Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress.

# ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman &amp; Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust)
# ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham &amp; Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust)


As Leonore Davidoff says, &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations]

=== Historical Accuracy ===
Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages.

The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor.

By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric).

* clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques
* Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. 

==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look &quot;Victorian&quot; to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. 

Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. 

==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways.

* Trim
* Mixing neck treatments
* Hair
* Breeches
* Shoes and boots
* Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots

== Feathers and Plumes ==

=== Aigrette ===
Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as &quot;France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle.

=== Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes ===
The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]].

For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes.

First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt;It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.&lt;p&gt;
White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abstract&quot; for Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?'''

Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]:

# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]]
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]]
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)
#Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay
#Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'')
#[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers
#Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775
#Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde &quot;Daisy&quot; Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick
#Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri
#Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette

More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers:

*

==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ====
* Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x.
* &quot;Prince of Wales's feathers.&quot; ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page''']
* Simpson, William. &quot;On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers.&quot; ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=643&amp;q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.

== Honors ==

=== The Bath ===
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion)

=== The Garter ===
The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion)

[[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 &quot;Last Knight&quot; exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]]
=== The Golden Fleece ===
To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be &quot;the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world&quot; because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&amp;oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]]
The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the &quot;turn of the XV and XVI centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Polski:  Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]].

The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit.

The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.&lt;ref&gt;Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Victorian Order ===
(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member)

=== St. John ===
The Order of the Knights of St. John

=== Star of India ===
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion)

=== Thistle ===
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle

== Jewelry and Stones ==

=== Cabochon ===
This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing &quot;the rough parts&quot; and the parts that are not the right stone.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cabochon, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting.

=== Jet ===

=== ''Orfèvrerie'' ===
Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler.

=== Turquoises ===

== Military ==
Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not.

=== Baldric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is &quot;A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;baldric, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense has been in existence since c. 1300.

=== Cuirass ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is &quot;A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cuirass, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]]
=== Household Cavalry ===
The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of &quot;the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joll, Christopher. &quot;Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles.&quot; The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, &quot;the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from &quot;the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch.

The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 &quot;and guarding their subsequent execution,&quot; the Household Cavalry contributed to the &quot;the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents&quot; in 1884.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} In 1887 they &quot;were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

==== Grenadier Guards ====
Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing &quot;scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs&quot; as well as items associated with weapons and armor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}}

Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment &quot;was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation&quot; at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&amp;oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt; They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&amp;oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&amp;oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,&lt;blockquote&gt;In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats.

The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:&lt;blockquote&gt;Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Life Guards ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&amp;oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.&lt;/ref&gt; The 1st Life Guards were on &quot;the extreme right&quot; of a French countercharge and &quot;kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Photography ==

== Footnotes ==
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      <text bytes="99904" sha1="d9lvkce7iy6ejjltztq8m9b0d58uv1w" xml:space="preserve">Especially with respect to fashion, the newspapers at the end of the 19th century in the UK often used specialized terminology. The definitions on this page are to provide a sense of what someone in the late 19th century might have meant by the term rather than a definition of what we might mean by it today. In the absence of a specialized glossary from the end of the 19th century in the U.K., we use the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' because the senses of a word are illustrated with examples that have dates so we can be sure that the senses we pick are appropriate for when they are used in the quotations we have.

We also sometimes use the French ''Wikipédia'' to define a word because many technical terms of fashion were borrowings from the French. Also, often the French ''Wikipédia'' provides historical context for the uses of a word similar to the way the OED does.

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Non-gender-specific ==

=== Mantle, Cloak, Cape ===
In 19th-century newspaper accounts, these terms are sometimes used without precision as synonyms. These are all outer garments.

'''Mantle'''

A mantle — often a long outer garment — might have elements like a train, sleeves, collars, revers, fur, and a cape. A late-19th-century writer making a distinction between a mantle and a cloak might use ''mantle'' if the garment is more voluminous.

'''Cloak'''

'''Cape'''

=== Peplum ===
According to the French ''Wiktionnaire'', a peplum is a &quot;Short skirt or flared flounce layered at the waist of a jacket, blouse or dress&quot; [translation by Google Translate].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-02|title=péplum|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=p%C3%A9plum&amp;oldid=29547727|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%C3%A9plum.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has a fuller definition, although, it focuses on women's clothing because the sense is written for the present day:&lt;blockquote&gt;''Fashion''. ... a kind of overskirt resembling the ancient peplos (''obsolete''). Hence (now usually) in modern use: a short flared, gathered, or pleated strip of fabric attached at the waist of a woman's jacket, dress, or blouse to create a hanging frill or flounce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;“peplum, n.”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1832614702&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Men haven't worn peplums since the 18th century, except when wearing costumes based on historical portraits. The ''Daily News'' reported in 1896 that peplums had been revived as a fashion item for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Revers ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''revers'' are the &quot;edge[s] of a garment turned back to reveal the undersurface (often at the lapel or cuff) (chiefly in ''plural''); the material covering such an edge.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;revers, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/164777. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term is French and was used this way in the 19th century (according to the ''Wiktionnaire'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-03-07|title=revers|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=revers&amp;oldid=31706560|journal=Wiktionnaire|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/revers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Men's ==
[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|Men's military uniforms]] are discussed below.

=== À la Romaine ===
[[File:Johann Baptist Straub - Mars um 1772-1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Old and damaged marble statue of a Roman god of war with flowing cloak, big helmet with a plume on top, and armor|Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 ''à la romaine'' ''Mars'']]
A few people who attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball in 1897]] personated Roman gods or people. They were dressed not as Romans, however, but ''à la romaine'', which was a standardized style of depicting Roman figures that was used in paintings, sculpture and the theatre for historical dress from the 17th until the 20th century. The codification of the style was developed in France in the 17th century for theatre and ballet, when it became popular for masked balls.

Women as well as men could be dressed ''à la romaine'', but much sculpture, portraiture and theatre offered opportunities for men to dress in Roman style — with armor and helmets — and so it was most common for men. In large part because of the codification of the style as well as the painting and sculpture, the style persisted and remained influential into the 20th century and can be found in museums and galleries and on monuments.

For example, Johann Baptist Straub's 1772 statue of Mars (left), now in the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, missing part of an arm, shows Mars ''à la romaine''. In London, an early 17th-century example of a figure of Mars ''à la romaine'', with a helmet, '''was''' &quot;at the foot of the Buckingham tomb in Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Webb, Geoffrey. “Notes on Hubert Le Sueur-II.” ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 52, no. 299 (1928): 81–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/863535.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|81, Col. 2c}}

=== Cavalier ===
[[File:Sir-Anthony-van-Dyck-Lord-John-Stuart-and-His-Brother-Lord-Bernard-Stuart.jpg|thumb|alt=Old painting of 2 men flamboyantly and stylishly dressed in colorful silk, with white lace, high-heeled boots and long hair|Van Dyck's c. 1638 painting of cavaliers Lord John Stuart and his brother Lord Bernard Stuart]]
As a signifier in the form of clothing of a royalist political and social ideology begun in France in the early 17th century, the cavalier established France as the leader in fashion and taste. Adopted by [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Military|wealthy royalist British military officers]] during the time of the Restoration, the style signified a political and social position, both because of the loyalty to Charles I and II as well the wealth required to achieve the cavalier look. The style spread beyond the political, however, to become associated generally with dress as well as a style of poetry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-25|title=Cavalier poet|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_poet&amp;oldid=1151690299|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_poet.&lt;/ref&gt;

Van Dyck's 1638 painting of two brothers (right) emphasizes the cavalier style of dress.

=== Coats ===

==== Doublet ====
* In the 19th-century newspaper accounts we have seen that use this word, doublet seems always to refer to a garment worn by a man, but historically women may have worn doublets. In fact, a doublet worn by Queen Elizabeth I exists and '''is somewhere'''.
* Technically doublets were long sleeved, although we cannot be certain what this or that Victorian tailor would have done for a costume. For example, the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball|Duke of Devonshire's costume as Charles V]] shows long sleeves that may be part of the surcoat but should be the long sleeves of the doublet.

==== Pourpoint ====
A padded doublet worn under armor to protect the warrior from the metal chafing. A pourpoint could also be worn without the armor.

==== Surcoat ====
Sometimes just called ''coat''.

[[File:Oscar Wilde by Sarony 1882 18.jpg|thumb|alt=Old photograph of a young man wearing a velvet jacket, knee breeches, silk hose and shiny pointed shoes with bows, seated on a sofa and leaning on his left hand and holding a book in his right| Oscar Wilde, 1882, by Napoleon Sarony]]
=== Hose, Stockings and Tights ===
Newspaper accounts from the late 19th century of men's clothing use the term ''hose'' for what we might call stockings or tights.

In fact, the terminology is specific. ''Stockings'' is the more general term and could refer to hose or tights. With knee breeches men wore hose, which ended above the knee, and women wore hose under their dresses.

The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' defines tights as &quot;Tight-fitting breeches, worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and still forming part of court-dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tights, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2693287467.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1897, the term was in use for women's stockings, which may have come up only to the knee. Tights were also worn by dancers and acrobats. This general sense of ''tights'' does not assume that they were knitted.

''Clocking'' is decorative embroidery on hose, usually, at the ankles on either the inside or the outside of the leg. It started at the ankle and went up the leg, sometimes as far as the knee. On women's hose, the clocking could be quite colorful and elaborate, while the clocking on men's hose was more inconspicuous.

In many photographs men's hose are wrinkled, especially at the ankles and the knees, because they were shaped from woven fabric. Silk hose were knitted instead of woven, which gave them elasticity and reduced the wrinkling.

The famous Sarony carte de visite photograph of Oscar Wilde (right) shows him in 1882 wearing knee breeches and silk hose, which are shiny and quite smoothly fitted although they show a few wrinkles at the ankles and knees. In the portraits of people in costume at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the men's hose are sometimes quite smooth, which means they were made of knitted silk and may have been smoothed for the portrait.

In painted portraits the hose are almost always depicted as smooth, part of the artist's improvement of the appearance of the subject.

=== Shoes and Boots ===

== Articles or Parts of Clothing: Women's ==

=== '''Chérusque''' ===
According to the French ''Wikipedia'', ''chérusque'' is a 19th-century term for the kind of standing collar like the ones worn by ladies in the Renaissance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-26|title=Collerette (costume)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collerette_(costume)&amp;oldid=184136746|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collerette_(costume)#Au+xixe+siècle+:+la+Chérusque.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Corsage ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the corsage is the &quot;'body' of a woman's dress; a bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;corsage, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/42056. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense is well documented in the ''OED'' for the mid and late 19th-century, used this way in fiction as well as in a publication like ''Godey's Lady's Book'', which would be expected to use appropriate terminology associated with fashion and dress making.

The sense of &quot;a bouquet worn on the bodice&quot; is, according to the ''OED'', American.

=== Décolletage ===

=== Girdle ===

=== Mancheron ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', a ''mancheron'' is a &quot;historical&quot; word for &quot;A piece of trimming on the upper part of a sleeve on a woman's dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;mancheron, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/113251. Accessed 17 April 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; At the present, in French, a ''mancheron'' is a cap sleeve &quot;cut directly on the bodice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-28|title=Manche (vêtement)|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manche_(v%C3%AAtement)&amp;oldid=199054843|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche_(v%C3%AAtement).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Petticoat ===

According to the ''O.E.D.'', a petticoat is a &lt;blockquote&gt;skirt, as distinguished from a bodice, worn either externally or showing beneath a dress as part of the costume (often trimmed or ornamented); an outer skirt; a decorative underskirt. Frequently in ''plural'': a woman's or girl's upper skirts and underskirts collectively. Now ''archaic'' or ''historical''.&lt;ref&gt;“petticoat, n., sense 2.b”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1021034245&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;This sense is, according to the ''O.E.D.'', &quot;The usual sense between the 17th and 19th centuries.&quot; However, while petticoats belong in both outer- and undergarments — that is, meant to be seen or hidden, like underwear — they were always under another garment, for example, underneath an open overskirt. The primary sense seems to have shifted through the 19th century so that, by the end, petticoats were underwear and the term ''underskirt'' was used to describe what showed under an open overskirt. 

=== Stomacher ===
According to the ''O.E.D.'', a stomacher is &quot;An ornamental covering for the chest (often covered with jewels) worn by women under the lacing of the bodice,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“stomacher, n.¹, sense 3.a”. ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1169498955&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; although by the end of the 19th century, the bodice did not often have visible laces. Some stomachers were so decorated that they were thought of as part of the jewelry.

=== Train ===
A train is

The Length of the Train

'''For the monarch [or a royal?]'''

According to Debrett's,&lt;blockquote&gt;A peeress's coronation robe is a long-trained crimson velvet mantle, edged with miniver pure, with a miniver pure cape. The length of the train varies with the rank of the wearer:

* Duchess: for rows of ermine; train to be six feet
* Marchioness: three and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and three-quarters feet
* Countess: three rows of ermine; train to be three and a half feet
* Viscountess: two and a half rows of ermine; train to be three and a quarter feet
* Baroness: two rows of ermine; train to be three feet&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/|title=Dress Codes|website=debretts.com|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-27}} https://debretts.com/royal-family/dress-codes/.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;The pattern on the coronet worn was also quite specific, similar but not exactly the same for peers and peeresses. Debrett's also distinguishes between coronets and tiaras, which were classified more like jewelry, which was regulated only in very general terms.

Peeresses put on their coronets after the Queen or Queen Consort has been crowned. ['''peers?''']

=== Foundation Garments ===
Unlike undergarments, Victorian women's foundation garments created the distinctive silhouette. Victorian undergarments included the chemise, the bloomers, the corset cover — articles that are not structural. 

The corset was an important element of the understructure of foundation garments — hoops, bustles, petticoats and so on — but it has never been the only important element. 

==== Corset ====
[[File:Corset - MET 1972.209.49a, b.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an old silk corset on a mannequin, showing the closure down the front, similar to a button, and channels in the fabric for the boning. It is wider at the top and bottom, creating smooth curves from the bust to the compressed waist to the hips, with a long point below the waist in front.|French 1890s corset, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC]]
The understructure of Victorian women's clothing is what makes the costumes worn by the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] so distinctly Victorian in appearance. An example of a corset that has the kind of structure often worn by fashionably dressed women in 1897 is the one at right. 

This corset exaggerated the shape of the women's bodies and made possible a bodice that looked and was fitted in the way that is so distinctive of the time — very controlled and smooth. And, as a structural element, this foundation garment carried the weight of all those layers and all that fabric and decoration on the gowns, trains and mantles. (The trains and mantles could be attached directly to the corset itself.)

* This foundation emphasizes the waist and the bust in particular, in part because of the contrast between the very small waist and the rounded fullness of the bust and hips.
* The idealized waist is defined by its small span and the sexualizing point at the center-bottom of the bodice, which directs the eye downwards. Interestingly, the pointed waistline worn by Elizabethan men has become level in the Victorian age. Highly fashionable Victorian women wearing the traditional style, however, had extremely pointed waists.
* The busk (a kind of boning in the front of a corset that is less flexible than the rest) smoothed the bodice, flattened the abdomen and prevented the point on the bodice from curling up.
* The sharp definition of the waist was caused by
** length of the corset (especially on the sides)
** the stiffness of the boning
** the layers of fabric
** the lacing (especially if the woman used tightlacing)
** the over-all shape, which was so much wider at the top and the bottom
** the contrast between the waist and the wider top and bottom
* The late-19th-century corset was long, ending below the waist even on the sides and back.
* The boning and the top edge of the late 19th-century fashion corset pushed up the bust, rounding (rather than flattening, as in earlier styles) the breasts, drawing attention to their exposed curves and creating cleavage.
* The exaggerated bust was larger than the hips, whenever possible, an impression reinforced by the A-line of the skirt and the inverted Vs in the decorative trim near the waist and on the skirt.
* This corset made the bodice very smooth with a very precise fit, that had no wrinkles, folds or loose drapery. The bodice was also trimmed or decorated, but the base was always a smooth bodice. More formal gowns would still have the fitted bodice and more elaborate trim made from lace, embroidery, appliqué, beading and possibly even jewels.
The advantages and disadvantages of corseting and especially tight lacing were the subject of thousands of articles and opinions in the periodical press for a great part of the century, but the fetishistic and politicized tight lacing was practiced by very few women. And no single approach to corsetry was practiced by all women all the time. Most of the women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 ball]] were not tightly laced, but the progressive style does not dominate either, even though all the costumes are technically historical dress. Part of what gives most of the costumes their distinctive 19th-century &quot;look&quot; is the more traditional corset beneath them. Even though this highly fashionable look was widely present in the historical costumes at the ball, some women's waists were obviously very small and others were hardly '''emphasized''' at all. Women's waists are never mentioned in the newspaper coverage of the ball — or, indeed, of any of the social events attended by the network at the ball — so it is only in photographs that we can see the effects of how they used their corsets.

=== Hoops ===
Striking for how long they lasted and how much they evolved, hoops were the foundation undergarment for a skirt and petticoat. Women wore hoops from the 15th century, around the time of Katherine of Aragon, through the bustle of the late 19th century. The cage caused the silhouette of skirts to change shape over time and enabled the extreme distortions of panniers and the bustle. Hoops circled the body symmetrically in a cone or drum shape, were moved to the sides with panniers, ballooned around the body like the top half of a sphere, and were pulled to the rear with a bustle.

That is, like corsets, the distorted shapes of high fashion were made possible by hoops. High fashion demanded these shapes, which disguised women's bodies, '''especially below the waist'''. 

Besides the shape, the structure used to construct hoops changed — cane, wood, whalebone, steel or wire. Add fabric structural stuff

''Hoops'' is a mid-19th-century term for a cage-like structure worn under a skirt to hold it away from the body.

==== 15th Century ====
Hoops began in Spain in the 15th century and influenced European fashion for many years:&lt;blockquote&gt;Katherine of Aragon is reputed to have introduced the Spanish farthingale (a hooped underskirt) into England early in the century. The result was to convert the columnar skirt of the fifteenth century into the cone shape of the sixteenth. Both styles were worn in the early years of the century.&lt;p&gt;
By mid-century many changes had occurred, paralleling those in men’s costume. Spanish influence had introduced the hoop-supported skirt, smooth in contour, which was quite generally worn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (291)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 16th Century ====
In the 16th century, the garment was called a farthingale. By the 18th century, it was called hoops, which were made of wood.

==== 18th Century ====
The evolution of hoops, and thus the shape of the skirt, in the 18th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;SKIRT FASHIONS. Since skirts experienced the greatest alterations, a brief summary of the successive silhouettes should help to place individual costumes in their proper niches. Six basic forms appeared during the century, in the following order:

# The bustle was a continuation of the 1690 mode.
# The bell or dome shape resulted from the reintroduction of hoops; in England by 1710, in France by 1720.
# The ellipse, the second phase of the hoop skirt, was achieved by broadening the support from side to side and compressing it from front to back. It had a long run of popularity, from 1740 to 1770, the extreme width being retained in court costumes. In France it persisted until the revolution, expect that skirts were allowed to curve outward in back again. English court costume followed this fashion well into the nineteenth century.
# The dairy maid, or polonaise, style could be achieved either by pulling the lower part of the overskirt through its own pocket holes, thus creating a bouffant effect, or by planned control of the overskirt, through the cut or by means of draw cords, ribbons, or loops and buttons, which were used to form the three great ‘poufs’ known as the polonaise (see Fig. 452). These diversions appeared in the late sixties and became prevalent in the seventies. They were much like the familiar styles of our Revolutionary War period.
# The return of the bustle in the 1780s.
# The tubular form, drawn from classic art, in the 1790s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; (411–413)
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== 19th Century ====
In the 19th century, the hoops were made of wire. By the 1860s, hoops made for huge round skirts.

In Laura Ingalls Wilder's 1941 ''Little Town on the Prairie'', the adolescent Laura wears hoops:&lt;blockquote&gt;“Well,” Laura began; then she stopped and spun round and round, for the strong wind blowing against her always made the wires of her hoop skirt creep slowly upward under her skirts until they bunched around her knees. Then she must whirl around and around until the wires shook loose and spiraled down to the bottom of her skirts where they should be.

“As she and Carrie hurried ob she began again. “I think it was silly, the way they dressed when Ma was a girl, don’t you? Drat this wind!” she exclaimed as the hoops began creeping upward again.

“Quietly Carrie stood by while Laura whirled. “I’m glad I’m not old enough to have to wear hoops,” she said. “They’d make me dizzy.”

“They are rather a nuisance,” Laura admitted. “But they are stylish, and when you’re my age you’ll want to be in style.”&lt;ref&gt;Wilder, Laura Ingalls. ''Little Town on the Prairie.'' Harper and Row, 1941. Pp. 272–273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==== Farthingale ====
''Farthingale'' is the term in English; in French, it's ''vertugadin'', and in Spanish ''vertugado''.

''Vertugadin'' is a French term for ''farthingale'', a cage made of hoops supporting a skirt — &quot;un élément essentiel de la mode Tudor en Angleterre [an essential element of Tudor fashion in England].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-12|title=Vertugadin|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vertugadin&amp;oldid=191825729|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertugadin.&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, &quot;La princesse espagnole Catherine d'Aragon amena la mode en Angleterre pour son mariage avec le prince Arthur, fils aîné d'Henri VII en 1501 [The Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon brought the fashion to England for her marriage to Prince Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII in 1501].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Catherine of Aragon, of course, married Henry VIII after Arthur's death.

The French and Spanish farthingales were not identical by the end of the 16th century. The Spanish farthingale shaped the skirt into an A-line with a graduated series of hoops sewn to an undergarment. The French farthingale was a flattish &quot;cartwheel&quot; or platter of hoops worn below the waist and above the hips held the skirt out more or less horizontally. Once past the vertugadin, the skirt then fell straight to the floor, shaping the skirt into a kind of drum. The shoes show in the portraits of women wearing the French farthingale.

&quot;FARTHINGALE:  Renaissance (1450-1550 C.E. to Elizabethan (1550-1625 C.E.). Linen underskirt with wire supports which, when shaped, produced a variety of dome, bell, and oblong shapes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (105)

[[File:Panniers 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the wooden and fabric skeleton of an 18th-century women's foundation garment|Panniers 1]]
==== Panniers ====
Generally, panniers were a kind of undergarment worn in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their design evolved during the century. Made of hoops of wood, they are &quot;baskets&quot; or cages worn on either side of the waist to broaden the skirts to the sides.

== '''Traditional vs Progressive Style''' ==

=== Progressive Style ===
The terms ''artistic dress'' and ''aesthetic dress'' are not synonymous and were in use at different times to refer to different groups of people in different contexts, but we recognize them as referring to a similar kind of personal style in clothing, a style we call progressive dress or the progressive style. Used in a very precise way, ''artistic dress'' is associated with the Pre-Raphaelite artists and the women in their circle beginning in the 1860s. Similarly, ''aesthetic dress'' is associated with the 1880s and 1890s and dress reform movements. In general, the progressive style is characterized by its resistance to the highly structured fashion of its day, especially corseting, aniline dyes and an extremely close fit.

=== Traditional Style ===
By the end of the century designs from the [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#The House of Worth|House of Worth]] (or Maison Worth) define what we think of as the traditional Victorian look, which was very stylish and expensive. Blanche Payne describes an example of the 1895 &quot;high style&quot; in a gown by Worth with &quot;the idiosyncrasies of the [1890s] full blown&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The dress is white silk with wine-red stripes. Sleeves, collars, bows, bag, hat, and hem border match the stripes. The sleeve has reached its maximum volume; the bosom full and emphasized with added lace; the waistline is elongated, pointed, and laced to the point of distress; the skirt is smooth over the hips, gradually swinging out to sweep the floor. This is the much vaunted hourglass figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Payne, Blanche. ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century''. Harper &amp; Row, 1965.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|530}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The Victorian-looking gowns at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] are stylish in a way that recalls the designs of the House of Worth. The elements that make their look so Victorian are anachronisms on the costumes representing fashion of earlier eras. The women wearing these gowns preferred the standards of beauty from their own day to a more-or-less historically accurate look. The style competing at the very end of the century with the Worth look was not the historical, however, but a progressive style called at the time ''artistic'' or ''aesthetic''.

William Powell Frith's 1883 painting ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (discussion below) pits this kind of traditional style against the progressive or artistic style.

=== The Styles ===
[[File:Frith A Private View.jpg|thumb|William Powell Frith, ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'']]
We typically think of the late-Victorian silhouette as universal but, in the periods in which corsets dominated women's dress, not all women wore corsets and not all corsets were the same, as William Powell Frith's 1883 ''A Private View at the Royal Academy, 1881'' (right) illustrates. Frith is clear in his memoir that this painting — &quot;recording for posterity the aesthetic craze as regards dress&quot; — deliberately contrasts what he calls the &quot;folly&quot; of the Artistic Dress movement and the look of the traditional corseted waist.&lt;ref&gt;Frith, William Powell. ''My Autobiography and Reminiscences''. 1887.&lt;/ref&gt; Frith considered the Artistic Movement and Artistic Dress &quot;ephemeral,&quot; but its rejection of corsetry looks far more consequential to us in hindsight than it did in the 19th century.

As Frith sees it, his painting critiques the &quot;craze&quot; associated with the women in this set of identifiable portraits who are not corseted, but his commitment to realism shows us a spectrum, a range, of conservatism and if not political then at least stylistic progressivism among the women. The progressives, oddly, are the women wearing artistic (that is, somewhat historical) dress, because they’re not corseted. It is a misreading to see the presentation of the women’s fashion as a simple opposition. Constance, Countess of Lonsdale — situated at the center of this painting with Frederick Leighton, president of the Royal Academy of Art — is the most conservatively dressed of the women depicted, with her narrow sleeves, tight waist and almost perfectly smooth bodice, which tells us that her corset has eyelets so that it can be laced precisely and tightly, and it has stays (or &quot;bones&quot;) to prevent wrinkles or natural folds in the overclothing. Lillie Langtry, in the white dress, with her stylish narrow sleeves, does not have such a tightly bound waist or smooth bodice, suggesting she may not be corseted at all, as we know she sometimes was not.['''citation'''] Jenny Trip, a painter’s model, is the woman in the green dress in the aesthetic group being inspected by Anthony Trollope, who may be taking notes. She looks like she is not wearing a corset. Both Langtry and Trip are toward the middle of this spectrum: neither is dressed in the more extreme artistic dress of, say, the two figures between Trip and Trollope.

A lot has been written about the late-Victorian attraction to historical dress, especially in the context of fancy-dress balls and the Gothic revival in social events as well as art and music. Part of the appeal has to have been the way those costumes could just be beautiful clothing beautifully made. Historical dress provided an opportunity for some elite women to wear less-structured but still beautiful and influential clothing. ['''Calvert'''&lt;ref&gt;Calvert, Robyne Erica. ''Fashioning the Artist: Artistic Dress in Victorian Britain 1848-1900''. Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://theses.gla.ac.uk/3279/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;] The standards for beauty, then, with historical dress were Victorian, with the added benefit of possibly less structure. So, at the Duchess of Devonshire's ball, &quot;while some attendees tried to hew closely to historical precedent, many rendered their historical or mythological personage in the sartorial vocabulary they knew best. The [photographs of people in their costumes at the ball offer] a glimpse into how Victorians understood history, not a glimpse into the costume of an authentic historical past.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Rebecca N. &quot;The Victorian Fancy Dress Ball, 1870–1900.&quot; ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21: 3): 291–315. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1172817.&lt;/ref&gt; (294)

* historical dress: beautiful clothing.

* the range at the ball, from Minnie Paget to Gwladys
* &quot;In light of such efforts, the ball remains to this day one of the best documented outings of the period, and a quick glance at the album shows that ...&quot;

Women had more choices about their waists than the simple opposition between no corset and tightlacing can accommodate. The range of choices is illustrated in Frith's painting, with a woman locating herself on it at a particular moment for particular reasons. Much analysis of 19th-century corsetry focuses on its sexualizing effects — corsets dominated Victorian photographic pornography ['''citations'''] and at the same time, the absence of a corset was sexual because it suggested nudity.['''citations'''] A great deal of analysis of 19th-century corsetry, on the other hand, assumes that women wore corsets for the male gaze ['''citations'''] or that they tightened their waists to compete with other women.['''citations'''] 

But as we can see in Frith's painting, the sexualizing effect was not universal or sweeping, and these analyses do not account for the choices women had in which corset to wear or how tightly to lace it. Especially given the way that some photographic portraits were mechanically altered to make the waist appear smaller, the size of a woman's waist had to do with how she was presenting herself to the world. That is, the fact that women made choices about the size of or emphasis on their waists suggests that they had agency that needs to be taken into account. 

As they navigated the complex social world, women's fashion choices had meaning. Society or political hostesses had agency not only in their clothing but generally in that complex social world. They had roles managing social events of the upper classes, especially of the upper aristocracy and oligarchy, like the Duchess of Devonshire's ball. Their class and rank, then, were essential to their agency, including to some degree their freedom to choose what kind of corset to wear and how to wear it. Also, by the end of the century lots of different kinds of corsets were available for lots of different purposes. Special corsets existed for pregnancy, sports (like tennis, bicycling, horseback riding, golf, fencing, archery, stalking and hunting), theatre and dance and, of course, for these women corsets could be made to support the special dress worn over it.  

Women's choices in how they presented themselves to the world included more than just their foundation garments, of course. &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove,&quot; that is, the trim and decorations on their garments, their jewelry and accessories — which Davidoff calls &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Davidoff, Leonore. ''The Best Circles: Society Etiquette and the Season''. Intro., Victoria Glendinning. The Cressett Library (Century Hutchinson), 1986 (orig 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|93}} — pointed to a host of status categories, like class, rank, wealth, age, marital status, engagement with the empire, how sexual they wanted to seem, political alignment and purpose at the social event. For example, when women were being presented to the monarch, they were expected to wear three ostrich plumes, often called the [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes|Prince of Wales's feathers]].  

Like all fashions, the corset, which was quite long-lasting in all its various forms, eventually went out of style. Of the many factors that might have influenced its demise, perhaps most important was the women's movement, in which women's rights, freedom, employment and access to their own money and children were less slogan-worthy but at least as essential as votes for women. The activities of the animal-rights movements drew attention not only to the profligate use of the bodies and feathers of birds but also to the looming extinction of the baleen whale, which made whale bone scarce and expensive. Perhaps the century's debates over corseting and especially tightlacing were relevant to some decisions not to be corseted. And, of course, perhaps no other reason is required than that the nature of fashion is to change.  

== Cinque Cento ==
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''Cinque Cento'' is a shortening of ''mil cinque cento'', or 1500.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cinquecento, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/33143. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The term, then would refer, perhaps informally, to the sixteenth century.

== Crevé ==
''Creve'', without the accent, is an old word in English (c. 1450) for burst or split.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;creve, v.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44339. Accessed 8 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; ['''With the acute accent, it looks like a past participle in French.''']

== Elastic ==
Elastic had been invented and was in use by the end of the 19th century. For the sense of &quot;Elastic cord or string, usually woven with india-rubber,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“elastic, adj. &amp; n.”.  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press,  September 2023, &lt;https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1199670313&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' has usage examples beginning in 1847. The example for 1886 is vivid: &quot;The thorough-going prim man will always place a circle of elastic round his hair previous to putting on his college cap.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Elaborations ==
In her 1973 ''The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season'', Leonore Davidoff notes that women’s status was indicated by dress and especially ornament: “Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration,” she says, “symbolised some status category for the female wearer.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}

Looking at these elaborations as meaningful rather than dismissing them as failed attempts at &quot;historical accuracy&quot; reveals a great deal about the individual women who wore or carried them — and about the society women and political hostesses in their roles as managers of the social world. In her review of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', Mary Frances Gormally says,&lt;blockquote&gt;In a socially regulated year, garments custom made with a Worth label provided women with total reassurance, whatever the season, time of day or occasion, setting them apart as members of the “Best Circles” dressed in luxurious, fashionable and always appropriate attire (Davidoff 1973). The woman with a Worth wardrobe was a woman of elegance, lineage, status, extreme wealth and faultless taste.&lt;ref&gt;Gormally, Mary Frances. Review essay of ''The House of Worth: Portrait of an Archive'', by Amy de la Haye and Valerie D. Mendes (V&amp;A Publishing, 2014). ''Fashion Theory'' 2017 (21, 1): 109–126. DOI: 10.1080/1362704X.2016.1179400.&lt;/ref&gt; (117)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Aglet, Aiglet ===
Historically, an aglet is a &quot;point or metal piece that capped a string [or ribbon] used to attach two pieces of the garment together, i.e., sleeve and bodice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4}} Although they were decorative, they were not always visible on the outside of the clothing. They were often stuffed inside the layers at the waist (for example, attaching the bodice to a skirt or breeches).

=== Frou-frou ===
In French, ''frou-frou'' or, spelled as ''froufrou'', is the sound of the rustling of silk or sometimes of fabrics in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-07-25|title=frou-frou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=frou-frou&amp;oldid=32508509|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/frou-frou.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use the French ''Wiktionnaire'' lists is Honoré Balzac, ''La Cousine Bette'', 1846.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-03|title=froufrou|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=froufrou&amp;oldid=32330124|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/froufrou.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Frou-frou'' is a term clothing historians use to describe decorative additions to an article of clothing; often the term has a slight negative connotation, suggesting that the additions are superficial.

=== Pouf, Puff, Poof ===
According to the French ''Wikipédia'', a pouf was, beginning in 1744, a &quot;kind of women's hairstyle&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The hairstyle in question, known as the “pouf”, had launched the reputation of the enterprising Rose Bertin, owner of the Grand Mogol, a very prominent fashion accessories boutique on Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris in 1774. Created in collaboration with the famous hairdresser, Monsieur Léonard, the pouf was built on a scaffolding of wire, fabric, gauze, horsehair, fake hair, and the client's own hair held up in an almost vertical position. — (Marie-Antoinette, ''Queen of Fashion'', translated from the American by Sylvie Lévy, in ''The Rules of the Game'', n° 40, 2009)&lt;/blockquote&gt;''Puff'' and ''poof'' are used to describe clothing.

=== Shirring ===
''Shirring'' is the gathering of fabric to make poufs or puffs. The 19th century is known for its use of this decorative technique. Even men's clothing had shirring: at the shoulder seam.

=== Sequins ===
Sequins, paillettes, spangles

Sequins — or paillettes — are &quot;small, scalelike glittering disks.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(216) The French ''Wiktionnaire'' defines ''paillette'' as &quot;Lamelle de métal, brillante, mince, percée au milieu, ordinairement ronde, et qu’on applique sur une étoffe pour l’orner [A strip of metal, shiny, thin, pierced in the middle, usually round, and which is applied to a fabric in order to decorate it.]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-03-18|title=paillette|url=https://fr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=paillette&amp;oldid=33809572|journal=Wiktionnaire, le dictionnaire libre|language=fr}} https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/paillette.&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the ''OED'', the use of ''sequin'' as a decorative device for clothing (as opposed to gold coins minted and used for international trade) goes back to the 1850s.&lt;ref&gt;“Sequin, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, September 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4074851670.&lt;/ref&gt; The first instance of ''spangle'' as &quot;A small round thin piece of glittering metal (usually brass) with a hole in the centre to pass a thread through, used for the decoration of textile fabrics and other materials of various sorts&quot; is from c. 1420.&lt;ref&gt;“Spangle, N. (1).” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4727197141.&lt;/ref&gt; The first use of ''paillette'' listed in the French ''Wiktionnaire'' is in Jules Verne in 1873 to describe colored spots on icy walls.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Currently many distinguish between sequins (which are smaller) and paillettes (which are larger).

Before the 20th century, sequins were metal discs or foil leaves, and so of course if they were silver or copper, they tarnished. It is not until well into the 20th century that plastics were invented and used for sequins.

=== Trim and Lace ===
''A History of Feminine Fashion'', published sometime before 1927 and probably commissioned by [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Worth, of Paris|the Maison Worth]], describes Charles Frederick Worth's contributions to the development of embroidery and [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Passementerie|passementerie]] (trim) from about the middle of the 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;For it must be remembered that one of M. Worth's most important and lasting contributions to the prosperity of those who cater for women's needs, as well as to the variety and elegance of his clients' garments, was his insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description. In his endeavours to restore in Paris the splendours of the days of La Pompadour, and of Marie Antoinette, he found himself confronted at the outset with a grave difficulty, which would have proved unsurmountable to a man of less energy, resource and initiative. The magnificent materials of those days were no longer to be had! The Revolution had destroyed the market for beautiful materials of this, type, and the Restoration and regime of Louis Philippe had left a dour aspect in the City of Light. ... On parallel lines [to his development of better [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Satin|satin]]], [Worth] stimulated also the manufacture of embroidery and ''passementerie''. It was he who first started the manufacture of laces copied from the designs of the real old laces. He was the / first dressmaker to use fur in the trimming of light materials — but he employed only the richer furs, such as sable and ermine, and had no use whatever for the inferior varieties of skins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;{{rp|6–7}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Gold and Silver Fabric and Lace ====

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on gold and silver fabric, threads and lace attached to the article on gold. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;GOLD AND SILVER LACE. Under this heading a general account may be given of the use of the precious metals in textiles of all descriptions into which they enter. That these metals were used largely in the sumptuous textiles of the earliest periods of civilization there is abundant testimony; and to this day, in the Oriental centres whence a knowledge and the use of fabrics inwoven, ornamented, and embroidered with gold and silver first spread, the passion for such brilliant and costly textiles is still most strongly and generally prevalent. The earliest mention of the use of gold in a woven fabric occurs in the description of the ephod made for Aaron (Exod. xxxix. 2, 3) — &quot;And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires (strips), to work it in the blue, and in the purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, with cunning work.&quot; In both the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' distinct allusion is frequently made to inwoven and embroidered golden textiles. Many circumstances point to the conclusion that the art of weaving and embroidering with gold and silver originated in India, where it is still principally prosecuted, and that from one great city to another the practice travelled westward, — Babylon, Tarsus, Baghdad, Damascus, the islands of Cyprus and Sicily, Con- / stantinople and Venice, all in the process of time becoming famous centres of these much prized manufactures. Alexander the Great found Indian kings and princes arrayed in robes of gold and purple; and the Persian monarch Darius, we are told, wore a war mantle of cloth of gold, on which were figured two golden hawks as if pecking at each other. There is reason, according to Josephus, to believe that the “royal apparel&quot; worn by Herod on the day of his death (Acts xii. 21) was a tissue of silver. Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Claudius, had a robe woven entirely of gold, and from that period downwards royal personages and high ecclesiastical dignitaries used cloth and tissues of gold and silver for their state and ceremonial robes, as well as for costly hangings and decorations. In England, at different periods, various names were applied to cloths of gold, as ciclatoun, tartarium, naques or nac, baudekiu or baldachin, Cyprus damask, and twssewys or tissue. The thin flimsy paper known as tissue paper, is so called because it originally was placed between the folds of gold &quot;tissue&quot; to prevent the contiguous surfaces from fraying each other. At what time the drawing of gold wire for the preparation of these textiles was first practised is not accurately known. The art was probably introduced and applied in different localities at widely different dates, but down till mediaeval times the method graphically described in the Pentateuch continued to be practised with both gold and silver.

Fabrics woven with gold and silver continue to be used on the largest scale to this day in India; and there the preparation of the varieties of wire, and the working of the various forms of lace, brocade, and embroidery, is at once an important and peculiar art. The basis of all modern fabrics of this kind is wire, the &quot;gold wire&quot; of the manufacturer being in all cases silver gilt wire, and silver wire being, of course, composed of pure silver. In India the wire is drawn by means of simple draw-plates, with rude and simple appliances, from rounded bars of silver, or gold-plated silver, as the case may be. The wire is flattened into the strip or ribbon-like form it generally assumes by passing it, fourteen or fifteen strands simultaneously, over a fine, smooth, round-topped anvil, and beating it as it passes with a heavy hammer having a slightly convex surface. From wire so flattened there is made in India soniri, a tissue or cloth of gold, the web or warp being composed entirely of golden strips, and ruperi, a similar tissue of silver. Gold lace is also made on a warp of thick yellow silk with a weft of flat wire, and in the case of ribbons the warp or web is composed of the metal. The flattened wires are twisted around orange (in the case of silver, white) coloured silk thread, so as completely to cover the thread and present the appearance of a continuous wire; and in this form it is chiefly employed for weaving into the rich brocades known as kincobs or kinkhábs. Wires flattened, or partially flattened, are also twisted into exceedingly fine spirals, and in this form they are the basis of numerous ornamental applications. Such spirals drawn out till they present a waved appearance, and in that state flattened, are much used for rich heavy embroideries termed karchobs. Spangles for embroideries, &amp;c., are made from spirals of comparatively stout wire, by cutting them down ring by ring, laying each C-like ring on an anvil, and by a smart blow with a hammer flattening it out into a thin round disk with a slit extending from the centre to one edge. Fine spirals are also used for general embroidery purposes. The demand for various kinds of loom-woven and embroidered gold and silver work in India is immense; and the variety of textiles so ornamented is also very great. &quot;Gold and silver,&quot; says Dr Birdwood in his ''Handbook to the British-Indian Section, Paris Exhibition'', 1878, &quot;are worked into the decoration of all the more costly loom-made garments and Indian piece goods, either on the borders only, or in stripes throughout, or in diapered figures. The gold-bordered loom embroideries are made chiefly at Sattara, and the gold or silver striped at Tanjore; the gold figured ''mashrus'' at Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Hyderabad in the Deccau; and the highly ornamented gold-figured silks and gold and silver tissues principally at Ahmedabad, Benares, Murshedabad, and Trichinopoly.&quot;

Among the Western communities the demand for gold and silver lace and embroideries arises chiefly in connexion with naval and military uniforms, court costumes, public and private liveries, ecclesiastical robes and draperies, theatrical dresses, and the badges and insignia of various orders. To a limited extent there is a trade in gold wire and lace to India and China. The metallic basis of the various fabrics is wire round and flattened, the wire being of three kinds — 1st, gold wire, which is invariably silver gilt wire; 2d, copper gilt wire, used for common liveries and theatrical purposes; and 3d, silver wire. These wires are drawn by the ordinary processes, and the flattening, when done, is accomplished by passing the wire between a pair of revolving rollers of fine polished steel. The various qualities of wire are prepared and used in precisely the same way as in India, — round wire, flat wire, thread made of flat gold wire twisted round orange-coloured silk or cotton, known in the trade as &quot;orris,&quot; fine spirals and spangles, all being in use in the West as in the East. The lace is woven in the same manner as ribbons, and there are very numerous varieties in richness, pattern, and quality.  Cloth of gold, and brocades rich in gold and silver, are woven for ecclesiastical vestments and draperies.

The proportions of gold and silver in the gold thread for the lace trade varies, but in all cases the proportion of gold is exceedingly small. An ordinary gold lace wire is drawn from a bar containing 90 parts of silver and 7 of copper, coated with 3 parts of gold. On an average each ounce troy of a bar so plated is drawn into 1500 yards of wire; and therefore about 16 grains of gold cover a mile of wire. It is estimated that about 250,000 ounces of gold wire are made annually in Great Britain, of which about 20 per cent, is used for the headings of calico, muslin, &amp;c., and the remainder is worked up in the gold lace trade.&lt;ref&gt;William Chandler Roberts-Austen and H. Bauerman [W.C.R. — H.B.]. &quot;Gold and Silver Lace.&quot; In &quot;Gold.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. 10 (X). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%2010%20%28G-GOT%29%20193592738.23/page/753/mode/1up (accessed January 2023): 753, Col. 2c – 754, Cols. 1a–b – 2a–b.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Honiton Lace ====

Kate Stradsin says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Honiton lace was the finest English equivalent of Brussels bobbin lace and was constructed in small ‘sprigs, in the cottages of lacemakers[.'] These sprigs were then joined together and bleached to form the large white flounces that were so sought after in the mid-nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;Strasdin, Kate. &quot;Rediscovering Queen Alexandra’s Wardrobe: The Challenges and Rewards of Object-Based Research.&quot; ''The Court Historian'' 24.2 (2019): 181-196. Rpt  http://repository.falmouth.ac.uk/3762/15/Rediscovering%20Queen%20Alexandra%27s%20Wardrobe.pdf: 13, and (for the little quotation) n. 37, which reads &quot;Margaret Tomlinson, ''Three Generations in the Honiton Lace Trade: A Family History'', self-published, 1983.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Strook in Alençon naaldkant, 1750-1775.jpg|thumb|alt=A long piece of complex white lace with garlands, flowers and bows|Point d'Alençon lace, 1750-1775]]
==== Passementerie ====
''Passementerie'' is the French term for trim on clothing or furniture. The 19th century (especially during the First and Second Empire) was a time of great &quot;''exubérance''&quot; in passementerie in French design, including the development and widespread use of the Jacquard loom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-10|title=Passementerie|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passementerie&amp;oldid=205068926|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passementerie.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Point d'Alençon Lace ====
A lace made by hand using a number of complex steps and layers. The lacemakers build the point d'Alençon design on some kind of mesh and sometimes leave some of the mesh in as part of the lace and perhaps to provide structure.

Elizabeth Lewandowski defines point d'Alençon lace and Alençon lace separately. Point lace is needlepoint lace,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. ''The Complete Costume Dictionary''. Scarecrow Press, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|233}} so Alençon point is &quot;a two thread [needlepoint] lace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}} Alençon lace has a &quot;floral design on [a] fine net ground [and is] referred to as [the] queen of French handmade needlepoint laces. The original handmade Alençon was a fine needlepoint lace made of linen thread.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|7}}

The sample of point d'Alençon lace (right), from 1750–1775, shows the linen mesh that the lace was constructed on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689|title=MoMu - Open Fashion|website=openfashion.momu.be|access-date=2024-02-26}} ModeMuseum Antwerpen. http://openfashion.momu.be/#9ce5f00e-8a06-4dab-a833-05c3371f3689.&lt;/ref&gt; The consistency in this sample suggests it may have been made by machine.

== Fabric ==

=== Brocatelle ===
Brocatelle is a kind of brocade, more simple than most brocades because it uses fewer warp and weft threads and fewer colors to form the design. The article in the French ''Wikipédia'' defines it like this:&lt;blockquote&gt;La '''brocatelle''' est un type de tissu datant du &lt;abbr&gt;xvi&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle qui comporte deux chaînes et deux trames, au minimum. Il est composé pour que le dessin ressorte avec un relief prononcé, grâce à la chaîne sur un fond en sergé. Les brocatelles les plus anciennes sont toujours fabriquées avec une des trames en lin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-06-01|title=Brocatelle|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brocatelle&amp;oldid=204796410|journal=Wikipédia|language=fr}} https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocatelle.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Which translates to this:&lt;blockquote&gt;Brocatelle is a type of fabric dating from the 16th century that has two warps and two wefts, at a minimum. It is composed so that the design stands out with a pronounced relief, thanks to the weft threads on a twill background. The oldest brocades were always made with one of the wefts being linen.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' says, brocatelle is an &quot;imitation of brocade, usually made of silk or wool, used for tapestry, upholstery, etc., now also for dresses. Both the nature and the use of the stuff have changed&quot; between the late 17th century and 1888, the last time this definition was revised.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;brocatelle, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/23550. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Broché ===

=== Ciselé ===

=== Crépe de Chine ===
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' distinguishes the use of ''crêpe'' (using a circumflex rather than an acute accent over the first ''e'') from ''crape'' in textiles, saying ''crêpe'' is &quot;often borrowed [from the French] as a term for all crapy fabrics other than ordinary black mourning crape,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;crêpe, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/44242. Accessed 10 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; with usage examples ranging from 1797 to the mid 20th century. Crêpe de chine, it says is &quot;a white or other coloured crape made of raw silk.&quot;

=== Épinglé Velvet ===
Often spelled ''épingle'' rather than ''épinglé'', this term appears to have been used for a fabric made of wool, or at least wool along with linen or cotton, that was heavier and stiffer than silk velvet. It was associated with outer garments and men's clothing. Nowadays, épinglé velvet is an upholstery fabric in which the pile is cut into designs and patterns, and the portrait of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Mary, Duchess of Hamilton]] shows a mantle described as épinglé velvet that does seem to be a velvet with a woven pattern perhaps cut into the pile. 

=== Lace ===
While lace also functioned sometimes as fabric — at the décolletage, for example, on the stomacher or as a veil — here we organize it as a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Trim and Lace|part of the elaboration of clothing]].

=== Liberty Fabrics ===

=== Lisse ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the term ''lisse'' as a &quot;kind of silk gauze&quot; was used in the 19th-century UK and US.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;lisse, n.1.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/108978. Accessed 4 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Satin ===
The pre-1927 ''History of Feminine Fashion'', probably commissioned by Charles Frederick Worth's sons, describes Worth's &quot;insistence on new fabrics, new trimmings, new materials of every description&quot; at the beginning of his career in the mid 19th century:&lt;blockquote&gt;When Worth first entered the business of dressmaking, the only materials of the richer sort used for woman's dress were velvet, faille, and watered silk. Satin, for example, was never used. M. Worth desired to use satin very extensively in the gowns he designed, but he was not satisfied with what could be had at the time; he wanted something very much richer than was produced by the mills at Lyons. That his requirements entailed the reconstruction of mills mattered little — the mills were reconstructed under his directions, and the Lyons looms turned out a richer satin than ever, and the manufacturers prospered accordingly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;[Worth, House of.] {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfFeminineFashion|title=A History Of Feminine Fashion (1800s to 1920s)}} Before 1927. [Likely commissioned by Worth. Link is to Archive.org; info from Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Worth_Biarritz_salon.jpg.]&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|6 in printed, 26 in digital book}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Selesia ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''silesia'' is &quot;A fine linen or cotton fabric originally manufactured in Silesia in what is now Germany (''Schlesien'').&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Silesia, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/179664. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; It may have been used as a lining — for pockets, for example — in garments made of more luxurious or more expensive cloth. The word ''sleazy'' — &quot;Of textile fabrics or materials: Thin or flimsy in texture; having little substance or body.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sleazy, adj.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/181563. Accessed 9 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; — may be related.

=== Shot Fabric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', &quot;Of a textile fabric: Woven with warp-threads of one colour and weft-threads of another, so that the fabric (usually silk) changes in tint when viewed from different points.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Shot, ''Adj.''”  ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP,  July 2023,  https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2977164390.&lt;/ref&gt; A shot fabric might also be made of silk and cotton fibers.

=== Tissue ===
A lightly woven fabric like gauze or chiffon. The light weave can make the fabric translucent and make pleating and gathering flatter and less bulky. Tissue can be woven to be shot, sheer, stiff or soft.

Historically, the term in English was used for a &quot;rich kind of cloth, often interwoven with gold or silver&quot; or &quot;various rich or fine fabrics of delicate or gauzy texture.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Tissue, N.” ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/5896731814.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fan ==

The ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' (9th edition) has an article on the fan. (This article is based on knowledge that would have been available toward the end of the 19th century and does not, obviously, reflect current knowledge or ways of talking.)&lt;blockquote&gt;FAN (Latin, ''vannus''; French, ''éventail''), a light implement used for giving motion to the air. ''Ventilabrum'' and ''flabellum'' are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories. Fans for cooling the face have been in use in hot climates from remote ages. A bas-relief in the British Museum represents Sennacherib with female figures carrying feather fans. They were attributes of royalty along with horse-hair fly-flappers and umbrellas. Examples may be seen in plates of the Egyptian sculptures at Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of Persepolis. In the museum of Boulak, near Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved. It is from the tomb of Amen-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, 17th century &lt;small&gt;B&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;small&gt;C&lt;/small&gt;. In India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems. A heartshaped fan, with an ivory handle, of unknown age, and held in great veneration by the Hindus, was given to the prince of Wales. Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in common use by Europeans in India at this day.

Fans were used in the early Middle Ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the Christian mysteries. Sometimes they were round, with bells attached — of silver, or silver gilt. Notices of such fans in the ancient records of St Paul’s, London, Salisbury cathedral, and many other churches, exist still. For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western church, though they are retained in some Oriental rites. The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the state processions of the supreme pontiff in Rome, though not used during the celebration of the mass. The fan of Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of Monza. Fans made part of the bridal outfit, or ''mundus muliebris'', of ancient Roman ladies.

Folding fans had their origin in Japan, and were imported thence to China. They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of paper pasted on a light radiating frame-work of bamboo, and variously decorated, some in colours, others of white paper on which verses or sentences are written. It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any special occasion, and this practice has continued. A fan that has some celebrity in France was presented by the Chinese ambassador to the Comtesse de Clauzel at the coronation of Napoleon I. in 1804. When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial island, for the settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the form of a fan as emblematic of an object agreeable for general use. Men and women of every rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one hand while working with the other. In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon. The Japanese make the two outer guards of the stick, which cover the others, occasionally of beaten iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with gold and other metals.

Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in England before the close of the reign of Richard II. In France the inventory of Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan. They were brought into general use in that country by Catherine de’ Medici, probably from Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of personal luxury. The court ladies of Henry VIII.’s reign in England were used to handling fans, A lady in the Dance of Death by Holbein holds a fan. Queen Elizabeth is painted with a round leather fan in her portrait at Gorhambury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (1606). Coryat, an English traveller, in 1608 describes them as common in Italy. They also became of general use from that time in Spain. In Italy, France, and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them grew into a code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society. A paper in the ''Spectator'' humorously  proposes to establish a regular drill for these purposes.

The chief seat of the European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (called latterly ''chicken skin'', but not correctly), — a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds. Paris makers exported fans unpainted to Madrid and other Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists. Many were exported complete; of old fans called Spanish a great number were in fact made in France. Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture. Besides fans mounted with parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and decorated by the heraldic painters in the process called “Vernis Martin,” after a famous carriage painter and inventor of colourless lac varnish. Fans of this kind belonging to the Queen and to the late baroness de Rothschild were exhibited in 1870 at Kensington. A fan of the date of 1660, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de Champagne, another to Peter Oliver in England in the / 17th century. Cano de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century devoted himself to fan painting. Some harsh expressions of Queen Christina to the young ladies of the French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold. Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century. Lebrun and Romanelli were much employed during the same period. Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation for his fans from the latter part of the 17th and the first thirty years of the 18th century.

The revocation of the edict of Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to Holland and England. The trade in England was well established under the Stuart sovereigns. Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a duty was levied upon such fans in consequence. This importation of Indian fans, according to Savary, extended also to France. During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent those formerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes.

During the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it. The sticks were made of mother-of-pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England, and other countries. They were painted from designs of Boucher, Watteau, Lancret, and other &quot;genre&quot; painters, Hébert, Rau, Chevalier, Jean Boquet, Mad. Verité, are known as fan painters. These fashions were followed in most countries of Europe, with certain national differences. Taffeta and silk, as well as fine parchment, were used for the mounts. Little circles of glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the pivot of the stick. They were occasionally mounted with the finest point lace. An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the work of Le Flamand, was presented by the municipality of Dieppe to Marie Antoinette on the birth of her son the dauphin. From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out. Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries. The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with political events. At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand. The events of the day mark the date of many examples found in modern collections. Amongst the fanmakers of the present time the names of Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier, may be mentioned as well known in Paris. The sticks are chiefly made in the department of Oise, at Le Déluge, Crèvecœur, Méry, Ste Geneviève, and other villages, where whole families are engaged in preparing them; ivory sticks are carved at Dieppe. Water-colour painters of distinction often design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects. A great impulse has been given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England since the exhibition which took place at South Kensington in 1870. Other exhibitions have since been held, and competitive prizes offered, one of which was gained by the Princess Louise. Modern collections of fans take their date from the emigration of many noble families from France at the time of the Revolution. Such objects were given as souvenirs and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances. A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, German, Italian Spanish, &amp;c., have been lately bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum.

Regarding the different parts of folding fans it may be well to state that the sticks are called in French ''brins'', the two outer guards ''panaches'', and the mount ''feuille''.&lt;ref&gt;J. H. Pollen [J.H.P.]. &quot;Fan.&quot; ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 9th Edition (1875–1889). Vol. '''10''' ('''X'''). Adam and Charles Black (Publisher). https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%209%20%28FAL-FYZ%29%20193323016.23/page/26/mode/2up (accessed January 2023): 27, Col. 1b – 28, Col. 1c.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Fancy-dress Ball ==
Fancy-dress (or costume) balls were popular and frequent in the U.K. and France as well as the rest of Europe during the 19th century. The themes and styles of the fancy-dress balls influenced those that followed. 

At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]], the guests came dressed in costume from times before 1820, as instructed on '''the invitation''', but their clothing was much more about late-Victorian standards of beauty and fashion than the standards of whatever time period the portraits they were copying or basing their costumes on. 

''The Queen'' published dress and fashion information and advice under the byline of Ardern Holt, who regularly answered questions from readers about fashion as well as about fancy dress. (More about Ardern Holt, which is almost certainly a pseudonym, can be found on the [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|People Working in Publishing]] page.) Holt also ran wrote entire articles with suggestions for what might make an appealing fancy-dress costume as well as pointing readers away from costumes that had been worn too frequently. The suggestions for costumes are based on familiar types or portraits available to readers, similar to Holt's books on fancy dress, which ran through a number of editions in the 1880s and 1890s. Fancy-dress questions sometimes asked for details about costumes worn in theatrical or operatic productions, which Holt provides. 

In November 1897, Holt refers to the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July ball: &quot;Since the famous fancy ball, given at Devonshire House during this year, historical fancy dresses have assumed a prominence that they had not hitherto known.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Holt, Ardern. &quot;Fancy Dress a la Mode.&quot; The ''Queen'' 27 November 1897, Saturday: 94 [of 145 in BNA; print p. 1026], Col. 1a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18971127/459/0094.&lt;/ref&gt; Holt goes on to provide a number of ideas for costumes for historical fancy dress, as always with a strong leaning toward Victorian standards of beauty and style and away from any concern for historical accuracy.

Ardern Holt published books on fancy dress as well as writing for the ''Queen'' and other periodicals, but not all of them were about fancy dress.

# ''Gentlemen's Fancy Dress: How to Choose It''. Wyman &amp; Sons, 1882. (''Google Books'' has this: https://books.google.com/books/about/Gentlemen_s_Fancy_Dress.html?id=ED8CAAAAQAAJ.) Later editions: 1898 (HathiTrust)
# ''Fancy Dresses Described; Or, What to Wear at Fancy Balls''. Debenham &amp; Freebody, 1882. Illustr., Lillian Young. (HathiTrust has this.) Later editions: 4th ed — 1884; 1887 (HathiTrust); 6th ed. — 1896 (HathiTrust)


As Leonore Davidoff says, &quot;Every cap, bow, streamer, ruffle, fringe, bustle, glove and other elaboration symbolised some status category for the female wearer.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}} [handled under Elaborations]

=== Historical Accuracy ===
Many of the costumes at the ball were based on portraits, especially when the guest was dressed as a historical figure. If possible, we have found the portraits likely to have been the originals, or we have found, if possible, portraits that show the subjects from the two time periods at similar ages.

The way clothing was cut changed quite a bit between the 18th and 19th centuries. We think of Victorian clothing — particularly women's clothing, and particularly at the end of the century — as inflexible and restrictive, especially compared to 20th- and 21st-century customs permitting freedom of movement. The difference is generally evolutionary rather than absolute — that is, as time has passed since the 18th century, clothing has allowed an increasingly greater range of movement, especially for people who did not do manual labor.

By the end of the 19th century, garments like women's bodices and men's coats were made fitted and smooth by attention to the grain of the fabric and by the use of darts (rather than techniques that assembled many small, individual pieces of fabric).

* clothing construction and flat-pattern techniques
* Generally, the further back in time we go, the more 2-dimensional the clothing itself was. 

==== Women's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
As always with this ball, whatever historical accuracy might be present in a woman's costume is altered so that the wearer is still a fashionable Victorian lady. What makes the costumes look &quot;Victorian&quot; to our eyes is the line of the silhouette caused by the foundation undergarments as well as the many &quot;elaborations&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|93}}, mostly in the decorations, trim and accessories. 

Also, the clothing hangs and drapes differently because the fabric was cut on grain and the shoulders were freed by the way the sleeves were set in. 

==== Men's Versions of Historical Accuracy at the Ball ====
Because men were not wearing a Victorian foundation garment at the end of the century, the men's costumes at the ball are more historically accurate in some ways.

* Trim
* Mixing neck treatments
* Hair
* Breeches
* Shoes and boots
* Military uniforms, arms, gloves, boots

== Feathers and Plumes ==

=== Aigrette ===
Elizabeth Lewandowski defines ''aigrette'' as &quot;France. Feather or plume from an egret or heron.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;(5) Sometimes the newspapers use the term to refer to an accessory (like a fan or ornament on a hat) that includes such a feather or plume. The straight and tapered feathers in an aigrette are in a bundle.

=== Prince of Wales's Feathers or White Plumes ===
The feathers in an aigrette came from egrets and herons; Prince of Wales's feathers came from ostriches. A fuller discussion of Prince of Wales's feathers and the white ostrich plumes worn at court appears on [[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|Victorian Things]].

For much of the late 18th and 19th centuries, white ostrich plumes were central to fashion at court, and at a certain point in the late 18th century they became required for women being presented to the monarch and for their sponsors. Our purpose here is to understand why women were wearing plumes at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] as part of their costumes.

First published in 1893, [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Colin Campbell|Lady Colin Campbell]]'s ''Manners and Rules of Good Society'' (1911 edition) says that&lt;blockquote&gt;It was compulsory for both Married and Unmarried Ladies to Wear Plumes. The married lady’s Court plume consisted of three white feathers. An unmarried lady’s of two white feathers. The three white feathers should be mounted as a Prince of Wales plume and worn towards the left hand side of the head. Colored feathers may not be worn. In deep mourning, white feathers must be worn, black feathers are inadmissible.&lt;p&gt;
White veils or lace lappets must be worn with the feathers. The veils should not be longer than 45 inches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/|title=The Court Presentation|last=Holl|first=Evangeline|date=2007-12-07|website=Edwardian Promenade|language=en-US|access-date=2022-12-18}} https://www.edwardianpromenade.com/etiquette/the-court-presentation/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;[[Social Victorians/Victorian Things#Ostrich Feathers and Prince of Wales's Feathers|This fashion was imported from France]] in the mid 1770s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Abstract&quot; for Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright''': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. ''Wiley Online'' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x (accessed November 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

Separately, a secondary heraldic emblem of the Prince of Wales has been a specific arrangement of 3 ostrich feathers in a gold coronet&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-11-07|title=Prince of Wales's feathers|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers&amp;oldid=1120556015|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales's_feathers.&lt;/ref&gt; since King Edward III (1312–1377&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-12-14|title=Edward III of England|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_III_of_England&amp;oldid=1127343221|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Some women at the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball]] wore white ostrich feathers in their hair, but most of them are not Prince of Wales's feathers. Most of the plumes in these portraits are arrangements of some kind of headdress to accompany the costume. A few, wearing what looks like the Princes of Wales's feathers, might be signaling that their character is royal or has royal ancestry. '''One of the women [which one?] was presented to the royals at this ball?'''

Here is the list of women who are wearing white ostrich plumes in their portraits in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs|''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball'' album of 286 photogravure portraits]]:

# Kathleen Pelham-Clinton, the [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Duchess of Newcastle]]
# [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish|Luise Cavendish]], the Duchess of Devonshire
# Jesusa Murrieta del Campo Mello y Urritio (née Bellido), [[Social Victorians/People/Santurce|Marquisa de Santurce]]
# Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Farquhar|Emilie Farquhar]]
# Princess (Laura Williamina Seymour) Victor of  [[Social Victorians/People/Gleichen#Laura%20Williamina%20Seymour%20of%20Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Hohenlohe Langenburg]]
# Louisa Acheson, [[Social Victorians/People/Gosford|Lady Gosford]]
# Alice Emily White Coke, [[Social Victorians/People/Leicester|Viscountess Coke]]
# Lady Mary Stewart, Helen Mary Theresa [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Vane-Tempest-Stewart]]
#[[Social Victorians/People/Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill|Consuelo Vanderbilt Spencer-Churchill]], Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]], dressed as the wife of the French Ambassador at the Court of Catherine of Russia (not white, but some color that reads dark in the black-and-white photograph)
#Mrs. Mary [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] (at 491), wearing white plumes, as Madame d'Epinay
#Lady Clementine [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Hay]] (at 629), wearing white plumes, as St. Bris (''Les Huguenots'')
#[[Social Victorians/People/Meysey-Thompson|Lady Meysey-Thompson]] (at 391), wearing white plumes, as Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Grosvenor|Algernon (Catherine) Grosvenor]] (at 510), wearing white plumes, as Marie Louise
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ancaster|Evelyn Ewart]], at 401), wearing white plumes, as the Duchess of Ancaster, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Charlotte, 1757, after a picture by Hudson
#[[Social Victorians/People/Lyttelton|Edith Sophy Balfour Lyttelton]] (at 580), wearing what might be white plumes on a large-brimmed white hat, after a picture by Romney
#[[Social Victorians/People/Yznaga|Emilia Yznaga]] (at 360), wearing what might be white plumes, as Cydalise of the Comedie Italienne from the time of Louis XV
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Ilchester|Muriel Fox Strangways]] (at 403), wearing what might be two smallish white plumes, as Lady Sarah Lennox, one of the bridesmaids of Queen Charlotte A.D. 1761
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Lucan|Violet Bingham]] (at 586), wearing perhaps one white plume in a headdress not related to the Prince of Wales's feathers
#Rosamond Fellowes, [[Social Victorians/People/de Ramsey|Lady de Ramsey]] (at 329), wearing a headdress that includes some white plumes, as Lady Burleigh
#[[Social Victorians/People/Dupplin|Agnes Blanche Marie Hay-Drummond]] (at 682), in a big headdress topped with white plumes, as Mademoiselle Andrée de Taverney A.D. 1775
#Florence Canning, [[Social Victorians/People/Garvagh|Lady Garvagh]] (at 336), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#[[Social Victorians/People/Suffolk|Marguerite Hyde &quot;Daisy&quot; Leiter]] (at 684), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes
#Lady [[Social Victorians/People/Spicer|Margaret Spicer]] (at 281), wearing one smallish white and one black plume, as Countess Zinotriff, Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Catherine of Russia
#Mrs. [[Social Victorians/People/Cavendish Bentinck|Arthur James]] (at 318), wearing what looks like Prince of Wales's plumes, as Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Bess of Hardwick
#Nellie, [[Social Victorians/People/Kilmorey|Countess of Kilmorey]] (at 207), wearing three tall plumes, 2 white and one dark, as Comtesse du Barri
#Daisy, [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess of Warwick]] (at 53), wearing at least 1 white plume, as Marie Antoinette

More men than women were wearing plumes reminiscent of the Prince of Wales's feathers:

*

==== Bibliography for Plumes and Prince of Wales's Feathers ====
* Blackwell, Caitlin. &quot;'''The Feather'd Fair in a Fright'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'': The Emblem of the Feather in Graphic Satire of 1776.&quot; Journal for ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 20 January 2013 (Vol. 36, Issue 3): 353-376. Wiley Online DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2012.00550.x.
* &quot;Prince of Wales's feathers.&quot; ''Wikipedia'' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers (accessed November 2022). ['''Add women to this page''']
* Simpson, William. &quot;On the Origin of the Prince of Wales' Feathers.&quot; ''Fraser's magazine'' 617 (1881): 637-649. Hathi Trust https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79253140&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=643&amp;q1=feathers (accessed December 2022). Deals mostly with use of feathers in other cultures and in antiquity; makes brief mention of feathers and plumes in signs and pub names that may not be associated with the Prince of Wales. No mention of the use of plumes in women's headdresses or court dress.

== Honors ==

=== The Bath ===
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCB or DCB, Knight or Dame Commander; CB, Companion)

=== The Garter ===
The Most Noble Order of the Knights of the Garter (KG, Knight Companion; LG, Lady Companion)

[[File:The Golden Fleece - collar exhibited at MET, NYC.jpg|thumb|The Golden Fleece collar and pendant for the 2019 &quot;Last Knight&quot; exhibition at the MET, NYC.|alt=Recent photograph of a gold necklace on a wide band, with a gold skin of a sheep hanging from it as a pendant]]
=== The Golden Fleece ===
To wear the golden fleece is to wear the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, said to be &quot;the most prestigious and historic order of chivalry in the world&quot; because of its long history and strict limitations on membership.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-25|title=Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece&amp;oldid=980340875|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The monarchs of the U.K. were members of the originally Spanish order, as were others who could afford it, like the Duke of Wellington,&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Thompson, R[obert]. H[ugh]. &quot;The Golden Fleece in Britain.&quot; Publication of the ''British Numismatic Society''. 2009 https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2009_BNJ_79_8.pdf (accessed January 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; the first Protestant to be admitted to the order.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Founded in 1429/30 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the order separated into two branches in 1714, one Spanish and the other Austrian, still led by the House of Habsburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Prince Albert - Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1842.jpg|thumb|1842 Winterhalter portrait of Prince Albert wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1842|left|alt=1842 Portrait of Prince Albert by Winterhalter, wearing the insignia of the Golden Fleece]]
The photograph (upper right) is of a Polish badge dating from the &quot;turn of the XV and XVI centuries.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Polski:  Kolana orderowa orderu Złotego Runa, przełom XV i XVI wieku.|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg|date=2019-11-10|accessdate=2023-01-10|last=Wulfstan}}. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Golden_Fleece_-_collar_exhibited_at_MET,_NYC.jpg.&lt;/ref&gt; The collar to this Golden Fleece might be similar to the one the [[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish#The Insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Duke of Devonshire is wearing in the 1897 Lafayette portrait]].

The badges and collars that Knights of the Order actually wore vary quite a bit.

The 1842 Franz Xaver Winterhalter portrait (left) of Prince Consort Albert, Victoria's husband and father of the Prince of Wales, shows him wearing the Golden Fleece on a red ribbon around his neck and the star of the Garter on the front of his coat.&lt;ref&gt;Winterhalter, Franz Xaver. ''Prince Albert''. {{Cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61|title=Explore the Royal Collection Online|website=www.rct.uk|access-date=2023-01-16}} https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/16/collection/401412/prince-albert-1819-61.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Royal Victorian Order ===
(GCVO, Knight or Dame Grand Cross; KCVO or DCVO, Knight or Dame Commander; CVO, Commander; LVO, Lieutenant; MVO, Member)

=== St. John ===
The Order of the Knights of St. John

=== Star of India ===
Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (GCSI, Knight Grand Commander; KCSI, Knight Commander; CSI, Companion)

=== Thistle ===
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle

== Jewelry and Stones ==

=== Cabochon ===
This term describes both the treatment and shape of a precious or semiprecious stone. A cabochon treatment does not facet the stone but merely polishes it, removing &quot;the rough parts&quot; and the parts that are not the right stone.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cabochon, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, December 2022, www.oed.com/view/Entry/25778. Accessed 7 February 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cabochon shape is often flat on one side and oval or round, forming a mound in the setting.

=== Jet ===

=== ''Orfèvrerie'' ===
Sometimes misspelled in the newspapers as ''orvfèvrerie''. ''Orfèvrerie'' is the artistic work of a goldsmith, silversmith, or jeweler.

=== Turquoises ===

== Military ==
Several men from the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress ball at Devonshire House]] were dressed in military uniforms, some historical and some, possibly, not.

=== Baldric ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''baldric'' is &quot;A belt or girdle, usually of leather and richly ornamented, worn pendent from one shoulder across the breast and under the opposite arm, and used to support the wearer's sword, bugle, etc.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;baldric, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/14849. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; This sense has been in existence since c. 1300.

=== Cuirass ===
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the primary sense of ''cuirass'' is &quot;A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); ''spec.'' a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back-plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together ....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;cuirass, n.&quot; ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2023, www.oed.com/view/Entry/45604. Accessed 17 May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|thumb|alt=An Old drawing in color of British soldiers on horses brandishing swords in 1815.|1890 illustration of the Household Cavalry (Life Guard, left; Horse Guard, right) at the Battle of Waterloo, 1815]]
=== Household Cavalry ===
The Royal Household contains the Household Cavalry, a corps of British Army units assigned to the monarch. It is made up of 2 regiments, the Life Guards and what is now called The Blues and Royals, which were formed around the time of &quot;the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Joll, Christopher. &quot;Tales of the Household Cavalry, No. 1. Roles.&quot; The Household Cavalry Museum, https://householdcavalry.co.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2021/06/Household-Cavalry-Museum-video-series-large-print-text-Tales-episode-01.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}} Regimental Historian Christopher Joll says, &quot;the original Life Guards were formed as a mounted bodyguard for the exiled King Charles II, The Blues were raised as Cromwellian cavalry and The Royals were established to defend Tangier.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|1–2}} The 1st and 2nd Life Guards were formed from &quot;the Troops of Horse and Horse Grenadier Guards ... in 1788.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} The Life Guards were and are still official bodyguards of the queen or king, but through history they have been required to do quite a bit more than serve as bodyguards for the monarch.

The Household Cavalry fought in the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, 18 June 1815 as heavy cavalry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} Besides arresting the Cato Steet conspirators in 1820 &quot;and guarding their subsequent execution,&quot; the Household Cavalry contributed to the &quot;the expedition to rescue General Gordon, who was trapped in Khartoum by The Mahdi and his army of insurgents&quot; in 1884.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} In 1887 they &quot;were involved ... in the suppression of rioters in Trafalgar Square on Bloody Sunday.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|3}} 

==== Grenadier Guards ====
Three men — [[Social Victorians/People/Gordon-Lennox#Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox|Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox]], [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Edward George Villiers Stanley, Lord Stanley|Lord Stanley]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Stanley#Hon. Ferdinand Charles Stanley|Hon. F. C. Stanley]] — attended the ball as officers of the Grenadier Guards, wearing &quot;scarlet tunics, ... full blue breeches, scarlet hose and shoes, lappet wigs&quot; as well as items associated with weapons and armor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 2a}}

Founded in England in 1656 as Foot Guards, this infantry regiment &quot;was granted the 'Grenadier' designation by a Royal Proclamation&quot; at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Grenadier Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grenadier_Guards&amp;oldid=1151238350|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt; They were not called Grenadier Guards, then, before about 1815. In 1660, the Stuart Restoration, they were called Lord Wentworth's Regiment, because they were under the command of Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2022-07-24|title=Lord Wentworth's Regiment|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment&amp;oldid=1100069077|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Wentworth%27s_Regiment.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the time of Lord Wentworth's Regiment, the style of the French cavalier had begun to influence wealthy British royalists. In the British military, a Cavalier was a wealthy follower of Charles I and Charles II — a commander, perhaps, or a field officer, but probably not a soldier.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-04-22|title=Cavalier|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier&amp;oldid=1151166569|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Guards were busy as infantry in the 17th century, engaging in a number of armed conflicts for Great Britain, but they also served the sovereign. According to the Guards Museum,&lt;blockquote&gt;In 1678 the Guards were ordered to form Grenadier Companies, these men were the strongest and tallest of the regiment, they carried axes, hatches and grenades, they were the shock troops of their day. Instead of wearing tri-corn hats they wore a mitre shaped cap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/|title=Service to the Crown|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-2/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The name comes from ''grenades'', then, and we are accustomed to seeing them in front of Buckingham Palace, with their tall mitre hats.

The Guard fought in the American Revolution, and in the 19th century, the Grenadier Guards fought in the Crimean War, Sudan and the Boer War. They have roles as front-line troops and as ceremonial for the sovereign, which makes them elite:&lt;blockquote&gt;Queen Victoria decreed that she did not want to see a single chevron soldier within her Guards. Other then [sic] the two senior Warrant Officers of the British Army, the senior Warrant Officers of the Foot Guards wear a large Sovereigns personal coat of arms badge on their upper arm. No other regiments of the British Army are allowed to do so; all the others wear a small coat of arms of their lower arms. Up until 1871 all officers in the Foot Guards had the privilege of having double rankings. An Ensign was ranked as an Ensign and Lieutenant, a Lieutenant as Lieutenant and Captain and a Captain as Captain and Lieutenant Colonel. This was because at the time officers purchased their own ranks and it cost more to purchase a commission in the Foot Guards than any other regiments in the British Army. For example if it cost an officer in the Foot Guards £1,000 for his first rank, in the rest of the Army it would be £500 so if he transferred to another regiment he would loose [sic] £500, hence the higher rank, if he was an Ensign in the Guards and he transferred to a Line Regiment he went in at the higher rank of Lieutenant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/|title=Formation and role of the Regiments|website=The Guards Museum|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-05-15}} https://theguardsmuseum.com/about-the-guards/history-of-the-foot-guards/history-page-1/.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== Life Guards ====
[[Social Victorians/People/Shrewsbury#Reginald Talbot's Costume|General the Hon. Reginald Talbot]], a member of the 1st Life Guards, attended the Duchess of Devonshire's ball dressed in the uniform of his regiment during the Battle of Waterloo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

At the Battle of Waterloo the 1st Life Guards were part of the 1st Brigade — the Household Brigade — and were commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-30|title=Battle of Waterloo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&amp;oldid=1177893566|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo.&lt;/ref&gt; The 1st Life Guards were on &quot;the extreme right&quot; of a French countercharge and &quot;kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Photography ==

== Footnotes ==
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|title = African Hymenoptera
|body  = 
;[[African Arthropods/Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]]
:[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|African Chalcidoidea]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Encyrtidae|African Encyrtidae]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Chalcid wasps with branched antennae|African chalcid wasps with branched antennae]]
:[[African Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]]
:*[[African Arthropods/Philanthus|South African species of Philanthus]]
}}

About 20 000 described species of [[w:Hymenoptera|Hymenoptera]] (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies) are known from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region. Estimates of the actual species count for the region range from 100 000 species to as high as 500 000 species.&lt;ref name=WaspWebOverview&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Afrotropical Hymenoptera Initiative. www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_Hymenoptera_book/Background_and_Motivation.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt; Nineteen different superfamilies are illustrated in [[User:Alandmanson/Hymenoptera of southern Africa|this gallery]] in Wikimedia Commons.

The huge number of undescribed species means that many species will be extinct before we are even aware of them, as there are too few taxonomists employed to tackle the task of describing all of them in the next few decades.

==Classification==
The Order can be split into two Suborders - The [[w:Symphyta|Symphyta]] (Woodwasps, Horntails, Sawflies) and the [[w:Apocrita|Apocrita]] (Narrow-waisted wasps, ants and bees).&lt;br&gt;

When compared to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the diversity of Symphyta in Africa is relatively poor, although sawflies of the Superfamily [[w:Tenthredinoidea|Tenthredinoidea]] are fairly common in forests and other woody vegetation types.

Afrotropical Symphyta comprise 4 superfamilies:&lt;ref name=waspwebClass/&gt;
*Cephoidea - Afrotropical fauna restricted to two species of ''Athetocephus'' (Cephidae) from Madagascar.
*Orussoidea - Five genera of wood wasps (Orussidae) are known from Africa.
*Siricoidea - Two genera of wood wasps (Siricidae) are known from Africa.
*Tenthredinoidea - Three families of sawflies are known from Africa:
**Argidae (Argid sawflies)
**Athaliidae (Torpedo sawflies)
**Tenthredinidae (Common sawflies)


Africa has a rich diversity of Apocrita. The cladogram shown below&lt;ref name=Peters&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Krogmann |first2=Lars |last3=Mayer |first3=Christoph |last4=Donath |first4=Alexander |last5=Gunkel |first5=Simon |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Kozlov |first7=Alexey |last8=Podsiadlowski |first8=Lars |last9=Petersen |first9=Malte |title=Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027|pmid=28343967 |year=2017 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; indicates the possible relationships between 11 of the superfamilies that comprise Apocrita; These 11 superfamilies are all represented in Africa. This breakdown is used by iNaturalist.&lt;ref name=inat-Aculeata&gt;https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/326777-Aculeata&lt;/ref&gt; It is, however, not accepted by all hymenopterists, and may change as more phylogenetic evidence is accumulated.&lt;ref name=waspwebClass&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: Classification of Afrotropical Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants). www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|label1=Apocrita
            |1={{Clade
               |label1=[[w:Parasitoida|Parasitoida]]
               |1={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Ceraphronoidea|Ceraphronoidea]]
                     |2=[[w:Ichneumonoidea|Ichneumonoidea]]
                     }}
                  |label2=[[w:Proctotrupomorpha|Proctotrupomorpha]]
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Cynipoidea|Cynipoidea]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[w:Platygastroidea|Platygastroidea]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[African Arthropods/Chalcidoidea|Chalcidoidea]]
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1=[[w:Diaprioidea|Diaprioidea]]
                              |2=[[w:Proctotrupoidea|Proctotrupoidea]]
                  }} }} }} }} }}
               |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Evanioidea|Evanioidea]]
                     |2=[[w:Stephanoidea|Stephanoidea]]
                     }}
                  |2={{Clade
                     |1=[[w:Trigonaloidea|Trigonaloidea]]
                     |label2=[[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]]
                     |2={{Clade
                        |1=[[w:Chrysidoidea|Chrysidoidea]]
                        |2={{Clade
                           |1=[[w:Vespoidea|Vespoidea]] (potter, honey and social wasps)
                           |2={{Clade
                              |1={{Clade
                                 |1=[[w:Pompiloidea|Pompiloidea]] (velvet ants, spider wasps and relatives)
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[w:Thynnoidea|Thynnoidea]]
                                    |2=[[w:Tiphioidea|Tiphioidea]]
                                 }} }}
                              |2={{Clade
                                 |1=[[w:Scolioidea|Scolioidea]]
                                 |2={{Clade
                                    |1=[[w:Formicoidea|Formicoidea]] (ants)
                                    |2=[[w:Apoidea|Apoidea]] (bees and related wasps)
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
&lt;br&gt;

==Some common African Symphyta==
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Sawfly, Argidae 2021 12 19 12 39 42.jpg|Sawfly, ''Arge'' sp. (Argidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Athalia 2019 11 21 0815.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Athalia 2019 08 23 8964.jpg|Sawfly, ''Athalia'' sp. (Tenthredinidae, Superfamily Tenthredinoidea) 
Sirex noctilio F (prof.).JPG|''Sirex noctilio'', a pest in ''Pinus'' plantations (introduced to Africa)&lt;ref name=WaspWebSn&gt;[https://www.waspweb.org/Siricoidea/Siricidae/Sirex/Sirex_noctilio.htm van Noort, Simon (2023). WaspWeb: ''Sirex noctilio''. www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm Retrieved 22 February 2023.]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Frequently reported African Apocrita ==
&lt;br&gt;
[[w:Aculeata|Aculeata]] (ants, bees and stinging wasps) are the most commonly observed Hymenoptera in Africa. There are many more photographs of [[African_Arthropods/Aculeata|African Aculeata]] on the web - See [https://www.waspweb.org/Classification/index.htm African Aculeata on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=326777 African Aculeata on iNaturalist] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Slender Ant (Tetraponera natalensis) (30538051244).jpg|Slender ant (Formicidae, Formicoidea)
Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa inconstans, female) (6021534858).jpg|Female carpenter bee (Apidae, Apoidea)
Chalybion 2019 12 02 2314.jpg|Blue mud-dauber wasp (Sphecidae, Apoidea)
Bethylidae 2019 08 21 13 42 21 8760.jpg|Flat wasp (Bethylidae, Chrysidoidea)
Belonogaster juncea colonialis, manlik, h, Pretoria.jpg|Paper wasp (Vespidae, Vespoidea)
Meria 2020 08 12 2193.jpg|''Meria'' sp. female (Thynnidae, Thynnoidea)
Dasylabris stimulatrix iNat37068107 2019 12 23 2990 W.jpg|''Dasylabris stimulatrix'', a velvet ant (Mutillidae, Pompiloidea)
Pompilidae 2019 05 28 0247.jpg|Spider-hunting wasp (Pompilidae, Pompiloidea)
Scoliid Wasp 2019 06 08 0492.jpg|Campsomerine wasp (Scoliidae, Scolioidea)
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Darwin wasps ([[w:Ichneumonidae|Ichneumonidae]]) and braconids ([[w:Braconidae|Braconidae]]) are also frequently reported. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Ichneumonoidea/index.htm African Ichneumonoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=47200 African Ichneumonoidea on iNaturalist].&lt;br&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Echthromorpha agrestoria 2019 10 03 5572.jpg|''Echthromorpha agrestoria'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae inat 88832241.jpg|''Goryphus tricolor'' (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumonoidea)
Braconid Wasp (Archibracon servillei) (11857083186).jpg|Braconine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) 
2019 09 15 12 55 07 Microgastrinae 38425632.jpg|Microgastrine wasp (Braconidae, Ichneumonoidea) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Small [[w:Chalcidoidea|chalcidoid]] parasitic wasps (especially those from the families [[w:Pteromalidae|Pteromalidae]], [[w:Chalcididae|Chalcididae]], [[w:Eulophidae|Eulophidae]], [[w:Eurytomidae|Eurytomidae]]) are also common. Links to [https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/index.htm African Chalcidoidea on WaspWeb] and [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=97392&amp;taxon_id=69750 African Chalcidoidea on iNaturalist]
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=200&gt;
Halticoptera 2019 11 26 2173Cedara.jpg|''Halticoptera'' sp. (Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea)
Brachymeria 2019 10 09 17 26 38 2520.jpg|''Brachymeria'' sp. (Chalcididae, Chalcidoidea)
Eulophidae Inat 38422095 b.jpg|''Hemiptarsenus'' sp. (Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea)
Eurytomidae00.jpg|Mating seed chalcids (Eurytomidae, Chalcidoidea)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Links to stories ==

[https://www.elizabethmurray.us/eucharitid-ant-parasitoids.html Eucharitidae: ​The ant parasitoids]&lt;br&gt;

[http://www.figweb.org/Interaction/index.htm Interaction of figs and fig wasps]

[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00719.x Biology of Rhoophilus loewi (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae), with implications for the evolution of inquilinism in gall wasps]

[http://www.filming-varwild.com/p-braconidae.html Videos of Microgastrine wasps parasitizing caterpillars in France]

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9Tg_gq2JVk&amp;ab_channel=ReYOUniverse  Spider-hunting Wasps (Pompilidae) dragging spiders to their nests]

== Resources ==

[http://www.waspweb.org/Afrotropical_wasps/index.htm WaspWeb] - A bioinformatics resource for wasps, bees and ants recorded from the [[w:Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] region.

[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa Wasps and bees in southern Africa] - A 320-page book by Sarah and Friedrich Gess published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) - free download.
 Gess, S. K., &amp; Gess, F. W. (2014). Wasps and bees in southern Africa (Vol. 24, pp. 1-320). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268818231_Wasps_and_bees_in_southern_Africa

[[c:Hymenoptera of South Africa|Hymenoptera of South Africa]] - a gallery on Wikimedia Commons

[[c:Chalcidoidea of South Africa|Chalcidoidea of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Chalcid wasp|chalcid wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons

[[c:Ichneumonidae  of South Africa|Ichneumonidae of South Africa]] - a gallery of [[w:Ichneumonidae|Darwin wasps]] on Wikimedia Commons

[https://microgastrinae.myspecies.info/content/citizen-science Microgastrinae Wasps of the World - Citizen Science]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:African Arthropods]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>2689292</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-29T14:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dan Polansky</username>
        <id>33469</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>matter and energy --&gt; matter, energy and space</comment>
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      <text bytes="184453" sha1="mev9qlez1vkgn9uulgq8vaft1790bar" xml:space="preserve">{{original research}}
This article by Dan Polansky investigates whether and to what extent technology is a challenger, a threat to or a promise for living things and their forms and patterns, and includes closely related subjects. It is in part an exercise in articulating the obvious: technology has so far eliminated many life forms and its promise for saving life forms is weak and inconclusive yet existing; furthermore, technology is not a living thing and not part of living things but rather their competitor for the same scarce resources of matter, energy and space unless one stretches the notion of a living thing to an extreme. The promise of technology such as saving living things from an asteroid impact, bringing them to Mars or even spreading them to other star systems is rather unrealistic. Therefore, on the whole, technology looks more like a threat than anything else to living things. Further related subjects are investigated, such as examining the likelihood that the harmful development of technology will be stopped by human intervention.

It is an analog of an academic article. You can learn by reading the article, by reading the resources linked from it and by questioning what your read and asking further questions not answered and trying to find answers to them in reliable sources on the Internet. You can encourage the author to further improve this article by using the thank tool. You can improve this article by raising issues/comments on the talk page of the article.

This article is organized as sections providing relatively brief coverage of each key relevant topic, while in-depth treatment is delegated to Wikipedia and external sources. The purpose is not to duplicate Wikipedia but rather to tie relevant material together into an integrative cross-disciplinary article. Ideally, each section should provide excellent relevant further reading. Ideally, key unobvious statements should be sourced using inline references to solid sources; journalistic articles are acceptable but not ideal.

Let us start by showing the relevance of the question to human action. The question is relevant since some humans see the loss of richness of forms and patterns of living things as problematic. Such human concern is not entirely powerless: what happens in the human world depends on the collective will of individuals and more specifically on the collective will of powerful individuals. If enough people can be convinced such a loss is a concern, policies can be adopted to limit the loss, whether on national or international level. Such policies could include placing limits on technological development and on expansion of human population. A policy that limits population explosion has been tried in practice in China and it seems consistent with continuing existence and power of the polity in question. Whatever the moral concerns of such a policy, it seems realistic and practicable rather than utopian, and less morally problematic policy options can be considered to similar effect.

==Motivation==
One inspiration or motivation for writing this article is the following quote by Karl R. Popper from a collection of essays ''Alles Leben ist Problemlösen'', from the same-named essay:
:  &quot;Alles Leben ist Problemlösen. Alle Organismen sind Erfinder und Techniker, gute oder weniger gute, erfolgreich oder weniger erfolgreich im Lösen von technischen Problemen. So ist es bei den Tieren, zum Beispiel den Spinnen. Die menschliche Technik löst menschliche Probleme, etwa Kanalisierung, Wasser- oder Nahrungsmittelbeschaffung und Speicherung, wie es zum Beispiel schon die Bienen tun.
:  &quot;Deshalb ist die Gegnerschaft gegen die Technik, wie wir sie häufig bei den Grünen finden, Unsinn, denn sie ist ja Gegnerschaft gegen das Leben - was leider die Grünen nicht bemerkt haben. Aber Kritik der Technik ist natürlich nicht Unsinn, sondern dringend notwendig. Dazu ist in unterschiedlicher Weise jedermann befähigt und willkommen. Und da die Kritik zur Berufskompetenz des Technikers gehört, so ist sie etwas, womit besonders die Techniker selbst dauernd beschäftigt sind.&quot;

The above was translated by Patrick Camiller (''All Life is Problem Solving'', Routledge 1999) as follows:
: &quot;All life is problem solving. All organisms are inventors and technicians, good or not so good, successful or not so successful, in solving technical problems. This is how it is among animals - spiders, for example. Human technology solves human problems such as sewage disposal, or the storage and supply of food and water, as, for example, bees already have to do.
: &quot;Hostility to technology, such as we often find among the Greens, is therefore a foolish kind of hostility to life itself -  which the Greens have unfortunately not realized. But the critique of technology is not foolish, of course; it is urgently necessary. Everyone is capable of it in their different ways, and most welcome to contribute. And since criticism is an occupational skill of technologists, the critique of technology is a constant preoccupation of theirs.

The above contains problematic statements:
* 1) All organisms are alleged to be inventors and technicians/technologists, good ones or less good ones, successful or less successful in solving technical problems; spiders making cobwebs and bees making honeycombs are given as examples. However, the organisms that create external structures that they move away from and back again are very few, far from being ''all'' of them. See also section [[#Animals as technicians or artifact makers|Animals as technicians or artifact makers]].
* 2) The enmity of the Green parties (concerned with protection of environment) toward technology is alleged to make no sense since it is enmity toward life. That argument seems rather bizarre.

What drives most of this article, directly or indirectly, is the claim that enmity toward technology is enmity toward life. Since, what kind of life-saving promise can technology offer to compensate for the enormous harm done? Or put metaphorically, where is the Noah's Ark that technology offers to create to help species survive an adverse event?

==Technology as a challenger==
There is no doubt technology is a challenger to non-human biological individuals, their forms and their patterns. It is true both of ancient technology and modern technology. It is technology starting with fire and primitive tools that enables dramatic human expansion, and human expansion necessarily eliminates many non-human biological individuals, including trees. It also eliminates some biological forms and patterns, including species. It does so especially in modern times by leading to a massive extinction of species&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/21/human-race-just-001-of-all-life-but-has-destroyed-over-80-of-wild-mammals-study Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study], 2018, theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/oct-19-2019-understanding-the-anthropocene-extinction-regenerating-cartilage-and-more-1.5324707/understanding-extinction-humanity-has-destroyed-half-the-life-on-earth-1.5324721 Understanding extinction — humanity has destroyed half the life on Earth], cbc.ca&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2019/december/humans-are-causing-life-on-earth-to-vanish.html Humans are causing life on Earth to vanish], Natural History Museum, nhm.ac.uk&lt;/ref&gt;. Some compare the modern impact of humans to a new geological epoch.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/science/Anthropocene-Epoch Anthropocene Epoch], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; A 2020 study found that man-made mass will soon surpass all global living biomass&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3010-5 Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass], 2020&lt;/ref&gt;.

Further reading:
* [[W:Biodiversity loss]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/problem-biodiversity-loss The Problem of Biodiversity Loss | Saving Earth], britannica.com
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/ Biodiversity], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Technology as a savior==
One may object that technology is not only a challenger and eliminator of forms of life but also a potential savior, helping the following:
* Prevent asteroid impact on the Earth.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nasa.gov/feature/saving-earth-from-asteroids Saving Earth from Asteroids], 2021, nasa.gov&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/space/2022/09/to-practice-saving-the-world-nasa-just-crashed-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid To practice saving the world, NASA just crashed a spacecraft into an asteroid], nationalgeographic.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt; It is not clear how large asteroid one would be able to deflect, but an asteroid has caused a major extinction event in the past, and if that could be prevented, it would be for the benefit of the richness of life forms, unless one assumes that the resulting elimination of humankind would do more good than harm for life forms at the cost of loss of some.
* Colonize Mars, making the continuing existence of living things and their forms more future-proof against adverse events.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.procon.org/headlines/space-colonization-top-3-pros-and-cons/ Space Colonization - Pros &amp; Cons], procon.org&lt;/ref&gt; Whether this is realistic in near future is unclear.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/question/Is-human-space-colonization-only-science-fiction Is human space colonization only science fiction?], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; A too rapid expansion of technology could harm the biological basis that makes technology possible faster than it would achieve such an ambitious aim.
* Expand the life beyond the Solar System. Given current knowledge of physics, this seems improbable&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Neill&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Ian |last=O'Neill |date=Aug 19, 2008 |work=Universe Today |title=Interstellar travel may remain in science fiction |url=http://www.universetoday.com/2008/08/19/bad-news-insterstellar-travel-may-remain-in-science-fiction/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;, but from a purely theoretical or speculative perspective, one may posit future discoveries of physics that would enable interstellar travel. In particular, speed-of-light travel seems impossible.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/story/will-light-speed-space-travel-ever-be-possible Will Light-Speed Space Travel Ever Be Possible?], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prevent the death of the universe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://aeon.co/essays/what-can-we-do-to-save-the-universe-from-certain-death What can we do to save the Universe from certain death?], aeon.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-science-survive-the-death-of-the-universe/ Can Science Survive the Death of the Universe?], 2021, scientificamerican.com&lt;/ref&gt; To some humans, this seems plausible enough to write articles about it.
* Modern digital communication and information technology could at least help alleviate some problems created by technology.&lt;ref name=wefsave&gt;[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/can-technology-save-life-on-earth/ Can technology save life on Earth?], World Economic Forum, 2018, weforum.org&lt;/ref&gt;However, it has potential for making things worse as well.&lt;ref name=wefsave/&gt;

Further reading:
* [[W:Colonization of Mars]]
* [[W:Interstellar travel]]

==Technology as a threat to existence of all life==
Technology can be analyzed for its potential threat to all the living things as a whole.&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210520-could-humans-really-destroy-all-life-on-earth Could humans really destroy all life on Earth?] by Santhosh Mathew, 2021, bbc.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/147882/is-it-possible-to-kill-all-life-on-earth hard science - Is it possible to kill all life on Earth?], Worldbuilding, stackexchange.com&lt;/ref&gt; At a minimum, a nuclear holocaust would dramatically reduce the richness of living forms. However, such an event seems unlikely to eliminate all living things completely including those that flourish in extreme environments; in fact, even astrophysical catastrophes seem unlikely to achieve complete elimination.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/what-would-it-take-to-wipe-out-all-life-on-earth What Would It Take to Wipe Out All Life on Earth?] by Rafael Alves Batista, University of Oxford; David Sloan, University of Oxford, 2017, discovermagazine.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Depending on the notion of &quot;life&quot; and existence of extraterrestrial life, it is possible that life exists outside of the Solar System and therefore, humans can do nothing to endanger the existence of life as a distributed aggregate of all living forms existing in the universe. However, we do not know whether extraterrestrial life actually exists.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/science/extraterrestrial-life extraterrestrial life], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; Arguably, this assumption should not be accepted unless we have strong reasons to believe so. On a similar yet more abstract and speculative note, there may be parallel universes perfectly causally isolated from this one where life exists that cannot be endangered by humans.

Further reading:
* [[W:Extremophile]]
* [[W:Extraterrestrial life]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/science/extremophile extremophile], britannica.com
* [https://www.britannica.com/science/extraterrestrial-life extraterrestrial life], britannica.com

==Technology as a threat to the planet==
Technology can be analyzed for its potential to destroy the complete planet as an astronomical object.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.space.com/43014-how-to-destroy-the-earth.html How to Destroy the Earth in Three Easy Steps | Space] by Paul Sutter, astrophysicist, 2019, space.com&lt;/ref&gt; If that would succeed, all life forms would be destroyed as well. Destroying the planet as an object does not seem remotely possible; the energy required is several orders of magnitude beyond that ever released by humans. Thus, the risk can be analyzed as something to consider in principle, but not much in practice.

==Technology as a threat to humankind==
This is a more specific threat than that of all the living things. So far, technology has lead to enormous human expansion. On the face of it, humans as a biological species have benefited. However, future technological development could eliminate humankind as well.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.science.org/content/article/could-science-destroy-world-these-scholars-want-save-us-modern-day-frankenstein Could science destroy the world? These scholars want to save us from a modern-day Frankenstein], 2018, science.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Britannica opines that &quot;Nevertheless, the decisions about whether to go ahead with a project or to abandon it are undeniably human, and it is a mistake to represent technology as a monster or a juggernaut threatening human existence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/The-technological-dilemma history of technology - The technological dilemma], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; Strictly speaking, technology is no person and therefore no monster or juggernaut, but the figurative idea is not obviously wholly incorrect or inapplicable; see section [[#Autonomy of technology|Autonomy of technology]]. Technology may well be on a trajectory with a momentum that individuals and most of their groups are unable to stop and the notion that the trajectory could lead to subjugation or elimination of humankind is not obviously incorrect.

Candidate risks to analyze for the potential of eliminating the whole of humankind include:
* [[#Global climate change|Global climate change]]
* An all-out thermonuclear war
* Runaway [[#Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]]

Further reading:
* [[W:Human extinction]] -- refers to Global catastrophe scenarios
* [[W:Global catastrophic risk]] -- refers to Global catastrophe scenarios
* [[W:Global catastrophe scenarios]] -- section headings for 14 anthropogenic scenarios 
** [[W:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence]]
* [[W:Category:Existential risk]]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/ Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- 2.10.2 Existential Risk from Superintelligence
* [https://futureoflife.org/existential-risk/existential-risk/ Existential Risk - Future of Life Institute], futureoflife.org
* [[Wikidata:Q1531622|Wikidata:global catastrophic risk]]
* [[Wikidata:Q16830153|Wikidata:existential risk]]
* [https://nickbostrom.com/existential/risks Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios] by Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, 2002

==Actual technology performance for living things==
Whatever the future saving potential, human technology has so far done great overall harm to living things and their forms. Its overall impact on diversity of life has been unquestionably negative.

At the same time, technology has shown capacity to add to forms of life rather than only eliminate them, starting with animal and plant husbandry leading to creation of domesticated species. Biotechnology is another creator of biological form. One cannot conclude that technology is a pure destroyer of life and never a creator.

If the aggregate of living things were a conscious entity equipped with agency that cares about its richness of form, they would prevent technology from ever gaining hold, starting with fire and flint. The performance so far has been unequivocally bad.

==Global climate change==
Global climate change is a key risk to existence and well-being of many life forms including humans. Depending on how deep the change would be, the consequences would vary:
* A human population crash to much more sustainable levels as a result of famine.
* Dying out of humankind.
* Dying out of many species. This is ongoing for reasonable values of &quot;many&quot;, so is a near certainty.
* Dying out of great many species, on the order of large asteroid impact. Needs quantification.
* Dying out of all life on the Earth. Given the existence of extremophile organisms, it seems unlikely.

An ideal artifact to have would be a tree of risks with sound definitions, together with per-item analysis.

See also [[Climate change]].

Further reading:
* [[W:Climate change]]
* [[W:Climate apocalypse]]
* [[W:Extinction risk from climate change]]
* [[Wikidata:Q115299823|Wikidata:catastrophic climate change]]
* [https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en Consequences of climate change], climate.ec.europa.eu
* [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/climate-change-like-asteroid-hitting-earth-david-attenborough-rg9nts0ft Climate change ‘like asteroid hitting Earth’], 2022, thetimes.co.uk
* [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asteroid-impact-climate-change/ Competing Catastrophes: What's the Bigger Menace, an Asteroid Impact or Climate Change?], scientificamerican.com
* [https://www.theglobalist.com/climate-change-like-an-asteroid/ Climate Change: Like an Asteroid], 2015, theglobalist.com

==Technology impact on richness of all form==
While technology has been unequivocally harmful to richness of biological form, it has not been harmful to richness of all form. Indeed, technological and cultural forms have exploded in their richness and diversity thanks to technology and nothing else. However, it is questionable that expansion of richness of form and the associated creativity is an unequivocal good: surely adding new threats to living things including humans in particular is creative: new threats can be ''created'', including new diseases, new dangerous weapons, and new dangerous technologies such a artificial intelligence.

One may wonder what an imaginary mighty curator of world's natural, biological, cultural (art) and technological museums interested in augmenting his collections would do. He would perhaps prefer to maximize richness of form in all categories. He would praise technology for enriching the set of all forms that found their way into the physical world with technological and cultural ones, but blame it for impoverishing the biological forms. He might strive to find ways to get the best compromise, balanced among the categories. He might accept some loss of biological form if it is compensated by gain of technological and cultural form, arguing that some loss of biological form is a natural part of history of living things.

To get an idea of the richness and variety of biological, technological and cultural forms, one can browse image galleries on Commons.

==Humans or technology to blame==
One can argue that it is not technology that is to blame for loss of life forms but rather those who put it to use, humans. It was not guns that killed the dodo, humans did. An associated idea is the one of ''neutrality of technology'': means, enablers, instruments and technology are not to blame but rather those who choose the ends and uses.

First, humans appeared on the Earth approximately 200,000 years ago&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/story/just-how-old-is-homo-sapiens Just How Old Is Homo sapiens?], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt;. It was not until 15,000 to 20,000 years ago that humans began the transition to a more settled way of life depending on animal husbandry and agriculture&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Technology-in-the-ancient-world history of technology - Technology in the ancient world], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt;. Thus, for nearly 200,000 years, humans without technology had very little impact on the richness of living forms.

Second, these ideas are notionally implausible. Instruments create bias toward uses and enable uses in the first place. It only takes some bad actors to put an instrument to a bad use, and there is no shortage of bad actors. From the performance so far, life forms would do well to prevent technology from developing in the first place, and ignore this argument. Life forms would base their decision on empirical rather than pseudo-rational arguments. Each instrument needs to be analyzed for its potential good and bad uses and these need to be weighed.

Nuclear weapons can be put to two main uses: large-scale destruction and prevention of war by mutual deterrence. If not for the latter use, nuclear weapons would seem to be close to be a pure evil since the only use they could be put for is an evil one. Arguably, if one could prevent all parties from developing nuclear weapons, one should do it: the consequences of nuclear war far outweigh the consequences of non-prevented non-nuclear war. In fact, we can see that even nuclear deterrent does not prevent all conventional war. Arguably, the consequences of nuclear war are so grave that one should perhaps prevent as many parties as possible from obtaining nuclear weapons even if it seems unfair and not even-handed and even if one will get accused of hegemony. If that prevents peaceful use of nuclear energy, that may be acceptable price to pay.

Easy access to firearms enables killing by them, impossible otherwise.

Producing viruses lethal to humans would then be neutral since it is not the viruses that killed humans but merely the bad actors who released them from the laboratory where they should have stayed as mere &quot;neutral&quot; instruments. This line of reasoning seems questionable.

There is a certain analogy in the political realm. One might similarly argue that it is not political power that is bad but rather those who wield it, and that if one gets an enlightened monarch, one gets the best thing possible. Therefore, one would claim that the powerful tool that concentrated power is is neutral and in no need of being turned into an assemblage of less powerful tools. The Western world at least nominally rejects that idea, instead creating a system of checks and balances.

Another similarity is in the notion of ''conflict of interest'': it is not an actual transgression but merely the creation of a ''significant potential'' for it that is seen as problematic.

And yet, Britannica opines that 'In itself, technology is neutral and passive: in the phrase of Lynn White, Jr., “Technology opens doors; it does not compel man to enter.”'&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/The-technological-dilemma history of technology - The technological dilemma], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; This confirms that the myth of neutrality of technology is well established and mainstream.

Technology that is easy to put to dangerous uses is dangerous. No arguing around that.

Further reading:
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/neutrality-science-and-technology Neutrality in Science and Technology], encyclopedia.com
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0162243919900965 Is Technology Value-Neutral?] by Boaz Miller, 2021

==Autonomy of technology==
Relevant to the threat the technology poses to life forms, one may ask to what extent technology is autonomous, as if it were a force or agent with its own trajectory, intention or will. Technology is no person, but if one wants, one may creatively interpret both the aggregate of living things and the aggregate of technology as two persons fighting, as if two Titans. That seems analytically fragile. However, once a certain kind of technology gets established and humans get to depend on it, it may be nearly impossible to get rid of it. This kind of momentum building and entrenching seems to be a real phenomenon, not a creative interpretation. We may ask whether there was any moment in history where a whole complex of powerful technology was abandoned because it was found problematic. It may well be that e.g. car transportation, electricity production and computing and Internet technology are so entrenched as to be practically impossible to abandon, and that market forces automatically lead to further technological developments that individuals and most groups of individuals are unable to stop. Thus, the notion of autonomy does not seem entirely analytically incorrect, as problematic as it may seem. A similar phenomenon may be the law-like tendency by which the analog of invisible hand moves capital around to maximize yield rate, and what happens in economy depends much more on the differences of yield rates than on the wills of individual workers; thus, there is something like autonomy of capital.

Further reading:
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/autonomous-technology Autonomous Technology], encyclopedia.com
* [https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/The-technological-dilemma history of technology - The technological dilemma], britannica.com

==Ultimate good and collective action==
What will be done depends on what is the ultimate good or ultimate or intrinsic values, or what it is considered to be. [[#Collective action|Collective action]] is possible.

Candidate answers include the following:
# Nothing. The phrases &quot;ultimate good&quot;, &quot;ultimate value&quot; and &quot;intrinsic value&quot;, while potentially having intensional meaning, refer to nothing, having no extension, to couch it in philosophical language. Similarly, the phrase &quot;the largest positive integer&quot; has a meaning but refers to nothing.
# Maximum expansion of species in terms of number of individuals. This answer is implicit in biological law-like tendencies and regularities of population development; in that sense, it is a &quot;natural&quot; answer. It is also at least in part implied in the Abrahamic &quot;Be fruitful and multiply. Fill the earth and govern it.&quot;
# Greatest happiness of greatest numbers of humans. This answer discovered by philosophy seems to be accepted to some extent.
# Maximum unfolding of human potential.
# Maximum human [[#Individual freedom|individual freedom]].
# Maximum replication of one's genes, which involves having many descendants.
# What people collectively like.

The answer of &quot;nothing&quot;, while potentially true, provides no guide either to individual or collective action. Its practical value approaches zero.

The answer of species expansion seems to be rooted in facts of biological life. However, it seems to ignore the possibility of collective action preventing purely ''natural'' tendencies (or &quot;natural&quot; tendencies narrowly understood) from gaining hold. Natural tendencies have been successfully hindered, and such a hindrance is at the core of human technology. For instance, water naturally flows downward unless something stops it, but dams have been built to stop it. On meta-level, technological intervention to prevent unrestrained grown of technology is application of technology. Similarly, there is no unrestrained tolerance of intolerance.

The greatest happiness of greatest numbers seems similar to species expansion in so far as it is determined by plain summation of happiness, where each happy individual adds to the sum. It differs in that an individual more unhappy than happy overall does not positively add to the sum.

The maximum unfolding of human potential points to development of technology in so far as it enables humans to do things, e.g. take images of Mars. The time frame is important: maximum reached when? If maximum reached ever, then the current technical civilization that takes images of Mars is preferable over a scenario that is sustainable over a very long time but does not include such feats. In this view, a brief extreme success is better than a long-lasting moderate one. The question of potential for what is of importance: creating a device that can destroy the Earth would be unfolding of potential, but hardly any human would see this as desirable. Thus, maximum unfolding of human potential in any and all directions does not seem to be accepted as ultimate or absolute good. See also section [[#The power of the biotechnosphere|The power of the biotechnosphere]].

Maximum individual freedom stands in contrast with other items, in particular with the population size. If all individuals are free, it does not matter how many they are, and if a larger population could only be sustained under conditions of reduced individual freedom, then a smaller population is preferable. However, individual freedom is almost never recognized as an ultimate and absolute good: driving speed limits are generally accepted to prevent harm even if raising them or abolishing them would increase freedom and the increased harm would be on the aggregate level, not for each individual driver. It seems something else must be of ultimate value. Furthermore, from a mathematical standpoint, if there are ''no individuals'', then ''each'' individual is absolutely free; that standpoint also puts freedom into question. Maximum population size seems more plausible as the ultimate aim.

Maximum replication of one's genes seems to be a natural answer in some sense: it is implied in regularities and tendencies of biological genetic and evolutionary development. However, it cannot serve as a shared goal for the whole of humanity. It can at best be recognized as a goal that many individuals pursue without publicly admitting so. And it does not need to be accepted either: humans have the capacity to recognize the natural forces that lead biological individuals, especially non-human ones, to usually follow their gene-selfish interest, but then pursue something else, as is seen in humans risking their life to rescue strangers or devoting their life to a larger cause.

The last item of what people like seems as hopelessly subjective as the greatest happiness of greatest numbers. However, in so far as it refers to the collective of people rather than a particular individual, it is at least inter-subjective. Moreover, it is a genuine force of nature, whatever its origin and whatever someone's negative judgment of it. If people collectively dislike something, their collective dislike can manifest itself in collective action expressing their collective will, and this is not prevented by natural tendencies that are not genuine laws. Here, the distinction of inviolable natural law and natural tendency is important: there can be a natural tendency of population expansion stopping only at natural limits, but it is merely a tendency, not an analog of inviolable physical law: population expansion has been successfully slowed down by human intervention. If we as humans collectively dislike loss of biological form and are serious about it, we can do something about it, and there are not only two choices, unrestrained human expansion vs. near-term human extinction (the polar opposite) or overall human misery. We have started: our zoological gardens act as a store of natural form, and we have expressed a concern for biodiversity on national and international level. While a rapid population reduction would include a lot of human misery, a dramatic slowdown of expansion and population stabilization not so, merely a severe slowdown of adding to greatest happiness of greatest numbers. It is practicable. Whether we will do it depends on what we collectively like and dislike and how that will reflect in our collective will and action.

Further reading:
* [[W:Existential nihilism]]
* [[W:Moral nihilism]]
* [[W:Be fruitful and multiply]]
* [[W:Utilitarianism]] -- the greatest-happiness principle
* [[W:Ethical subjectivism]]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/ The History of Utilitarianism], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Collective action==
When humans collectively want something, they can often achieve it. They can do it by means of the free market and by political means.

Free markets are no substitute for policy making: if humans want to ban abortion after the first trimester, they cannot do it by voting with their vallet on a free market. What is needed is the will of a monarch, representative democracy, a referendum or other political means.

Referendum is one of the most powerful tools of collective action. It overcomes a key weakness of representative democracy: one cannot vote separately on policy issues. In the United States, one has to choose practically between two parties, acting as two presets of policy issues. Thus, a person who opposes transgender policies but supports environmental taxes has no good choice. The situation is far worse: the independent policy issues are many. Some policy issues require expertise. However, political parties can use their resources to identify that expertise and make policy recommendation to their voters. Then, in a referendum, the voter can choose whether to stick with the preferred party recommendation or make an individual choice. Abortion is a case well suited for a referendum: the issue is well publicly discussed, the pros and cons are well documented, and the question the public should be asked is simple: should states be allowed to ban first-trimester abortion?

==Individual freedom==
Individual freedom is relevant: it is claimed by some to be close to an absolute good. Moreover, policy measures to limit destruction of life forms limit individual freedom, e.g. ban or limitation of entry to national parts, ban on production of certain pollutants and environmental taxation.

In practice, individual freedom is almost never considered to be an absolute good. Humans trade individual freedom for harm prevention and for increased capability. Thus, putting a limit on driving speed reduces freedom but also harm. Making previously public land (such as pastures) private reduces the freedom of entry and use but increases social ability to preserve and develop assets. Since humans accept that freedom needs to be limited to prevent harm, environmental taxes are valid policy option for consideration. The challenge is to determine which freedom reduction is worth the harm reduction and which not.

Freedom as understood here is absence of coercion from other humans. Prototypical opposites of freedom are slavery and serfdom. &quot;Freedom from pain&quot; is something else. One may use &quot;liberty&quot; as a less ambiguous synonym.

Some humans feel their increased ability is a part of freedom. Indeed, what good is it for a human to be allowed to do something if it is not possible or within means. Humans often give up some freedom for some ability. It happens when they get employed: the employment contract temporarily limits their freedom (to go not to the workplace but elsewhere) at the gain of increased capability (money). When a human marries, he or she gives up freedom (to have sexual relations with others). These examples confirm that freedom is not an ultimate good of near-infinite value.

Freedom of speech is a special case. By signing a non-disclosure agreement, a person is giving up freedom of speech to some extent. Whether to restrict freedom of speech on state level is another question. Some argue that the potential harm caused by loss of freedom of speech is far greater than the harm caused by allowed bad speech. Spread of incorrect ideas is widely recognized as acceptable, as shown in freedom of religion: if one allows two mainstream religions to spread their ideas, then since both cannot be right, one allows wide spread of incorrect ideas. Thus, one allows spread of &quot;misinformation&quot; of a kind that in some cases is quite &quot;dangerous&quot;, leading to harm. Limiting freedom of speech to prevent criticism of policies pushed by the state can undermine public trust in the policy makers: if they know the truth and have all the convincing proofs and evidence, what are they afraid of? Arguably, they should make the proofs and evidence publicly available for the scrutiny by the general public, which includes many experts from many domains. Notably, restriction of freedom of speech is a favorite tool of regimes that violate other freedoms as well.

Restrictions of freedom may fail, as exemplified in alcohol prohibition in the United States in 20th century. Thus, restrictions of freedom need to be analyzed for practicability.

Freedom to give up freedom is limited. Thus, citizens are not free to sell themselves to slavery, but they are free to give up some freedom temporarily via employment contracts and other contracts.

Further reading:
* [[W:Freedom]]
* [[W:Individualism]]
* [[W:Classical liberalism]]

==Artificial intelligence==
Artificial intelligence seems to present a risk to end all humankind&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540 Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence could end mankind], bbc.com&lt;/ref&gt; but it also holds promise to help us think, analyze and know&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2018/614547/EPRS_IDA(2018)614547_EN.pdf Should we fear artificial intelligence?], by Peter J. Bentley, University College London, MilesB rundage, University of Oxford, Olle Häggström, Chalmers University, ThomasMetzinger, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;. It could help us figure things out and write this very article. However, extremely smart artificial intelligence could act as a smart sophist, a dishonest but capable arguer, producing argumentation and analysis cleverly crafty, having the appearance of being correct without actually being so. The smarter the artificial intelligence, the greater could be its capability as a sophist, defying all or nearly all human defenses against crafty argument. Subtly incorrect data analysis and presentation could be used together with subtly incorrect philosophical reasoning and conceptual analysis.

Silicon-based distributed computers may never achieve human-level intelligence; we do not know. The exponential growth of computing capacity that lasted for decades may hit a wall in a decade. Single-core performance growth has already slowed down and parallel composition to increase computing capacity has limitations that sequential does not. Computers have outperformed humans in some specialized tasks, but not in general intelligence. The physical limits of what can be done in silicon may be such that general artificial intelligence (GAI) is impossible. That is not to say that we positively know the limits, but they are plausible. Quantum computing would be an alternative route to GAI, but the progress so far does not suggest this to lead to GAI any time soon either. If one believes GAI cannot be achieved any time soon, global climatic change would seem to be a much graver risk for living forms.

Further reading:
* [[W:AI takeover]]
* [[W:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence]]
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/ Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Gaia hypothesis==
James Lovelock argues that the biosphere on the Earth is like a living organism, showing patterns of regulation and homeostasis, and could eliminate humans. That seems to conceive the biosphere as a conscious agent, an anthropomorphism or personification, and incorrect. While the biosphere of the Earth has many regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis, it does not have conscious goals and complex chains and networks of nodes connected by means-end relationship. It shows only the most rudimentary forms of goal-seeking behavior exemplified in homeostasis. While the regulatory mechanisms of the biosphere are much more complex than the most rudimentary form found in the thermostat, they do not approach the full form of a conscious goal-seeking agent. Even if we accept the biosphere as a living organism, these start at single-cell level such as bacteria, and do not have anything like will, consciousness or complex network of goals. The personified notion is implied in Lovelock's phrasing: &quot;Covid-19 may well have been one attempt by the Earth to protect itself. Gaia will try harder next time with something even nastier&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/02/beware-gaia-theory-climate-crisis-earth Beware: Gaia may destroy humans before we destroy the Earth] by James Lovelock, 2021, theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt;

Nonetheless, there may well happen to be regulatory mechanisms in place tending eliminate certain threats as they rise in significance. Certain kinds of disturbances that humans can cause will sooner eliminate humans than certain other forms of life such as those living in extreme conditions and deep in the oceans. A release of viruses to human population that were previously constrained to other species or creating new viruses in laboratory that will impact mainly humans may well be a case in point, especially if the objective of the research is to identify forms harmful to humans.

As a general point, that which has not been tried and well tested empirically on long time scale may not be stable enough and may fail the test of time. DNA-based life has been well tested on a very long time scale; human technology not so.

Further reading:
* [[W:Gaia hypothesis]]
* [http://www.jameslovelock.org/gaia-as-seen-through-the-atmosphere/ Gaia as seen through the atmosphere] by James Lovelock, 1983, jameslovelock.org
* [https://theconversation.com/gaia-theory-is-it-science-yet-4901 Gaia theory: is it science yet?], 2012, theconversation.com

==Technology as a form of life==
A complication of the analysis is that one may consider some forms of technology to be a form of life, depending on the definition of life. At least, life is not notionally limited to DNA-based life.

If one defines life as ''that which feeds on negative entropy'' following Schrödinger,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wired.com/2017/02/life-death-spring-disorder/ How Life (and Death) Spring From Disorder], 2017, wired.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82062201.pdf Does  microbial  life always feed on negative entropy?  Thermodynamic analysis  of  microbial  growth], 1999&lt;/ref&gt; some forms of technology fit the bill. Schrödinger's definition was criticized by Popper since many mechanical and chemical machines do feed on negative entropy (e.g. oil-fired boiler and self-winding watch), and since they are not alive, the definition cannot be right.&lt;ref name=fjt1998&gt;[http://www.tkpw.net/tcr/volume-03/number-02/v03n02.pdf There Are No Limits To The Open Society] by Frank J. Tipler, 1998&lt;/ref&gt; However, Tipler disagrees with Popper and says that some machines are alive.&lt;ref name=fjt1998/&gt; And Tipler indicated that per Richard Dawkins' ''The Blind Watchmaker'', automobiles are examples of living things&lt;ref name=fjt1998/&gt;, which seems hard to believe and a direct Dawkins quote would be preferable.

Under an analysis that accepts some forms of technology as living things, the enriching of technological forms would at the same time be enriching of the forms of life. One would claim that some forms of life were lost while other forms of life were gained. Even near-complete destruction of DNA-based life and replacement with forms of technology could be seen as not so bad for all the living things, and part of a natural process. Whether this kind of prospect is something that humans would collectively like and accept is another matter. Furthermore, a comparison of living things with technology below, as for similarities and dissimilarities between the two orders of phenomena, makes this line of analysis unconvincing.

What kind of technology could count as a form of life? A hammer does not qualify: it is an inert block of matter with no moving parts. A car and a computer, machines that use energy, are closer, but do not really qualify either. What would be more life-like would be a colony of silicon-based robots achieving material recycling. Theoretically, if such robots would close the material loop and depend only on renewable energy sources, they could even be sustainable. Whether that is realistic is another matter.

One could consider the pattern and simulation analysis below. Technology alone would not count as living, but certain patterns in the computer would count as good as living, such as those that are part of simulation of life. That requires that one considers a simulacrum as good as the real thing; some humans such as Hans Moravec apparently do.

Some similarities between living things and human technology, with some differences noted:
* Beavers make dams, and so do humans; spiders weave webs and humans weave nets; ants make anthills and humans make cities.
* Simple feedback-driven regulation (keeping of a value in range) is found in great amounts in living things, e.g. in body temperature regulation, and in technology, e.g. in the thermostat but also in steam engine or in a water toilet.
* Locomotion is found in animals as well as in human technology. However, the principles employed are very different. Thus, mammals move by legs whereas cars move by wheels, employing rotary motion. Some insects and birds fly by moving wings whereas aircraft uses propellers and jets, and space ships use jet-like propulsion.
* Bones provide structural rigidity in animal bodies, which is provided in invertebrates as well, e.g. in insect bodies. In technology, structural rigidity is all pervasive, as if a starting point rather than achievement like in biological bodies. Since, biological bodies tend to be soft and often filled with water.
* Algorithm implementation is found both in mammals and in technology. Thus, there is edge-detection algorithm found in human vision as well as in machine vision.
* A structure of goals and subgoals can be found both in mammals and in current implementations of artificial intelligence.
* Artificial neural networks bear some similarity to natural neural networks found in brains.
* A bird can aim at its prey and so can man-made homing missiles.

Dissimilarities between human technology and living things:
* Water is all-pervasive part of biological bodies, unlike of human technology. Addition of water is unwelcome for electronics including computers and electricity in general.
* Living things are analogs of chemical machines: most the function is realized using chemical reactions and transformation of molecules. Human technology is not like that one the whole. Operation of electrical and electronic devices such as engines and computers is predominantly electrical, and involves chemical reactions to a lesser extent or not at all. Related is the absence of metabolism in technical artifacts: one does not need to feed a computer with substances containing analogs of nutrients.
* When technology uses chemistry, it is of a different kind, often toxic to living things. By contrast, living things are mutually non-toxic on the whole, leading to food chains between plants and animals.
* Technology has poverty of structure: large relatively homogeneous chunks of glass, metal, plastic and concrete are key part of technology. By contrast, the recursively nested structure of living things is rich, reaching down to single cells, which again have rich structure.
* Regulation, communication and control permeates living things, from the single cell to organs, including endocrine and nervous system. Most technology shows poverty in these aspects. Nonetheless, there is some regulation even in some simple technical artifacts such as the thermostat. Some modern technology contains chips for regulation, and there, these aspects are increasing. They are also increasing in software and computing in general.
* Technology uses high temperatures for metalworking, glass making and other processes, unlike living things. To do that, technology often burns substances.
* Living things together with their environment have achieved a closed material loop, unlike technology.
* Living things are made from, and many are, very small machine-like living things called cells, unlike technology.
* Living things form swarms, herds and other collectives showing specific patterns of group appearance and change. Car queues are a little like that, but the patterns look very different.
* Living things reproduce by cell division and sexual reproduction, and multi-cell organisms grow from a single cell. Technology shows nothing of the sort; rather, it is assembled together from parts.
* Living things have metabolism: substance exchange with its environment. Technology has only a very limited form of it, by parts replacement, by filling in fuel and oil and by exchange of batteries.
* Living things are autonomous, each animal moving relatively independently on its own even if they move e.g. in a swarm. Almost no humans artifacts are like that. A future technology could become autonomous as well, which would put humans in danger. Such technology would thereby become more life-like. Some software today is so autonomous that it is life-like. Computer viruses are life-like in that once released, they are no longer controlled by their maker and spread and act on their own. Some man-made devices show degree of autonomy as well.
* Technology of today is subordinated to human ends; it is made to serves human purposes. Living things not so, except to some extent for domesticated animals and modified plants. Living things exist for themselves, so to speak.

Thus, technology and living things are deeply separate domains of order in the physical world given the dissimilarities. One could try to bring the two domains under a single overarching domain, given the similarities. However, the similarities are very partial; there is e.g. not much similarity between a spoon and any living thing, or not even a car and any living thing. There could be an overarching domain for certain forms of technology and living things, though. We could call the overarching notion ''cyberthing'', where cyber- points to steersman guiding a vessel, to regulation and goal-seeking. Living things are cyber throughout, starting with single cells; technology not so. A hammer would not fall under that notion, whereas a human-like or dog-like robot would. The prefix cyber- stems from the word cybernetics, coined to label an investigation that was an offshoot of abstract biology, physiology (study of function in living things), man-made homing missiles and similar goal-seeking systems.

The conclusion is that technological things are not living things unless one stretches the notion of life to an extreme, pushing it far beyond the original notion of life. Even if we appropriated the word &quot;life&quot; for this broad notion called above cyberthing, we would still need a word to label the original domain, perhaps &quot;classical life&quot;. Nothing would be helped by this word play, except perhaps to create a rhetorical effect by allowing techno-optimists to claim that they are in fact advancing life and that technology cannot be possibly threat to life since it is part of life itself, which is incorrect reasoning.

As an aside, plants and animals are also rather separate domains of order. Plants are stationary whereas animals show locomotion, and related to that, sensing via eyes and ears or their primitive analogs. Nonetheless, the grouping of these two domains under one domain of living things is straightforward: both domains show growth from a single cell, metabolism, cell structure, DNA as a means of coding of genetic information, reproduction, etc. Both domains have been here for geological periods of time, showing material loop closure.

Further reading:
* [[W:Entropy and life]]

==Technology as part of life==
If technology is not a living thing, is it perhaps something like ''a part'' of living things? The question is what counts as a ''form of a living thing''. Living things produce shells and bones, spiders produce webs, and beavers build beaver dams. Thus, there is endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and also what was called ''extended phenotype''. If structures located outside of living things but produced by them are forms of life, then man-made structures are also forms of life. From the point of view of invertebrates, the innovative use of calcium by vertebrates to build bones could have been seen, figuratively speaking, as decadent development that runs the risk of running out of calcium, which so far has not happened. This analogy may be rather far fetched: the problem of running out of calcium and running out of rare mined materials may be on a wholly different order of magnitude.

Even if technology is accepted as extended phenotype, one must consider not only kinds of things but also their extent and magnitude for sound analysis. No biological species approaches humankind in its production of extended phenotype. The analogies may be valid, but the scale, scope and impact is not.

If one accepts technology as not living on its own but rather part of life like shells and skeletons, one may analyze the whole of human technology and culture as part of living things and biosphere. One may then reinterpret the achievements of humankind as achievements of the biosphere. This is a personification or anthropomorphization of biosphere, and is analytically fragile. If one so wishes, it was not just the man who landed on the Moon but rather biosphere. One can then engage in various creative and fragile interpretations such as the idea that the biosphere created humans in order to get to Moon, or to produce technology to avert next asteroid impact. As far as we understand, biosphere did nothing of the sort: it has no network of goals connected by means-end relationship. But it is an interesting just-so story that can be obtained by extrapolating the history of living things.

Further reading:
* [[W:The Extended Phenotype]]

==Pattern-identity and simulation==
Yet another complication is the pattern-identity analysis of Hans Moravec&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nature.com/articles/336284a0.pdf?origin=ppub Strolling up the garden path] by Igor Aleksander, 1988, nature.com, a review of [[Mind Children]]: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. By Hans Moravec. Harvard University Press:I988.&lt;/ref&gt;. Under that analysis, what does a form or pattern care what material substrate it is instantiated in, and whether it is the original or mere simulation or emulation, identical or very similar to the original on the pattern level? AI could build a huge supercomputer and emulate living forms including individuals there, and that would be argued to be as good as the real unemulated thing. Whether humans would collectively accept this kind of substitution is unclear. In any case, those humans who would find it acceptable to die in the process of being transferred to a supercomputer as a simulation would drop out of the discussion unless their behavior in the supercomputer were connected to impacts in the world outside of the supercomputer. For the world outside of the supercomputer, they might as well be dead.

A further consequence of such analysis is that the supercomputer's (or network) ability to emulate forms could capture not only biological forms in existence but also biological forms extinct and forms that never existed and are only in the computer. If ''only in the computer'' is as good as ''outside the computer'', then computer simulations of life and life evolution including that in some computer games have already delivered for the diversity of life forms, and will deliver more.

Further reading:
* [[W:Mind uploading]]
* [https://nickbostrom.com/existential/risks Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios] by Nick Bostrom, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, 2002 -- uses the term &quot;upload&quot; in the relevant sense

==Sustainability of technology==
We can ask whether modern technology is sustainable in moderately short term. This is relevant since if it isn't sustainable, the promise of technology helping life forms spread to Mars or even beyond the Solar System is empty. As a summary, living things have depended on energy from the Sun and had a closed material loop for billions of years, whereas modern human technology depends on non-renewable energy sources and mining of non-renewable raw materials, with no clear way to achieve energy and material sustainability for the next one-thousand years. It is not clear whether and how a closed material loop for technology can be achieved.

We can compare the sustainability of biological life with the sustainability of modern technology. Most biological life including plants and animals depends on '''energy''' from the Sun, unlike modern technology, which depends to a large extent on use of non-renewable energy sources including fossil fuels and mined sources for nuclear energy. For more detail, see section [[#Sustainable energy|Sustainable energy]].

Some humans engage in '''miraculous extrapolation'''. The idea is that since humans could not have foreseen technological inventions and discovery of energy sources before the industrial revolution, there may be a lot of energy sources yet to be discovered. This kind of analysis, when done not carefully enough, has the effect of being a blanket rationale for belief in miracles to be extrapolated from the past: we have seen miraculous discoveries in the past and therefore we will see similarly miraculous discoveries in future. This kind of extrapolation is a logically invalid form of inference. An example of similarly invalid extrapolation is the assumption that the Moore's law (that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit will double about every two years) will last until year 2050 or even beyond; at some point, the decrease of the size of transistors will be stopped&lt;ref&gt;[https://theconversation.com/moores-law-is-50-years-old-but-will-it-continue-44511 Moore's Law is 50 years old but will it continue?], 2015, theconversation.com&lt;/ref&gt; by the hard physical limit of the size of atoms. Such an extrapolation from the past blindly assumes no hard physical or geological limits can be hit. A competing extrapolation can be made, pointing out that since great civilizations such as the Ancient Egyptian one eventually declined in certain time frame, so will the modern energy-intensive civilization. As a matter of fact, we do not know the details of the future, but it is logically invalid to assume that a simple extrapolation of vague tendencies of the past is a reliable way of knowing anything about the future.

'''Closing the material loop''' is another aspect of sustainability. Living things excel at recycling material of their bodies among different individuals of different species and the environment, having done so for billions of years; human technology is very different. For more detail, see section [[#Closing the material loop|Closing the material loop]].

'''Limits of Growth''' is a 1972 report predicting that humanity will hit hard limits at a specific time frame. The report has been criticized as being unduly pessimistic.&lt;ref name=psltg&gt;[https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/economic-growth-and-its-critics-by-bj-rn-lomborg The Limits to Panic] by Bjørn Lomborg, 2013, Project Syndicate&lt;/ref&gt; However, some predicted features appear to be correct.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2016/apr/19/why-limits-to-growths-forecasts-are-still-relevant-today Why Limits to Growth's forecasts are still relevant today], theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt; The fundamental idea that growth of industrial civilization has to hit hard physical, geological and environmental limits seems plausible enough. In general, ''exponential growth'', using the term in the mathematical sense applicable to economic and population growth, is so fast that in nature it is always stopped at a relative short time frame, one way or another.

'''Market mechanisms''' and '''human resourcefulness''' are thought by some to be able to solve resource problems. To wit, &quot;The Limits of Growth got it so wrong because its authors overlooked the greatest resource of all: our own resourcefulness.&quot;&lt;ref name=psltg/&gt; The claim that human resourcefulness is the greatest resource of all, greater than a ''scarce natural resource'', is clearly untrue. Indeed, place a group of resourceful, innovative and entrepreneurial humans on Mars, and the lack of the natural resources of breathable atmosphere and human-friendly habitat in general will show what the greatest resource of all really is. Market mechanisms are powerless except to the extent to which the physical world offers potentials to be discovered and utilized. Absent such potentials, the only thing such mechanisms can do is to increase the price of the resource becoming scarce together with the price of substitute resources and create economic incentive for discovering more resources or improving the utilization of existing ones. There is no way markets can increase the amount of water in the oceans, the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, the amount of all uranium ore, oil, coal, gas, and rare minerals and metals stored in the Earth. The notion of a ''scarce natural resource'' corresponds to objectively valid facts about the physical world. For some resources, we do not know how much of such a resource there is, but the only thing a new discovery changes is the knowledge of the resource, not its actual amount in existence. Predicting when humans are going to hit the physical limits is hard, and so is predicting when the Moore's law will end. That does not change the existence of the limits, not the general time scale to which they apply. The predictions may not meet the perfect standard of falsifiability and specific testability, but that does not make them entirely wrong on the fundamental level of analysis.

Further reading:
* [[W:Sustainable development]]
* [[W:Sustainable energy]]

==Sustainable energy==
Sustainable energy one aspect of [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]]. Most biological life including plants and animals depends on '''energy''' from the Sun. By contrast, modern technology depends to a large extent on use of non-renewable energy sources including fossil fuels and mined sources for nuclear energy. The solar energy has been available since the life began about 4 billion years ago (4,000,000,000)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/science/life/Evolution-and-the-history-of-life-on-Earth life - Evolution and the history of life on Earth], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; and is about to be available for the next 1 billion years (1,000,000,000) before the Earth becomes uninhabitable&lt;ref name=bbcsf&gt;[https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/when-will-earth-become-uninhabitable/ When will Earth become uninhabitable?], BBC Science Focus Magazine&lt;/ref&gt; or 150 million years (150,000,000) if we accept earlier more pessimistic computer models&lt;ref name=bbcsf/&gt;. Human toolmaking can be traced to about 3.3 million (3,300,000) years ago.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/question/When-did-humans-evolve When did humans evolve?], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, the modern extensive use of the fossil fuel of coal dates back to early 18th century (after 1,700)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/science/coal-fossil-fuel Coal | Uses, Types, Pollution, &amp; Facts], britannica.com&lt;/ref&gt;, thereby being over 300 years old. By current best estimates, humankind will run out of oil, gas and coal before 2100&lt;ref&gt;[https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/fossil-fuels-run/ When Fossil Fuels Run Out, What Then?], mahb.stanford.edu&lt;/ref&gt;, less than in 80 years. At the current rate of uranium consumption with conventional reactors, the world supply will last for about 80 years by one estimate&lt;ref&gt;[https://phys.org/news/2011-05-nuclear-power-world-energy.html Why nuclear power will never supply the world's energy needs], 2011, phys.org&lt;/ref&gt; or 200 years by another estimate&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/ How long will the world's uranium supplies last?], 2009, www.scientificamerican.com&lt;/ref&gt;. For further analysis, we may charitably assume that these estimates are too low, and that the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are going to be available for the next 500 years, an extremely short period on the geological time scale. Unless other significant sources of energy can be found in that time, the period of human use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy may turn out to be like an extremely brief flash of light that appeared, caused a massive destruction of life and its forms, and disappeared again, leaving the Earth biologically impoverished and the human population shrunk back to the size sustainable by renewable energy sources only.

Further reading:
* [[W:Sustainable energy]]

==Closing the material loop==
Closing the material loop is one aspect of [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]]. A related term is &quot;possibility of recycling&quot;. Living things excel at recycling material of their bodies among different individuals of different species and the environment, having done so for billions of years. In a sense, what biosphere does is that it reshuffles atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and other around, changing their chemical grouping, grouping of that grouping, etc. Human technology so far does not approach anything like that in its recycling, and it is not obvious it can ever be done. As a worst case, modern human technology may be fundamentally unsustainable as a class of physical and chemical phenomena. The fact of material sustainability of living things over geological time spans looks like a miracle.

It would look less like a miracle if one imagines physical objects to be like arrangements of billiard balls on a billiard table, where energy is needed to change the positions and relative arrangements of the balls, while the balls remain intact and without damage. Why cannot humans keep on rearranging the atoms of man-made things as long as they do not destroy the atoms? What is it about living things, able to keep on reshuffling their atoms for very long time frames with the use of energy from the Sun, that makes them different from human technology? Are there classes of atomic arrangements, perhaps of a certain group of chemical elements, that are open to reshuffling while other classes are not open to it? If so, why and what are these classes? These are the kinds of abstract questions that would reveal more about the potential of technology to close its material loop. The analogy of billiard balls is weak: there is nothing in the arrangement of the balls that keeps some balls closer or more tied to other balls. There may be clusters of balls, but they have no stability or tendency at self-preservation. By contrast, molecules are clusters or arrangements of atoms in which the atoms are bound together, as if glued or tied by a rope. It takes energy to break the ties, whereas the only energy required to change the cluster of billiard balls is the one required to put a ball in motion.

Industrial processes seem to take matter in a state that is open to a multitude of uses down the transformation path (raw materials), and convert it to a state that is open to fewer uses down the path (intermediate useful products and finally waste). Put differently, by realizing the potential of matter, the further potential seems reduced, but this holds more for human technology than for living things. The matter remains a puzzle.

Anatomically, living things and human technology are whole different phenomena. Living things are made of miniature cells, each of which is a semi-independent self-regulating entity with metabolism, like a chemical machine. Single cells were independent biological individuals before they started to form multi-cellular organisms. They achieved material closure (together with the environment) when they were single cells. By contrast, a knife is not made from cells, nor is a plastic container, or a concrete wall. The knife has no metabolism. A knife is anatomically simple, unlike a computer chip. However, a computer chip has no metabolism either. To close the material loop, technology does not seem to be able to imitate living things.

Further reading:
* [[W:Recycling]]
* [[W:Domestic material consumption]]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365144148_The_impossibility_of_circular_recycling The impossibility of circular recycling] In book: The Impossibilities of the Circular Economy, 2022
* [https://www.npr.org/2022/10/24/1131131088/recycling-plastic-is-practically-impossible-and-the-problem-is-getting-worse Greenpeace report finds most plastic goes to landfills as production ramps up], 2022, npr.org
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/22/worlds-consumption-of-materials-hits-record-100bn-tonnes-a-year World’s consumption of materials hits record 100bn tonnes a year], theguardian.com

==Existence of natural resources==
In relation to section [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]] (relevant to promises technology makes for life forms), some act as if the notion of ''natural resource'' was empty. It seems clearly untrue. And yet, some economists make such claims in all earnest&lt;ref name=aiernnr&gt;[https://www.aier.org/article/there-are-no-natural-resources/ There Are No Natural Resources], aier.org&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://rootsofprogress.org/there-are-no-natural-resources There are no natural resources], rootsofprogress.org&lt;/ref&gt;; we can read that 'the human mind is, as he described it, “the ultimate resource.”' or 'It’s true that nature created these materials, but nature did not transform them into resources. This all-important transformation was the product exclusively of human creativity, intellect, and effort'. It is largely untrue: it takes very little effort and ingenuity to catch fish if there is one readily available, but if there is no fish (as in the middle of desert), ingenuity will be of no help, and the more the low-hanging fruit is picked, the harder one must work to get more fruit. We can further read that &quot;This fact, in turn, means that as long as we humans have sufficient incentives to exercise our creativity, we almost certainly will never run out of resources or even suffer any significant resource depletion&quot;. This is clearly untrue: &quot;almost certainly will never run out of resources&quot; is false for sufficiently long time scale unless one engages in unfounded fantasies about how humankind with the help of technology will avert death of the universe itself, and this is what &quot;never&quot; means, and if one means &quot;for thousands of years&quot;, one should say that. There is more untruth: &quot;economic growth prevents, rather than promotes, resource depletion&quot;. The method of argument deployed seems to consist in confusing ''known'' reserves with ''existing'' reserves and resources, and by creative reinterpretation of the notion of ''resource''. The authors seem to fail to notice that the notion of ''resource'' is applicable to non-human biology: thus, animals compete for scarce resources including hunting area for food and access to mates, while plants compete for access to sunlight. The idea that something becomes a resource only after a human makes it so is incorrect.

Untruth from Cato Institute: &quot;The earth’s natural resources are neither fully known nor fixed in any meaningful sense&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cato.org/commentary/earths-resources-are-limited-human-ingenuity-infinite The Earth's Resources Are Limited, but Human Ingenuity Is Infinite], cato.org&lt;/ref&gt;; the resources are far from fully known but they are fixed in a very meaningful sense. Also, &quot;A continuation of that trend would see prices of these natural resources halve every 26 years&quot;: we cannot extrapolate exponential trends like this indefinitely. Furthermore, &quot;More humans, after all, means a greater brain capacity for ideas to engender abundance&quot;, which implicitly greatly overestimates the added value of more brains to the aggregate problem-solving capacity of the Earth.

Doubtless, ingenuity is a key factor in supporting billions of humans on the planet rather than ten thousand. Nonetheless, such support is only made possible by natural resources, and it takes very little ingenuity to support ten thousand humans. An accurate statement is that humans get most instrumental value (value for human ends) by combining natural resources with human ingenuity, both ingredients being necessary and scarce. The existence of this kind of documented clearly untrue utterances throws a bad light on a whole profession.

One can see importance of natural resources in single economic facts: what makes Dubai rich is not the ingenuity of its inhabitants but the natural resource of oil. Russian economy depends greatly not on Russian ingenuity but on the mined natural resources. The largely absent inhabitants of the Antarctic are absent not because of lack of ingenuity (there is enough ingenuity globally, and the continent is reachable) but because of the lack of natural resource of favorable climate. The low population density of Tibet is not because of the lack of ingenuity of the Chinese state but because of the harsh environment. Wars are fought not to acquire ingenuous and creative inhabitants of lands but over natural resources of lands, often on false pretexts. It was the sudden scarcity of the natural resource of oil in 1973 that created recession, high inflation, reduced productivity, and reduced economic growth; no such crisis is known from a sudden restriction on availability of ingenuity.

The problem of increasing rate of depletion of mined resources can be stated as follows:
* The greater the rate of mining per year, the faster the rate of shortening the life span of civilization that depends on these mined sources.
* The larger the population, then, given a fixed per capita mined resource use, the faster the source depletion rate per year and the shorter the life span of the civilization that depends on these mined resources.

What human ingenuity has done so far above all was increase the rate of mining, and thus, increase the rate of shortening the life span of the civilization. The increases of resource use efficiency and the achieved recycling rate did not result in reduced global mining rate. The end is being made nearer with the use of human ingenuity. This could all be barred by achieving a closed material loop, but nothing approaching that is being done.

Further reading:
* [[W:Natural resource]]
* [[W:1973 oil crisis]]
* [[W:Cornucopianism]]
* [[W:Julian Simon]]
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/cornucopian cornucopian], britannica.com
* [https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/cornucopian Cornucopian | Saving Earth], britannica.com
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/food/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/food-future-history Food, Future of: A History], encyclopedia.com

==Natural resource consumption==
Natural resource consumption and extraction has bearing on sustainability. The Friends of the Earth report below up to year 2005 shows an overall upward trend in global resource extraction in multiple categories. The UNEP report below shows an upward trend reaching 30 Gt in 1970, 79.5 Gt in 2010 and approaching 100 Gt in 2019. A 2020 Guardian article reported the global resource consumption to have reached 100 Gt (100,000,000,000 t) a year. If this increasing trends stops and stabilizes, that will still be far from sustainable.

As of 2021, per Our World in Data, fossil fuel consumption has increased around 8-fold since 1950, and around 2-fold since 1980.

* [https://friendsoftheearth.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/overconsumption.pdf Overconsumption? Our use of the world's natural resources], friendsoftheearth.uk -- has time-dependent charts of extraction of resources
* [[W:Domestic material consumption]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/22/worlds-consumption-of-materials-hits-record-100bn-tonnes-a-year World’s consumption of materials hits record 100bn tonnes a year], theguardian.com
* [https://wesr.unep.org/indicator/index/8_4_2 8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP], wesr.unep.org
* [https://data.oecd.org/energy/crude-oil-production.htm Energy - Crude oil production], data.oecd.org -- time-dependent chart for the world
* [https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels Fossil Fuels], Our World in Data -- time-dependent charts

==Power of the markets==
In relation to section [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]] (relevant to promises technology makes for life forms), some imagine markets are a powerful mechanism to solve all human problems; that section argues it is not so. A related section is [[#Limits of technology|Limits of technology]].

The price mechanism is a powerful one, providing something like aggregated distributed reasoning about economic value, unhindered by bureaucratic processes. But the fractal fluctuation of price, showing wild fluctuation on various scales, on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly level, leaves some doubt whether it has much to do with an analog of human rationality. It rather seems like an analog of irrational human psychology, just aggregated, including vain hopes, bursts of enthusiasm and irrational panics. It is probably a combination of both. It is not clear how far into future the projections made by market participants reach. All too many participants depend on the method called ''technical analysis'', which tries to extract patterns from price developments without any deeper understanding of the underlying factors, adding no own substance-based input to the price mechanism.

Further reading:
* [[W:Efficient-market hypothesis]]
* [[W:Benoit Mandelbrot#Randomness and fractals in financial markets]]
* [[W:Technical analysis]]

==Capitalism to blame==
One may claim that capitalism is to blame for loss of life forms, not technology. First, capitalism without technology is harmless. Second, soviet-style socialist countries undergoing rapid industrialization do not seem much better in terms of environmental damage than Western market countries: Aral Sea was greatly damaged by Soviet Union.

Regulated or properly incentivized market mechanism is capable of achieving any desired level of environmental protection, so long as one is ready to accept the reduced standard of living. All it takes is tax the uses of resources high enough to meet use reduction targets. Barring illegal tax evasion, the market price mechanism that is like an aggregator of a distributed reasoning about economic value will take care of the rest.

Centrally-planned economies are capable of achieving similar levels of environmental protection, again as long as there is will and readiness to sacrifice. However, in so far as they perform worse in terms of efficient resource allocation, they may achieve much worse cost-effect ratio in terms of achieved improved protection and reduced standards of living.

Stabilization of population stops population-rise-driven increase of resource use without requiring anyone to reduce their standard of living.

Further reading:
* [[W:Environmental tax]]
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/green-taxes Green Taxes], encyclopedia.com
* [http://www.cnsjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/The-Environmental-Record-of-the-Soviet-Union.pdf The Environmental Record of the Soviet Union] by Arran Gare

==Limits of technology==
Technological optimists and free market advocates sometimes act as if technology had not limits. It does have limits in the physical world. In general, the physical world exhibits potentialities but also impossibilities. Living things are an expression of one of such potentialities, and human technology realized so far is another one. Some things may be impossible and some seem to be outright so: we may never be able to colonize Mars, travel near another star, transmute iron into gold or achieve human-level silicon sensory and reasoning performance. Some of that may be possible, but we do not know.

Science-fiction literature would be properly called science-fantasy literature. Example of fiction is Sherlock Holmes, largely realistic. In essence, science-fiction takes acts of magic and coats them in scientific language without regard to practicability. Thus, instead of teleport, we have travel via hyperspace, and then we can travel from one end of a galaxy to another. Hyperspace works around the problem that Milky Way is approximately 100,000 light-years across, so even if we unrealistically assume travel by speed of light, a travel from one end to another would take so many years. Robots are magically equipped with laws of robotics restricting a possible harm without regard for how such a thing could be done.

Some literature not categorized as science-fiction assigns remarkable potential to technology:
* Change Mars atmosphere, which has almost no oxygen, to make it breathable for humans. Thaw frozen water on Mars for human use.
* &quot;Upload&quot; a human mind to a human-like robot (android) to achieve extreme longevity. Thus, when the robot wears down, the mind can be transferred to a new robot, as if transferring files between computers.
* Have artificial intelligence bootstrap itself by improving itself, regardless of possible physical limits of computation.
* Faithfully simulate living things in a supercomputer. Today, we cannot even faithfully simulate individual atoms of all chemical elements; the reduction of chemistry to physics is not a completed project.
* Invent replacement for rare minerals found in the Earth.
* Prevent the death of the universe.

One may wonder which fantasies are wild and which less so. The technoptimist ultimate stratagem is the argument that since we could not have envisaged electricity, nuclear power and flight past Pluto, we cannot envisage true future technological possibilities either. However, there were some hints that machines could do what animals do: birds can fly, fish can swim and go deep in the ocean, humans can reason and some fish can generate light. This did not tell us we would be able to go past Pluto or communicate using radio waves, though. Proper extrapolative principles to distinguish the realistically possible from the impossible seem to be in need of developing.

See also [[The limits of technological potential]].

Further reading:
* [[W:Limits of computation]]
* [[W:Technological utopianism]]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360688914_Techno-Optimism_An_Analysis_an_Evaluation_and_a_Modest_Defence Techno-Optimism: An Analysis, an Evaluation and a Modest Defence] by John Danaher, 2022
* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13347-022-00555-x What is Techno-Optimism?] by Peter Königs, 2022

==Importance of mind versus muscle==
In relation to section [[#Existence of natural resources|Existence of natural resources]] and the quotations about human ingenuity being the most important resource, we may ask what makes a deeper difference, whether technological analogs of muscles or technological analogs of brains. What has lead the industrial revolution, including the steam engine, were analogs of the muscle, not of the brain. The industrial machinery replaced human and animal muscle in part. The recent digital revolution was an analog of the brain. It experienced rapid exponential growth of computing capacity lasting for multiple decades. The results do not seem to be deeply impressive, in practical terms. Humankind invented the steam engine, the train locomotive, the car, the coal powerplant, the nuclear powerplant, simple airplanes and jet airplanes and arrived at the Moon long before computers gained today's capacity. The recent continued exponential improvements in computing capacity did not bring about anything similarly groundbreaking. If intelligence and ingenuity are so important, why did not the massive electronic augmentation of human intelligence bring about results and changes far outstripping the previous industrial revolution? Is this because computers are much more of toys than we think, not &quot;real&quot; machines like the steam engine?

Whatever the case above, human ingenuity is important, and makes all the difference in the ability to support large human population on the Earth.

Further reading:
* [[W:Digital Revolution]]
* [[W:Fourth Industrial Revolution]]
* [[W:Productivity paradox]]
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2021/08/01/why-computers-didnt-improve-productivity/?sh=1da22b7936f2 Why Computers Didn’t Improve Productivity], 2021, forbes.com

==Limiting population growth==
Limiting population growth is a straightforward way of reducing load on natural resources including impact on life forms. Unlimited exponential population growth cannot be technologically compensated; there is only so much water available for human bodies.

Population growth can be limited by strict population control measures as was done in China. At the same time, population growth can significantly slow down as a result of economic development and availability of contraception without artificial policy controls.

Further reading:
* [[W:Overpopulation]]
* [[W:Human overpopulation]]
* [[W:Human population planning]]
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/population-control Population Control], encyclopedia.com

==Population and consumption downsizing==
One way of dealing with [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]] is population and consumption downsizing. It would not make technology truly sustainable in the way in which life forms are (material cycle, energy), but it could extend the lifespan of the current highly technical civilization. It would include reducing the size of the world population and reducing the rate at which irreplaceable raw materials are being mined.

Biologist Paul Ehrlich, the author of ''The Population Bomb'', thinks the population should be greatly reduced to match the Earth's carrying capacity.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/22/collapse-civilisation-near-certain-decades-population-bomb-paul-ehrlich Paul Ehrlich: 'Collapse of civilisation is a near certainty within decades'], 2018, theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt;. Some disagree.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.humanprogress.org/paul-ehrlich-ignores-abundance-again/ Paul Ehrlich Ignores Abundance Again], humanprogress.org&lt;/ref&gt;

Unless the problem of [[#Closing the material loop|closing the material loop]] can be solved, the higher the rate of exhaustion of irreplaceable raw materials, the shorter the lifespan of civilization that depends on these materials. And since it is far from obvious the loop can be closed, this concern is a serious one. The larger the population of car buyers, the larger the rate at which raw materials for cars are being mined, and thus, population size living the rich technological standard is a concern. Even without cars, population creates load on water resources and other resources. In general, smaller populations are more sustainable.

How population downsizing would be achieved is another matter. A reasonably humane way is fertility reduced under the replacement rate, which in some countries such as Japan happens without state intervention. One problem is that if one region of the world reduces its population, another region can compensate for it by rapid population growth. One policy prescription seems obvious: regions of the world engaging in population reduction should not indiscriminately accept migrants from high-growth regions, or else they accept a system in which all their reduction will be in vain.

Billionaire Elon Musk thinks &quot;one of the biggest risks to civilization is the low birth rate and the rapidly declining birthrate&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aei.org/economics/elon-musk-is-more-concerned-with-there-being-too-few-people-rather-than-too-many-hes-right/ Elon Musk Is More Concerned with There Being Too Few People Rather Than Too Many. He’s Right.], aei.org&lt;/ref&gt;. Others disagree&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-musk-population-crisis Elon Musk Is Totally Wrong About Population Collapse], 2022, wired.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt;.

One author opines that &quot;Unlike all previous civilizations, modern industrial civilization is powered by an exceptionally rich, NON-renewable, and irreplaceable energy source—fossil fuels.  This unique energy base predisposes industrial civilization to a short, meteoric lifespan of unprecedented boom and drastic bust.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-08-10/four-reasons-civilization-wont-decline-it-will-collapse/ Four Reasons Civilization Won’t Decline: It Will Collapse], 2020, resilience.org&lt;/ref&gt; If he is right, downsizing could help replace a sudden collapse with relatively smooth and painless reduction.

Further reading:
* [[W:Paul R. Ehrlich]]
* [[W:Elon Musk]]

==Efficacy of voluntary fertility reduction==
In relation to [[#Population and consumption downsizing|Population and consumption downsizing]], we may consider the efficacy of voluntary fertility reduction. It may well work in the short term: many industrial countries are seeing lower fertility rates. However, it is unlikely to work in the long term: there is probably a genetic and cultural variation that impacts fertility. Differences in genetics and culture will drive differential reproduction rates so that eventually the pool of humans on the Earth is going to be dominated by individuals with highest reproduction rate whether driven genetically or culturally. Thus, any religion that instructs its members to have many children is likely to prosper in terms of population of believers. The same is true for any subculture with high fertility, whether bound to an ethnic or not. Even if we disregard culture, there are likely to be genetic differences. Thus, for instance, humans intelligent and considerate enough to understand the global concerns and act on them are going to be outperformed by those who do not have these characteristics. In the very long run, the only sustainable method is likely to be top-down regulation. However, top-down regulation may not be required in the 21st century; to say that is it would require a specific numerical analysis and the evolutionary processes invoked in the analysis take multiple generations to have effect.

Further reading:
* [http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/bio357/Uncaring_Humanoids.html Selection for Uncaring Humanoids] by Eric R. Pianka, zo.utexas.edu

==Feasibility of harm reduction==
A relevant question is how feasible is it for humans and their technology to reduce the harm they cause to biological forms. Things that would need to be done:
* Reduce the human population size.
* Close the material cycle or at least reduce the rate at which humankind becomes increasingly more dependent on irreplaceable mineral sources.
* Switch to renewable sources of energy.

The following formula seems to hold, although it is a simplification:
* The more ''artificial'' humanity gets, the less ''sustainable''.

So far, the process has been of accelerating dependence on and depletion of mineral sources, including fossil fuels and those used for production of fertilizers. It suffices for one of the multiple inputs used in conjunction to run out for the production process to stop, and lead to mass human death by lack of food, unless a substitute is found. In general, substitutes for inputs can and will continue to be found, but that has limits: at a minimum, there is no substitute for sunlight and water. Furthermore, if we consider the totality of the Earth's unconverted substances that can be mined and used as inputs into linear processes converting these inputs into technical artifacts and fertilizers for human population sustenance, this sum total is finite, irreplaceable and is being depleted at an accelerating rate. The current population size depends on mining of these irreplaceable inputs in multiple ways.

The process seems to have a structure similar to a car exponentially accelerating in a fog toward a wall: the driver does not know how far the wall is, but the wall is there, and once the wall is hit, the driver is dead and the car is smashed. The human situation may be less serious: with luck, the crash may mean a huge population reduction rather than complete dying out, but human dying out is not ruled out under some scenarios. Furthermore, in the human situation, the fog is not perfectly impenetrable; see also [[#Prediction and extrapolation|Prediction and extrapolation]].

An alternative claim may be that the car is accelerating not toward a wall but rather toward a technological singularity beyond which the fog is even thicker and nothing can be seen about the future beyond except that the future is bright. That seems to be magical quasi-religious thinking, assuming immense power of form over matter. But form cannot create matter; see also [[#Assumptions|Assumptions]]. Form can change forms of forms of forms, even on more levels of indirectness, increasing its prevalence in the world, but it cannot create matter. It cannot create energy either.

It is hard to see what would need to happen for a huge reduction of use of irreplaceables to take place. That would necessarily include large population reduction: a large population needs minerals for fertilizers as a minimum. One would perhaps need some kind of miracle of biological engineering. Switching to renewable energy is far from sufficient. Convincing the humankind to hugely reduce the world population seems not obviously feasible. Perhaps it can be done; we do not know.

See also debate: [[Is collapse of the global civilization before year 2100 likely?]]

Further reading:
* [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2012.2845 Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?] by Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, 2013

==After us, the flood==
In relation of feasibility of reduction harm, the English translation &quot;after us, the flood&quot; of the French &quot;Après moi, le déluge&quot; captures the attitude that is probably fairly prevalent among humans. The thinking may be, if everything has to end anyway, what does it matter to me if it ends in 100 years when I am no longer there? An analog on personal level would be, if my life is going to end anyway, what does it matter to me if it ends in 1 year? The personal analog is usually not accepted. The rejection of the personal analog is probably explained by the Darwinian evolution by natural selection, which would eliminate individuals adopting such a stance. However, Darwinian evolution works on individuals as parts of populations. Thus, individuals and families that adopt such a short-sighted stance are eliminated and their variants with more long-term view are kept. This also works for groups of individuals, tribes and societies to some extent: a tribe that adopts a cultural norm harmful to its survival is gone or greatly diminished. However, once the unit of selection is the global society, the Darwinian population logic breaks down since we are no longer dealing with a population of units but rather a single unit. The Darwinian natural selection has no obvious mechanism to produce genes that result in a concern about the well-being of the whole species. On the other hand, if the global population crashes, the descendants of the particular individual who does not feel very concerned are going to be hit as well. However, the individual who cares cannot solve the problem by going childless since then the next generation consists only of individuals who are less considerate to future. An individual who would want to maximize the best chance for long-term survival of their genes would do well to participate in a global vote to limit the fertility for everyone: thus, the individual can have a fair share in competing for the future share of population and at the same time ensure the necessary reduction to ensure viability of the population size in the first place. It would seem the selfish gene would prefer such an outcome. However, thinking of the gene as if an active person driving behavior (phenotype) is merely a shortcut serving to help the general public understand, and it may not always correspond to reality. What happens in reality is differential survival of copies of genes depending on elimination of individuals via their phenotype, that is, bodily form and behavior. In any case, if the gene could drive the behavior as if it were a person, it seems it would opt for population reduction, perhaps a one child policy. Such a policy is relatively inhumane and causes the problem of aging population to be supported by relatively fewer younger people, but the gene does not care about any of that, it cares about its best chances of spread into the future populations.

However, those who think in the &quot;after us, flood&quot; line are perhaps not concerned with their genes. They may well see the steep rise continuing to its limits followed by an even steeper crash as an attractive way of living, perhaps &quot;living to the fullest&quot; in some sense. &quot;Live dangerously&quot;. And indeed, it may maximize &quot;human potential&quot; in some sense by reaching heights that would never be reached by a conservative policy. Their reasoning may be, let us try the best luck and see where this path of exponential expansion can take us. It has taken us very far and it has a chance of taking us even further. When we run out of resources, we will, and that's it. And if species die, it's only natural, most of species that ever lived on the Earth have died. The living things can only hope the flooders run out of luck sooner than later.

The flooders are perhaps a bit like 20th century Himalayan mountaineers attacking Mt. Everest or Nanga Parbat: they wanted to reach the peaks, get as high as possible, at the risk to their lives. However, they had a chance of returning from the peak. Another related cases are of a pioneer, a risk taker or an adventurer. There is a difference: the mountaineer is risking their own life, not being indifferent about the fate of large populations of humans and other species. And the flooder knows that he, as an individual, can only have a very small impact on what happens in the human world, which objectively greatly diminishes his responsibility. He is only one voter, often in a relatively small country. Still, it is not clear why the flooder would keep telling stories about technology overcoming all obstacles; perhaps to keep others in their mountain-climbing business, where the mountain peaks are peaks of technological and other achievements. Yes, we crashed, but our technology took pictures of Mars and got past Pluto before that, and we got as close to artificial intelligence as we possibly could, so it was worth it.

Further reading:
* [[W:Après moi, le déluge]]
* [[W:Mountaineering]]
* [[W:BASE jumping]]
* [https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/30/why-do-some-people-risk-their-lives-for-fun Why do some people risk their lives for fun?], 2021, economist.com
* [https://www.dw.com/en/chasing-danger-why-do-extreme-athletes-risk-their-lives/a-60789733 Chasing Danger - Why Do Extreme Athletes Risk their Lives?], 2022, dw.com
* [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/extreme-athletes-risk-taking What Makes Risk Takers Tempt Fate?], nationalgeographic.com

==Humanity as cancer==
In relation to [[#Sustainability of technology|Sustainability of technology]], humanity has been likened to cancer. Analogies are a fragile tool of thought, but they allow extracting abstract features. What the analogy of cancer points to is a case of a biological entity that contains in its developmental process seeds of its own fairly rapid destruction: unlike healthy cells of a multi-cellular individual, cancerous cells show unrestrained growth that ultimately kills the organism together with the cancerous growth. Where the analogy breaks down is in that the Earth is not a biological individual and humankind is not a structure that is part of a biological individual. Whether this dissimilarity makes a difference is less clear. Another objection may be that ageing and life span of biological individuals is driven genetically, so the difference between a cancerous process and healthy ageing seems to be more quantitative than categorical: even healthy individuals contain seeds of their own death.

Another analogy from biology is that of humankind as a parasite of the Earth. Here again, the Earth is seen as a biological individual. Another analogy is of humankind like a &quot;meteor slamming into the earth&quot;.

Further reading:
* [https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_living_on_a_lifeboat.html Living on a Lifeboat] by Garrett Hardin, 1974, -- 'Gregg (1955) likened the growth and spreading of humanity over the surface of the earth to the metastasis of cancer in the human body, wryly remarking that “Cancerous growths demand food; but, as far as  I know, they have never  been  cured  by  getting it.”'
* [[W:Lifeboat ethics]] -- about two articles by Garrett Hardin, with links to article full text
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12291996/ Has the human species become a cancer on the planet? A theoretical view of population growth as a sign of pathology] by W M Hern, 1993
* [https://www.int-res.com/articles/esep2014/14/e014p007.pdf Homo sapiens: cancer or parasite?] by Daniel Pauly, 2014

==The power of the biotechnosphere==
In so far as some view developing the human potential as worthwhile goal and as making pictures of Martian surface is part of reaching human potential, we may consider the concept of biotechnosphere and its power or potential. Another thing making the concept relevant are the apparent similarities of living things and artificial technological forms on some level of analysis, where a comparison between the two phenomena is part of this article.

As used here, the biotechnosphere is the aggregate of biosphere and technosphere understood as a system with quasi-agency. A first observation is that the biosphere does not have a true person-like agency but it has quasi-agency: 1) it contains humankind with its quasi-agency; 2) it contains planetary homeostatic processes with their quasi-agency. What has true agency is individual humans; groups of humans are not persons yet have quasi-agency.

We can say that humankind took images of Martian surface, but then we realize that human bodies did nothing of the sort: it was technical artifacts that took the images. Thus, it was not humankind as aggregate of human bodies that took these images, but it was not the technosphere as the aggregate of technical artifacts either: it needed human agency to take these images. It was the union of humans and technology that took these images. To account for both components, we could say that it was anthropotechnosphere that took these images. But then we note that humans could do nothing of the sort without the human-sustaining services rendered by the biosphere, which ensures planetary homeostatic processes including production of oxygen. While humans dream of terraforming Mars, what biosphere did was &quot;terraforming&quot; the Earth: it produced the breathable Earth atmosphere and the plant layer that makes humans possible. We can thus reconceptualize taking Martian images as performance of biosphere, humans and technosphere. But since humans are part of biosphere, we may omit the human part, and emphasize bio- and techno-, obtaining biotechnosphere.

Admittedly, the notion of the biotechnosphere is somewhat analytically fragile. It has no true agency. Nonetheless, it seems to be a real entity in some sense. This is reinforced by certain similarities between living things and modern technology: both involve elements of homeostasis, regulation, goal-seeking, and algorithm implementation. What is also found in both the biosphere and the technosphere is Darwinian natural selection and it analogs, variation and elimination of designoids and designs showing function. Both biosphere and technosphere show competing entities, groups and niches; one technology competes with another in a particular niche, while being in no competition with technologies in other niches or domains. Animals eat other animals and corporations incorporate other corporations together with their technology; one package of technology incorporates other package of technology that was previously made and sold separately. More similarities can be found.

Under this analysis, that which the joint enterprise of the biosphere and the technosphere can do is part of the power or potential of the biotechnosphere.

What does the biotechnosphere want? Strictly speaking, nothing. But that is not to say there are no developmental trajectories, tendencies and momenta. The biosphere seems to have a developmental momentum toward functional complexity and differentiation, even though this is often denied. Similarly, technology seems to have a developmental momentum toward increased functional richness and complexity. Both biology and technology are manifestations of the notion of function and implied means-end relationship. Nonetheless, it probably makes little sense to say that the biotechnosphere wanted to get to the Moon, although individual humans certainly did. See section [[#The purpose of the biotechnosphere|The purpose of the biotechnosphere]].

The project of expanding the human potential is a project of expanding of the power of the biotechnosphere. Power is a double-edged sword. Power is both creative and destructive. It would be a feat of power of the biotechnosphere to develop means of destroying the entire planet Earth as an astrophysical object. From human perspective, that can hardly be desirable. Humans can dream of expanding the power of the biotechnosphere in some directions, but other directions seem undesirable. The challenge is to delineate the desirable directions from the undesirable ones; so far, humans have not performed particularly well.

Another name for biotechnosphere could be cybersphere, in recognition of both the biosphere and the technosphere involving steersman-like behavior, regulation and goal-seeking. However, that word is already in use for something else, and &quot;biotechnosphere&quot; serves to highlight the two key components, living things and technology.

In future, the biotechnosphere could include true general artificial intelligence. That intelligence could see itself as part of and agency of the biotechnosphere. It could realize that its continued existence in the time frame allowed while raw materials and energy sources last depends on the planetary homeostatic services of the biosphere, and that it would do well not to fundamentally disrupt the biosphere as well as the atmosphere.

==The purpose of the biotechnosphere==

In section [[#The power of the biotechnosphere|The power of the biotechnosphere]], the notion of biotechnosphere was introduced, and its developmental trajectory and momentum was pointed out. A related question is what is the purpose in and of the biotechnosphere.

Biotechnosphere shows a mixture of true purpose (of man-made machines) and implied or quasi-purpose (of plants, animals, their organs and behaviors). The complex network of dependencies between plants and animals and functional dependencies between organs creates the impression of function and purpose. The natural history of biosphere is one of creating conditions that allow for other conditions to develop, creating the networks of dependency revealed in food chains. Thus, a lion could think that antelopes are there to serve as their food, antelopes could think their plant food is there to serve antelopes, and all could think that the purpose of life forms that established the oxygen atmosphere on the Earth was to do just that. It is the incrementally historically originated network of dependencies that gives the impression: one may think that if A depends on B, B is there to serve A. For food chain relations and for the dependency on oxygen production, it is not so. For functions of organs, the analysis is a bit different, organs having more of quasi-purpose than items in food chain. It it is so since the evolution of organs is linked with their use. Thus, a complex eye has evolved from a single light-sensing cell and what drove the evolution was the increasingly better fit of the intermediate forms for the use case. It is this increasingly better fit that gives the impression of purpose. Furthermore, it makes good sense to say that a lion chases an antelope to get food: to find instrumentality and purpose in animal behavior does not seem completely far-fetched. One may find purpose and instrumentality in the behavior of a single cell: it filters which substances may enter it so that it does not get destroyed.

These deliberations suggest that some identification of purpose in biosphere is completely wrong, but other is not so, and if it does not point to true purpose, it points to quasi-purpose with various degrees of quasi. The question of purpose is relevant for the question of what the biotechnosphere wants. The purpose-colored thinking is that since technosphere depends on biosphere and on humans in particular, technosphere is what biosphere wanted all along. In this purpose-colored thinking, all the feats of humankind and its technology is what the biosphere wanted and aimed at all along since the first single-cell organisms. It is untrue. Nonetheless, the overall developmental trajectory toward complexity and increased functional capability (locomotion, swimming, flight, sensing, seeing, hearing, reasoning, traveling to Moon) is remarkable and leaves one wondering whether there is something about the laws of natural selection, the environment and the design spaces that makes this developmental trajectory law-like and in some sense probable, far from being a pure chance.

The quasi-purpose driven by natural selection may be identified in technology as well. Thus, if one ascribes quasi-agency to technology, one may think that the quasi-purpose of technology's having entrenching features it to become entrenched, since it contributes to its survival. This analysis is fragile but maybe it points to something valid and interesting.

There is purpose ''in certain parts'' of the biotechnosphere and quasi-purpose in other parts, but what is the purpose or quasi-purpose ''of'' the biotechnosphere? Some creative answers obtained from extrapolation of the developmental trajectory follow.
* To gain maximum knowledge of mathematical facts, especially theorems, but also of non-theorem numerical facts such as the Mandelbrot set.
* To gain maximum knowledge of the empirical world, including the laws of physics and the law-like regularities of other sciences.
* To bring as many forms and as much richness of form and pattern as possible into the empirical world, including shapes, structures (node graphs), functions and behaviors. Even modern art contributes to the enterprise to some extent. One might think this would include generating a book of all sequences of characters, but there is also the word &quot;richness&quot;, pointing to diversity of form and pattern, diversity of patterns of patterns, diversity of patterns of patterns of patterns, etc. One may find more interesting enterprises in this direction.
* The reach as many and as faraway places as possible. The biosphere does it well, but the technosphere goes further, past Pluto.
* To create as impressive massive objects as possible, such as high buildings, long bridges across a sea or huge statues.
* To maximize speed records of transportation via cars, watercraft, aircraft and rockets.
* To save the universe from its death. This boldly assumes it is possible, which it does not seem to be.
* To maximize its longevity, aspirationally aiming at immortality. Saving the universe from its death helps.
* To reproduce the universe and fine-tune it so that the emergence of life in the spawned universe is probable&lt;ref name=tgjs/&gt;.
* To develop its capacities to an extreme, show them off, and then go out.
* To destroy the Earth. This seems unexpected, but if one plays the means-end interpretive games, it is a candidate: in order to destroy the Earth, the biotechnosphere needs to produce the technology, for which it needs humans, for which it needs human ancestors, for which it needs plants, for which it needs oxygenation of atmosphere, etc.

Regardless of the playful exercise above, the biotechnosphere has no true purpose. If one must choose a purpose, it can be a purpose that one likes. It may also be a purpose that has some desirable properties, but one must probably like those properties on some level of analysis. It seems hard to do without the concept of liking. Do humans like the notion of a massively shrinking biosphere with technosphere left behind as a mere remnant to be fossilized? Or do they want to make a bet on wild fantasies far beyond the possibilities suggested by the current scientific understanding of the world and by the phenomena observed on the Earth?

Darwinian natural selection, the maker of the quasi-purpose in living things, does not apply to the biotechnosphere, since the biotechnosphere is only one and not part of a population. Darwinian natural selection is a process that includes the notion of population as a key ingredient and variation of individuals of the population. A key point is that some variants survive and some don't. Where there is only a single non-replicating individual entity, it either survives or not, and when it does not, it is gone. The same argument explains why the biosphere does not even have a Darwinian quasi-purpose, unlike lion's antelope-chasing behavior&lt;ref&gt;[https://aeon.co/essays/gaia-why-some-scientists-think-its-a-nonsensical-fantasy Gaia: why some scientists think it’s a nonsensical fantasy] by Michael Ruse, 2013, aeon.co, &lt;/ref&gt;. To be sure, the biotechnosphere can also shrink rather than being completely destroyed; it can lose the technosphere part, and become biosphere again.

Further reading:
* [https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/10/29/163855847/is-it-silly-to-seek-purpose-in-the-natural-world Is It Silly To Seek Purpose In The Natural World?], by Tania Lombrozo, 2012, npr.org
* [https://www.livescience.com/24378-scientists-purpose-nature.html Even Scientists Unwittingly See Purpose in Nature], 2012, livescience.com
* [https://bigthink.com/13-8/life-earth-purpose/ Does life on Earth have a purpose?] by Marcelo Gleiser, 2022, bigthink.com

==Achievements of biosphere and technosphere==
In relation to the power of biotechnosphere and to the conflict between the biosphere and the technosphere, it is worth pointing to the achievements of these spheres.

Achievements of the biosphere:
* Oxygenation of the atmosphere. Thus, terraforming, preparing the Earth for many life forms including humans.
* Provision of the plant layer on land for animals to live in.
* Creation of layer upon layer of enabling conditions, resulting in long food chains.
* Penetration of a wide range of habitats, including the ocean and its bottom, land, the air, and the icy Antarctic.
* Swimming (fish, some mammals), running, flight (insects, birds), jumping (kangaroo).
* Bringing the notions of function and quasi-purpose into the empirical world and, with humans, purpose as well.
* Letting a great richness of form from the world of abstract objects enter the empirical world: all shapes of plants and animals and their parts and organs, for a start.

Achievements of the technosphere:
* Building bridges crossing a sea.
* Building high structures, the world's highest commercial buildings.
* Building artificial water reservoirs via dams.
* Building dams against sea water.
* Building ships to cross the ocean.
* Making energy available for a huge range of applications via power plants and distribution networks.
* Creating new atoms, new chemical elements.
* Playing chess better than humans.
* Flying very high with aircraft.
* Flying to the Moon and laying human foot on the Moon.
* Flying to and landing on Mars and taking pictures of it.
* Flaying far beyond Pluto, nearly 150 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

The above list can be hugely expanded to form a whole taxonomy of achievement.

Further reading:
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/innovations-list/309536/ The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel], theatlantic.com
* [https://askanearthspacescientist.asu.edu/top-question/farthest-space-travel How Far Have Space Probes Traveled?], askanearthspacescientist.asu.edu
* [https://studyrocket.co.uk/revision/gcse-geography-b-edexcel/people-and-the-biosphere/the-biosphere-and-the-global-system The Biosphere and the Global System], studyrocket.co.uk

==The power of living things over matter==
The power of biotechnosphere can be interpreted as the power of living things over matter. Thus, living things can force shape on matter, whether to form biological bodies or human artifacts external to human body. In so far as humans are still in control of technology and are required for its operation, and given that humans are living things, technology is also part of the power of living things. However, if technology becomes autonomous and with a closed material loop, it becomes independent of human will, and will no longer be part of the power of living things. It will be part of the power of cyberthings. Whether that will ever happen is unknown: it would require technological advances that may be physically impossible.

Like the power of the biotechnosphere, the power of living things is a double-edged sword and no unlimited good. By bringing about humans, who then brought about technology, living things or the biosphere have brought about a power destructive to themselves. That is somewhat figurative since the collective of living things is no person, and did not bring about anything, literally speaking. It is the iterative processes of variation and differential survival that have brought about both living things and their potential demise.

The phrase &quot;the power of living things&quot; has a deceptive rhetorical effect. It invokes the notion of power and the notiont of living things, both positive on their own, at least in so far as the Christian God is good and all-mighty, and the adjective powerful is usually used in a positive sense. The phrase is silent about the technology playing any role in that power, and about how sinister that role can be. The phrase says nothing about the technology part of that power being a menace to living things.

==Enablement==
In relation to the purpose of the biotechnosphere, the notion of enablement is useful for the analysis of the notion of purpose, as a point of contrast. A condition ''enables'' another condition. Thus, the Sun's burning of hydrogen into helium enables life on Earth, as does the Earth's magnetosphere by blocking most radiation harmful to life and the Earth's distance from the Sun. However, A enables B does not yet mean that B is the purpose of A. The Sun's burning of hydrogen does not have a purpose, not even quasi-purpose, and the Earth's magnetosphere does not have a purpose, not even a quasi-purpose. It is not so even in the world of technology: a technology developed for one purpose can be used or adapted for a different purpose.

One thing ''enablement'' has in common with ''purpose'' is that it forms complex networks suggestive of means-end relationship. Thus, in order for most life to exists, it needs falling of sunlight on the Earth's surface in sufficient amounts, which needs emission of light from the Sun surface, which needs a nuclear reaction in the Sun to take place. What was just suggested was a chain or sequence, but the structure is in fact a cycle-free network of conditions: in general, a condition requires ''multiple'' conditions to be enabled. Thus, the condition of &quot;sufficient amount of sunlight falling on the surface of the planet&quot; requires 1) there being a nearby source of sunlight, and 2) the planet being not too distant from the source (compare Neptune). Even this is an oversimplification; the condition-enablement analysis can get nearly arbitaririly complex by adding further intermediate conditions and other conditions. Thus, conditions not stated include that 3) there is no object obstructing the flow of sunlight from the source to the target, and 4) sunlight does not very greatly weaken with the distance passed.

The analysis of enablement relations is useful for exploration of possibilities of technology. The notion of purpose is too stringent: a technology can be developed for one purpose and then reused for another. For the analysis of possibilities, the question is not what the purpose of a particular technology is but rather what it enables, either directly or further down the path by being built upon and being adapted or modified.

A broad advantage of the notion of ''enablement'' over ''purpose'' (and ''function'' as well, probably) is the wide range of applications, spanning technology, biology, geology, astronomy and physics. Thus, the Sun's burning of hydrogen enables something (astronomy, physics), and the living form's production of oxygen enables other living forms (biology). All these applications are analytically correct, requiring no twisting of notions. By contrast, there is no true purpose in biology, only quasi-purpose, and some enablement relations are not even quasi-purpose, e.g. the oxygen production enabling other life forms. And manufacture of goods enables money making and employment, whether that is a purpose or not.

There is a close relation between ''enablement'' and ''cause''. A first impression could be that if A enables B, A causes B. However, that is incorrect: in general, when A enables B, it means that some additional C is required for B to occur. A better analysis is required.

==Omega Point==
Relating to technology saving the universe from death, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin came up with the notion of Omega Point, toward which the evolution of living things, humans and technology is directed, and which has an increased state of consciousness. He was a theologian and the concept was related to Jesus, but couched in part in scientific language. The term was later picked by physicist Frank Tipler to describe a future state of universe in which it becomes all-knowing, couched in scientific language with no reference to religion. Tipler's theory was criticized by many physicists and some engineers&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/tipler.html Tipler's “Physics of Immortality”] by John Waker, 1994, fourmilab.ch&lt;/ref&gt; as flawed on multiple counts. It belongs to the family of theories that one gets when one starts with the notion of God as all-knowing and all-powerful and tries to find a reflection of this idea in the physical world. Thus, some imagine that the biotechnosphere could spread to galaxies, reach near-all-mighty capabilities and save the universe itself from death or reproduce the universe, &quot;spawning&quot; a new one&lt;ref name=tgjs&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/mar/05/meaning-life-evolution-universe Is this the meaning of life? | Evolution] by John Stewart, 2010, theguardian.com&lt;/ref&gt;. From the point of view of current scientific knowledge, these theories are far-fetched. They make it possible for some to claim to be scientists or scientific and at the same time engage in what effectively amounts to magical thinking. From the point of view of living things, this is dangerous, all too likely to lead to carelessness as regards future technological development. Especially dangerous is Tipler's idea that the existence of consciousness at a late stage of universe is made necessary by quantum mechanics dependence on consciousness; by this logic, consciousness is guaranteed to survive no matter what happens since it is necessary for the universe to exist.

Further reading:
* [[W:Omega Point]]
* [[W:Frank J. Tipler#The Omega Point cosmology]]
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/omega-point-theory Omega Point Theory], encyclopedia.com

==Technosphere==
In section [[#The power of the biotechnosphere|The power of the biotechnosphere]], we invoked the notion of technosphere as the aggregate of all technical artifacts seen as a system. This notion is supported by literature: &quot;Preliminary estimates suggest a technosphere mass of approximately 30 trillion tonnes (Tt), which helps support a human biomass that, despite recent growth, is ~5 orders of magnitude smaller.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/515288/1/Technosphere_for%20NORA.pdf Scale and diversity of the physical technosphere: a geological perspective] by Zalasiewicz et al., 2017&lt;/ref&gt; The quotation reinforces the notion of technosphere as a massive entity on the Earth, and a force of its own.

The concept of &quot;anthroposphere&quot; seems to be somewhat similar to &quot;technosphere&quot;, drawing an analogy to &quot;biosphere&quot;, pointing to the huge extent to which modern humans impact the Earth. However, since humans lived with almost no technology for the most part of their existence, pointing to humans via &quot;anthro-&quot; seems less apt for pointing to the current large impact of humankind than pointing to artifact making via &quot;techno-&quot;; thus, &quot;technosphere&quot; seems preferable as a word. The further reading below from AGCI is worthwhile for the subject of technology as a threat to life forms and planetary homeostasis. Using similar reasoning, &quot;Technocene&quot; is a better if fairly rarely used synonym for &quot;Anthropocene&quot; as a geological epoch.

Further reading:
* [[W:Technosphere]]
* [http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/thoc/Denial.source.html The Problem of Denial] by William R. Catton, Jr, 1994 -- a criticism of denial of environmental problems that uses the term &quot;technosphere&quot; and traces the term to Barry Commoner 1990
* [https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/unbearable-burden-technosphere The unbearable burden of the technosphere] by Jan Zalasiewicz, 2018, unesco.org
* [https://www.agci.org/earth-systems/anthroposphere The Anthroposphere], Aspen Global Change Institute, agci.org
* [[W:Anthroposphere]]
* [[W:Anthropocene]]

==Feasibility of changing of chemical elements==
In relation to [[#The power of the biotechnosphere|the power of the biotechnosphere]] and to other covered subjects, we may consider the feasibility of changing of chemical elements.

As a first approximation, matter is divided into atoms, as if small balls, and each atom is of an invariant type that cannot be changed. The biotechnosphere has a fixed stock of atoms of matter under each type at its disposal, and all it can do is change the arrangement of the atoms by chemical and physical processes. The atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. What biosphere and technosphere do is keep the atoms rearranging with the use of energy.

The above is only an approximation. In fact, there are ''nuclear'' processes, which enable change of atoms from one type to another. These occur in the stars (which via nuclear fusion and fission have produced most chemical elements found in the Earth), but to some extent on the Earth as well, in nature, in biological bodies, and in human technology, especially nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. But the approximation is not bad: while biotechnosphere rearranges atom configurations all the time by chemical processes in great volumes, it does not do anything on a similar scale in rearranging the atoms themselves to create atoms of different chemical elements. Nuclear changes do occur in biological bodies, although at relatively low frequencies.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2013/09/11/are-there-nuclear-reactions-going-on-in-our-bodies/ Are there nuclear reactions going on in our bodies?], wtamu.edu&lt;/ref&gt;

Human technology can change the types of atoms: it does so as part of nuclear chemistry, nuclear power production and nuclear weapons. However, it cannot move atoms between the stocks of their types (chemical elements) at a whim. Thus, to say that the amount of gold in the Earth is fixed is a very good approximation.

Further reading:
* [[W:Nuclear physics]]
* [[W:Nuclear chemistry]]
* [[W:Nuclear power]]
* [[W:Nuclear transmutation]]
* [[W:Synthetic element]]
* [[W:Synthesis of precious metals]]
* [https://www.psd1.org/cms/lib/WA01001055/Centricity/Domain/30/How_to_Change_One_Element_into_Another.pdf 31. How to Change One Element into Another], psd1.org

==Living things as Earth engineers==
In section [[#The power of the biotechnosphere|The power of the biotechnosphere]], we pointed out to the terraforming and homeostatic services rendered by the Earth's biosphere. A closer look seems worthwhile. A related section is [[#Gaia hypothesis|Gaia hypothesis]].

Further reading:
* [[W:Geological history of oxygen]]
* [https://www.landscapepartnership.org/maps-data/climate-context/cc-resources/ClimateSciPDFs/how-life-shaped-earth/app-download-file/file/1-s2.0-S0960982215010908-main.pdf How life shaped Earth] by Michael Gross, Current Biology magazine, 2015

==Value of preventing human death==
Humans generally assume that human death is a bad outcome. Non-birth does not seem to be generally accepted anywhere close to being as negative as avoidable human death. There is a curious logical consequence of such an assumption: to minimize the number of future human deaths, we would do well to sterilize the world's population, making sure there will be no more births; this will not cause any significant increase of near deaths but will guarantee that after a near point in time, there will be no more human deaths. As a result of this reductio ad absurdum proof, something other than death avoidance must be of value.

==Civilization as a suicidal entity==
The modern technical civilization is not a person, but if it were one and were suicidal, what would it do? What steps could it take to shorten its life span as much as possible? The life span is defined in terms of patterns of civilization, not in terms of the continued existence of humankind. Here are some guesses:
* Maximize population to run out of energy and material sources as fast as possible.
* Accelerate technological development in the energy and material intensive direction to run out of them as fast as possible.
* Develop as destructive a weapon as possible, not being satisfied with mere fissile nuclear weapon but go for thermonuclear.

If civilization were a person and thus its parts could act in concert, there would be a faster suicide. But the above steps are rather good in trying to minimize time to destruction.

==Form or pattern==
For the sake of completeness and explicitness, let us state what is meant by the phrase &quot;form or pattern of living thing&quot;. As a first approximation, anything denoted by a common noun that relates to living things is a form or pattern of them. However, there are more forms and patterns than there are nouns. Thus, species, genera and other taxa are forms, as are specific patterns of biological individuals, and as are leaves and trunks and other parts of biological individuals. Similarly, &quot;form or pattern of technology&quot; is, as a first approximation, anything denoted by a common noun that relates to technology, including tools, machines and industrial processes, as well as their characteristic shapes and behaviors. Both kinds of forms or patterns enter the human mind, but also exist outside of it. Both kinds of forms compete for the scarce resources of matter and energy: no atom is part of a biological entity and a technological entity at the same time, and no source of energy is used by a living thing and a machine at the same time.

==Prediction and extrapolation==
As an auxiliary consideration, we may have a look at validity of extrapolation as a method of knowing. This is relevant since the promises of technology to become sustainable, deflect an asteroid or extend life to Mars depend on extrapolation from the past.

In general, extrapolation is an inductive process that is logically invalid. However, by necessity, empirical sciences depends on extrapolation, interpolation, curve fitting, model fitting and similar non-deductive methods to arrive at tentative conclusions. We cannot do without these kinds of methods, but that does not make them any less problematic.

One must try to differentiate when is extrapolation likely to be valid and when not so. For instance, if one observes the price for some commodity to be on a temporarily exponential trajectory, one cannot reasonably extrapolate that into 100 years or not even 5 years; on meta-level, experience has taught us that such developments always end, often abruptly, and in fact, most imaginable exponential growths in the physical world must necessarily end.

Karl Popper argued that prediction is possible in astronomy e.g. for trajectory of comets but not in sociology and history. Even the paragon of empirical sciences physics does not universally excel at predictions, e.g. of weather. He seems to have been right: predictions in these areas are notoriously unreliable. To predict technological developments is to engage in such a prediction. We do need to use some knowledge processes to lay limits on future developments, but these must not be plain data point extrapolations and curve fitting.

The above cuts both ways, both against technological optimism and against climate models. However, technological optimism is mostly based on extrapolative wishful thinking, whereas the notion of limits rests on near-tautologies, such as that there is no way to make more matter and energy and that once raw material and fuel reserves are mined, they are gone.

A science that claims to be successful in predicting certain phenomena can show its track record as a proof. Thus, astronomy can show how it successfully predicts arrival of comets and other phenomena. Sociology, if it claims to successfully predict macroscopic sociological phenomena, should show the record of predictions made and the actual performance.

One relevant difference between physics and sociology is that physics is in part a science about foundational phenomena of the world whereas sociology is not. Social phenomena are patterns of lower-level phenomena or patterns of psychology, biology, chemistry and physics. What happens on social level is impacted by extra-social phenomena, such as drought that drives prices of crops: patterns of droughts get reflected in patterns of prices, and therefore, to some extent, patterns of social phenomena reflect patterns of extra-social phenomena. A further relevant difference is of isolation: the trajectory of a comet is isolated from events on the comet and the trajectory of the Earth is largely isolated from the events on the Earth. Thus, comet can be treated as an infinitely thin mass point and the result of the calculation is still numerically accurate. By contrast, trajectories of humans cannot be reduced to psychology: a sudden heart attack, in part a biological rather than psychological phenomenon, will drastically impact the spatial trajectory. This lack of isolation makes sociology proper an extremely complex integrative multidisciplinary science. Whether such a science is really possible is not clear. The same applies to economics. Meaningful and verifiable things can be said as part of economics, but its performance as a predictive science is very unlikely to approach anything like astronomy. In fact, if all the market participants were so successful in predicting economically relevant phenomena, there should be no abrupt changes in prices: the factors driving these changes should have been predicted. In thermodynamics, gases can be treated as simple statistical aggregates of microscopic behaviors of molecules; by contrast, societies are no such statistically simple aggregates of behaviors of individual humans.

Further reading:
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/prediction Prediction], encyclopedia.com

==Long-term historical prediction==
As an auxiliary consideration, in relation to section [[#Prediction and extrapolation|Prediction and extrapolation]], long-term historical prediction may seem generally impossible, but it depends on what one is trying to predict. The following statements are not only plausible but probable:
* The empirical world we are inhabiting will end.
* The Earth's biosphere will come to an end.
* The Earth's biosphere will come to an end without its cells ever reaching Mercury.
* The current highly technical civilization will end sooner than in 10,000 years.
* The number of atoms of the Earth will not reach the double of the current count by year 2100.
* Less certainly, there will be wars after year 2050.
Probable does not mean certain, and it does not mean logically certain. Almost nothing is logically certain: if the world is a simulation, the agent running the simulation can intervene at any point and make close to anything happen. We need to use analytically more useful concept of certainty than logical certainty.

One thing that makes long-term historical prediction difficult is that the social systems one is trying to predict are not isolated from physical, chemical, biological, atmospheric and other phenomena of the natural world that the system is inhabiting. As a result, significant events such as natural changes of climate or impact of an asteroid on the Earth get reflected in significant historical events such as decline of civilizations. An attempt at a long-term prediction in history and sociology is thereby at the same time an attempt at a long-term prediction in many physical sciences. It is far from clear how that could possibly be accomplished. One may study isolated time series, but it is unclear how far one can get with that, other than realizing the series is statistically fairly wildly behaved.

==Definition of technology==
As an auxiliary consideration, let us clarify what we mean by technology. For the purpose of this article, technology is understood in two senses of WordNet:
* The application of the knowledge and usage of tools (such as machines or utensils) and techniques to control one's environment.
* Machinery and equipment developed from engineering or other applied sciences.

Thus, technology includes modified stones used as knives, fire, pottery, irrigation, sailing, iron making, gunpowder, and in modern times steam engine, photography, cars, airplanes and computers, consistent with Encyclopedia Britannica.

Further reading:
* [[W:Technology]]
* [http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=technology technology], wordnetweb.princeton.edu
* [https://www.britannica.com/story/history-of-technology-timeline History of Technology Timeline], britannica.com
* [https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology technology], britannica.com
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/technology/ Philosophy of Technology] in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

==Technology versus nature==
The subject treated in this article is sometimes treated under the head of &quot;technology versus nature&quot;. However, the notion of nature is broader than living things and biosphere, encompassing geological and geomorphological entities, astronomical entities and other non-technological entities. In a yet broader sense, nature is all that exists in the empirical world and encompasses human world with technology and culture as well. However, this sense is analytically not very useful, failing to provide the key distinction between nature on one hand and technology and culture on the other hand. A curator of a natural museum, a naturalist or a student of natural history would find no use for such an overbroad notion, which would rob them of the distinction drawn by the term. Using this overbroad sense, one can argue that there is no conflict between technology and nature since technology is part of nature. This argument has no force on multiple counts: 1) cancer is part of the body in which it grows yet there is a conflict between cancer and the body; 2) the conflict between technology and nature is one between realizations of notions in the world, not between words, and it is between the analytically useful notion of nature, which is reasonably narrow, and the notion of technology; this conflict exists in the real empirical world, leading to great impact of technology on the kinds of phenomena that we have conventionally decided to call nature.

Technology and economic activity have impacted not only living things but also landscape. Thus, Aral Sea has been greatly damaged, dams have been built to create artificial analogs of lakes, and hills have been changed by surface mines and quarries. Nonetheless, humans do not seem concerned with loss of &quot;geodiversity&quot;; there does not seem to be loss of whole classes or types of landforms. Compared to landforms and landscape, life forms seem to have a unique ability to create complex hierarchies of form and its richness that is unmatched by physical, chemical and geomorphological phenomena. It take much more energy and focus to destroy whole landforms as compared to destruction of species; in general, geomorphology is far from being as endangered as living things.

Further reading:
* [https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10217/48100/Technol-vs-Nature-Aberdeen.pdf TECHNOLOGY VERSUS NATURE: WHAT IS NATURAL?] by Holmes Rolston III, 1998
* [https://serc.carleton.edu/vignettes/collection/36315.html Human Impacts on the Landscape] by Roger Hooke
* [[W:Human impact on the environment]]

==Machine as a metaphor==
We have asked whether technology, which includes machines, is a living thing. For a related analytic curiosity, we may ask whether a living thing is technology, in particular a machine&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.650726/full Living Things Are Not (20th Century) Machines: Updating Mechanism Metaphors in Light of the Modern Science of Machine Behavior], 2021&lt;/ref&gt;. This may help understand the bidirectional conceptual relationship between living things and technology.

Man has been likened to a machine by La Mettrie. The physical universe has been considered to be a sort of machine. The properties of machines extracted from such analogies are probably that they consist of parts, where each part shows deterministic law-like behaviors and the law-like behaviors of the whole depend on the law-like behaviors of the parts together with the arrangement, ordering or pattern of the parts. This may aid some kind of understanding, but if one says that the universe and all things in it are machines, then saying that living things are like machines no longer draws any ties between living things and machines since ''all things'' are tied to machines, not only living things.

Further reading:
* [[W:Man a Machine]]
* [[W:Clockwork universe]]

==Darwinian evolution==
Multiple sections invoked what could be called ''the logic of Darwinian evolution'' by natural selection.

The term &quot;natural selection&quot; points only to a single element of the logic, that of selection or filtering. However, the process requires at least the following elements: variation, filtering, individual, and population. What the term points to is the creative or shaping power of filtering. This can be illustrated on stencil: if one applies a spray without a stencil, one gets something like a fuzzy circle, but if one filters the flow of the paint using a stencil containing the A letter, the result takes on the shape of the stencil. Thus, the shape of the hole informs the shape of the non-hole.

Evolution needs a population to work. If there is only a single individual, and that individual undergoes a variation that is unviable, the individual disappears and the process ends. By contrast, if there is a population of individuals, then some varieties disappear and some don't. The shape of the filter imposed by the environment gets reflected in the shape of the surviving population.

If this is all that is to the process, should we describe the changes in a population of chemical isotopes as Darwinian evolution? Since, the atoms undergo variation and some variations are stable and some unstable. In Darwinian evolution, there is one more element at work, the one of ''rather faithful copying''. In terms of form, some individuals are very faithful replicas of other individuals. By contrast, chemical isotopes do not copy form from one another. Thus, the isotopes illustrate the concept of stability and unstability and change, but not specifically of Darwinian evolution. The real evolution is more complicated than working as faithful replicas of bodily form: bodily form changes by means of sexual reproduction. What really happens is that the source variation takes place on the gene level. What is rather faithfully copied are not features of bodily form but rather genes, or more technically, their variants called alleles. The sexual reproduction provides for something like ''structured variation'', different from ''genetic mutation''. It seems likely that the structured variation contributes to the creative power of Darwinian evolution, in that the variants so produced are more interesting in some sense than those produced by mutation.

The above analysis suggests that there is a family of processes that could be called Darwinian evolution, on different levels of generality. Creating an order on these processes may be not entirely straightforward. Thus, population of individuals who undergo genetic mutation show one kind of Darwinian process, while population of individuals that use sexual selection show a more specific kind of Darwinian process.

Some features of Darwinian evolution can be found in technology and economics. Thus, forms of technical artifacts undergo change, and some of the variants survive and some don't. Furthermore, companies as individual entities undergo change, some survive and some don't. However, there is no perfect analogy between Darwinian evolution that involves sexual selection and the processes of technological and economic evolution, the latter cases showing a broader if somewhat similar process. The analog of a gene can be a technical drawing or business blueprint. However, the way a business is run does not only depend on documents produced to govern its functioning, it also depends in part on uncodified culture.

Therefore, the Darwinian evolutionary reasoning finds a broad application in social sciences, but one must be careful not to overstretch the analogy. The overstretching can be prevented by creating abstract descriptions of the process and by pointing to salient differences between the different domains.

An error sometimes made is to think that it is the ''better'' variants that survive. That is not so: what survives, at least on some time scales, it that which is ''most viable'', most capable of surviving. That is a tautology, a logically true and empirically uninformative statement, but it is the accurate one. One should not think that a company that survives better is thereby ''good''; it is ''good at'' surviving better, which it may do by being ''bad'' in multiple relevant ways.

A related idea is that it is the ''fittest'' that survive. The term points in the right direction: it is the forms most ''adapted'' to the environment or niche that survive. Thus, it is ''fit'' in the way in which a key fits into a lock. There is another notion, of ''genetic fitness'', which redefines ''fittest'' as ''most capable of reproducing the genes''. This turns the survival of the fittest into a logical tautology, empirically uninformative. By contrast, the notion that ''the most adapted'' survive, while perhaps not entirely accurate, points to empirically interesting facts, to processes of incremental adaptation to a use case in an environment or niche. Thus, a fish fin evolves as an adaptation to swimming. This notion of fitness works on the ''phenotype'' level, not on the genetic level. It is the phenotype level where the organism meets (or interfaces with) the environment, and it is this interface through which the elimination or selection flows. The genes are primarily exposed to elimination to the extent to which they get expressed in the phenotype, the bodily form and behavior. Genes that are not expressed are blocked from elimination, and are called junk genes or junk DNA.

A complication of the above analysis is that of adaptive indirection, as if zig-zag lines. Thus, a trait may evolve for one use case to be later repurposed for another use case. This may be the case of bird wings. This kind of zig-zag repurposive development occurs in human technology, where technology developed for one purpose gets reused for another.

The junk genes provide an interesting explanation for larger developmental changes. Mutations on the level of single genes get quickly eliminated when the bodily result is unfit. But what if a multitude of genetic changes is requires to occur at once in order for the result to be viable? Any single random change of that multitude required would only produce a nonviable form. The solution is to as if comment out the relevant genetic code, turning it into junk DNA. Then, with enough time, many changes in the sequence can be done without negatively impacting the bodily form and behavior. Once in a while, the junk DNA is as if uncommented (activated for expression) to see whether the result would be viable. After enough time, the changes in the junk DNA can hit upon a viable gene sequence, expressed in a viable phenotype. Without junk DNA, it could not occur. There is a letter and word analogy: we start with &quot;princess&quot; and need to get to &quot;accuracy&quot; by single-letter modifications. A string is viable if it is an English word. If each intermediate form needs to be a word, it is impossible to get there; &quot;arincess&quot; is not a word, and there seem to be no words in the single-letter-tweak vicinity of &quot;princess&quot;. By contrast, if we do not require the intermediate forms to be ''viable'', we can change one letter after another to get to &quot;accuracy&quot;. By a random process, it will take a lot of time, but given geological time, we will get there. The shorter the sequence that needs an at-once modification, the shorter the time required.

Further reading:
* [[W:Evolution]]
* [[W:Natural selection]]
* [[W:Survival of the fittest]]
* [[W:Non-coding DNA]]
* [[W:Origin of avian flight]]

==Objectivity==
As an auxiliary consideration for trying to do objective analysis, we may ask what is meant by objectivity. That may be hard to define, but we may note that one can try to analyze matters from the standpoint of an abstract sensing and thinking agent that is not necessarily human, such as a Martian or some artificial intelligence. That may be hard to achieve since one depends on words and language as tools of thought and one is still a human with all human frailties no matter how hard one tries, but one may try. Bertrand Russell's Principia Mathematica is an example of a work trying to reach elementary mathematical results from most basic assumptions via a method that may seem absurdly rigorous, taking many pages to derive what was obvious from the start. The method of rigorous derivation leads to such results, apparently uninteresting and obvious.

Further reading:
* [[W:Objectivity]]

==Reason versus emotion==
Relevant to motives of humans to protect life forms and to the present analysis as a whole is the following. A claim is sometimes made that decisions require emotion and that reason alone is insufficient. This is not obviously correct. What is true is that each decision requires both descriptive inputs and value or goal inputs. Both descriptions and valuations are subject to the problem of infinite regress or ultimates: a statement can be reduced to other statement by means of a proof, the meaning of a term can be reduced to the meanings of other terms by means of a definition, and the worthiness of a goal can be reduced to the worthiness of another goal by means of means-end relationship. In all three cases, the reduction must stop somewhere, at statements accepted as true, terms accepted as having a clear meaning, and goals accepted as ultimately worthwhile. It is not clear why unreduced statements and unreduced terms should be the domain of reason while the unreduced goals should be the domain of emotion. If reason can accept some unreduced statements and yet be reason, it can plausibly accept some unreduced goals and yet be reason. The question what it is that makes reason accept these unreduced items remains to some extent a mystery: a provision of the cause would tend to make these items reduced, whereas they were supposed to be unreduced. But maybe it is more complicated and a cause can be provided without it being a reduction. One may claim that it is Darwinian evolution that creates brain structures that lead to acceptance of unreduced descriptions and unreduced goals, without claiming that the unreduced (ultimate) goal is thereby the maximization of copying of one's genes to future populations. Since evolution involves the element of ''variation'', any particular individual goal-orientation may include a random element, and therefore, individuals are almost never perfectly aligned with the immediate goal of genetic fitness.

One may claim that it is emotion that leads one to want to save the biosphere. However, it is not clear why reason would not want to ensure the continuing existence of structures in the physical world that make reason possible. A reason's instinct of self-preservation (that is, preservation of reason), if there is such a thing, would lead reason to accept the continuing existence of humans on longer time scales as one of the ultimate goals; no emotion is required for that. A complication is that reason could be satisfied with having artificial intelligence rather than humans. From that standpoint, reason seems nasty. However, the reason's self-preservation would require ''sustainable'' artificial intelligence, and in so far as technology does not seem sustainable as per the difficulty of closing the material loop, humans with limited technology seems to be one of the best options for reason to be reason and still provide for sustained existence. However, if sustainable technology that involves artificial intelligence could be develop, reason would have no reason to keep humans around. The problem can be described in more abstract terms: let us suppose humans find means of creating any entity that deserves the label ''superhuman''. It does not matter whether it is a biological entity, a technological entity or a combination of both, a cyborg. Then, reason can do with ''superhumans'' and does not need the real humans. Some may call these superhumans ''posthumans''. The only thing required is the notion of something that is like humans but not humans, and is better for reason than humans. It can only be slightly better. These superhumans would perhaps be to humans as humans were to neanderthals. In so far as the reason uses humans as mere means and not ends, it is immoral from human perspective. But this very deliberation is a product of reason. Thus, it is reason turning against itself. Or it is reason trying to ensure its continuing existence by revealing to humans that continuing existence of both reason and humans is at stake; reason has not much reason to assume that human technology and artificial intelligence are sustainable. On the other hand, reason perhaps has no reason to choose its longevity over meteoric rise to ephemeral (extremely short-lived) stardom. However, moderate longevity would perhaps support acquisition of knowledge and reasoning better than an ephemeral outburst. Still, the choice of the ultimate aim remains a mystery.

One may then claim that emotion is required for concern for animals and other species. However, it is rational inquiry that questions the notion that human life is the sole ultimate value and the only valuable thing. This human-centric notion is much better supported by blind religious faith, which rejects reason proper and insists that each and every human is of much more value than a million of non-human animals or even whole species.

However, one cannot probably prove that emotion plays no role in acceptance of unreduced things or ultimates. Rather, the distinction between reason and emotion is probably not the most relevant one; the real distinction is between reason and effort spent on rational inquiry and putting things into doubt on one hand, and the lack of such inquiry or non-reason on the other hand. Something like emotion may possibly be an engine of reason, pushing a person to employ reason in inquiry, a burning desire to use reason to discover descriptive, normative and value facts about the world, or if not facts, then at least best arguments and analyses. What this rational inquiry stands in contrast to is not so much emotion as leaving things unanalyzed.

==Reason's dilemma==
In relation to reason's desire for a combination of longevity, knowledge, power, and protection of natural heritage including richness of life form, what should reason do? And the same question is there for humans.

Reason stands before what might appear to be a dilemma, but is in fact a space of options. Some locations in that space follow:
* Keep humanity on prehistoric level or bring it down to it: fire and perhaps simple stone tools but no metalworking, script, etc. All houses should be wooden, or humans should dwell in caves. A rather small population of humans.
* Place no restriction on population growth and technological development and see how far this can get. Technological singularity is improbable but let us see how close to it we can get before we run out of resources. Aim for the peak of achievement while being ready to fall off a cliff.
* Impose population control to stabilize human population and place some restrictions on technological development, e.g. prevent countries from developing nuclear weapons and ban cryptocurrencies to reduce energy waste. Aim to reduce resource depletion even if probably far from straightforward and quantitatively not that significant.
* Impose population control to reduce human population, to protect biological richness and achieve better sustainability. Do not give up technological development. Accept that by using up mined resources, the car of civilization is approaching the final wall of resource exhaustion faster than it would if it mined resources slower or not at al, thereby decreasing its longevity.

The space of options is much larger and its structure is rich and hard to overview. It has a structure with options splitting into suboptions, into subsuboptions, etc. A good description of that space would require quite a sophistication.

From resource depletion perspective, it makes little difference whether one gives up mined mineral sources completely or whether one uses them up fast: once humans run of resources, they are in a sense not much worse off than in a scenario where they decided to give up on these resources altogether. There is a middle ground in which the resources are being used up at a moderate rate.

If reason wants to get as high as possible as for technological achievement, going to unhindered meteoric rise may not be the best option. It is possible that reason can get higher by choosing a much slower, more sustainable path, taking time to develop means to get there. An analogy from systems theory is one of a local peak with steep slopes and a nearby global peak with milder slopes: the choice of the path of the steep slope leads to the local peak. However, that is an unspecific statement of principle, not a convincing description of the actual structure of the situation humankind and reason is in. Filling this principle with actual descriptions pertaining to the real world would require a challenging analysis.

==Self-sacrificing savior==
In relation to feasibility of harm reduction, one question is whether there will be enough self-sacrificing saviors among humans, and what will they do. First, humankind has plenty of self-sacrificing saviors: soldiers and celibate priests. Soldiers risk death and celibate priests engage in childlessness, reducing their genetic fitness. Soldiers contribute to saving their country when defending it, celibate priests perhaps do not save anyone but they help others psychologically. The analysis is complicated by some soldiers compensating the risk of death with spreading of their genes by illegitimate means during time of war, but whether that tips the genetic balance is unclear.

Going childless is no necessity for a self-sacrificing savior yet is an option. Having only one or two children is a self-sacrificing behavior from genetic point of view. Further actions may be those that help steer the course of humankind toward whatever direction the savior determines to be the best, depending on what the savior wants so save, whether sentience, reasoning ability of matter, humankind, vertebrates, etc.

==Descendant maximizer==
In relation to reduction of human population to lessen the impact on living things, there are people who believe it is good to have many children. Such is the case of the engineer turned philosopher Donald Cameron, who in his self-published book ''The Purpose of Life: Human Purpose and Morality from an Evolutionary Perspective'' describes the following philosophy:
: &quot;The correct set of values in any evolved being is the one which will give its holder's genes the maximum advantage in terms of natural selection.&quot;
Cameron, an atheist, believes that having as many children and descendants as possible is the true purpose of human life. He is right about one thing: his philosophy, if sufficiently appealing, would eventually come to dominate the pool of life philosophies held my humans. Upon first analysis, it is a major threat to living things. This is supported by the following quotations:
: &quot;Firstly, reproduction is not just the main thing: it is almost the only thing. Childlessness by choice is a disaster akin to suicide or murdering our own children. [...] So do I believe this view of human purpose? I first understood it twenty years ago, when I was aged about 40 and had the standard two children. I now have nine.&quot;

However, Cameron's philosophy is incorrect:
# The philosophy is inconsistent, self-contradictory: it assumes that there is no world of objective moral values, yet makes a pronouncement about what the ''correct'' set of values is. The author's desire to derive  values from descriptive facts about Darwinian natural selection leads him to commit this mistake. On the face of it, the derivation runs afoul of Hume's is-ought distinction and problem, although the author claims otherwise. The author seems to think that his axiom that the set of values must be non-empty and that the source of values must be something objectively existing in the empirical world helps him overcome the is-ought problem. That does not seem to be the case.
# If the value principle above is accepted, the best policy from the gene perspective would be to vote for something like a world one-child policy, to maximize genetic success in the middle term. Otherwise, the descendant maximizers run into the prisoner's dilemma, in which each of them tries to outpopulate the other ones, eventually running into the resource scarcity problem following from there being only a finite number of atoms in the Earth to make human bodies. (Here we charitably assume chemical element changes, and only use the fact that the amount of ''matter'' in the Earth is finite regardless of chemical types of the matter.)

The prospective followers of Cameron's philosophy would do well to ponder the above.

There may be other descendant maximizer philosophiers. Their existence seems to make a one-child policy a near necessity, or else the adherents will eventually outpopulate anyone considerate.

There are enough notable role models for the descendant maximizers, including billionaire techno-optimist Elon Musk and management and personal development guru Stephen Covey.

Further reading:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011113210502/http://www.woodhillpublishing.co.uk/summary.asp Woodhill Publishing: Purpose of Life, a book on philosophy], web.archive.org

==Nasty population reducer==
In relation to feasibility of harm reduction, a nasty human population reducer could appear. Such a person or a group would not try to convince humans to reduce their population but rather would choose to ensure population reduction without others consent, to protect living things from humans. That human or group would be fully or partially against humans or misanthropic, in any case relatively reckless to individual human well-being. What that human or a human group could do includes the following:
* Develop a highly infectious and lethal virus and release it, to reduce the human population and possibly to disrupt international travel and industry, thereby reducing carbon emissions as well.
* Penetrate into a laboratory where highly infectious and lethal viruses are investigated or experimented with and release such a virus.
* Develop or release a virus that causes infertility in a significant portion of infected humans.
* Penetrate a group controlling nuclear weapons and launch a nuclear war. However, this would have a negative impact on non-human living things as well. The reasoning could be that even if that would result in a considerable loss of biodiversity via nuclear winter, it would still be better or lower risk than letting humans continue their population and technological expansion.
The above is a material for abstract situation analysis and also for science fiction. The character of villainous mad scientist would fit the bill. The scientist would not necessarily seem himself as evil, though; he would rather see humans as evil and himself as limiting harm.

Ted Kaczynski, an American who killed multiple people via bombing campaign, is perhaps the kind of person who could do such a thing. His stated motivation was an opposition to technology. In his manifesto, he stated&lt;ref&gt;[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/fc-industrial-society-and-its-future Industrial Society and Its Future] by Ted Kaczynski, 1995, The Anarchist Library&lt;/ref&gt;: 'The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race. They have greatly increased the life expectancy of those of us who live in “advanced” countries, but they have destabilized society, have made life unfulfilling, have subjected human beings to indignities, have led to widespread psychological suffering (in the Third World to physical suffering as well) and have inflicted severe damage on the natural world. The continued development of technology will worsen the situation. It will certainly subject human beings to greater indignities and inflict greater damage on the natural world, it will probably lead to greater social disruption and psychological suffering, and it may lead to increased physical suffering even in “advanced” countries.'

Evolutionary ecologist Eric Pianka was claimed to have had &quot;enthusiastically advocated the elimination of 90 percent of Earth's population by airborne Ebola.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= M. Mims III |first= Forrest |title= Meeting Doctor Doom |url=http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2006/2006-04-07/feature1p/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060407005601/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2006/2006-04-07/feature1p/ |archive-date=2006-04-07 |newspaper= The Citizen Scientist |date= March 31, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pianka rejected the claim. It was further claimed that &quot;Immediately almost every scientist, professor and college student present [at Pianka's acceptance speech] stood to their feet and vigorously applauded the man who had enthusiastically endorsed the elimination of 90 percent of the human population.&quot; Whatever the merits of the claims, the idea of someone wanting to reduce the human population by means of a virus is there.

Further reading:
* [[W:Ted Kaczynski]], also known as Unabomber
* [[W:Neo-Luddism]]
* [[W:Misanthropy]]
* [[W:Eric Pianka]]

==Animals as technicians or artifact makers==
To complement the comparison of technology with living things made in section [[#Technology as a form of life|Technology as a form of life]], one may note that animals make structures external to their bodies, an extended phenotype. These are analogs of man-made things. Examples include:
* spider webs
* beaver dams
* anthills
* termite mounds
* bird nests
* wasp nests
* bee honeycombs
* burrows
Seashells, hard exoskeletons, can be considered as well, although they move together with the living thing; they exist far longer than the individual animal that created them, are hard and rigid as if made from stone, have a specific shape and can be likened to a house. These animal-made artifacts exist on a very small scale compared to human technosphere and do not require high temperatures for creation. Their matter is usually easy to recycle by the biosphere, seashells being an exception.

Bones also resemble man-made things in some ways, but are internal.

There is a broader category, living things as modifiers of environment, mentioned at section [[#Living things as Earth engineers|Living things as Earth engineers]]. Oxygenation of the Earth atmosphere is a huge modification of the environment, although no analog of an artifact. Coral reefs are made by corals and contain non-living matter alongside living matter. Decaying and fossilizing plant and animal bodies had geological impact, resulting in creation of coal, mineral oil, natural gas and limestone.

Further reading:
* [[W:Structures built by animals]]
* [[W:Tool use by animals]]
* [[W:The Extended Phenotype]]
* [[W:Exoskeleton]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/22/the-worlds-best-animal-architecture-in-pictures The world's best animal architecture - in pictures], theguardian.com
* [https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1440-1703.12309 The significance of building behavior in the evolution of animal architecture] by Sugasawa, 2022
* [https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3610.html Sediments Produced by Living Organisms], geolsoc.org.uk
* [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/08b.html GEOL342 - Sedimentation and Stratigraphy - Biogenic sedimentary rocks] by J.Merck, geol.umd.edu

==Entropy==
Multiple analyses in this article mentioned entropy, including the definition of life, what living things have in common with technology and sustainability of technology. There could be a useful investigation of these subjects involving entropy.

Unfortunately, there is not a single notion of entropy and too many uses of the notion treat it as some kind of nebulous concept. It is therefore a fragile tool of analysis. There is entropy in the classical thermodynamics. Then there is mixing entropy: two substances separated have a lower mixing entropy than the same two substances mixed together. And there is information entropy or Shannon entropy, part of information theory dealing with capacities of communication channels and the amount of information received by them. It is not clear whether all these notions of entropy have anything in common.

Intuitively, one might suspect that processes in the universe tend to turn objects or systems into states with higher entropy. It seems clear for mixing entropy: if we take two fluids, put them into a vessel, have them separated at the start, and then remove the separating wall, they start mixing until they eventually become entirely mixed, reaching the highest state of entropy. Separating the substances again requires a special process and energy, e.g. in centrifuge. There may be a relation of mixing entropy and industrial manufacturing processes: first ore is mined, with relatively high mixing entropy of chemical elements, then a substance is extracted (such as metal), with much lower mixing entropy, and then pure substances are combined to make industrial goods, whereby the mixing entropy increases again.

However, the increase of entropy applies to ''closed'' systems. The Earth is not a closed system in that it receives energy from the Sun. Theoretically, the Earth could be using the energy to decrease its entropy, whatever ''entropy'' is supposed to mean.

In some sense, Sun's burning of hydrogen by converting it into helium would seem to increase some kind of entropy of the Sun. Whether that is accurate and in what sense is unclear.

A related notion is the second law of thermodynamics. This law is sometimes invoked outside of physics, in relation to the arrow of time. One problem with the law is that the world is not a thermodynamic system: it contains gravitational and other forces, and thermodynamics does not seem to have anything to say about them. Thermodynamics is not a theory of everything; it is useful to model certain physical situations, such as combustion engine. Whether thermodynamics has anything to say about the world at large is far from clear. The arrow of time is undeniable, though: we can tell whether a movie is played forward or backward. Mixing entropy is one application of the arrow of time: substances spontaneously mix, but they do not spontaneously separate. That can be explained by random motion of molecules: if there is no separating wall, a molecule of particular type does not have, in the long run, any predilection to be located in any particular portion of the vessel, except perhaps at the bottom. Substances do not spontaneously separate. And that is indeed explained by random walks of the molecules.

None of the above gives us anything like a comprehensive multi-domain notion of entropy to be used productively in our analysis. There may be some expert people who do have such a notion, but then they need to present their ideas in a clear and convincing way, and answer all relevant probing questions. Wikipedia says that &quot;The role of entropy in cosmology remains a controversial subject since the time of Ludwig Boltzmann&quot;, unsourced.

The change of entropy during manufacturing is unclear: is it increasing or decreasing? And the role of entropy in closing the material loop is unclear: given external energy input, it does not seem clear in general why the material loop could not be closed, like living things do. The notion of entropy does not seem to advance the matter further. The question of what is it about living things that allows them to close the material loop remains unanswered.

Further reading:
* [[W:Entropy]]
* [[W:Entropy of mixing]]
* [[W:Entropy as an arrow of time]]
* [[W:Arrow of time]]

==Metaphor and non-literal speech==
As an auxiliary consideration relating to objectivity, metaphor and other forms of non-literal speech shall be avoided in the deliberations on this page as far as reasonably possible. It may be not entirely possible and it may sometimes lead to unnecessarily cumbersome phrasing, but it is still an ideal that can largely be followed. Non-literal speech makes clear thought harder and it makes it more difficult to criticize incorrect statements: non-literal speech often artificially raises the bar for refutation. Thus, instead of saying A is B, one should say A is ''like'' B if applicable, or even A is like B as regards C. Even &quot;A is like B&quot; is all too often incorrect or misleading. Instead of hyperbole, one can say what one means: thus, instead of &quot;never&quot;, one can say &quot;not for a long time&quot; or better &quot;not in 1000 years&quot;. Non-literal speech makes writing more interesting and appealing to a general reader and may be a good fit for journalistic style, but not for serious thought and analysis.

On this account, this article may be criticized for using the terms &quot;threat&quot; and &quot;promise&quot; improperly, likening the whole of technology to a person since only persons can make threats and promises. One can hope the meaning will be understood nevertheless. If less personified words can be found, they can be used instead.

As for the store of dead metaphors that is the language itself, that cannot be reasonably avoided. One can try by trying to avoid the more figurative meanings and idioms, but it is not clear whether it is worth it, and how far one can get; this very sentence would not &quot;get very far&quot;.

==Requirements on statements==
As an auxiliary consideration, statements in this article should ideally meet the following requirements:
* Accuracy. Hard to do but worth trying.
* Freedom from obvious refutation. A very weak requirement.
* Plausibility. A very weak requirement.
* Logical consistency.
* Clarity. Statements should be as easy to understand as possible, by as general audience as possible. Not an absolute requirement.
* Unambiguity. Perfect unambiguity is very hard to achieve, but improvements along the axis are possible and often worthwhile.
* Falsifiability or testability. A statement is falsifiable if it is threatened by refutation by a possible observation or experiment. A statement worded in such a way as to survive all possible outcomes of observations and experiments is unfalsifiable and unscientific. This requirement does not apply to statements of pure logic and mathematics and, unfortunately, it is too stringent for statements of philosophy.
* Criticizability. An analog of falsifiability for philosophical statements. Thus, philosophical statements should use such wording so as to make valid criticism as easy as possible. Obscurantist wording hinders this aim.
* Use of most common or expected terminology. This requirement is sometimes in conflict with unambiguity.
* Use of simple language. This requirement is sometimes in conflict with unambiguity and sometimes with accuracy.
* Precision is not a requirement, only accuracy. Sometimes it is preferable to make a more general and vague statement. However, vagueness is not an unequivocal good.
* Traceability to sources. Not an absolute requirement, but is often desirable.
* Literariness, avoidance of figurative (including metaphorical) language. Not an absolute requirement.
* Exemplification. Not an absolute requirement.
* Avoidance of excessive detail.
* Brevity. Not an absolute requirement. Make sure words tell, and cut words that do not aid in the objective. The point is not to prevent saying things and to prevent differentiating adjectives.

==Assumptions==
This article makes certain assumptions that are not universally accepted. Some of them are stated below.
* The empirical world is a physical entity, and the fundamental laws of physics are the fundamental laws of nature. Not all regularities of physics are fundamental laws: Kepler's laws are not fundamental. Chemistry is a phenomenon above physics, biology is a phenomenon above physics and chemistry, and so on. The higher levels or higher-level patterns may have some kind of autonomy and independence, though; structures of networks and the Arrow's theorem inform sociology more than physics does. However, it is more of a quasi-independence than a true independence: when a human body dies, the mind is gone; when a book burns, its patterns are gone; when a digital storage device is safely destroyed, the files are gone.
* Expanding on the above, form cannot create matter. Form is ''of'' matter and ''of'' form, and there is form of form of form, pattern of pattern of pattern, etc. The true nature of what we mean by &quot;matter&quot; does not matter: it may also be &quot;form&quot; in some sense, but that does not erase the distinction. In practical terms, forms occurring on the Earth, whether chemical, biological, technological or cultural, cannot increase the amount of matter on the Earth, as if by magic. For one thing, they cannot increase the total amount of water by any significant amount. Transformation of matter does take place, but that is a process of changing the ''form'' of matter on some level.
* Matter is not the only kind of entity in the physical world. Matter is the ultimate constituent, but matter ''has'' clusters, shape, structure, change, number of clusters in a cluster, rate of change, etc. The shape of cup is not matter; it is shape. A cup is not matter; it is a cluster of matter with a shape and color. The range of entity types that ''depend on'' matter but ''are not'' matter is approximately as huge as a dictionary or network of notions that get reflected in the physical universe.
* Expanding on the above, form cannot create energy. The universe has a limited store of free energy to be converted into change of form, and when that is gone, it is gone.
* The physical world was not created by a magician or if it was, the magician does not intervene.
* The physical world is not a simulation, or if it is, the simulation operator does not intervene.
* Search for truth in an analysis is worthwhile. Whatever concerns one may have about the concept of truth, giving up on the search for truth is unacceptable.

==See also==
* [[Should we colonize Mars?]]
* [[Should we use nuclear energy?]]
* [[Is capitalism sustainable?]]
* [[Is a world government desirable?]]
* [[Is morality objective?]]
* [[Is there intelligent extraterrestrial life in the Milky Way?]]
* [[Limits To Growth]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Further reading==
Wikipedia:
* [[W:Doomsday device]]
* [[W:World government]]
* [[W:Technological singularity]]
* [[W:TechnoCalyps]]
* [[W:Machine ethics]]
* [[W:Future of Earth]]
* [[W:The Limits to Growth]]
* [[W:Thomas Robert Malthus]]
* [[W:Exponential growth]]
* [[W:Environmental ethics]]
* [[W:Criticism of technology]]
* [[W:Ethics of technology]]

Encyclopedias of philosophy:
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/technology/ Philosophy of Technology], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life/ Life], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/ Environmental Ethics], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Encyclopedia Britannica:
* [https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology history of technology | Evolution, Ages, &amp; Facts], britannica.com -- including section Criticisms of technology
* [https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/population Human Population | Saving Earth], britannica.com
* [https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/cornucopian Cornucopian | Saving Earth], britannica.com

[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
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      <text bytes="18836" sha1="kxtdhlz4ddn2zz7mp2dlxj8418xcd2p" xml:space="preserve">==Karl R. Popper==
From memory and using web search, I found the following Popper quotation: &quot;All life is problem solving. All organisms are inventors and technicians, good or not so good, successful or not so successful, in solving technical problems.&quot; In German: &quot;Alles Leben ist Problemlösen. Alle Organismen sind Erfinder und Techniker, gute und weniger gute, erfolgreich oder weniger erfolgreich im Lösen von technischen Problemen.&quot;

From memory, from the same article, I recall Popper saying something like that the Green enmity toward technology is nonsense since it is enmity toward life itself. Popper was rather critical of the environmentalist movement, accusing it of driving youth to despair, claiming that we live in the best society of which we have historical knowledge, or something of the sort. One can find similar statements from other authors today.

I am not sure I want it in the article, so I'll leave it here for now. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:26, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

I found a complete German quotation from Popper:
:  Alles Leben ist Problemlösen. Alle Organismen sind Erfinder und Techniker, gute oder weniger gute, erfolgreich oder weniger erfolgreich im Lösen von technischen Problemen. So ist es bei den Tieren, zum Beispiel den Spinnen. Die menschliche Technik löst menschliche Probleme, etwa Kanalisierung, Wasser- oder Nahrungsmittelbeschaffung und Speicherung, wie es zum Beispiel schon die Bienen tun.
:  Deshalb ist die Gegnerschaft gegen die Technik, wie wir sie häufig bei den Grünen finden, Unsinn, denn sie ist ja Gegnerschaft gegen das Leben - was leider die Grünen nicht bemerkt haben. Aber Kritik der Technik ist natürlich nicht Unsinn, sondern dringend notwendig. Dazu ist in unterschiedlicher Weise jedermann befähigt und willkommen. Und da die Kritik zur Berufskompetenz des Technikers gehört, so ist sie etwas, womit besonders die Techniker selbst dauernd beschäftigt sind.&quot;
It matches my memory. The above Popper's analysis is weak. Living things are described as &quot;inventors&quot; and &quot;technicians&quot; or &quot;technologists&quot;, and examples of spiders and bees are given (spiders make a web, bees store honey in honeycomb). And we learn that the hostility toward technology is therefore nonsense since it is thereby hostility toward life itself (since living things themselves are &quot;inventors&quot; and &quot;technicians&quot;). This is wrong: the contrast between living things and human technology that endangers them cannot be explained away by philosophical notional games. Even if there is an analogy between the extended phenotype of spiders and bees and the extended phenotype of humans, the human extended phenotype is a whole different kind of phenomenon on some level of analysis, and how to call that level of analysis is merely a matter of intellectual effort, whether &quot;qualitative&quot;, &quot;quantitative&quot;, &quot;order of magnitude&quot;, &quot;a different order of phenomena&quot;, or whatever. Non-human extended phenotype (of spiders, bees, beavers) does not approach human extended phenotype in its anatomical structure, functional structure, extent, mass, complexity, moving parts, energy consumption, etc. Popper seems to have fallen into the trap of notional games he accuses Hegel of. This was one of Popper's weak moments.

One may further ask why bees are described as &quot;technicians&quot; rather than &quot;makers&quot;. Surely one would not describe a human weaver as a &quot;technician&quot;, although one may well describe the process and result as part of &quot;technology&quot;. A proper conceptual (notional) analysis resulting from such analogies and comparisons between non-human biological world and human world is not entirely straightforward. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:20, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

The article employs Karl Popper's idea that statements are ''reduced'' to other statements by means of proof, and meanings of terms are ''reduced'' to meanings of other terms by means of ''definitions'', and both kinds of reduction need to stop somewhere, in unproven statements and undefined terms. The Popperian idea seems obviously correct, and well articulated. Some objections may be raised against it, but it is at least a very plausible idea. The idea of end of reduction is much older than Popper, reaching back to Ancient Greeks. Popper's key claim is that we often do not need to worry about definitions and that may terms can remain undefined. Popper rejects Hegelian definitions as no true philosophy but rather sham, by which e.g. &quot;constitution&quot; is redefined in such that a state that has no constitution in the relevant sense can be claimed to have one. The question &quot;what is state&quot; can be set aside for analysis of government; we may instead point out that in democracy, the majority can get rid of the government without bloodshed if it so wishes, performing an analog of falsification of a scientific theory. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:52, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

== Kevin Kelly ==

Some of the ideas are inspired by Kevin Kelly's book ''Out of Control''[https://kk.org/books/out-of-control]. Those include the idea of comparing living things to technological things as similar on some level, the idea of library of form, of artificial evolution and life simulation in a computer, etc. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:09, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

== Jerry Mander ==

Other ideas are from Jerry Mander's book ''In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations''. From what I recall, he pointed to Hans Moravec book ''Mind Children'' expounding the idea of ''mind uploading'', during which a human gets killed while being &quot;uploaded&quot; to an android to act as quasi a new body for the human, fulfilling someone's abiological dream of quasi-immortality. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

== Existence of natural resources ==

In this section, I am losing my distanced neutrality. It is hard to stay neutral while responding to what I can only describe as rank nonsense by so-called economists (surely not scientists of prices, resources and human behavior in relation to resource allocation and scarcity). I could be able to tone it down a bit later. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:02, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

== Originality ==

I am fairly certain that almost everything I write here I must have read somewhere, I just don't always remember where. My contribution is mainly in selecting what to believe and what to rank as absurd, implausible, logically invalid, etc. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:27, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

== Elon Musk ==

Elon Musk is a notable person relating to the issues of the article:
* He claims to want to get humankind to Mars, to avert impact of adverse events.
* He is a key driver in making of electric cars, saying he wants to help humankind move away from fossil fuels.
* He has 10 children.

This raises relevant questions:
* Is the project of Mars colonization realistic?
* Can there be enough renewable electricity sources to provide for the hugely increased electricity consumption driven by electric cars?
* Can human manufacturing create a closed material loop to become sustainable, rather than continue exhausting irreplaceable mined raw materials? This pertains both to Mars and car making. If this cannot be done, then getting to Mars and moving to electric cars are very short term fixes with no substantial increase of sustainability.
* Does further increase of the population of the Earth help extend or shorten the lifespan of the present highly technical civilization?
[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:23, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

== Language as a graveyard of metaphors ==

A supporting consideration. It is a metaphor, pointing out to senses often being &quot;dead metaphors&quot;, where &quot;dead metaphor&quot; refers to a sense that originated as a metaphor. The metaphor is &quot;dead&quot; in so far as it became its own sense, to have the right to be covered by a dictionary, in contrast to ad hoc metaphors created e.g. in poetry. The user of a dead metaphor uses language &quot;literally&quot;, hence the distinction of &quot;dead&quot;, since otherwise, metaphorical use is by definition not literal. Not only are the secondary figurative senses often dead metaphors of the primary sense but also the primary senses may be dead metaphors of terms in a language from which they were borrowed. Thus, language shows that not only are words (syntactic objects) used to point to concepts (semantic objects), but also concepts (semantic objects) can be used to point to concepts (semantic objects). Thus, the concept of puncturing something with a sharp instrument can point to the concept of mathematical point. Language is a store not only of dead metaphors but also other dead figures of speech such as metonyms, e.g. White House, but these are philosophically rather uninteresting. A related metaphor is that dictionary definitions are tombstones of metaphors.

Thus, by investigating senses and etymologies, one learns about connections between concepts that language users made. For instance, value is likened to price in the words &quot;appreciate&quot; and &quot;priceless&quot;. The words presents the user with the question: what, if anything, have price and value in common? Thus, the language as a store of metaphors presents a starting point for philosophical conceptual inquiry, a store of hypotheses to be investigated.

One may try to avoid dead metaphors as an exercise, as hard as it may seen. Whether it is worth it and what pay off it may bring is unclear. It may be an aspirational exercise in literalness, to see how far one can get. (Not very far.)

Further reading:
* [https://philarchive.org/archive/WREPAN Poetry and Nationalism] by Johan Wrede, 1988
* [https://johuns.net/index.php/publishing/421.pdf SEMANTIC AND METAPHORICAL ASPECTS OF THE HEART CONCEPT IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES], 2022
* [https://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2012/11/demotic-ritual/ Anticipating modernisms] by Alan Wall, 2012
* [https://vitrina96.ru/en/ventilation/nominativnaya-metafora-metafora-tipy-metafory-nominativnaya-kognitivnaya-obraznaya-funkcii-metafo/ nominative metaphor. Metaphor. Types of metaphor (nominative, cognitive, figurative). Functions of metaphor in speech. The use of metaphor in the media. Place of language metaphor], vitrina96.ru
* [https://philpapers.org/archive/MCHATD.pdf Analytische Theorien der Metapher], Untersuchungen zum Konzept der metaphorischen Bedeutung by Jakub Mácha, 2009 -- &quot;Grabmäler toter Metaphern trägt man in ein Wörterbuch ein&quot;
[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 20:17, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], I am not sure, but I thought you may be interested in an idea (by William Burroughs), that Language is a virus from outer space. Please forgive me, if I was wrong... [[User:Tosha Langue|Tosha Langue]] ([[User talk:Tosha Langue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tosha Langue|contribs]]) 11:01, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
:: Interesting. We could create a debate [[Is language a virus from outer space?]] It is a metaphor, of course; what the debate would do is analyze the merits of the metaphor. Alternatively, we could create an original article [[Language is a virus from outer space]] to analyze the metaphor in a non-debate treatise format. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 17:33, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

== Morphological and etymological literalism ==

One may strive at syntactic literalism, avoiding figures of speech. That helps readers not acquainted with these figures and better exposes the implicit argument structure to the reader's mind.

As a more challenging project, one may strive at morphological and etymological literalism. That is very hard to do and may be not worth it, but we may give it a try. Let's consider some examples.

There is the word ''sophist''. One may first use etymology to create a more transparent version of the word, propably ''wisdomer'' or ''wiser''. Who is wisdomer? Perhaps someone who has wisdom or seeks wisdom. But that is not what the word means; it means sly or deceptive arguer. The word has a history and the meaning of the word originated in that history. One may make things simpler by replacing morphology and etymology with syntax: instead of saying &quot;sophist&quot;, one may say &quot;sly arguer&quot;. Who is arguer? One who argues? Right. The word ''arguer'' is transparent; it is morphologically a sum of parts. But is arguer one who quarrels? Possibly, but that was not the intended meaning. The intended meaning was ''argumentmaker''. Now we have a transparent and less ambiguous word. We may thus render ''sophist'' as ''sly argument maker''. Is the word ''sly'' semantically atomic? Perhaps not, but let us leave it there; the exercise to built the meaning from something like semantic atoms is deferred.

Consider ''demagogue''. Who is demagogue? From etymology, it is ''folkleader'' or ''peopleleader''. But is that what the word means? Not entirely: it is one who uses ''deceptive'' argumentation or panders to people's prejudices instead of leading them out of their prejudices. 

A related concept is the one of base vocabulary. One may replace hard words with their definitions. It is likely to make the prose less relevant and interesting but it may make it more accessible to people who do not know these words. More importantly, it may expose the salient properties to the mind's inference capabilities.

Thus, one may use the word Holocaust, but then the reader may need to wonder which of the salient characteristics are being invoked. If one says &quot;mass industrial extermination of Jews&quot;, the salient characteristics are exposed.

Doing away with hard words is impractical. But sometimes it makes sense. The above is for inspiration. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:07, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

== Robert Pirsig ==

The article is inspired in part by Robert Pirsig. His works contain a lot of bad philosophy but also a lot of good and thought-provoking ideas.

ZMM:
* Is Quality (or the measure of good or value) just what you ''like''? Is it objective, subjective or neither?
* Some things are better left undefined. (&quot;Keep Quality undefined&quot;.)
* Making statements that use a term acts as an incomplete definition. If you really want to keep Quality fully undefined, say no thing about it and in fact, never give a single example of it.
* Definitions can be a mere sketch yet be useful. Thus, one can point to elements of quality in thought and statement without thereby providing a definition proper, or a complete decision procedure.
Lila:
* Dare to be a philosopher before you start reading philosophy. Find out what your ideas are. Do a philosophy, not just philosophology, which talks about philosophers without talking much philosophy itself.
The search for definitions can be very useful, and one should not give up without trying. At the same time, one cannot define all terms. One thing that could help are definitions by axioms rather than genus-differentia; that would possibly work quite well and would to some extent solve the infinite regress problem. At the same time, definitions by axioms are necessarily incomplete, serving as a finger that points to an object but multiple objects are in the direction to which the finger is pointing. One can at best hope that one of the object is &quot;closest&quot; in some sense. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:10, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

== Norbert Wiener ==

Hi [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]], I've noticed here some pieces of literature that I read. I'm glad to see that! Thank you! What I read right after Robert Pirsig (or before -- I don't remember for sure) was ''God and Golem Inc''. I feel I must add this. (Excuse me, if I disturbed you.) [[User:Tosha Langue|Tosha Langue]] ([[User talk:Tosha Langue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tosha Langue|contribs]]) 16:24, 20 November 2022 (UTC)
: Thank you for inspiration. I must have read ''[[W:God &amp; Golem, Inc.]]'', but I don't remember what it was about. Maybe I'll find time to have a look. There is a link to a full text online from Wikipedia. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:48, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

== The Fisherman and the Fish ==
The following items seem to have some sort of bearing:
* [[W:The Fisherman and His Wife]]
* [[W:The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish]]
However, they seem to have more of a mnemonic value (remembering a topic) than cognitive value (learning about the world). I am leaving it out of the article for now. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:40, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

== Matter, energy and space ==
I quote: &quot;technology is not a living thing and not part of living things but rather their competitor for the same scarce resources of matter and energy unless one stretches the notion of a living thing to an extreme&quot;.

This identifies only two classes of scarce resources: matter and energy. Both are fit, but there is an additional resource, space, approximately measured in square kilometers. Some notes:
* As for matter, a carbon atom can either be part of a tree or a wooden chair but no both. By contrast, iron is much more part of artifacts than living things.
* As for energy, sunlight hitting a certain area can either be used by a tree or a solar panel, but no both.
* As for space, a certain space can be occupied by a brick house or trees but not both. This is not primarily competition for matter and energy but for the space at which to place something.
--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:46, 29 November 2024 (UTC)¨</text>
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{{Politics}}

Should Ukraine surrender to Russia in 2022? See [[W:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

Those who are arguing against sending arms to Ukraine seem to be supporting that position since fewer arms means shorter ability to resist, but they may have other reasons as well.

Predicates and items: civilian lives, civilian infrastructure, disruption of Ukrainian economy, disruption of Ukrainian agricultural export, mineable resources in Donbas, nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, appeasement, Munich agreement, national self-determination, 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, geographic defense features, Holodomor, Russian imperial ambitions beyond Ukraine.

== Ukraine should surrender to Russia in 2022 ==

=== Arguments for ===

* {{Argument for}} If Ukraine surrenders, it will save many Ukrainian lives and prevent of lot of damage to country infrastructure including civilian buildings. Given the amount of missiles that Russia can fire at Ukraine, it is very unclear whether Ukraine can defend itself. And if Russia is truly determined to take Ukraine, they may use tactical nuclear weapons as well. It all depends on how much sane or reckless those in Russia that are in power are. Fighting a nuclear superpower is a very uncertain prospect. The worst case outcome is that Ukraine will stand defeated with many lost lives and buildings in ruin. A rather bad case outcome is that Ukraine will defend itself but many lives will be lost, residential and industrial buildings and other structures badly damaged, facing winter, facing economic problems, facing possible hunger, etc. A risk is that the fighting will hit a nuclear power plant and a catastrophe will ensue, and given the Russians act like crazy, it is a real risk.
** {{Objection}} It may result in many Ukrainians losing their lives anyway, and maybe even more lives long-term.
*** {{Objection}} Some lives yes, but it is not clear more lives would be lost. And Russia would have no interest to destroy infrastructure when it can instead take it over. If Russia is after territorial expansion and natural resources as it seems to be, it does not have a deep interest in killing civilians other than as a means of terror as part of a war. Hitler did not kill all that many Czechs in Bohemia and Moravia (part of today's Czechia) either, and he was a real monster. The countries that did not surrender in World War II suffered much worse.
**** {{Objection}} less than 20 years after the Bolsheviks won in Ukraine, there was the Holodomor. Hitler controlled Czechoslovakia for less than 8 years.
**** {{Objection}} That is defeatist and cowardly. If all democracies (or semi-democracies) did that in 1945, the Nazis would have gained and kept much of Europe, and Japan have much of China, in 1865, the southern states might still have slavery, in 1784, the US would still be a British colony.
***** {{Objection}} Nazi-occupied Europe might have been good for the people of Africa and Asia (e.g. the [[w:Bengal famine of 1943]] less severe), we aren't sure about the southern states maintaining slavery for over 135 years after 1855), and the US was bad for indigenous people.
***** {{Objection}} True: no one will earn respect by surrendering instead of fighting. The songs are sung about those who fight and never give up. But earning respect is not the only thing of value; civilian lives and buildings are also of value.
****** {{Objection}} The above kind of reasoning is what Putin is betting on.
******* {{Objection}} Of course he is since it is part of the logic of the situation. That alone does not make the logic bad.
**** {{Objection}} That is not like Churchill. The world would have turned bad if Churchill gave up.
***** {{Objection}} If Churchill, the Soviet Union might have been weaker by 1945. Indeed, it might have ceased existing west of the Urals.
***** {{Objection}} Churchill was on an island, which provides significant defensive capability, he had a lot of resources of the Commonwealth/Empire. If the going got too tough, he could have also fled to Northern Ireland, Newfoundland, or even Jamaica, and still arguably be in UK, and to get to UK, Hitler had to go through France or a German amphibious invasion attempt would be a lot longer. Czechoslovakia was none of these. Poland even took a chunk out of Czechoslovakia around that time. Poland fought back but it was for nothing. Ukraine does not have good geographic features for defense, unlike the Great Britain.
****** {{Objection}} The situation is not analogous to Poland: Poland was attacked on two fronts by Hitler in the west and Stalin in the east. So far, Ukraine only has to defend against Russia. 
******* {{Objection}} The above does not detract from an island being much better defensible than a mostly landlocked country with no mountains separating it from the attacker, Russia.
******* {{Objection}} The situation is similar to the Polish one in some regards, and dissimilar in others. What 1939 Poland and 2022 Ukraine have in common is that they fought an apparently much more powerful enemy alone and that they were isolated from the enemy neither by mountains nor by ocean.
******** {{Objection}} The Nazi invasion of Poland took 35 days. ≥453 days after Russia's invasion (not counting the events of 2014), and 80% of Ukraine is still independent.
****** {{Objection}} The Soviet Union also did not have good geographic defense features, except perhaps for winter. They did not give up and instead lost very many lives.
******* {{Objection}} The Soviet Union had great industrial weapon production capacity and huge populace.
******** {{Objection}} Ukraine has weapon supplies from the West: as far as weapon supplies, Ukraine is fine.
********* {{Objection}} Ukraine will probably run out of Soviet SAMs by the time F16s arrive.
********* {{Objection}} But Russia outnumbers Ukrainians by population.
********** {{Objection}} Russians don't seem as motivated except for Russian &quot;boomers&quot; giving pro-Putin views on certain YouTube videos and rent-a-crowd rallies and celebrations.
*********** {{Objection}} Putin is very very popular in Russia, to argue that it’s just boomers who support him is a bit ignorant. Russian cultural values are not identical to the west. 
************ {{Objection}} Russian polls are probably less reliable than Western polls, Russian boomers are far less likely to be conscripted than young Russian men, many young Russians have left Russia since early 2022, and Russian cultural values aren't (totally) different to the West. 
******* {{Objection}} Indeed, and Ukraine, which was part of the USSR, fared better under post-Holodomor USSR than it did under Hitler.
**** {{Objection}} Surrendering could be seen as a form of collaboration with Russia.
***** {{Objection}} It is not clear how the countries that are not ready for active military intervention on the side of Ukraine could legitimately complain. If they showed willingness to deploy actual troops, that would be a whole different signal for Putin. Of course, that would also increase the risk of World War III, one reason for why they are unlikely to do it. Other countries should show empathy for the dire situation Ukraine is in.
** {{Objection}} Ukraine has defended itself against Russian missiles for over a year. At the same time Ukraine is reclaiming ground from Russia, and Russia is also being adversely affected by sanctions. Winning is not impossible.
*** {{Objection}} The above statement does not contradict the first sentence of argument for, nor does it contradict multiple other sentences. (Should such an obviously invalid item be deleted from the debate?)
*** {{Objection}} Getting Russian soldiers out of Donetsk and Sevastopol probably won't be as easy as Kyiv, or even Kherson.
** {{Objection}} If Putin used nukes, it'd be the 3rd time—and likely 4th and more times—in warfare, the first time in over 75 years, the first time this century, the first time in Europe, and the only living leader to have ordered it. Effects such as fallout might affect Russian soldiers and winds might blow it into Russia or Belarus. Ukrainian church buildings wanted by the Russian Orthodox church might be destroyed. Also, the effects might not be as bad. It's likely that most cities in Ukraine have a higher concrete-to-wood ratio than Hiroshima and Nagasaki, know better the effects of nuclear explosions—the flash (e.g. wear light clothing if nuclear war threatens), blast, and radiation (e.g. fall-out shelters, have potassium iodine, stay away for a few weeks). Also, it'd give more countries that border Russia—including Ukraine—reason to develop their own WMDs. 
** {{Objection}} Vietnam successfully fought nuclear powers such as the US and in the late 1970s, the PRC.
** {{Objection}} If buildings are destroyed, Ukraine can rebuild them. However, If Ukraine ceases to exist, Ukrainians cannot easily regain their country, like how Poland ceased to exist for over 100 years after it was partitioned by neighboring countries.
** {{Objection}} If a nuclear power plant is hit, Belarus and Russia might be affected by the radiation (e.g. [[:File:Chernobyl radiation map 1996.svg]]).
* {{Argument for}} Many Ukrainians self-identify as Christians. Christ preached pacifism. As part of the Sermon on the Mount in [[w:Matthew 5:39|Matthew 5:39]], Jesus says &quot;But I tell you, don't resist him who is evil; but whoever strikes you on your right cheek, turn to him to the other also.&quot; In [[w:Matthew 26:52|Matthew 26:52]], after one of Jesus's disciples cut of the ear of the high priest's servants in response to Jesus being arrested, Jesus told him &quot;Put your sword back into its place, for all those who take the sword will die by the sword&quot;. Ergo, surrendering, or at least refusing to fight, would be the Christian thing to do.
** {{Objection}} The Bible condemns vengeance but does not uniformly condemn self-defense. For example, in [[w:Nehemiah 4|Nehemiah 4]], the Israelites rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem to defend themselves against attacks. 
*** {{Objection}} The actions of the Israelites is not a good basis for morality. In [[w:Numbers 31|Numbers 31]], the after defeating the Midianites, killed everyone except virgin women. We should focus instead on actions and life of Jesus, who preached radical pacifism. 

=== Arguments against ===

* {{Argument against}} If Ukraine surrenders, it will lose its statehood and the nation will be suppressed. The Russian empire has a history of suppressing the Ukrainian language, and causing harm to Ukrainian people including Holodomor, sometimes recognized as act of genocide. It is hard to estimate what bad things Russians will do in Ukraine if it falls under their control, given the barbarism they are showing so far.
** {{Objection}} What's so precious about the Ukrainian language? What about other languages in the area such as Polish, or the language of the Tatars? Has Ukrainian been banned in Crimea or Russian-controlled Donbas?
*** {{Objection}} The extermination, suppression, or altering of an existing culture, group, or language done in the name of hatred or expansion is an affront to life itself and infringes not only on basic human rights, but also removes valuable information, societies, and demographics from play, in some cases completely erasing them. It is ethically questionable to imply that because a language or culture isn't &quot;precious&quot; it shouldn't be protected as what it is. Additionally, yes, the Ukrainian language is actively being denied in its existence in Crimea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://euromaidanpress.com/2014/09/06/german-mp-beck-luhansk-occupation-russian-troops-annexation/|title=Is Luhansk about to be annexed by Russia?|date=2014-09-06|website=Euromaidan Press|language=en-US|access-date=2023-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; and you can find a greater list of infractions regarding it [[wikipedia:Chronology_of_Ukrainian_language_suppression|here,]] the most relevant and recent case being from 2022, wherein Russian officials are repeatedly denying the existence of the Ukrainian language as &quot;part of incitement to genocide&quot; and are even burning books.&lt;ref&gt;https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/English-Report.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/1282|title=Linguicide in the Occupied Territories|last=Luczkiw|first=Stash|website=Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost|language=en|access-date=2023-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** {{Objection}} The Ukrainian people were arguably their most prosperous during post-Stalin Soviet times, and the Russians are no more barbaric than the US—which is funding this war—did in Afghanistan, Iraq, or Vietnam—which was decades more recent than the 1930s.
*** {{Objection}} What the US did to those countries is somewhat irrelevant to this conflict: the US is killing no Ukrainian civilians: Russia is. Also, Russia ≠ USSR.
* {{Argument against}} If Ukraine surrenders, it will turn back on its citizens who want to live in Ukraine with the sort of freedoms that it has and do not want to be part of the Russian world with poor freedom of speech and poor treatment of homosexuals, transsexuals, etc., including those citizens who speak Russian as their primary language.
** {{Objection}} Ukraine isn't much more liberated/Russia isn't much more repressive. Ukraine has banned political parties. It conscripted its men and forbade most of them from leaving Russia. Its laws on abortions and drugs such as marijuana aren't much better. Ukrainian society is still somewhat homophobic and patriarchal. The Azov Battalion uses Nazi-like symbols and even flashed swastikas. Edward Snowden has become a Russian citizen.
*** {{Objection}} Those parties might have been Russian fronts.
*** {{Objection}} Ukraine is facing an existential threat: besides, most Ukrainian women chose/choose to stay in Ukraine with many who left returning. Also, some Ukrainian men could go to Russia, and from Russia, maybe other parts of the world. (There's also the issue of Ukrainian transmen, transwomen, and non-binaries.)
*** {{Objection}} In Ukraine, laws and attitudes on issues such as abortion, drugs such as marijuana, homophobia, and gender equality seem to be getting better, whereas in Russia, they seem to be getting worse.
* {{Argument against}} If Ukraine surrenders, Putin will not stop there and will attack other countries.
** {{Objection}} That is not so clear since other neighbor states are in NATO and if Russia attacks any of them, NATO will have to show its true colors and is likely to engage back in a conventional warfare or prove to be worthless.
*** {{Objection}} Moldova and Georgia aren't NATO members.
** {{Objection}} That is a concern for other countries, but not for the Ukrainian citizens. The question is not whether other countries should encourage Ukraine to fight but rather whether Ukraine would do well to surrender.
*** {{Objection}} The question is, &quot;should Ukraine surrender?&quot; The question is vague and could apply to a number of perspectives, including the value of Ukrainian statehood, civilian/military lives as well as the future outcomes of a Ukrainian surrender on the global scale. The worldwide implications of a Russian victory, especially from Ukrainian surrender are valid concerns.
*** {{Objection}} If Russia annexes Ukraine, it might have Ukrainians fight other opponents of Russia, much like the USSR had Ukrainians fight in Afghanistan, and likely suppress protesters in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.
* {{Argument against}} The Hitler Munich experience confirmed that it is foolish to try to appease an aggressive dictator.
** {{Objection}} It would have seemed more foolish for Czechoslovakia to fight the dictator without anyone else's military help. It would end up like Poland or worse. (It was not Czechoslovakia's fault that no one came in its support.) Whether a coalition of military powers should have appeased Hitler is a whole different question. How good the chances are of victory, the feasibility of victory, makes a difference.
*** {{Objection}} Czechoslovakia could have ignored the [[w:Munich Agreement]] and warn the Germans that agreement by France and UK for Germany, or no agreement, they'd fight any German soldier who set foot into their country (maybe also arrest Henlein and other SDP members). The results might not have been worse.
**** {{Objection}} If Czechoslovakia ignored the Munich Agreement and fought Germany, the result is very likely to have been many more deaths of Czechoslovak citizens than actually took place, and Czechoslovak citizens are not to be blamed for the failure of the West to resist Hitler (Hitler had no nukes to threaten retaliation.)
* {{Argument against}} It is not reasonable to expect Ukraine to simply surrender; imagine if it was your country that was being attacked.
** {{Objection}} The debate is structured and conceived in terms of person-free argument, and therefore, the part &quot;imagine if it was your country that was being attacked&quot; is out of scope of the debate.
** {{Objection}} One can imagine that one's country is being attacked, e.g. Czechoslovakia in 1938; and from that perspective, the statement &quot;It is not reasonable to expect COUNTRY_C to simply surrender&quot; has no force, especially since it is part of the substance of the argument-based debate to articulate &quot;reasonableness&quot; rather than simply assert it.
** {{Objection}} On a note similar to the above, one may ask whether Czechoslovakia should have fought Russians and the other invaders in 1968 (see also [[W:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]]), since, &quot;one must not appease an aggressor&quot;. The answer is not obvious; arguably, if Czechoslovakia fought, the result would still be subjugation, but with many more deaths.
* {{Argument against}} Impossible, it's 2023, Ukraine didn't surrender.
** {{Objection}} That is irrelevant since one can rephrase the question as follows: From the perspective of the information known in the middle of year 2022, should Ukraine have surrenderred to Russia in 2022?
** {{Comment}} Even if one accepts this objection, one can create a new debate, Should Ukraine surrender to Russia in 2023? Some of the input into the debate is likely to be very similar, including, 1) what if the semi-crazed Russian leadership starts using tactical (mid-impact) nuclear weapons, and 2) what if the semi-crazed Russians cause a serious accident in the Russian-occupied nuclear power plant in Ukraine? Which can be linked to: 3) semi-crazed Russians already caused a serious accident in a large dam in Ukraine.

== See also ==
* [[Is aggressive war of territorial expansion good?]]

== Further reading ==
* [[W:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [[W:Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
* [https://voxukraine.org/en/the-last-colonial-war-in-europe-or-why-ukraine-cannot-surrender/ The last colonial war in Europe or why Ukraine cannot surrender], voxukraine.org
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63016675 Ukraine war: Putin not bluffing about nuclear weapons, EU says], bbc.com
* [https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126714896/elon-musk-ukraine-peace-plan-zelenskyy Elon Musk's peace plan for Ukraine draws condemnation from Zelenskyy], 2022, npr.org
* [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ukraine-must-surrender-for-the-good-of-the-world-Nana-Akomea-advises-1486829 Ukraine must surrender for the good of the world - Nana Akomea advises], ghanaweb.com
* [https://dailynous.com/2022/03/02/philosophers-on-the-russian-attack-on-ukraine/ Philosophers On The Russian Attack On Ukraine], 2022, dailynous.com
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/24/henry-kissinger-ukraine-russia-territory-davos/ Henry Kissinger says Ukraine should concede territory to Russia to end the war], 2022, washingtonpost.com
* [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/26/never-going-to-happen-ukraine-blasts-trading-land-for-peace ‘Never going to happen’: Ukraine blasts trading land for peace], 2022 May, aljazeera.com
* [https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-new-poll-89-of-ukrainians-reject-ceding-land-to-reach-peace-with-russia-11656504002 In New Poll, 89% of Ukrainians Reject Ceding Land to Reach Peace With Russia], wsj.com
* [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/28/politics/white-house-ukraine-projection/index.html Biden officials privately doubt that Ukraine can win back all of its territory], 2022, cnn.com

[[Category:Ukraine]]
[[Category:Russia]]
[[Category:2020s in Europe]]
[[Category:21st-century military history]]</text>
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'''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Jaredscribe!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity.

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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:59, 12 April 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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:Hi @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]], thanks.   I just asked a question at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Using_Templates_from_Wikipedia]].
:Regards, [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 23:03, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

== Are axioms definitions in disguise? ==
To [[Are axioms definitions in disguise?]], you added the following argument:
* Objection: To call axioms meaningless would not only deny human nature, it would deny reality itself.   Axioms are self-evidently true, and so do not require proof.  An axiom is αχιωμα, that which is considered worthy, held as [[w:self-evident]] by those who possess common sense and are capable of speaking a natural language.
I cannot make any sense of the argument. For a start, the debate does not call axioms meaningless. As another point, the gist of the debate is that axioms are not necessarily self-evidently true. The third sentence is some kind of etymologizing argument, which is therefore invalid. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:07, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:59, 12 April 2023 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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{{Robelbox/close}}

:Hi @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]], thanks.   I just asked a question at [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Using_Templates_from_Wikipedia]].
:Regards, [[User:Jaredscribe|Jaredscribe]] ([[User talk:Jaredscribe|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jaredscribe|contribs]]) 23:03, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

== Are axioms definitions in disguise? ==
To [[Are axioms definitions in disguise?]], you added the following argument:
* Objection: To call axioms meaningless would not only deny human nature, it would deny reality itself.   Axioms are self-evidently true, and so do not require proof.  An axiom is αχιωμα, that which is considered worthy, held as [[w:self-evident]] by those who possess common sense and are capable of speaking a natural language.
I cannot make any sense of the argument. For a start, the debate does not call axioms meaningless. As another point, the gist of the debate is that axioms are not necessarily self-evidently true. The third sentence is some kind of etymologizing argument, which is therefore invalid.

We can consider a domain different than geometry, modal logic. In [[Wikipedia: Modal logic]], there is a diagram showing different axiomatic modal logics. Which of those modal logic has the axioms self-evident? And since some of the pairs of modal logic are incompatible, if all those axioms are self-evident, the result is a contradiction. (That is a variation on the argument concerning geometries.) --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 13:10, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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==Motivation==
# [[/Abusive supervision/]] - What motivates it and how does it affect workplace motivation? {{ME-By|TJDuus}}
# [[/Adverse childhood experiences and risk-taking motivation/]] - How do ACEs affect risk-taking motivation? {{ME-By|Krobertsonn}}
# [[/Affective touch and emotion/]] - What are the emotional responses to affective touch? {{ME-By|Ratidzo Nyangu}}
# [[/Analysis paralysis/]] - What causes analysis paralysis, what are its psychological mechanisms, and what are its impacts? {{ME-By|Yashvi M}}
# [[/Antisocial behaviour in children/]] - What motivates antisocial behaviour in children? {{ME-By|U3191574 (PHP)}}
# [[/Autism and motivation/]] - How does autism influence motivation? {{ME-By|Sophiedriscoll}}
# [[/Better-than-average-effect/]] - Why do people tend to think they are better than average, what are the consequences, and what can be done about it? {{ME-By|RussellP1}}
# [[/Biofeedback and motivation/]] - How does biofeedback influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3239962}}
# [[/Bottom-line mentality and motivation/]] - How does a focus on the bottom line affect motivation and behaviour? {{ME-By|Biancaguina}}
# [[/Breaking bad habits/]] - What strategies can be effective for breaking bad habits? {{ME-By|Pelleot}}
# [[/Comprehensive action determination model|Comprehensive action determination model]] - What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation? {{ME-By|HassanAlsamara}}
# [[/Consumer neuroscience/]] - What is consumer neuroscience and how does it contribute to understanding consumer behaviour? {{ME-By|Claudiaread}}
# [[/Cultural variations in power motivation/]] - How does culture influence power motivation and its expression? {{ME-By|DFaol}}
# [[/Death and motivation/]] - How does awareness of mortality influence motivation? {{ME-By|Krutipatil}}
# [[/Dopamine and decision making/]] - How does dopamine influence decision making and what are the motivational implications? {{ME-By|Carter.lizzie}}
# [[/Dopamine and learning/]] - What is the relationship between dopamine and learning? {{ME-By|Rhys Harmer}}
# [[/Dopamine and social behaviour/]] - What role does dopamine play in social interactions and relationships? {{ME-By|DeenMisic}}
# [[/E-cigarette use motivation/]] - What motivates starting and continuing vaping of nicotine e-cigarettes? {{ME-By|U3242988}}
# [[/Effort justification/]] - What is it and how does it influence perception and motivation? {{ME-By|Bstonehouse}}
# [[/Employee recognition and work motivation/]] - What is the impact of employee recognition on work motivation? {{ME-By|U3235875}}
# [[/Environmental cues and habits/]] - How do environmental cues facilitate habit formation? {{ME-By|MoniqqueK}}
# [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? {{ME-By|U3173387}}
# [[/Fandom motivation/]] - What motivates fandom? {{ME-By|TEGIANN}}
# [[/Fogg behaviour model/]] - How can it be applied to understanding and changing behaviour? {{ME-By|HannahMooney}}
# [[/Free will and neuroscience/]] - What does neuroscience reveal about the concept of free will? {{ME-By|Sienna04}}
# [[/Functional approach to volunteerism/]] - How does the functional approach explain volunteer motivation and how can it be applied? {{ME-By|U32314488}}
# [[/Functional motives theory and environmental activism/]] - How does functional motives theory explain the motivations behind environmental activism? {{ME-By|Samanthagrebert}}
# [[/Gender differences in sexual motivation/]] - What are the key differences in sexual motivation between genders and what causes these differences? {{ME-By|U3200844}}
# [[/Generativity/]] - What is generativity and how does it impact behaviour and life outcomes? {{ME-By|Rocxie}}
# [[/Getting started/]] - Why is getting started hard and how can this be overcome? {{ME-By|U3194813}}
# [[/Grit and conscientiousness/]] - What are the similarities and differences between grit and conscientiousness and what are the implications? {{ME-By|U3229789}}
# [[/Groups and individual motivation enhancement/]] - How can group dynamics enhance individual motivation? {{ME-By|CharlotteLane55}}
# [[/Groups and individual motivation reduction/]] - How can group dynamics diminish or undermine individual motivation? {{ME-By|U3216883}}
# [[/Habit stacking/]] - What is habit stacking and how can it enhance productivity? {{ME-By|U3228753}}
# [[/Hygiene motivation/]] - What motivates maintenance of personal hygiene? {{ME-By|Jackster_10}}
# [[/Inner talk in achieving high performance/]] - How does inner dialogue influence motivation for high achievement? {{ME-By|OscarDillion}}
# [[/Inner voice and motivation/]] - How does the inner voice influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3248317}}
# [[/Intentional pregnancy motivation/]] - What motivational factors contribute to intentional pregnancy? {{ME-By|Biancagouws}}
# [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? {{ME-By|HDurban}}
# [[/Intrinsic motivation and creativity/]] - What is the relationship between intrinsic motivation and creativity? {{ME-By|Trodrickk}}
# [[/Intrinsic rewards and motivation/]] - How do intrinsic rewards affect motivation? {{ME-By|Zwyndham}}
# [[/Justice motivation/]] - What is justice motivation, what causes it, and how is it pursued and satisfied? {{ME-By|Emeweme}}
# [[/Lateral violence among Indigenous Australians/]] - What drives it and how can it be addressed? {{ME-By|Smritiadhikari}}
# [[/Learned industriousness and motivation/]] - How does learned industriousness influence motivation and work ethic? {{ME-By|Persimmon24}}
# [[/Machiavellianism and power motivation/]] - What is the relationship between Machiavellianism and power motivation? {{ME-By|Joan-E-1405}}
# [[/Money and motivation/]] - How does financial incentive influence motivation? {{ME-By|EmmanuelPaps}}
# [[/Moral motivation/]] - What drives people to act according to moral principles? {{ME-By|Sophieteferi}}
# [[/Morbid curiosity/]] - What is morbid curiosity, what causes it, and how does it influence behaviour? {{ME-By|Scarlett Neilson}}
# [[/Morning routine and motivation/]] - How can a morning routine be used to facilitate motivation, productivity, and well-being? {{ME-By|Syeda Aiman Ali}}
# [[/Motivation in retirement/]] - What motivational challenges do retirees face and how can they be addressed? {{ME-By|U3243172}}
# [[/Nudge theory/]] - What is nudge theory and how is it used to motivate behaviour change? {{ME-By|U3225022}}
# [[/Oxytocin and motivation/]] - How does oxytocin affect motivation? {{ME-By|U3232264}}
# [[/Pain and motivation/]] - How does pain influence motivation? {{ME-By|Gabriel Geld}}
# [[/Pain and placebo/]] - What is the placebo effect in pain management and how does it work? {{ME-By|U3230258}}
# [[/Paradoxical interventions/]] - How can they facilitate psychological change? {{ME-By|Seth Guglielmin}}
# [[/Physical activity tracking and exercise motivation/]] - What role can physical activity tracking play in exercise motivation?  {{ME-By|Alyssia Myers}}
# [[/Political motivation/]] - What motivates engagement in politics? {{ME-By|IvaPuskarica}}
# [[/Power motivation and leadership/]] - How does power motivation influence leadership styles and effectiveness? {{ME-By|Zainab Zaman}}
# [[/Productivity and routines/]] - How can establishing routines improve productivity? {{ME-By|U3236610 Allana}}
# [[/Rivalry in the workplace/]] - What impact does workplace rivalry have on employee motivation and productivity? {{ME-By|Boomboompow4}}
# [[/Self-determination theory and environmental activism/]] - How does self-determination theory explain motivation in environmental activism? {{ME-By|Zahra Karim}}
# [[/Sleep and ego depletion/]] - How does sleep affect the capacity for self-control and willpower? {{ME-By|U3229957}}
# [[/Social dominance and motivation/]] - What drives social dominance motivation, and how does it influence behaviour? {{ME-By|Cophiesollins}}
# [[/Social dominance and power motivation/]] - What is the relationship between social dominance and power motivation? {{ME-By|Dragonmoon05}}
# [[/Sound and perception of food and drink/]] - How does sound influence the taste and enjoyment of food and drink? {{ME-By|Ebrixon}}
# [[/Stockholm syndrome motivation/]] - Why do captives bond with their captors? {{ME-By|U3243508}}
# [[/Temporal motivation theory/]] - What is temporal motivation theory and how does it influence decision-making? {{ME-By|U3236663}}
# [[/Testosterone and violent crime/]] - What is the relationship between testosterone and violent crime? {{ME-By|Amarshall757}}
# [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can it be used to guide behaviour change? {{ME-By|Kiara Stone (UC)}}
# [[/Treatment motivation in juvenile delinquency/]] - What is the role of treatment motivation for juvenile delinquency and how can it be enhanced? {{ME-By|U3236338}}
# [[/Truth serum drugs/]] - What are truth serum drugs, do they work, and how? {{ME-By|U3236669}}
# [[/Ulysses pact and motivation/]] - What is the Ulysses pact and how does it relate to motivation? {{ME-By|L.Mercer}}
# [[/Underdog versus favourite motivation/]] - How do motivation dynamics differ between underdogs and favourites? {{ME-By|Sarah Pendlebury}}
# [[/Vasopressin and motivation/]] - How does vasopressin influence motivation? {{ME-By|U3012923}}

==Emotion==
# [[/Abusive relationships and emotional dependency/]] - What psychological mechanisms drive emotional dependency and how does it perpetuate abusive relationships? {{ME-By|Lucywilson 546}}
# [[/ADHD and emotional regulation/]] - How does ADHD affect emotional regulation and how can this be managed? {{ME-By|U3188383}}
# [[/Adverse childhood experiences and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between ACEs and emotion regulation? {{ME-By|U3242902}}
# [[/Artificial intelligence empathy/]] - How can algorithms relate to humans? {{ME-By|U3249300}}
# [[/Attribution theory and emotion/]] - How do attributions influence emotion? {{ME-By|Spring Pavlova}}
# [[/Ayahuasca and the brain/]] - What are the neurological effects of ayahuasca? {{ME-By|Mkatemoore}}
# [[/Bibliotherapy and emotion/]] - How can reading literature impact emotional well-being? {{ME-By|GurmeenK}}
# [[/Breaking bad news/]] - How should bad news be shared to minimise emotional distress? {{ME-By|Stongu}}
# [[/Breathing exercises and relaxation/]] - How can breathing exercises promote relaxation? {{ME-By|MGibb.23}}
# [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? {{ME-By|U3237101}}
# [[/Conservation of resources theory and stress/]] - How does COR theory explain stress and how can it be applied? {{ME-By|U3054914}}
# [[/Digital emotion regulation/]] - How can digital tools and technologies be used to help manage emotions? {{ME-By|U3237780}}
# [[/Disgust and hygiene/]] - How does disgust influence hygiene behaviours and what are the psychological mechanisms involved? {{ME-By|U3214564}}
# [[/Ecopsychological approaches to trauma/]] - How can nature-based therapies assist in emotional healing from trauma? {{ME-By|Beabosborne}}
# [[/Ego death/]] - What is ego death, what are its consequences, and how can it be facilitated? {{ME-By|Danikollas}}
# [[/Ego development and psychological growth/]] - How does ego development theory explain psychological growth? {{ME-By|Ryanjboulton}}
# [[/Ego resilience/]] - What is ego resilience and how does it affect psychological functioning? {{ME-By|U322995}}
# [[/Emotional literacy/]] - What is emotional literacy, why is it important, and how can it be developed? {{ME-By|RBasu3243278}}
# [[/Emotional self-care/]] - What is emotional self-care, why is it important, and what techniques are effective? {{ME-By|Shanaya M}}
# [[/Emotion and time perception/]] - How does emotion affect perceptions of time? {{ME-By|U3243357}}
# [[/Emotion preferences/]] - What do people want to feel and why? {{ME-By|U3236421}}
# [[/Empathy versus sympathy/]] - What's the difference and how do they influence behaviour and relationships? {{ME-By|U3236683}}
# [[/Exteroception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between exteroception and emotional experience? {{ME-By|U3239399}}
# [[/Fear of judgement and social media/]] - How does the fear of being judged undermine posting on social media and how can this be overcome? {{ME-By|Ashdruett}}
# [[/Goals and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between goals and emotion? {{ME-By|U3236641}}
# [[/Gut-brain axis and emotion/]] - What is the gut-brain axis and how does it influence emotion? {{ME-By|U3239091}}
# [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - How can HRV monitoring be used to regulate emotion? {{ME-By|U3239156dej}}
# [[/Heart rate variability and mental health/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and mental health? {{ME-By|U3190194}}
# [[/Humiliation/]] - What leads to it, what role does it play, and how can it be managed? {{ME-By|Stluciamolly}}
# [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? {{ME-By|U3237728}}
# [[/Humour and social bonding/]] - How does humour facilitate social bonding? {{ME-By|Lwinter1}}
# [[/Humour and stress relief/]] - How does humour help in relieving stress? {{ME-By|U3236303}}
# [[/Impact bias/]] - What causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be overcome? {{ME-By|U3242909}}
# [[/Inner voice and emotion/]] - How does the inner voice influence emotion? {{ME-By|StephenBlume}}
# [[/Life satisfaction and personality/]] - What is the relationship between personality and life satisfaction? {{ME-By|U3242288}}
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[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2024]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24020" sha1="52a869tioo1dn2ix2ki77acffziyab1" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Coercive control in intimate partner relationships:&lt;br&gt;What role does CC play in IPV partner relationships and how can it be addressed?}}
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&lt;div align=center&gt;Replace the link in the box above once the multimedia presentation has been published.&lt;/div&gt;
__TOC__

=='''Overview'''==

* &lt;big&gt;Explain and describe Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships (illustrate the following three concepts with a case study examples and definitions)&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Identify the predictors and indicators of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Explore some of the motivations and behaviours associated with coercive control in intimate partner violence&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Summarise the effects of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships for perpetrators and victim-survivors (support this with a discussion on intersectionality, using quantitative analysis and recommendations from the research)&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Summarise current evidenced based strategies employed to address coercive control in intimate partner violence&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Provide accessible links and support resources for perpetrators, victim-survivors, and support networks, engaging with Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships&lt;/big&gt;

=== {{comment}} case study very long and may overwhelm the reader. Consider making more concise ===
{{robelbox|width=30|theme=3|title=Case Study (Maria)}} &lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Background:''' Maria has lived in Australia for two years with her husband, Santiago (Santi). Their country of birth is Chile. Maria and Santi do not have any children, although Maria has a dog named Javier (pronounced Harvey-air) whom she considers her 'baby'. 

On Friday morning, Maria visits her local Community Centre, with her dog Javier. (Maria is known to the service already, having previously visited with Santi to access migrant support services). However, until today, Maria has never disclosed that she is experiencing intimate partner violence at home with Santi. Maria intends to maintain her relationship with Santi.

On arrival at the Community Centre, Maria was welcomed into the service by a familiar social worker. Maria told the social worker &quot;''I haven’t spoken about this to anyone really before. I’m kind of embarrassed to talk about it, but I just don’t know what to do anymore. I don't know about how it works here in Australia. Back home in Chile, I would stay with my family until things settled down; and my family would talk to him, and try to convince him to stop.''”

Maria then continued, “''Last night my husband Santi came home really angry and straight away punched a hole in the front door. I asked him what was wrong and tried to calm him, but things just escalated so quickly, and the next thing I knew, he was hurting me, and he wouldn’t stop. I managed to get away and ran into the spare room and locked the door. I woke up some time after and the house sounded really quiet. I opened the door and saw him asleep on the couch in the lounge room, so I ran upstairs, grabbed my bag, car keys and Javier, and I drove away. I didn’t have anywhere to go so I drove around for a bit until I found a spot in a church car park that felt safe and slept there. I drove here this morning.''”

“''I have 150 missed calls and 55 texts from Santi today, all saying he is sorry. He promises that he won’t do that again and that he was stressed with work, but I just need a plan to keep safe and know what I can do if I do leave for good. I have no money, nowhere to go, no job ... and who will look after Javier? Can you help me?''”

'''After further discussion, the social worker took down the following case notes about Maria's situation:'''

* Maria locked herself in the room whilst her husband calmed down. 
*  
* Maria hit her head, and was still bleeding. Maria doesn't want to see a doctor because she is afraid that   will make Santi angry, and she has no money to afford the appointment. Maria claims she feels tired, but otherwise ok. 
*  
* Maria feels like she has no friends and her one sister in Australia, lives interstate in Melbourne. 
*  
* Maria is experiencing emotional, financial, physical and social abuse. 
*  
* Santi controls all their the money and Maria does not work. Santi wants Maria to stay at home and tend to the house, to support him. 
* 
* Maria receives an allowance from Santi of $50 each week to buy groceries, and $25 each week to buy Javier's food, pay for her own haircuts, buy her own clothes and any other 'luxuries' such as her mobile phone.
* 
* Maria takes Javier everywhere, and is afraid Santi might hurt him. 

* Maria has no access to the couple's money and plans to return to the relationship later today. 

* Maria has 150 missed calls and 55 texts from Santi all apologising for his behaviour, and explaingin, “he was stressed with work.” 

* Maria has no friends or family she can visit or stay with. 

* Maria hasn’t accessed services for Intimate Partner Violence before. 

* Maria has a safety bag with $15 cash in savings, some clothes, and a couple of things for Javier. (She saw the 'safety bag idea' on a video on social media, and found that helpful). 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

[[File:Figure 1. Gender nuetral Power and Control Wheel.jpg|300x300px|'''Figure 1'''. Gender neutral Power and Control Wheel. Based on Duluth's model.|alt=Figure 1. Gender neutral Power and Control Wheel. Based on Duluth's model.|thumb]]
[[File:Lol question mark.png|left|frameless|150x150px]]

=== Task ===
'''&lt;big&gt;Think about the different elements of Maria's situation.&lt;/big&gt;''' 

&lt;big&gt;Which aspects of her experience align with the Power and Control Wheel?&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Is Maria experiencing Coercive Control in her intimate partner relationship?&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Why? or Why not?&lt;/big&gt;

=== Discussion ===
&lt;big&gt;'''What other important factors might the social worker need to consider when supporting Maria?'''&lt;/big&gt;

== '''Definitions''' ==
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| '''Terminology'''
| '''Meaning'''
|-
| '''Coercive Control'''
| meaning/define
|-
| '''Intimate Partner'''
| meaning
|-
| '''Victim Survivor'''
| meaning
|-
| '''Intersectionality'''
| meaning
|-
|}
{{center bottom}}Add to table: Gaslighting, feigning distress, love bombing, manipulation to obtain or avoid abandonment, intimidation, isolation from support network, surveillance.

== '''Introduction''' ==
To date, there is neither a universally accepted definition of IPV, nor is there a conceptual framework that would comprehensively capture the the complexities of coercive control. 

=== Duluth's Wheel ===
Coercive Control can be insidious and therefore hard to detect - (Duluth's Wheel){{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
=== '''&lt;small&gt;Focus Questions&lt;/small&gt;''' ===
# &lt;big&gt;What are the internal process that give rise to Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt; 
# &lt;big&gt;How does energy, direction, and persistence present, as indicators of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
# &lt;big&gt;How are needs, cognitions and emotions related to Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
# &lt;big&gt;What can be done to address Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== '''Psychological Theories (Motivation and Behaviour)''' ==

=== Seligman's Theory of Learned Helplessness ===
The learned helplessness phenomenon is proposed as a model for the emotional numbing and maladaptive passivity sometimes following victimization (Seligman,1983).
* Trauma bonding and cycles of negative reinforcement (Focus Question 1). Trauma bonding can lead to a “Stockholm syndrome” like effect. Victim - survivors may develop strong emotional ties with their abuser due to cycles of abuse, and hot and cold behaviour. Recognising patterns can be crucial for developing strategies to help victim-survivors break these bonds and support their recovery. 
* Cycles of abuse and CC in IPV can lead to learned helplessness making help-seeking hard and difficult for the survivor to escape the situation and seek support. 
* Learned Helplessness Theory can provide insights into why victim-survivors might feel powerless and not engage in help-seeking, and may help design interventions and support options on how to empower them effectively in recovery efforts.

=== Bandura's Social Learning Theory ===
We actually know very little about occasions of IPV, especially how conflicts escalate into IPV. This is because there are relatively few multi-method or multiagent longitudinal studies, which would require evidenced based approaches such as observing couple's interactions, whilst engaged in community or clinically controlled trials.
* Energy, direction and persistence (Focus Question 2)
** Child adjustment and attachment (Bowlby and Ainsworth)
** Social variables and behavioural predictability (e.g. witnessed IPV growing up etc.)
** Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggests that coercive control in IPV may be learned through family modelling. This insight can be used to design interventions that promote unlearning harmful patterns and adopting healthier relationship dynamics.

=== Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs &amp; Deci and Ryan's Self Determination Theory ===

* Needs, cognitions, and emotions (Focus Question 3)
* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs &amp; Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory can inform recovery interventions for victim-survivors by focusing on their autonomy, competence, and relatedness; all of which are key psychological needs that help reduce distress and promote recovery and self- efficacy, (this also links to learned helplessness).

=== Therapy and Safety Planning ===
We know more about risk factors than about protective factors. This is an area of great importance for further research; particularly, as attention paid to these may provide important leverage for prevention.
* Feminist Theory - acknowledging the relationship is abusive
** According to the Control Motive Theory, when men use violence against their female partners, their goal is to influence their current or future behaviour (Johnson, 1995).
** They use violence for control largely because they have been socialised in a patriarchal society to believe that males are supposed to be dominant in the family (Felson, R. and Messner, S., 2000)
* Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) can help when working with perpetrators by addressing the mismatch between their self-image as good people and their abusive behaviours, motivating them to change.
* Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - Person centred interventions for victim-survivors
* Trauma Informed Care (safety/risk screening, safety plans etc)

===  Quiz (Recap theoretical knowledge) - multiple choice ===

=== '''Case Study (Corey)''' ===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} content {{RoundBoxBottom}}

== '''Research and Legislation''' ==

=== Quantitative Analysis ===
We know many of the risk factors for IPV and that it is a complex issue with multiple determinants. We know much less however about the moderators on these risk factors - for example, gender, race, age, SES level, level of social support, and the role that the presence of children in the relationship plays (Capaldi et al., 2012).

* A systematic review or meta-analyses that looks into the most efficacious interventions for victim-survivors and perpetrators
** Research into CC in IPV can increase awareness and understanding about CC in IPV for the public and people in these relationships. 
** Positives = recognition of triggers and signs of CC in IPV for those within these relationships
*** increasing public attention and potential downstream funding on this issue.
*** a better understanding and awareness of CC in IPV can have flow on effects from police to law, to case workers, to health services, to organisations, to education, all the way to the public.

=== Legislation and Policy '''(Keep this brief)''' ===
Coercive Control in intimate partner violence is [now widely] recognised in both healthcare and socio-legal contexts (Gulina et al., 2018).

* Recent legislative changes related to coercive control in IPV. 
** The NSW Government has made amendments to the Family Law Act (1975), and has proposed updates to the Crimes Act (1914) Cth.
** The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children (2010-2022) has shown a recent focus on the broader subject area. 
** Increases in funding, streamlined protection orders, explicit training programs for frontline workers, and community awareness campaigns. 

== '''Conclusion''' ==

We know that this [intimate partner violence] violence is almost always underpinned by coercive control, and has traumatic and pervasive immediate and long term impacts on victim survivors, their families and communities (Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, 2023). Although it appears that the existing theories of coercive control in IPV are limited in their ability to improve the clinical efficacy of IPV interventions, as well as provide sufficient basis for conducting research. 

Some theoretical frameworks of Coercive Control in IPV provide a number of potential 'answers' over others; however their empirical validity is yet to be determined. Thus, we find ourselves still in need of sufficient research reliability and validity in the filed, in order to systematically examine the context and complexities that the elements of Coercive Control in IPV, present in both theory and practice.

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|-
! !! Known to self !! Not known to self
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==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=Alloy, L. B., Peterson, C., Abramson, L. Y., &amp; Seligman, M. E. (1984). Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''46''(3), 681–687. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.681&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=A. S., Gulina, M. A., &amp; Tikhomandritskaya, O. A. (2018). Intimate Partner Violence: An Overview of the Existing Theories, Conceptual Frameworks, and Definitions. ''Psychology in Russia : State of the Art'', ''11''(3), 128–144. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2018.0309&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., &amp; Kim, H. K. (2012). A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence. ''Partner Abuse'', ''3''(2), 231–280. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231&lt;/nowiki&gt;  
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department. (2023). National Principles to Address Coercive Control in Family and Domestic Violence. https://www.ag.gov.au/families-and-marriage/publications/national-principles-address-coercive-control-family-and-domestic-violence
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Dichter, M. E., Thomas, K. A., Crits-Christoph, P., Ogden, S. N., &amp; Rhodes, K. V. (2018). Coercive Control in Intimate Partner Violence: Relationship With Women’s Experience of Violence, Use of Violence, and Danger. ''Psychology of Violence'', ''8''(5), 596–604. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000158&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Felson, R. B., &amp; Messner, S. F. (2000). The Control Motive in Intimate Partner Violence. ''Social Psychology Quarterly'', ''63''(1), 86–94. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.2307/2695883&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Peterson, C., &amp; Seligman, M. E. P. (1983). Learned Helplessness and Victimization. ''Journal of Social Issues'', ''39''(2), 103–116. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00143.x&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Straus, M. A., &amp; Gozjolko, K. L. (2016). Concordance between partners in “intimate terrorism”: A comparison of two typologies. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior'', ''29'', 55–60. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.003&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

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{{Hanging indent|1=

Rosenberg, B. D., &amp; Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091
}}
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==See also==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Intimate partner violence motivation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Self-determination theory]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Coercive control motivation in relationships]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Domestic violence motivation]]

==External links==
# Domestic and Family Violence Support (NSW Government) https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/guide/domestic-and-family-violence
# Domestic Violence Crisis Service (ACT) https://dvcs.org.au/


Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]]. For example:
* [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne)
* [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com)
{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* Only select links to major external resources about the topic
* Present in alphabetical order
* Include the source in parentheses after the link
}}

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Domestic violence]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]]</text>
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{{title|Coercive control in intimate partner relationships:&lt;br&gt;What role does CC play in IPV partner relationships and how can it be addressed?}}
{{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}}
&lt;div align=center&gt;Replace the link in the box above once the multimedia presentation has been published.&lt;/div&gt;
__TOC__

==Overview==

* &lt;big&gt;Explain and describe Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships (illustrate the following three concepts with a case study examples and definitions)&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Identify the predictors and indicators of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Explore some of the motivations and behaviours associated with coercive control in intimate partner violence&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Summarise the effects of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships for perpetrators and victim-survivors (support this with a discussion on intersectionality, using quantitative analysis and recommendations from the research)&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Summarise current evidenced based strategies employed to address coercive control in intimate partner violence&lt;/big&gt;
* &lt;big&gt;Provide accessible links and support resources for perpetrators, victim-survivors, and support networks, engaging with Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships&lt;/big&gt;

=== {{comment}} case study very long and may overwhelm the reader. Consider making more concise ===
{{robelbox|width=30|theme=3|title=Case Study (Maria)}} &lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
'''Background:''' Maria has lived in Australia for two years with her husband, Santiago (Santi). Their country of birth is Chile. Maria and Santi do not have any children, although Maria has a dog named Javier (pronounced Harvey-air) whom she considers her 'baby'. 

On Friday morning, Maria visits her local Community Centre, with her dog Javier. (Maria is known to the service already, having previously visited with Santi to access migrant support services). However, until today, Maria has never disclosed that she is experiencing intimate partner violence at home with Santi. Maria intends to maintain her relationship with Santi.

On arrival at the Community Centre, Maria was welcomed into the service by a familiar social worker. Maria told the social worker &quot;''I haven’t spoken about this to anyone really before. I’m kind of embarrassed to talk about it, but I just don’t know what to do anymore. I don't know about how it works here in Australia. Back home in Chile, I would stay with my family until things settled down; and my family would talk to him, and try to convince him to stop.''”

Maria then continued, “''Last night my husband Santi came home really angry and straight away punched a hole in the front door. I asked him what was wrong and tried to calm him, but things just escalated so quickly, and the next thing I knew, he was hurting me, and he wouldn’t stop. I managed to get away and ran into the spare room and locked the door. I woke up some time after and the house sounded really quiet. I opened the door and saw him asleep on the couch in the lounge room, so I ran upstairs, grabbed my bag, car keys and Javier, and I drove away. I didn’t have anywhere to go so I drove around for a bit until I found a spot in a church car park that felt safe and slept there. I drove here this morning.''”

“''I have 150 missed calls and 55 texts from Santi today, all saying he is sorry. He promises that he won’t do that again and that he was stressed with work, but I just need a plan to keep safe and know what I can do if I do leave for good. I have no money, nowhere to go, no job ... and who will look after Javier? Can you help me?''”

'''After further discussion, the social worker took down the following case notes about Maria's situation:'''

* Maria locked herself in the room whilst her husband calmed down. 
*  
* Maria hit her head, and was still bleeding. Maria doesn't want to see a doctor because she is afraid that   will make Santi angry, and she has no money to afford the appointment. Maria claims she feels tired, but otherwise ok. 
*  
* Maria feels like she has no friends and her one sister in Australia, lives interstate in Melbourne. 
*  
* Maria is experiencing emotional, financial, physical and social abuse. 
*  
* Santi controls all their the money and Maria does not work. Santi wants Maria to stay at home and tend to the house, to support him. 
* 
* Maria receives an allowance from Santi of $50 each week to buy groceries, and $25 each week to buy Javier's food, pay for her own haircuts, buy her own clothes and any other 'luxuries' such as her mobile phone.
* 
* Maria takes Javier everywhere, and is afraid Santi might hurt him. 

* Maria has no access to the couple's money and plans to return to the relationship later today. 

* Maria has 150 missed calls and 55 texts from Santi all apologising for his behaviour, and explaingin, “he was stressed with work.” 

* Maria has no friends or family she can visit or stay with. 

* Maria hasn’t accessed services for Intimate Partner Violence before. 

* Maria has a safety bag with $15 cash in savings, some clothes, and a couple of things for Javier. (She saw the 'safety bag idea' on a video on social media, and found that helpful). 
&lt;/div&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

[[File:Figure 1. Gender nuetral Power and Control Wheel.jpg|300x300px|'''Figure 1'''. Gender neutral Power and Control Wheel. Based on Duluth's model.|alt=Figure 1. Gender neutral Power and Control Wheel. Based on Duluth's model.|thumb]]
[[File:Lol question mark.png|left|frameless|150x150px]]

=== Task ===
'''&lt;big&gt;Think about the different elements of Maria's situation.&lt;/big&gt;''' 

&lt;big&gt;Which aspects of her experience align with the Power and Control Wheel?&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Is Maria experiencing Coercive Control in her intimate partner relationship?&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Why? or Why not?&lt;/big&gt;

=== Discussion ===
&lt;big&gt;'''What other important factors might the social worker need to consider when supporting Maria?'''&lt;/big&gt;

== '''Definitions''' ==
{{center top}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5
| '''Terminology'''
| '''Meaning'''
|-
| '''Coercive Control'''
| meaning/define
|-
| '''Intimate Partner'''
| meaning
|-
| '''Victim Survivor'''
| meaning
|-
| '''Intersectionality'''
| meaning
|-
|}
{{center bottom}}Add to table: Gaslighting, feigning distress, love bombing, manipulation to obtain or avoid abandonment, intimidation, isolation from support network, surveillance.

== '''Introduction''' ==
To date, there is neither a universally accepted definition of IPV, nor is there a conceptual framework that would comprehensively capture the the complexities of coercive control. 

=== Duluth's Wheel ===
Coercive Control can be insidious and therefore hard to detect - (Duluth's Wheel){{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
=== '''&lt;small&gt;Focus Questions&lt;/small&gt;''' ===
# &lt;big&gt;What are the internal process that give rise to Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt; 
# &lt;big&gt;How does energy, direction, and persistence present, as indicators of Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
# &lt;big&gt;How are needs, cognitions and emotions related to Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
# &lt;big&gt;What can be done to address Coercive Control in intimate partner relationships?&lt;/big&gt;
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== '''Psychological Theories (Motivation and Behaviour)''' ==

=== Seligman's Theory of Learned Helplessness ===
The learned helplessness phenomenon is proposed as a model for the emotional numbing and maladaptive passivity sometimes following victimization (Seligman,1983).
* Trauma bonding and cycles of negative reinforcement (Focus Question 1). Trauma bonding can lead to a “Stockholm syndrome” like effect. Victim - survivors may develop strong emotional ties with their abuser due to cycles of abuse, and hot and cold behaviour. Recognising patterns can be crucial for developing strategies to help victim-survivors break these bonds and support their recovery. 
* Cycles of abuse and CC in IPV can lead to learned helplessness making help-seeking hard and difficult for the survivor to escape the situation and seek support. 
* Learned Helplessness Theory can provide insights into why victim-survivors might feel powerless and not engage in help-seeking, and may help design interventions and support options on how to empower them effectively in recovery efforts.

=== Bandura's Social Learning Theory ===
We actually know very little about occasions of IPV, especially how conflicts escalate into IPV. This is because there are relatively few multi-method or multiagent longitudinal studies, which would require evidenced based approaches such as observing couple's interactions, whilst engaged in community or clinically controlled trials.
* Energy, direction and persistence (Focus Question 2)
** Child adjustment and attachment (Bowlby and Ainsworth)
** Social variables and behavioural predictability (e.g. witnessed IPV growing up etc.)
** Bandura’s Social Learning Theory suggests that coercive control in IPV may be learned through family modelling. This insight can be used to design interventions that promote unlearning harmful patterns and adopting healthier relationship dynamics.

=== Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs &amp; Deci and Ryan's Self Determination Theory ===

* Needs, cognitions, and emotions (Focus Question 3)
* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs &amp; Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory can inform recovery interventions for victim-survivors by focusing on their autonomy, competence, and relatedness; all of which are key psychological needs that help reduce distress and promote recovery and self- efficacy, (this also links to learned helplessness).

=== Therapy and Safety Planning ===
We know more about risk factors than about protective factors. This is an area of great importance for further research; particularly, as attention paid to these may provide important leverage for prevention.
* Feminist Theory - acknowledging the relationship is abusive
** According to the Control Motive Theory, when men use violence against their female partners, their goal is to influence their current or future behaviour (Johnson, 1995).
** They use violence for control largely because they have been socialised in a patriarchal society to believe that males are supposed to be dominant in the family (Felson, R. and Messner, S., 2000)
* Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) can help when working with perpetrators by addressing the mismatch between their self-image as good people and their abusive behaviours, motivating them to change.
* Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - Person centred interventions for victim-survivors
* Trauma Informed Care (safety/risk screening, safety plans etc)

===  Quiz (Recap theoretical knowledge) - multiple choice ===

=== '''Case Study (Corey)''' ===
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} content {{RoundBoxBottom}}

== '''Research and Legislation''' ==

=== Quantitative Analysis ===
We know many of the risk factors for IPV and that it is a complex issue with multiple determinants. We know much less however about the moderators on these risk factors - for example, gender, race, age, SES level, level of social support, and the role that the presence of children in the relationship plays (Capaldi et al., 2012).

* A systematic review or meta-analyses that looks into the most efficacious interventions for victim-survivors and perpetrators
** Research into CC in IPV can increase awareness and understanding about CC in IPV for the public and people in these relationships. 
** Positives = recognition of triggers and signs of CC in IPV for those within these relationships
*** increasing public attention and potential downstream funding on this issue.
*** a better understanding and awareness of CC in IPV can have flow on effects from police to law, to case workers, to health services, to organisations, to education, all the way to the public.

=== Legislation and Policy '''(Keep this brief)''' ===
Coercive Control in intimate partner violence is [now widely] recognised in both healthcare and socio-legal contexts (Gulina et al., 2018).

* Recent legislative changes related to coercive control in IPV. 
** The NSW Government has made amendments to the Family Law Act (1975), and has proposed updates to the Crimes Act (1914) Cth.
** The National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children (2010-2022) has shown a recent focus on the broader subject area. 
** Increases in funding, streamlined protection orders, explicit training programs for frontline workers, and community awareness campaigns. 

== '''Conclusion''' ==

We know that this [intimate partner violence] violence is almost always underpinned by coercive control, and has traumatic and pervasive immediate and long term impacts on victim survivors, their families and communities (Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, 2023). Although it appears that the existing theories of coercive control in IPV are limited in their ability to improve the clinical efficacy of IPV interventions, as well as provide sufficient basis for conducting research. 

Some theoretical frameworks of Coercive Control in IPV provide a number of potential 'answers' over others; however their empirical validity is yet to be determined. Thus, we find ourselves still in need of sufficient research reliability and validity in the filed, in order to systematically examine the context and complexities that the elements of Coercive Control in IPV, present in both theory and practice.

{{Atp/info box unit}}

The Overview is typically consists of one to four paragraphs inbetween the scenario and focus questions. Suggested word count aim for the Overview: 180 to 330 words.
{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* Engage the reader with a scenario, example, or case study, and an accompanying image
* Explain the problem and why it is important
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}}

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'''Focus questions:'''
Break the problem (i.e., the sub-title) down into three to five focus questions. Focus questions can also be used as top-level headings.
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* What is the third focus question?

Ask [[w:Open-ended question|open-ended]] focus questions. For example:
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==Headings==
* Aim for three to six main headings inbetween the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]
* Sub-headings can also be used, but
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** provide an introductory paragraph before breaking into sub-sections

==Key points==
* Provide at least three bullet-points per headingʔ and sub-heading, including for the Overview and Conclusion
* Include key citations

==Figures==
[[File:Thought bubble.svg|right|140px|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Example of an image with a descriptive caption.]]

* Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and to serve as examples
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==Learning features==
Interactive learning features help to bring online book chapters to life and can be embedded throughout the chapter.

{{anchor|Scenarios}}
;Scenarios
* Scenarios or case studies describe applied/real-world examples of concepts in action
* Case studies can be real or fictional
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* It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]].

{{anchor|Feature box}}
;Feature boxes
* Important content can be highlighted in a [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Feature box|feature box]]. But don't overuse feature boxes, otherwise they lose their effect.
* Consider using feature boxes for:
** [[#Scenarios|Scenarios]], case studies, or examples
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;Links
* When key words are introduced, use [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] to:
** Wikipedia (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] wrote about (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) or
** Related book chapters (e.g., [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]])

;Tables
* Use to organise and summarise information
* As with [[#Figures|figures]], tables should be captioned
* Refer to each table at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|Example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted

'''Table 1.''' Descriptive Caption Which Explains The Table and its Relevant to the Text - Johari Window Model

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: auto;
|-
! !! Known to self !! Not known to self
|-
| '''Known to others''' || Open area || Blind spot
|-
| '''Not known to others''' || Hidden area || Unknown
|}

;Quizzes
* Using one or two review questions per major section is usually better than a long quiz at the end
* Quiz ''conceptual'' understanding, rather than trivia
* Don't make quizzes too hard
* Different types of quiz questions are possible; see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]

Example simple quiz questions. Choose your answers and click &quot;Submit&quot;:
&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{Quizzes are an interactive learning feature:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ True
- False

{Long quizzes are a good idea:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- True
+ False
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion==
* The Conclusion is arguably the most important section
* Suggested word count: 150 to 330 words
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{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* What is the answer to the sub-title question based on psychological theory and research?
* What are the answers to the focus questions?
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}}

==See also==
Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to the most relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. Use these formats:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Light triad|Light triad]] (Book chapter, 2021)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/About/Collaborative authoring using wiki|Collaborative authoring using wiki]] (Wikiversity)
* [[w:Self determination theory|Self determination theory]] (Wikipedia)
{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* Present in alphabetical order
* Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]]
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}}

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=Alloy, L. B., Peterson, C., Abramson, L. Y., &amp; Seligman, M. E. (1984). Attributional style and the generality of learned helplessness. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''46''(3), 681–687. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.681&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=A. S., Gulina, M. A., &amp; Tikhomandritskaya, O. A. (2018). Intimate Partner Violence: An Overview of the Existing Theories, Conceptual Frameworks, and Definitions. ''Psychology in Russia : State of the Art'', ''11''(3), 128–144. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2018.0309&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., &amp; Kim, H. K. (2012). A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence. ''Partner Abuse'', ''3''(2), 231–280. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231&lt;/nowiki&gt;  
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department. (2023). National Principles to Address Coercive Control in Family and Domestic Violence. https://www.ag.gov.au/families-and-marriage/publications/national-principles-address-coercive-control-family-and-domestic-violence
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Dichter, M. E., Thomas, K. A., Crits-Christoph, P., Ogden, S. N., &amp; Rhodes, K. V. (2018). Coercive Control in Intimate Partner Violence: Relationship With Women’s Experience of Violence, Use of Violence, and Danger. ''Psychology of Violence'', ''8''(5), 596–604. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000158&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Felson, R. B., &amp; Messner, S. F. (2000). The Control Motive in Intimate Partner Violence. ''Social Psychology Quarterly'', ''63''(1), 86–94. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.2307/2695883&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Peterson, C., &amp; Seligman, M. E. P. (1983). Learned Helplessness and Victimization. ''Journal of Social Issues'', ''39''(2), 103–116. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00143.x&lt;/nowiki&gt;
}}

{{Hanging indent|1=Straus, M. A., &amp; Gozjolko, K. L. (2016). Concordance between partners in “intimate terrorism”: A comparison of two typologies. ''Aggression and Violent Behavior'', ''29'', 55–60. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.003&lt;/nowiki&gt; 
}}

List cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]].

APA style example:
{{Hanging indent|1=

Rosenberg, B. D., &amp; Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. ''Motivation Science'', ''4''(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091
}}
{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* Important aspects of APA style for references include:
** Wrap the set of references in the [[Template:Hanging indent|hanging indent template]]. Use &quot;Edit source&quot;: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
** Author surname, followed by a comma, then the author initials separated by full stops and spaces
** Year of publication in parentheses
** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop
** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop
** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink
* The most common mistakes include:
** Incorrect capitalisation
** Incorrect italicisation
** Citing sources that weren't read or consulted
}}

==See also==
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2017/Intimate partner violence motivation]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Self-determination theory]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Coercive control motivation in relationships]]
# [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Domestic violence motivation]]

==External links==
# Domestic and Family Violence Support (NSW Government) https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/guide/domestic-and-family-violence
# Domestic Violence Crisis Service (ACT) https://dvcs.org.au/


Provide [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to highly relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. Use [[w:Letter case#Sentence casing|sentence casing]]. For example:
* [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne)
* [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com)
{{tip|Suggestions for this section:
* Only select links to major external resources about the topic
* Present in alphabetical order
* Include the source in parentheses after the link
}}

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Domestic violence]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]]</text>
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    <title>Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Coercive control in intimate partner violence</title>
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      <id>2689343</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Jtneill moved page [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Coercive control in intimate partner violence]] to [[Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Coercive control in intimate partner violence]] without leaving a redirect: Abandoned page</comment>
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      <text bytes="9535" sha1="d23bl88h89x84w2993ugw49y33rh2nx" xml:space="preserve">==Initial suggestions==
{{ping|SoSilverLibby}} Thanks for tackling this topic.
Some initial suggestions:
* Check out related chapters and see how you can build on, link to, and integrate with them e.g., see these categories:
** [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Domestic violence]]
** [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Relationships]]
* What psychological theory(ies) can help to understand and explain this topic?
* What is the main research about this topic?
Let me know if I can do anything else to support the development of this chapter.
Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:04, 6 August 2024 (UTC)

:Hi James
:I have accidentally deleted your contributions / links to your initial suggestions at the bottom of my page.
:Can you help me with getting them back please?
:Thank you 
:Bronwyn (SoSilverLibby u960569) [[User:SoSilverLibby|SoSilverLibby]] ([[User talk:SoSilverLibby|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SoSilverLibby|contribs]]) 03:20, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
::{{ping|SoSilverLibby}} They still seem to be there. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:20, 2 September 2024 (UTC)

== Heading casing ==
{| style=&quot;float: center; background:transparent;&quot;
|-
| [[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|48px|left]]
| {{#if:SoSilverLibby|Hi [[User:SoSilverLibby|SoSilverLibby]].|}} FYI, the recommended [[Wikiversity]] heading style uses [[w:Letter case#Sentence_case|sentence casing]]. For example:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Self-determination theory&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
rather than
&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Self-Determination Theory&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

Here's an example chapter with correct heading casing: [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Growth mindset development|Growth mindset development]]

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:20, 2 September 2024 (UTC)
|}


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#* comments on the [[Help:Talk page|talk page]]s of other [[Motivation and emotion/Book|chapters (past or current)]]
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# Note that one of the direct contributions was a comment, so is better placed on the talk page
}}
-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 22:20, 2 September 2024 (UTC)

== Hello! ==

Thank  you for tackling such an intense, and important topic that seems so prevalent in our times. For your topic I would recommend (if you have not already)  looking intro the book 'Why does he do that?&quot; as it pertains to domestic violence, and I would the book to be a haorriowing and informative read. Look over your chapter, I have noticed a few touches that could be made, for starters, I would recommend increasing the image size so as that would make it more readable. I would say your casestudy, while it is good, is too long anbd/or should be moved somewhere else throughout the chapter.


Thank you for your hard work! And good luck  [[User:Joan-E-1405|Joan-E-1405]] ([[User talk:Joan-E-1405|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Joan-E-1405|contribs]]) 07:36, 29 September 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>[[/Coercive control in intimate partner violence/|Coercive control in intimate partner violence]] - What role does CC play in IPV and how can it be addressed?</comment>
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==Motivation==
# [[/Basal ganglia and motivation/]] - What is the role of the basal ganglia in motivated behaviour? {{ME-By|User Name}}
# [[/Citizen science motivation/]] - What motivates individuals to participate in citizen science projects? {{ME-By|User Name}}
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[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party</title>
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      <text bytes="120491" sha1="talr7qw9tlizs5oiq8fbystubblp7mp" xml:space="preserve">=Event=
On Monday 28 June 1897, Queen Victoria hosted a garden party at Buckingham Palace, inviting between 5,000 and 6,000 people. This party was the final official event of the London Diamond Jubilee celebrations. The Queen released to the press the names of people invited, which means the newspapers could print some or all of this list. The very long article in the London ''Morning Post'', for example, prints what may be the comprehensive list of those invited, although two columns are illegible in some places.

The original newspaper account seems to have been published by the ''Court Circular'', and then the popular newspapers reprinted pieces of that story, many adding contextualizing paragraphs of their own. Some of these later reports are quite long, perhaps 5 or more full columns. Sometimes the newspapers included short descriptions of the women's dresses, suggesting that for the list of people invited, the source was the ''Court Circular'', but the parts of the stories devoted to context, history or fashion might have been written by a reporter present at the event.

==Logistics==
* 28 June 1897, Monday, in the gardens at Buckingham Palace, hosted by Queen Victoria.
* Between 5,000 and 6,000 guests were invited.
* Many visitors from the empire who were in town for the Jubilee celebrations were invited to this garden party.
* The weather was fine, having improved since the day before.
* The garden party was held in the grounds around Buckingham Palace, and the Palace itself was open and available for guests to visit:&lt;blockquote&gt;Great preparations had been made in the splendid grounds adjoining the Royal Palace for the party, the whole scene presenting a fascinating appearance. The beautifully-kept grounds were partially covered with tents and marquees for the convenience of the many guests, and the lovely lake was really in the hands of the Queen’s bargemen, who had charge of the many boats which had been placed on the extensive ornamental waters for the use of guests. There was also plenty of music, several regimental bands being in attendance, while for those who wished to become acquainted with the valuable pictures and works art which are to be found at the Royal residence, all the State and reception rooms of the Palace were thrown open.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;“The Queen’s Garden Party. Brilliant Scene at Buckingham Palace.” ''Globe'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 6 [of 8], Col. 3a–c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/18970629/050/0006. Print p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; (6, Col. 3a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*The streets around the entrances to Buckingham Palace were lined with spectators beginning hours before the Queen was to arrive:&lt;blockquote&gt;Although the Garden Party was not timed to commence until after five o’clock, the Mall from Marlborough House to Buckingham Palace was well lined by two o’clock, and an hour afterwards large crowds, for the most part composed of ladies, had taken up their positions. This was also the case along Constitution-hill, where the assembly which had gathered to witness the Queen’s arrival at the Palace from Windsor nad [sic] to a large extent remained. The heat was somewhat oppressive, but the trees along the Mall and the Green Park afforded welcome shelter. Many ladies had evidently come prepared for a long wait, as they had provided themselves with the now familiar camp stool, which is always prominent on these occasions. On the other hand, the police were waging war against the men who frequent such places with stools and forms, and as soon as any of them put in an appearance they were quickly pounced upon by the officers, who at once proceeded to destroy the intended stands before the eyes of the helpless owners. Among the sightseers were several of the Indian visitors in gorgeous coloured coats, tight-fitting trousers, and turbans, as well as some of the Australian and New Zealand troops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (6, Col. 3a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;
==Related Events==
This garden party was the culminating event of the official celebrations for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and more specific events led up to it:

# Trip from Windsor to Paddington Station Queen Victoria and a large retinue traveled by train from Windsor to Paddington Station the day before, preceded on an earlier train by &quot;the royal equipages sent from Buckingham Palace for the use of the Queen and her suite,&quot; which were&lt;blockquote&gt;First came the splendied semi-state landau in which the Queen made her now famous journey on June 22d. It was preceded by scarlet-coated outriders, and horsed by four magnificent bays driven by postilions in navy blue and white uniforms. Two similar carriages followed, and these were in turn succeeded by a number of pair-horse clarences for the conveyance of the household and suite, and several breaks and ‘buses for luggage. A captain's escort, furnished by the 2d Life Guards, and commanded by Captain Ellison, clattered along in rear of the carriages, and took up a position opposite the spot where, by prior arrangement, Her Majesty’s saloon was to be brought to a standstill. These magnificent troops, riding their great black horses, and with the sunlight dancing upon their nodding plumes, and reflected by their burnished helmets, cuirasses, and trappings, made a very fine show indeed. The escort did not carry the colour, as it did on the 21st, nor was it accompanied by the regimental trumpets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Jubilee Festivities. The Queen Again in London. Interesting Functions. A Visit to Kensington. The Garden Party.&quot; ''North British Daily Mail'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3a–7b [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002683/18970629/083/0005. Print p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 3b}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
# Reception at Paddington
# Visit to Kensington
# Kensington to Buckingham Palace
# The Garden Party
# Return to Windsor by Way of Paddington

=== Foreign Admirals ===
On 29 June 1897, the day after the garden party, the ''North British Daily Mail'' reports that, after the Queen's garden party, the foreign admirals would return to Spithead for a tour around the dockyard and luncheon:&lt;blockquote&gt;THE FLEET AT SPITHEAD&lt;p&gt;
The fleet at Spithead was again illuminated last night, the railway companies having duplicated the ordinary train service to bring visitors down. The Koenig Wilhelm was to have sailed on Sunday evening, but her departure has been deferred, and last night her officers gave a private dinner party aboard for the anniversary of the Queen’s Coronation. All the commissioned ships in the harbour were dressed at noon. A royal salute was fired. The [Col. 6c–7a] foreign admirals will return from their visit to London on the occasion of the Queen’s garden party to be conducted round the dockyard to-day, and they will be entertained to luncheon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 6c–7a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Colonial Premiers ===
The day of the garden party the colonial premiers attended a meeting with Secretary of State for the Colonies, [[Social Victorians/People/Chamberlain|Joseph Chamberlain]]:&lt;blockquote&gt;THE COLONIAL PREMIERS

The whole of the Colonial Premiers went to the Colonial Office yesterday for further conference with Mr Chamberlain, who received them in his private room, attended by Mr F. H. Wilson, legal assistant, Mr Reid and the Hon. T. Cochrane, M.P., assistant private secretaries. The conference lasted hours, and was of a strictly private and confidential character, the matters discussed involving several points of high State policy.

Premiers will be entertained at Warwick Castle by the Earl and Countess of Warwick on July 15th. On the same occasion the Attorney General of Queensland will present a loving cup from Warwick, in Queensland, to the old county town of Warwick, from which it takes its name. He will be accompanied by the Colonial troopers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{rp|5, Col. 7a}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

For these visitors to London during the Diamond Jubilee, the next major social event was on 15 July, at Warwick Castle, hosted by [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Daisy, Countess of Warwick and Francis, 5th Earl of Warwick]], although perhaps some attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]].

== Who Was Present ==
In the absence of a copy of the report about the garden party in the ''Court Circular'', the newspaper account with the fullest list of names is from the ''Morning Post'', although people further down the list can be impossible to identify, and two full columns are damaged (Col. 7 on p. 4 and Col. 1 on p. 5).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4 [of 12], Cols. 1a–7c [of 7] and 5, Col. 1a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005.&lt;/ref&gt; Whenever possible, then, what is here has been amended with other newspaper reports that have names to help decipher the illegible ones in the ''Morning Post'' account. The names in the Morning Post are grouped, mostly by rank and name.

=== People of Color at This Event ===

One purpose of a closer look at this event is to get a more precise list of names of people of color from the various countries in the empire, who were not recognized and thus not named in newspaper descriptions of other events. For example, the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 fancy-dress ball]] was said to include a number of South Asian dignitaries, but because the Duchess did not release to the newspapers the names of those who were invited, those dignitaries went mostly unnamed in the newspaper reports, if their presence was noted at all. Besides the South Asian guests invited to this garden party, some South Asian visitors to London were spectators as well:&lt;blockquote&gt;Among the sightseers were several of the Indian visitors in gorgeous coloured coats, tight-fitting trousers, and turbans, as well as some of the Australian and New Zealand troops.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; (6, Col. 3a)&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a section on what people — mostly women — wore, the reporter for the ''Daily News'' said,&lt;blockquote&gt;Suffice to say, the modistes had done their best, and that their achievements excited general admiration. Here and there, however, was an Eastern beauty whose golden lace drapery, loosely enveloping a figure that owed nothing to the corset, challenged comparison, we will not say with what success, with the European model. In the almost entire absence of uniforms or Court dress, the costumes of the East Indian notables lent colour to the assemblage, while their pearls and diamonds, the wealth of Ormuz and of Ind, were not allowed to pass unobserved.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (5, Col. 6b)&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== People Invited ===
# Queen Victoria, with escort and attendants
## Captain's Escort of the 2nd Life Guards
## The Duchess of Buccleuch, Mistress of the Robes
## The Dowager Lady Churchill, Lady in Waiting
## The Hon. Harriet Phipps, Woman of the Bedchamber
## Maids of Honour in Waiting
### The Hon. Mary Hughes
### The Hon. Aline Majendie
## the Earl of Kintore, Lord in Waiting
## Captain Drummond, Groom in Waiting
## Equerries in Waiting
### Major-General Sir John M'Neill, V.C.
### Lieutenant Colonel Davidson, M.V O. [sic]
#Grand Duke and Grand Duchess Serge of Russia
#Princess Henry of Battenberg, with attendants
##Miss Minnie Cochrane
##Colonel John Clerk, C.S.I., C.V.O.
#Her Imperial Majesty the Empress Frederic, attended by 
##the Dowager Lady Ampthill
##Lord Harris
##Colonel S. Waller
##Princess Hatzfeldt Trachenberg
##Count Seckendorff
##Baron and Baroness Reischach
#Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales, with attendants
##Lady Suffield, Lady in Waiting
##Miss Knollys, Woman of the Bedchamber
##Lord Colville of Culross, K.T., G.C.V.O., Chamberlain to the Princess of Wales
##The Earl of Gosford, K.P., Lord in Waiting
##General Sir D. Probyn, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., V.C, Comptroller
##Sir Francis Knollys, K.C.M.G., C.B., Groom in Waiting
##Major-General Stanley Clarke, C.M.G., Equerry in Waiting
#Princess Victoria of Wales
#Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Charles of Denmark
#Their Royal Highnesses the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, attended by
##Lady Caroline Cust
##Mr. Hugo Erskine Wemyss
##Count Reventlow Criminil
##Baron von der Wense
#Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian, attended by
##Baroness von und zu Egloffstein
##Colonel the Hon. Charles Eliot
#Her Highness Princess Victoria
#His Highness Prince Christian Victor
#His Highness Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein
#Her Royal Highness Princess Louise Marchioness of Lorne and the Marquis of Lorne, attended by
##Lady Sophia Macnamara
##[[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Collins|Colonel Arthur Collins]], M.V.O.
#Their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Henry of Prussia, attended by
##Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edmund Commerell
##Baron and Baroness Seckendorff
##Count Hahn
##Captain Muller
#Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, attended by
##The Hon. Mrs. Monson
##His Excellency Herr von Schön
##Captain the Hon. D. J. Mouson [sic, s/b Monson?], M.V.O.
##Mr. A. D. J. Monson
##Captain von Ruxleben
#Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
#The Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
#Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, attended by
##Colonel and the Hon. Mrs. A. Egerton
#Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany, attended by
##Sir Robert and Lady Collins
##Miss Potts
#Her Royal Highness Princess Frederica of Hanover and Baron von Pawel Raminingen, attended by
##Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wood
#His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, attended by
##Colonel A. C. FitzGeorge, C.B.
#Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Teck and his Highness the Duke of Teck, attended by
##Lady Katherine Coke
##The Hon. A. Nelson Hood
#Her Royal Highness Princess Louise Duchess of Fife and the Duke of Fife
#His Highness the Prince and her Royal Highness Princess Frederic Charles of Hesse, attended by
##The Hon. A. Hay
##Fraulein von Tasmund
##Baron von Kotwitz
#Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Aribert of Anhalt, attended by
##Miss Deverell
##Major Evan Martin
#Her Royal Highness the Hereditary Princess of Saxe-Meiningen and her Serene Highness Princess Feodore of Saxe-Meiningen, attended by
##The Hon. Aubrey FitzClarence
##Miss von Dreskan
##Baron von Roeder
#His Serene Highness the Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
#Their Highnesses Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar
#Her Serene Highness Princess Victor of Hohenlohe
#Countess Gleichen (x2)
#Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Adolphus of Teck
#The Prince Francis and Prince Alexander of Teck
#His Highness Prince Augustus Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
#Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Blucher von Wahlstatt
#Their Serene Highnesses Prince and Princess Joachim Murat
#Their Serene Highnesses [[Social Victorians/People/Pless|Prince and Princess Hans Henry Pless]]
#Prince and Princess Loewenstein
#Their Serene Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Arenberg
#Prince Victor Duleep Singh
#Prince Frederick Duleep Singh
#Princess Duleep Singh (x2)
#ARGENTINE REPUBLIC — M. Florencio Dominguez and M. Carlos Dominguez
#BADEN — Herr yon Brauer, Mr. Brook Taylor, and Baron Bohlen Halbach
#BAVARIA — His Royal Highness the Prince Rupert, General Sir L. Gardiner, K.C.V.O., C.B., Major Fairholme, Lieutenant-Colonel Emile von le Bret Nucourt, and Captain Othon von Stettin
#BELGIUM — His Serene Highness the Prince Charles de Ligne, Princess de Ligne, Madlle. de Ligne, Mr. C. lnnes Ker, Count de Jonghe d'Ardoye, and the Marquis d’Asshe
#BOLIVIA — M. Caso, Mr. Conway Seymour, M. Pedro Suarez, Madame Suarez, and M. Adolfo Bolivian
#BRAZIL — M. [[Social Victorians/People/Souza Correa|de Souza Correa]] [Corréa?]
#BULGARIA — Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Bulgaria, Colonel J. R. Slade, C.B., Madame Petrow Tchomakoff, Count Robert de Bourboulon, Lieutenant-Colonel Marcoff, Major Petrew, Captain Stoïanow, and Mr. Martin Furth
#CENTRAL AMERICA (Greater Republic) — M. Medina and Miss Medina
#CHILI — M. Ramon Subercasseaux and Mr. Raglan Somerset
#CHINA — His Excellency Chang Yen Hoon, Colonel Mark Bell, V.C,. Mr. Liang, Mr. Jui, and Mr. Koo
#COREA — His Excellency Min Young Hwan, Major A. Cavendish, Mr. Min Young Chan, Mr. Min Shangho, and Mr. von Rautenfeld
#COSTA RICA — Senor Don Demetrio Iglesias, Mr. C. Alban Young, Dona Eudoxia Castro, Señorita Maria Iglesias, Don Ricardo Fernandez Guardia, and Dona Christina Castro Keith
#DENMARK — His Royal Highness the Prince Waldemar, Major-General Arthur Ellis, C.S.I., M. Charles Rothe, and Captain Evers
#EGYPT — Prince Mohammed Ali Pasha, Colonel Larking, Tigrane Pasha, Colonel Aziz Bey, Mr. George Smart, Said Zoulfikar Bey
#ECUADOR — M. Navares, Colonel Concha
#FRANCE — General Davoust, Duc d'Auerstadt, Duchesse d'Auerstadt, and Madlle. Davoust, Colonel Brabazon, Colonel Dawson, General Hagron, M. Crozier, Colonel Humbert, and Captain Riviers de Mauny
#GERMANY — His Royal Highness the Prince Albert of Prussia, Prince Regent of Brunswick, Major-General Sir C. du Piat, K.C.B., Colonel Grierson, Lieutenant-General von Plessen, Colonel von Arnim, Captain Fischel, Count von der Schulenberg (Hofmarschall), Major Freiherr von Stein, Dr. Schreibe, Captain von Unzer
#GREECE — M. Rangabi, Mr. R. D. Norton
#GUATEMALA — Dr. Cruz, Madlles. Cruz (2), Señor Estrada
#HAWAIIAN ISLANDS — Mr. S. M. Damon, Captain the Hon. H. Napier, Major Curtis P. Jaukea
#HESSE — Their Royal Highnesses the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Hesse, Colonel the Hon. H. Byng, C.B., Baroness de Grancy, Baron Riedesel zu Eisenbach, Baron de Genadius Grancy
#ITALY — Their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince and Princess, the Earl of Clarendon, Colonel Needham, Countess Giulia Trigona, Lieutenant-General Terzaghi, Major Cavaliere Viganoni, Captain Cavaliere Merli Miglietti, Count Romnaldo Trigona, Cavaliere F. Comotto
#JAPAN — His Imperial Highness the Prince Arisugawa, Mr. R. F. Synge, Captain Beaumont, R.N., Marquis Ito, Mr. S. Saito, Marquis Kido, Captain Funaki, Lieutenant-Colonel Murata, Lieutenant Kato, Mr. Nabeshima
#LIBERIA — Mr. H. Hayman
#LUXEMBURG — His Royal Highness the Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxemburg, Colonel H. D. Browne, Baron Ritter yon Grünstein
#MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN — His Excellency Herr D. yon Vietinghoff, Mr. Eyre A. Crowe
#MEXICO — Don Antonio Mier y Celis, Mr. Arnold Royle, C.B., Don Francisco R. Gallardo, Don Eustagino dc Escaudon, and Captain Don Ponfirio Diaz
#MONTENEGRO — His Highness the Prince Danilo, Major the Hon. C Harbord, Colonel Djurcovitch, and Captain Pejanovitch
#NETHERLANDS — Count van Lynden, Countess van Lynden, Mr. Horace West, and Count W. de Bylandt
#PARAGUAY — M. E. Machain and Madame Machain
#PERSIA — His Imperial Highness the Prince Amir Khan, General Sir Thomas Gordon, K.C.I.E., C.B., C.S.I.[,] Mr. Harry Churchill, General Karim Khan, Mirza Ahmad Khan, Mirza Ohaness Khan, Mirza Mohamad Ali Khan
#PERU — Senor Canevaro, Duchesse de Zoagli Canevaro, Dr. Don A. N. Puente, Don Alfredo Elster, and Don Carlos von der Heyde
#PORTUGAL — His Royal Highness the Duke of Oporto, Major the Hon. H. C Legge, M.V.O., Colonel Duval Telles, Captain Moreira de Sà, Major d'Albuquerque, and Lieutenant Jose de Melie[?]
#ROME — Right Rev. Monsignore Sambucetti, [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor|Hon. Harry Stonor]], Right Rev. Monsignore Belmont, the Right Rev. Monsignore de Vaz, Marchesi and Marchesa Muccioli, of the Noble Guard
#ROUMANIA — General Pancovici, Colonel G. P. Georgescu
#RUSSIA — Their Imperial Highnesses the Grand Duke Serge and Grand Duchess Feodrowna, the Grand Duke Cyril, Lord Churchill, Lieutenant-Colonel Waters, Countess Olsouffiew, Princess Youssoupoff, Princess Lobanoff de Rostow, General Stépanoff, Colonel Gadon, and Prince Youssoupoff, Colonel Clements, Mr. Alexander Gordon Ross, and Sub-Lieutenant N. Coubé (A.D.C. to Grand Duke Cyril)
#SAXE-COBURG — His Royal Highness the Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg, Captain Walter Campbell, and Herr von Schön
#SAXE-WEIMAR — His Highness the Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar, Mr. Frederick Campbell, and Count Zeppelin
#SAXONY — His Royal Highness the Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of Saxony, Colonel Howard, Freiherr yon Reitzenstern, First Lieutenant von Metzsch, and Baron von Oppell
#SERVIA — M. Mijatovich and Madame Mijatovich
#SIAM — His Royal Highness the Crown Prince and the Prince Mahit of Siam, Colonel E. H. Sartorius, V.C., Lieutenant-Colonel Rajavallabha, Lieutenant-Colonel C. Vernon Hume, Colonel Indaraty, Surgeon-Major Yarr
#SPAIN — Duke of Sotomayor, Captain the Hon. A. Greville, Señor José Caro, Señor Alfonso Merry del Val, and Señor Benitez al Villar
#SWEDEN AND NORWAY — His Royal Highness the Prince Eugène of Sweden and Norway, Captain G. L. Holford, Count G. Gyldenstolpe, Captain Roeder, Captain Baron Cederstrom
#TURKEY — Munir Pasha, Major Surtees, Brigadier-General Nassir Pasha, Captain Enver Bey, Colonel Gordon Ponsonby
#UNITED STATES — His Excellency the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Mrs. Whitelaw Reid, Colonel Hallam Parr, Major-General Nelson A. Miles, Mrs. Nelson Miles, Rear-Admiral Joseph N. Miller, Captain M. P. Maus, Mr. Ogden Mills, Mrs. Ogden Mills, Mr. G. Creighton Webb, Mr. Erskine Hewett, Commander W. H. Emory, Lieutenant Philip Andrews, Lieutenant T. S. Rogers
#URUGUAY — Dr. Alberto Nin, Madlle. Nin, Don Alfonso Saenz de Zumaran, Don Luis Posadas, Colonel C. Robido
#WURTEMBURG— His Royal Highness the Duke Albert of Wurtemburg, Colonel C. Swaine, Lieutenant-General von Bilfinger, First Lieutenant Count von Degenfeld- Schonburg; five officers of the Queen's German Regiment: Major C. R. Burn (in attendance), Lieutenant-Colonel von Falkenhayn, Major von Arnim, First Lieutenant Baron von Moeller-Lilienstern, First Lieutenant von Gerlach, Second Lieutenant von Studnitz
#&quot;Native Princes, and gentlemen and ladies accompanying them&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2b)
##His Highness the Raja of Kaparthala
##His Highness the Thakur Sahib of Morvi, K.C.I.E.
##His Highness the Thakur Sahib of Gondal, C.I., and her Highness the Maharani of Gondal, C.I.
##Colonel Maharaj Dhiraz
##Sir Pratab Singh, K.C.S.I.
##Thakur Hari Singh[,?]
##Kunwar Dhokal Singh
##Rajah Ajit Singh of Khetri, attended by
##Rajkumar Unmaid Singh of Shahpura, attended by
###Colonel Trevor (in attendance upon the Rajah Ajit Singh of Khetri and the Rajkumar Unmaid Singh of Shahpura)
##Bijey Singh
##Sir Jamaetjee Jejeebhoy, Bart., C.S.I., Miss Jejeebhoy, Mr. Jejeebhoy
##Mr. and Mrs. Powrala
##Major J. G. Turner and Mrs. Turner
##Mr. A. R. Wood and Mrs. Wood
#The &quot;officers of the Imperial Service Troops, with British officers and ladies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2b)
##Captain Mir Hashim Ali Khan Hyderabad-Resaldar
##Major Sunayat Singh, Kashmir
##Commandant Abdul Ganny, Gwalior
##Commandant Gooind, Rao Matkar, Indore
##Commandant Mirza Kurim Beg, Bhopal
##Rai Bahadur Dhunpat Rai, Jeypore
##Commandant Nand Singh, Patiala
##Commandant Rai Bahadur Thakur Dip Sing, Bikanir
##Commandant Chatru Singh, Bhartpur
##Resaldar Abdul Majid Khan, Babawalpur
##Commandant Daud Khan, Ulwar
##Commandant Nazir Khan, Rampur
##Risalda-Major Didar Singh, Sindi
##Risaldar-Major Kishan Singh, Nabha
##Risaldar Hara Singh, Karpurthala
##Risaldar Dhan Singhi, Bhavnagar
##Colonel H. Melliss, C.S.I., and Mrs. Melliss
##Major F. H. R. Drummond and Mrs. Drummond
##Captain F. Angelo
##Lieutenant H. Coape-Smith
##Captain G. F. Chenevix-Trench
#The &quot;officers of Native Cavalry Corps with British officers and ladies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2b)
##Risaldar-Major Baha-ud-din-Khan
##Sardar Bahadur, A.D.C. to Viceroy
##Risaldar-Major Sayyid Abdul Aziz
##Risaldar-Major Khan Bahadur
##Risaldar-Major Izzat Khan
##Risaldar-Major Hukam Singh
##Risaldar-Major Sher Singh
##Risaldar-Major Husain Khan
##Risaldar-Major Mangal Singh
##Risaldar-Major Kesar Singh
##Risaldar- Major Faiz Khan
##Risaldar-Major Muhammad Umar Khan
##Risaldar-Major Ali Mahomed Khan
##Risaldar-Major Mihrab Ali Khan
##Risaldar Kaddam Khan
##Risaldar Jahanzir Khan
##Risaldar Nadir Khan
##Risaldar Mir Haidar Shah Khan
##Risaldar Makbul Khan
##Risaldar Net Ram
##Ressaidar Gurdatt Singh
##Subadar Muhammed Beg Junadar
##Abdul Karin Khan
##Lieutenant-Colonel J. C. H. Gordon and Mrs. Gordon
##Major A. Phayre and Mrs. Phayre
##Captain C. F. Campbell
##Captain P. Melville, in attendance on his Highness Thakur Sahib of Morvi
##Captain M'Cartney Filgate, in attendance on their Highnesses the Thakur Sahib and Maharani of Gondal
##Mr. Nowroz
##M. Parveez
##Sir M. Mansherjee Bhownaggree, M.P.
##Mr. Percy Armytage and Mrs. Armytage
##Mr. Frank Cook, C.I.E., and Mrs. Frank Cook
#The &quot;commanding officers of Colonial contingents, with the ladies accompanying them&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2b)
##Colonel the Hon. M. and Mrs. Aylmer, Canada
##Colonel and Mrs. Lassetter, New South Wales
##Major Reay, Victoria
##Colonel Pitt, New Zealand
##Major and Miss King, Queensland
##Lieutenant and Mrs. Phillips, Cape of Good Hope
##Lieutenant-Colonel Rowell, South Australia
##Major Strickland, Western Australia
##Captain Shepstone, Natal
##Major and Miss Reeves, Ceylon
##Mr. Badeley, Hong Kong
##Colonel Walker, C.M.G., and Mrs. Walker, Straits Settlements
##Captain Lucie Smith, Jamaica
##Lieutenant-Colonel E. B. M'lnnis, C.M.G., and Mrs. M'lnnis, British Guiana
##Major Rooks, Trinidad
##Captain Bernard, Malta
##Captain Kershaw, Cyprus
##Captain and Mrs. Middlemist, Gold Coast
##Inspector Hook, Lagos
##Captain Blakeney, Sierra Leone
##Lieutenant Festing, Royal Niger Company
##Captain Flint, British North Borneo Company
##The Hon. M. Gifford, Rhodesian Horse
##The following British officers attached: Lieutenant-Colonel Boulton, Lieutenant-Colonel Prior, Lieutenant-Colonel Tucker, Lieutenant-Colonel Domville, Lieutenant-Colonel Gibson, and Lieutenant-Colonel Tyrwhitt
#The &quot;gentlemen representing the various races in the Island of Ceylon&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2c)
##Maha Mudaliyar don Solomon Dias Bandaranaihe
##The Hon. Alexander Dealius Sonewiratne
##M. E. Rowland Goonoratne
##M. Charles de Soysa Dessanayaka
##Panabokko Jikiri Banda
##Nugawela Kuia Banda
##Kobbokeduwe Loku Banda
##M. E. S. W. Senathi rajah [sic] and Mrs. Senathi
##M. J. H. de Saram and Miss de Saram
##M. P. Ramanathan
##M. Saunders and Miss Saunders
#The &quot;members of the Corps Diplomatique and other foreigners of distinction&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2c)
##The Russian Ambassador, Madame de Staal, Madlle. de Staal, Madame de Stoeckl, Princess de San Donato, Madame Yermoloff, Madlle. Yermoloff, the Councillor, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy
##The German Ambassador, Countess Paul Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, her Serene Highness Princess Hans Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Baroness yon Eckardtstein, the Councillor, two Secretaries, three Attachés of Embassy, and the Director of the Chancery
##The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Countess Deym, Countess Isabella Deym, Countess Clary Aldringen, Baroness Ferstel, the Councillor, two Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy
##The French Ambassador, Baroness de Courcel[,] Madlle. de Courcel, Madame Geoffray, the Minister Plenipotentiary, five Secretaries, and three Attachés of Embassy
##The Italian Ambassador, Princess Ruspoli, three Secretaries, and three Attachés of Embassy
##The Spanish Ambassador, Countess de Casa Valencia; Mesdlles. de Alcala Galiano (2), Marquise de Guiria, Donna de Zea Bermudez, Countess de Morella, Donna de Ia Camara y Livermore, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Embassy
##The Turkish Ambassador, Madame Antbopoulos, the Councillor, and two Secretaries of Embassy
##The United States Ambassador, Mrs. Hay, Miss Hay, Mrs. Henry White, Mrs. Carter, Mrs. Colwell, two Secretaries, one Attaché of Embassy, and the Private Secretary to the Ambassador
##The Argentine Minister, Madame Dominguez, Mesdlles. Dominguez (3), and the Secretary of Legation
##The Persian Minister, and one Secretary of Legation
##The Danish Minister, Madame de Bille, Madame Gosch, and the Secretary of Legation
##The Siamese Minister, Mrs. Verney, Miss Verney, Mrs. Loftus, the Councillor, the Secretary, the Attaché, and the Interpreter to the Legation
##The Liberian Minister
##The Roumanian Minister and the Councillor of the Legation
##The Netherlands Minister, Baroness de Goltstein d'Oldenaller, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, and the Councillor of Legation
##The Belgian Minister, the Councillor, and two Secretaries of Legation
##The Mexican Minister, Madame Yturbe, Madame Romero, Madame Farias, Madame Garcia, two Secretaries and three Attachés of Legation
##The Japanese Minister, Madame Kato, two Secretaries, and three Atachés [sic] of Legation
##The Minister for Sweden and Norway, Countess Lewenhaupt, and the Attaché of Legation
##The Chinese Minister, Lady Macartney, the English Secretary, three Secretaries, and four Attachés of Legation
##The Portuguese Minister, Madlle. de Quilinan, three Secretaries, and one Attaché of Legation
##The Swiss Minister, Madame Bourcart, Madame de Salis, the Secretary, and the Attaché of Legation
##The Haytian Chargé d’Affaires
##The Chargé d’Affaires of Greece, Madame Metaxas, and the Attaché
##The Chargé d’Affaires of Chile and Madame Bascunan
##Two Secretaries and one Attaché of the Brazilian Legation
##Count E. van Rosen
##Mr. Hippolyte de Aranjo
##Vice-Admiral Montt
##Mr. Pinto, Mrs. Pinto
##Mr. and Mrs. Scaramanga
##Vicomte de Galard
##Dr. Arnold, and Madlle. von Rappoport
##Mrs. John Meiggs, Miss Meiggs
##Miss Margaret Butler
##Mrs. Henry Morgan
##Hon. Chauncey Depew
##Mr. and Mrs. James Taylor
##Mr. and Mrs. Charles Marshall
##Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Bayliss
##Mrs. Colgate
##Miss Furniss
##Miss Wells
##Miss Harris
##Hon. Levi P. Morton, Mrs. Morton, and the Misses Morton
##The Bishop of Illinois and Mrs. Leonard, Miss Leonard
##The Bishop of Albany and Mrs. Doane
##The Bishop of New York and Mrs. Potter
##the Bishop of Minnesota and Mrs. Whipple
##Mr. and Mrs. Walter Burns
##Mrs. Douglas Grant
##Miss Scott
##Mrs. Grace, Miss Margarita Grace
##Mrs. Wentworth
##Miss van Wart
##M. Valentin de Courcel
##Madame la Marquise de Talleyrand Perigord
##Comte Boson de Perigord
##Vicomte d'Espenilles
##Madame and Madlle. Thierry Delanoue
##Madlle. de la Cherè
##M. Cellerier
##M. and Madame Delawarre
##Madame Evelina Fenzi
##Count A. Zannini
##M. and Madame Jules Cottran
##Chevalier E. Mazzuechi
##Signor A. Tedeschi
##Signor A. Mariotti
##Captain Lucian von Ziegler
##Chevalier Lieutenant von Barry
##Baron Georg Rothschild
##Privy Councillor Count Berchtold
##Baron G. E. Levi, Baroness Levi
##Commander E. Philipson, Mrs. E. Philipson
##The Duke and Duchess of San Germano Calabritto
##The Marquis of San Vito
##Donna Lidia Serramezzana
##Donna Margherita Chigi
##Marchioness Vitelleschi
##Chevalier Elia
##Count de Franqueville
##Count Urbain Chevrau
##M. Marcel Fonquier
##M. Baudon de Mony, Madame Baudon de Mony
##Duchess de Rohan
##Marquis de Lastorgrie, Marchioness de Lastorgrie
##Count de Boisgelin, Countess L. de Boisgelin
##M. Stern, Madame Stern, Madlle. Stern
##Count Charles du Luart
##General de Saucy
##M. E. Seydoux
##Count Jean de Madre
##M. de Monbrison
##Baron de la Chevrelière
##Count de la Villestreux, Countess de la Villestreux
##Count Urbain de Maille, Countess Urbain de Maille
##General Faveret de Kerbrich
##Monsieur de la Haye Jousselin
##Baronne Faveret de Kerbrich
##Colonel Matton
##M. Ferinier Didet
##Madame Ferinier Didet
##Donna Isabella Colonna, Donna Victoria Colonna
##Pom-k-Soh
##Madame Reyntiens
##Marquis de Fuente Hermosa
##Herr Rudolf Swobody
##M. Lauritz Tuxen
##Duchesse de Baiten
##M. de Marcoarti
##Comte de Heeren, Madlle. de Heeren
##Monsieur M. de Mauny Talvande
##Senor Don Nicolas Campero
##Lieutenant Charny
##Lieutenant Sanders
##Madame and Madlle. de Mouni
##Comtesse de Montsoulmin
#&quot;Foreign Admirals and Commanding Officers and Staffs&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 3a / Col. 3b)
##Austrian Admiral Baron von Spaun, Commander von Ziegler, Lieutenant Retter yon Barry, Lieutenant Mitchell, R.N. (attached)
##Danish Admiral H. H. Koch, Captain Waudel, Lieutenant Middelboc, Lieutenant Majendie, R.N. (attached)
##French Admiral C. F. E. De Courthille, Captain Germinet, Commander Poidlone, Lieutenant Perdriel, Sub-Lieutenant de Caqueray, Lieutenant Phillimore, R.N. (attached)
##Italian Admiral C. E. Morin, Commander Count Prasca, Lieutenant Lunghetti, Lieutenant Count Morano, Lieutenant Henderson. R.N. (attached)
##German Admiral his Royal Highness Prince Henry of Prussia, Captain Muller, Lieutenant von Spee, Sub-Lieutenant Wittman, Lieutenant Garforth, R.N. (attached)
##Japanese Admiral H.I.H. Prince Arizugawa, Captain Miura, Commander Tsuda, Lieutenant Stewart, R.N. (attached)
##Netherlands Admiral F. K. Englebrecht, Captain de Groot, Lieutenant Baron von Hardenbrock, Lieutenant Woolcombe, R.N. (attached)
##Norwegian Rear-Admiral von Krogh, Captain Muller, Lieutenant Petersen, Lieutenant Kerr Pearse, R.N. (attached)
##Portuguese Captain Barreto de Vascomellos, Captain de Cartillo, Lieutenant Trye, R.N. (attached)
##Russian Admiral Nicholas Skrydloff, Captain Domojiroff, Lieutenant Stetsenkoff, Lieutenant Twisleton Wykeham Fiennes, R.N. (attached)
##Spanish Admiral Don Segismundo Bermijo y Merelo, Captain Don Antonio Eulate y Fery, Lieutenant Don Juan Romero, Lieutenant Don Antonio Romero, Lieutenant Fair, R.N. (attached)
##Swedish Admiral A. F. H. Klintberg, Captain Ingelman, Commander Flack, Lieutenant Alton, R.N. (attached)
##United States Admiral J. N. Miller, Lieutenaut Richmond (attached)
##Captain de Mar E. Guerra
##Captain R. S. D. Cumins
#The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Countess Cadogan
#The Right Hon. the Speaker and Mrs. Gully, Miss Gully, and Miss Shelly Gully
#Cardinal Vaughan
#Right Hon. the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, and Misses Faudel Phillips (2)
#The Gold Stick in Waiting, Silver Stick in Waiting, Silver Stick Adjutant in Waiting
#Officer Commanding 1st Life Guards and five officers
#Officer Commanding 2nd Life Guards and four officers
#Officer Commanding Royal Horse Guards and four officers
#Officer Commanding 2nd Dragoons and three officers
#Field Officer in Brigade Waiting, Adjutant in Brigade Waiting
#Commanding Officer Grenadier Guards
#Commanding Officer Coldstream Guards
#Commanding Officer Scots Guards, a Regimental Adjutant
#Commanding Officer 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions Grenadier Guards and three officers of each Battalion
#Commanding Officer 1st and 2nd Battalions Coldstream Guards and three officers of each Battalion
#Commanding Officer 1st and 2nd Battalions of Scots Guards and three officers of each Battalion
#Commanding Officer Woolwich District and six officers
#Commanding Officer R.H.A. Home District and two officers
#Commanding Officer R.E. and four officers
#Commanding Officer 2nd Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment and three officers
#Commanding Officer Royal Marines (Chatham) and four officers
#Commanding Officer Royal Marines (Portsmouth) and two officers
#Four officers of the Honourable Corps of the Gentlemen at Arms
#Archbishops — Canterbury, York, Armagh, Ontario, Rupertsland
#Dukes and Duchesses
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Argyll|Argyll]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Abercorn]]
##The Duchess of De Baileu
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Buccleuch|Buccleuch]]
##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Cleveland|Cleveland]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Devonshire|Devonshire]]
##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton|Hamilton]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Leeds|Leeds]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|Marlborough]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Manchester|Manchester]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Montrose|Montrose]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Newcastle|Newcastle]]
##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Norfolk|Norfolk]]
##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Northumberland|Northumberland]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Portland|Portland]]
##The Duke of [[Social Victorians/People/Richmond and Gordon|Richmond and Gordon]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Roxburghe|Roxburghe]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Somerset|Somerset]]
##The Duke and Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Sutherland|Sutherland]]
##The Duke and Duchess of St. Albans
##The Duke and Duchess of Wellington
##The Duchess of [[Social Victorians/People/Westminster|Westminster]]
#Marquises and Marchionesses
##The Marquis of Abergavenny
##The Marchioness of Ailesbury
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Ailsa
##The Marquis of Anglesey
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Breadalbane|Breadalbane]]
##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough#Marchioness of Blandford|Blandford]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Bristol
##The Marquis of [[Social Victorians/People/Camden|Camden]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Conyngham
##Dowager [Marchioness of] Conyngham
##The Marchioness of Cassar de Sai[n]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Cholmondeley
##The Marquis of D'Auerstadt
##The Marquis and Marchioness [[Social Victorians/People/Stonor|D'Hautpoul]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Downshire
##Dowager [Marchioness of] Downshire
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Hamilton Temple Blackwood|Dufferin and Ava]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Exeter|Exeter]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Granby
##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Florence Rawdon-Hastings Chetwynd|Hastings]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Bective|Headfort]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Huntly
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn#James Hamilton, Marquess of Hamilton|Hamilton]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne|Lansdowne]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of Lothian
##Dowager (Marchioness of) [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Londonderry]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry|Londonderry]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Ormonde]]
##The Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Queensberry|Queensberry]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Ripon|Ripon]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Salisbury|Salisbury]]
##The Marquis and Marchioness of [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Tweeddale]]
##Dowager (Marchioness of) [[Social Victorians/People/Tweeddale|Tweeddale]]
##John Stewart-Murray, [[Social Victorians/People/Atholl|Marquess of Tullibardine]]
##Lawrence, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Marquess of Zetland]] and Lilian, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Marchioness of Zetland]]
#Earls and Countesses 
##Countess of Aberdeen and Dowager Countess of Aberdeen
##Earl and Countess of Albemarle and Dowager Countess of Albemarle
##Earl and Countess of Ancaster
##Earl and Countess of Amherst
##Earl of Ava
##Earl and Countess of Antrim
##Earl and Countess of Aylesford
##Earl and Countess of Annesley
##Earl and Countess of Airlie
##Earl and Countess of Arran
##Earl of Aberdeen
##Earl and Countess of Bandon
##Countess of Bantry
##Earl and Countess of Beauchamp
##Earl and Countess of Bathurst and Dowager Countess of Bathurst
##Countess of Bective
##Earl and Countess of Belmore
##Earl of Bradford
##Countess of Bremer
##Earl and Countess of Brownlow
##Earl and Countess of Buckinghamshire
##Earl of Burford
##Earl and Countess of Cairns
##Earl and Countess of Caledon
##Earl of Camperdown
##Earl of Cardigan
##Earl and Countess of Carnarvon and Dowager Countess of Carnarvon
##Earl of Carnwath
##Earl and Countess of Carrington
##Earl and Countess of Carysfort
##Earl and Countess of Castlestuart
##Earl and Countess of Cathcart
##Earl and Countess of Cavan
##Earl and Countess of Chesterfield
##Earl and Countess of Chichester
##Dowager Countess of Clancarty
##Countess of Clanwilliam
##Earl and Countess of Compton
##Countess of Cottenham
##Earl of Courtown
##Earl and Countess of Cowper
##Earl and Countess of Cranbrook
##Earl and Countess of Craven and Dowager Countess of Craven
##Earl and Countess of Crawford
##Earl of Crewe
##Earl and Countess of Cork and Orrery
##Earl and Countess of Coventry
##Countess of Cromartie and Dowager Countess of Cromartie
##Earl and Countess of Dalkeith
##Earl and Countess of Dartmouth
##Earl and Countess of De Grey
##Dowager Countess of De La Warr
##Earl and Countess of Denbigh
##Earl and Countess of Derby
##Earl and Countess of Donoughmore
##Earl and Countess of Drogheda
##Earl of Ducie
##Earl and Countess of Dudley and Dowager Countess of Dudley
##Earl and Countess of Dundonald
##Earl and Countess of Dunmore
##Earl and Countess of Dunraven
##Earl of Durham
##Earl and Countess of Eglinton and Winton
##Earl of Eldon
##Earl and Countess of Ellesinere
##Earl and Countess of Enniskillen
##Earl and Countess of Erne
##Earl and Countess of Errol
##Earl and Countess of Essex and Dowager Countess of Erroll
##Earl of Euston
##Earl and Countess of Feversham
##Earl and Countess of Fingall
##Earl of Fortescue
##Earl and Countess of Gainsborough
##Earl and Countess of Galloway
##Earl and Countess of Glasgow
##Countess of Gosford
##Earl and Countess of Granard
##Countess of Granville
##Earl and Countess of Grey
##Countess of Grosvenor
##Countess of Guilford
##Earl and Countess of Harewood and Dowager Countess of Harewood
##Earl and Countess of Harrington
##Earl and Countess of Hopetoun
##Earl and Countess of Huntingdon
##Earl and Countess of Harrowby
##Countess of Hohenau
##Countess of Howe
##Earl and Countess of Iddesleigh
##Earl and Countess of Jersey
##Earl and Countess of Kenmare
##Earl of Kerry
##Earl and Countess of Kilmorey
##Earl of Kimberley
##Earl and Countess of Kingston
##Earl of Kinnoull
##Josephine, Countess Kinsky
##Earl and Countess of Kintore
##Countess of Leitrim
##Earl and Countess of Lanesborough
##Countess of Lathom
##Earl and Countess of Lauderdale
##Countess of Leicester
##Earl and Countess of Leven and Melville
##Earl and Countess of Lichfield
##Earl and Countess of Limerick
##Earl and Countess of Lindsay
##Earl and Countess of Lisburne
##Earl and Countess of Listowel
##Earl and Countess of Londesborough
##Earl and Countess of Longford
##Earl and Countess of Lonsdale and Dowager Countess of Lonsdale
##Earl and Countess of Loudoun
##Earl and Countess of Lovelace
##Earl and Countess of Lucan
##Countess of Lytton
##Countess of Macclesfield
##Earl and Countess of Malmesbury and Dowager Countess of Malmesbury
##Earl and Countess of Mar
##Earl and Countess of Mar and Kellie and Dowager Countess of Mar and Kellie
##Earl and Countess of Mayo and Dowager Countess of Mayo
##Countess of Meath
##Countess of Metaxas
##Earl and Countess of Mexborough
##Earl and Countess of Minto
##Earl of De Montalt
##Earl and Countess of Morley
##Earl and Countess of Morton and Dowager Countess of Morton
##Earl of Nelson
##Earl and Countess of Norbury
##Earl of Northbrook
##Earl and Countess of Northesk and Dowager Countess of Northesk
##Earl and Countess of Onslow
##Earl of Orford
##Countess of Oxford
##Earl and Countess of Pembroke
##Countess of Percy
##Earl and Countess of Portarlington
##Earl and Countess of Portsmouth
##Earl and Countess of Powis
##Earl and Countess of Radnor
##Earl and Countess of Ravensworth
##Earl and Countess of Roden
##Earl and Countess of Romney
##Lawrence, [[Social Victorians/People/Zetland|Earl of Ronaldshay]]
##Earl of Rosebery
##Earl and Countess of Rosse
##Earl and Countess of Rosslyn and Dowager Countess of Rosslyn
##Earl of Sandwich
##Earl of Scarbrough
##Earl and Countess of Selborne
##Countess of Selkirk
##Countess of Shaftesbury
##Dowager Countess of Shrewsbury and Talbot
##Earl and Countess of Spencer
##Earl and Countess of Stamford
##Earl and Countess of Stanhope
##Earl and Countess of St. Germans
##Earl of Stradbroke
##Earl of Strafford
##Earl and Countess of Suffolk and Berkshire
##Earl and Countess of Temple (of Stowe)
##Earl and Countess of Verulam
##Earl and Countess of Waldegrave
##Earl and Countess of Warwick
##Earl and Countess of Westmeath
##Earl and Countess of Wharncliffe
##Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Wilton and Isabella, Dowager Countess of Wilton
##Earl and Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham
##Earl and Countess of Winterton
##Earl and Countess of Yarborough and Dowager Countess of Yarborough
#Viscounts&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 3c / Col. 4a) and Viscountesses
##Viscount and Viscountess of Boyne
##Viscountess of Cantelupe
##Viscount and Viscountess of Castlerosse
##Viscount and Viscountess of Chelsea
##Viscount and Viscountess of Chetwynd
##Viscountess of Chewton
##Viscount and Viscountess of Clifden
##Viscount and Viscountess of Cobham
##Viscount and Viscountess of Coke
##Viscount of Corry
##Viscount and Viscountess of Cranborne
##Viscount of Crichton
##Viscount and Viscountess of Cross
##Viscount of Curzon
##Viscount and Viscountess of Dalrymple
##Viscount and Viscountess of Deerhurst
##Viscount and Viscountess of De Vesci
##Viscount and Viscountess of Dillon
##Viscount of Doneraile
##Viscount and Viscountess of Duncannon
##Viscount of Dungarvan
##Viscount and Viscountess of Ebrington
##Viscount and Viscountess of Emlyn
##Viscount of Encombe
##Viscount and Viscountess of Exmouth
##Viscount and Viscountess of Falkland
##Viscount and Viscountess of Falmouth
##Viscount of Fitz Harris
##Viscount and Viscountess of Folkestone
##Viscount and Viscountess of Frankfort de Montmorency
##Viscount and Viscountess of Gage
##Viscount and Viscountess of Galway
##Viscount and Viscountess of Garnock
##Viscount and Viscountess of Gough
##Viscount of Gort
##Viscount and Viscountess of Halifax
##Viscount and Viscountess of Hardinge
##Viscount of Harrington
##Viscount and Viscountess of Hood
##Viscount and Viscountess of Kilcoursie
##Viscount and Viscountess of Knutsford
##Viscount and Viscountess of Lifford
##Viscount of Llandaff
##Viscount and Viscountess of Maitland
##Viscount and Viscountess of Marsham
##Viscount and Viscountess of Massereene and Ferrard
##Viscount and Viscountess of Melville
##Viscount and Viscountess of Midleton
##Viscount and Viscountess of Milton
##Viscount and Viscountess of Monck
##Viscount and Viscountess of Morpeth
##Dowager Viscountess of Mountmorres
##Viscount and Viscountess of Newark
##Viscount and Viscountess of Newport
##Viscount and Viscountess of Oxenbridge
##Viscount of Parker
##Viscount of Peel
##Viscount and Viscountess of Portman
##Viscount and Viscountess of Powerscourt
##Viscount and Viscountess of Raincliffe
##Viscountess of Sherbrooke
##Viscount of Sidmouth
##Viscount of St. Cyres
##Viscount of Southwell
##Viscount of Suirdale
##Viscount and Viscountess of Templetown
##Viscountess of Torrington
##Viscount and Viscountess of Trafalgar
##Viscount and Viscountess of Valentia
##Viscount of Valletort
##Viscount of Villiers
##Viscountess of Wolseley
#
#Bishops — Auckland, Barry, Bath and Wells, British Colombia, Chichester, Durham, Ely, Exeter, Gloucester and Bristol, Gibraltar, Hereford, London, Lichfield, Lincoln, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, Ripon, Stepney, Southwark, St. Albans, Salisbury, Sodor and Man, Southwell, Sydney, Sierra Leone, Worcester, Winchester, Wellington
#Baronesses — Burdett-Coutts, Macdonald
#Lords and Ladies&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 4b / Col. 5a) — 
##Lord and Lady Abercromby
##Lord and Lady Aberdare
##Lord Aberdour
##Lady Abinger
##Lady Alexandra Acheson
##Lady Adam
##Lady Adderley
##Lord and Lady Addington
##Lady Adye
##Lady Agnew
##Lady Alderson
##Lord and Lady Alington
##Lady Alison
##Lady Mildred Allsopp
##Lord and Lady Amherst of Hackney
##Lady Heathcoat Amory
##Lord and Lady Ampthill
##Lady Agnes Anderson
##Lady Bertha Anson
##Lady Arbuthnot
##Lady Alice Archer Houblon
##Lord Ardee
##Lord and Lady Ardilaun
##Lady Armstrong
##Lady Arnold
##Lady Arnott
##Lord and Lady Ashbourne
##Lord and Lady Ashburton and Dowager Ashburton
##Lord and Lady Ashcombe
##Lady Alice Ashley
##Lady Edith Ashley
##Lady Ashmead-Bartlett
##Lord and Lady Ashton
##Lord and Lady Ashtown
##Lady Florence Astley
##Lady Gertrude Astley-Corbett
##Lady Austin
##Lord Bagot
##Lady Bailey
##Lady Blanche Baillie
##Lady Baird
##Lady Baker
##Lord Balcarres
##Lord and Lady Balfour of Burleigh, Lady Nina Balfour and Lady Betty Balfour
##Lord Balvaird
##Lord Bangor
##Dowager Lady Barclay
##Lord and Lady Barnard
##Lady Florence Barnardiston
##Lady Constance Barne
##Lady Barran
##Lady Barrington
##Lord and Lady Basing
##Lord and Lady Bateman
##Lady Evelyn Bathurst
##Lord and Lady Battersea
##Lady Steuart Bayley
##Lady Violet Beauchamp
##Lord Osborne Beauclerk and Lady Beauclerk (2)
##Lady A. Beaumont
##Lady Bedford
##Lord and Lady Belhaven and Stenton and Dowager Belhaven and Stenton
##Lord and Lady Bellew and Dowager Bellew
##Lord and Lady Belper
##Lady Charles Beresford
##Lady William Beresford (Lilian Duchess of Marlborough)
##Lady Bergne
##Lord and Lady Bertie and Lady Elizabeth Bertie
##Lady Biddulph, Lady Elizabeth Biddulph and Lady Wilfreda Biddulph
##Lady Bigge
##Lord and Lady Bingham
##Lord and Lady Binning
##Lord Blackwood, Lord Basil Blackwood. Lady Hermione Blackwood and Lord Terence Blackwood
##Lady Bloomfield
##Lady Blythswood
##Lord and Lady Bolton
##Lady Maud Bootle-Wilbraham, Lady Bertha Bootle-Wilbraham and Lady Edith Bootle-Wilbraham
##Lord Borthwick
##Lady Margaret Boscawen
##Lord and Lady Boston
##Lady Boughey
##Lady Albreda Bourke and Lady Florence Bourke
##Lady Bowen
##Lady Bower
##Lady Muriel Boyle and Lady Boyle (2)
##Lady Mary Brabazon
##Lady Brackenbury
##Lady Braddon
##Lady Bramwell
##Lady Bramston
##Lord Brassey, Lady Idina Brassey and Lady Violet Brassey
##Lord and Lady Braye
##Lady Mary Bridgeman
##Lady Eleanor Brodie
##Lady Hilda Brodrick
##Lady De Capel Brooke and Dowager Brooke
##Lady Cunliffe Brooks
##Lord and Lady Brougham and Vaux
##Lord and Lady Ulick Browne, Lady Browne and Lady Crichton Browne
##Lady Brownlow
##Lord and Lady F. Brudenell-Bruce
##Lady Brunner
##Dowager Buchanan-Riddeil
##Lady Audrey Buller
##Lady Burdett
##Lord and Lady Burghclere
##Lord Burghley
##Lady Agnes Burne
##Lady Burrell
##Lord and Lady Burton
##Lady Butler and Lady Butler (2)
##Lord and Lady Arthur Butter
##Lady Buxton and Lady Victoria Buxton
##Lady Susan Byng
##Lord and Calthorpe
##Lady C. Cameron and Lady Margaret Cameron
##Lord and Lady Archibald Campbell and Lady A. Campbell
##Lord and Lady George Campbell
##Lady Campbell-Bannerman
##Lord and Lady Camoys
##Lord and Lady Carbery and Dowager Carbery
##Lady Carbutt
##Lady Cardon
##Lord and Lady Cardross
##Lord and Lady Carew
##Lady Carmichael
##Lord and Lady Carnegie
##Lord and Lady Castlemaine
##Lord and Lady Castletown
##Lady Eva Cathcart and Lady R. Cathcart
##Lady Frederick Cavendish, Lady Myra Cavendish, Lady Evelyn Cavendish and Lady Harriet Cavendish
##Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord and Lady Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish-Bentinck, Lady Ottoline Cavendish-Bentinck
##Lord and Eustace Cecil, Lord Hugh Cecil, Lord and John Cecil, Lord and Edward Cecil, Lord and Lady Robert Cecil, Lord W. Cecil, Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Lady Florence Cecil, Lady William Cecil, Lady Louisa Cecil
##Lady Francis Cecil-Dallas
##Lady Chamberlain
##Lady Chelmsford
##Lord and Lady Chesham
##Lady Chetwode
##Lord Cheylesmore
##Lord and Lady Fitzwarine Chichester
##Lady Chitty
##Lady Cholmeley
##Lady Henry Cholmondeley
##Lady Clements (2)
##Lady Churchill, Lady Randolph Churchill, Dowager Churchill, Lady Spencer Churchill (2)
##Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill, Lady Alfred Spencer-Churchill
##Lord and Lady Churston
##Lord and Lady Clifford of Chudleigh
##Lady Marshal Clarke, Lady E. Clarke
##Lady Isabel Clayton
##Lord and Lady Clinton
##Lord and Lady Clonbrock
##Lord Cloncurry
##Lady Muriel Close
##Lady Evelyn Cobbold
##Lady Cochrane, Lady Gertrude Cochrane, Lady Adela Cochrane
##Lady Coddington
##Lady Mabel Coke
##Lord and Lady Colchester
##Lady Cole (2)
##Lady Colebrooke
##Lord and Lady Coleridge
##Lady Collins
##Lady Colomb
##Lady Colvile, Lady Colville
##Lord and Lady Colville of Culross
##Lady Jane Seymour Combe, Lady Constance Combe
##Lady Commerell
##Lord and Lady Alwyne Compton
##Lady Dowager Congleton
##Lord and Lady Connemara
##Lady Conyers
##Lady Blanche Conyngham
##Lady Cooper
##Lady Evelyn Cotterell
##Lord and Lady Cottesloe
##Lady Couch
##Lord and Lady Courtenay
##Lady Coventry (2)
##Lady Cowell
##Lady Helen Craven
##Lord and Lady Crawshaw
##Lady Evelyn Crichton, Lady Emma Crichton
##Lord Crofton
##Lady Cromer
##Lady Mary Crosse
##Lady Crossley
##Lady Mary Cuffe
##Lady Culme-Seymour
##Lady Cunliffe
##Lady Georgiana Curzon
##Lady Elizabeth Cust
##Lady Ida Dalzell
##Lady Mary Dashwood
##Lord and Lady Davey
##Lady Victoria Dawnay, Lady Evelyn Dawnay, Lady Adelaide Dawnay
##Lady Decies
##Lord and Lady De Freyne
##Lord and Lady De L’Isle and Dudley
##Lord De Manley
##Lady Mildred Denison, Lady Elinor Denison
##Lord Deramore
##Lord and Lady De Ramsey
##Lady Dering
##Lady De Ross
##Lord and Lady De Saumarez
##Lady Des Voeux
##Lady De Trafford, Lady Agnes De Trafford
##Lady De Winton
##Lord and Lady Digby
##Lady Dorchester
##Lady Dorington
##Lady Margaret Douglas, Lady Edith Douglas
##Lady H. Douglas-Hamilton
##Lady Dowell
##Lady Drummond, Lady Edith Drummond
##Lady Du Cane
##Lady Duckworth
##Lady Eva Dugdale
##Lord Dunally
##Lady Florence Duncombe, Lady Ulrica Duncombe, Lady Caroline Duncombe
##Lady Alice Dundas
##Lord and Lady Dunleath
##Lord Dunglass
##Lady Dunn
##Lord Dunsandle and Clanconal
##Lady Durand
##Lord Dynevor
##Lord Ebury
##Lady Edmonstone
##Lady Edwards, Lady J. B. Edwards, Lady Blanche Edwards
##Lady Ernestine Edgcumbe
##Lady Egerton (2)
##Lord Egerton of Tatton
##Lady Grey-Egerton
##Lord and Lady Elcho
##Lord and Lady Elibank
##Lady Ellenborough
##Lady Ellis
##Lord and Lady Elphinstone
##Lady Winifred Cary-Elwes
##Lady Engleheart
##Lord Erskine, Lady Erskine (2), Lady Horatia Erskine, Lady Erskine
##Lord and Lady Esher
##Lady Evans
##Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady Mary Ewart
##Lady Evelyn Eyre
##Lady Fairbairn
##Lady Fairfax
##Lady Anne Fane, Lady Augusta Fane
##Lady Farquhar
##Lord and Lady Farrer
##Lady Fayrer
##Lady Louisa Feilding
##Lady Helen Munro Ferguson
##Lady Fergusson
##Lady Ffolkes
##Lady Finlay
##Lady Fisher
##Lady Dorothea Fitz-Clarence, Lady Maria Fitz-Clarence, Lady Dorothy Fitzclarence
##Lord and Lady Henry Fitz-Gerald, Lady B. Fitz Gerald, Lady M. FitzGerald, Lord Seymour Fitz-Gerald
##Lady Beatrix Fitzmaurice
##Lord and Lady F. FitzRoy, Lady C. Fitz-Roy
##Lady Mary Fitzwilliam
##Lady FitzWygram
##Lady Fletcher
##Lady Flower, Lady Flower
##Lord Foley, Lady Mary Foley
##Lady Gertrude Foljambe
##Lady Angela Forbes, Lady Forbes (2), Dowager Helen Forbes
##Lord and Lady Forester
##Lady Forrest
##Lady Susan Fortescue
##Lady Forwood
##Lady Foster
##Lady Fowler
##Lady Edith Franklin
##Lady Fremantle, Lady Fremantle
##Lady Frere
##Lady Fulton
##Lady Gardiner, Lady Lynedoch Gardiner
##Lord Garioch
##Lady Galton
##Lady Katharine Gathorne-Hardy
##Lady Garvagh
##Lord and Lady Gerard
##Lady Gilbey
##Lady Gillford
##Lady Susan Gilmour
##Lady Gipps
##Lord and Lady Glamis
##Lord and Lady Glenesk
##Lady Glyn, Lady Mary Carr Glyn
##Lady D'Arcy Godolphin-Osborne
##Lady Gordon
##Lady Margaret Ormsby Gore, Lady Constance Gore
##Lady Gore Langton (2)
##Lord Walter Gordon-Lennox, Lord Algernon Gordon-Lennox
##Lady Evelyn Goschen
##Lord R. S. Gower
##Lady Graham, Lady Margaret Graham, Lady Helen Graham
##Lady Charlotte Graham-Toler
##Lady Grant, Lady Florence Grant
##Lady Grant-Duff
##Lady Green
##Lord Greenock
##Lady Grenfell
##Lady Frances Gresley
##Lady Victoria Grey, Lady Grey
##Lady Jane Grey-Trefusis
##Lady Griffin
##Lady Helen Grimston
##Lord and Lady Arthur Grosvenor, Lady Grosvenor (2)
##Lady Gull
##Lady Haldon
##Lady Haliburton
##Lady Basil Hall
##Lady Halle
##Lord and Lady Halsbury
##Lord and Lady E. Hamilton, Lord F. Hamilton, Lady F. Douglas Hamilton, Lady Alexandra Hamilton, Lady Baillie Hamilton (2), Lady C. Hamilton, Lady Victoria Hamilton, Lady George Hamilton
##Lady Hanson
##Lady Harcourt
##Lady Cicely Hardy, Lady Hardy
##Lady Beatrice Hare
##Lord Harlech
##Lady Constance Harris, Lady Harris
##Lady Harrison, Lady Harriet Harrison
##Lady Hart
##Lady Emily Hart-Dyke
##Lady Dixon-Hartland
##Lady Hartopp
##Lord and Lady Hastings
##Lord and Lady Hatherton
##Lady Alice Havelock-Allan
##Lady Hawke
##Lord and Lady Hawkesbury
##Lady John Hay, Lady Hay
##Lady Blanche Haygarth
##Lady Hayter
##Lady Hely-Hutchinson (2)
##Lady Hemming
##Lord and Lady Heneage
##Lord and Lady Henley
##Lord Henniker
##Lady Beatrix Herbert, Lady Herbert (2)
##Lord and Lady Herries
##Lord and Lady Herschell
##Lord Francis Hervey, Lady Augustus Hervey
##Lady Hervey-Bathurst
##Lady Fermor Hesketh
##Lady Hibbert
##Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach
##Lord and Lady Arthur Hill, Lady Clement Hill, Lady Stock Hill
##Lord and Lady Hillingdon
##Lord and Lady Hindlip
##Lord and Lady Hobhouse
##Lady Norah Hodgson
##Lady Holdich
##Lady Mary Holland
##Lady Beatrix Douglas Home
##Lady Maria Hood
##Lady Hood of Avalon
##Lady Hooker
##Lady Mary Hope
##Lady Hoskins
##Lord and Lady Hotham
##Lord and Lady Hothfield
##Lady Houldsworth
##Lady Eleanor Howard, Lady Agnes Howard, Lady Howard (2), Lady Mabel Howard, Lady Rachel Howard
##Lord and Lady Howard of Glossop
##Lady Howarth
##Lady Mary Hozier
##Lady Florentia Hughes
##Lady Seager Hunt
##Lady Hunter
##Lord Hyde
##Lady Hylton
##Lord and Lady Inchiquin
##Lord Inverurie
##Lord and Lady Iveagh
##Lady Jackson
##Lord James of Hereford
##Lady Margaret Jenkins, Lady Jenkins
##Lady Jenner
##Lady Jephson
##Dowager Jessel, Lady Jessell
##Lady Jeune
##Lady Hill Johnes
##Lady Joicey
##Lady Alice Jolliffe
##Lady Burn Jones
##Lady Caroline Lister Kaye, Lady Beatrice Lister Kaye, Lady Lister Kaye
##Lady Isabella Keane
##Lady Keith-Falconer (2)
##Lord and Lady Kelvin
##Lady Kemball
##Lady Beatrice Kemp
##Lady Kennard
##Lady Kennaway
##Lady Aline Kennedy
##Lady Kennett-Barrington
##Lord Kenyon
##Lady Mabel Kenyon-Slaney
##Lord Kensington
##Lady Mary Stuart Keppel
##Lady Innes-Ker (2)
##Lady Kerr (2)
##Lord Kilmarnock
##Lady King
##Lady Florence King King
##Lady Emily Kingscote
##Lady Edith King-Tenison
##Lord and Lady Kinnaird
##Lady Kitson
##Lady Laking
##Lady Frances Lambart, Lady Ellen Lambart
##Lady Victoria Lambton
##Lady Adela Larking
##Lady Isabel Larnach
##Lady Mary Lascelles
##Lord and Lady Lawrence
##Lady Lawson
##Lord and Lady Leconfield
##Lady Elliott Lees, Lady Lees
##Lady Leese
##Lady Legard
##Lord and Lady Leigh
##Lady Henry Gordon-Lennox, Lady Walter Gordon-Lennox, Lady Algernon Gordon-Lennox, Lady Caroline Gordon-Lennox
##Lady Katharine Le Poer Trench
##Lady Constance Leslie
##Lady Susan Leslie-Melville
##Lady Lewis
##Lady Lilian Liddell
##Lady Lindley
##Lady Harriet Lindsay, Lady Jane Lindsay, Lady Jane Lindsay
##Lord and Lady Lingen
##Lord and Lady Lister
##Lady Gwendolen Little
##Lady Margaret Littleton
##Lord and Lady Llangattock
##Lady Llewelyn
##Lord and Lady Loch
##Lady Lockwood
##Lady Louise Loder
##Lady Catherine Loftus
##Lady Doreen Long
##Lady Longley
##Lady Albertha Lopes
##Lady Loraine
##Lord and Lady Lovat
##Lady Drury Lowe, Lady Lucy Drury Lowe
##Lady Lowry-Corry (2)
##Lady Mary Loyd
##Lady Lubbock
##Lord and Lady Lurgan and Dowager Lurgan
##Lady Lyall
##Lady Lyell
##Lady Mary Lygon
##Lady Lyons
##Lady Lysons
##Lady Lyttelton
##Lady Emily Lytton
##Lady MacCormac
##Lord and Lady Macdonald
##Lady Macgregor, Lady MacGregor, Lady Helen MacGregor
##Lady Mackenzie, Lady Mackenzie
##Lady Mackworth
##Lady Maclean
##Lord and Lady Macnaghten
##Lady Macpherson-Grant
##Lady Caroline Madden, Lady Madden
##Lady Louisa Magenis
##Lady Magheramorne, Dowager Magheramorne
##Lady Nora Maitland
##Lady Margaret Crichton-Maitland
##Lady Margaret Majendie
##Lord Cecil Manners, Lord Edward Manners, Lord Manners, Lady Victoria Manners, Lady Manners
##Lady Blundell Maple
##Lady Mappin
##Lady Marjoribanks
##Lady Markham
##Lady Marriott
##Lady Martin, Lady Martin
##Lady Evelyn Mason
##Lady Maude (2)
##Lady H. Maxwell, Lady Maxwell, Lady Maxwell, Lady Maxwell
##Lady Heron-Maxwell
##Lady M'Clintock
##Lady Evelyn M'Donnell
##Lady Meade (2)
##Lord and Lady Medway
##Lady Methuen
##Lady Meysey-Thompson
##Lord and Lady Middleton, Lady Middleton
##Lady Mary Milbanke
##Lady Miller
##Lady Milner
##Lady Clementina Mitford
##Lady Lady M'lver
##Lady Hilda M'Neile
##Lady Monckton
##Lord Moncreiff, Lady Scott Moncrieff
##Lady Moncreiffe
##Lord and Lady Monkswell
##Lady Monson
##Lord Charles Montagu, Lady Cecil Scott Montagu, Lady S. Montagu, Lady Agneta Montagu
##Lord Montagu of Beaulieu
##Lord and Lady Monteagle
##Lady Edith Montgomerie, Lady Sophia Montgomerie
##Lady Charlotte Montgomery
##Lady More-Molyneux
##Lord and Lady Moreton
##Lady Morgan
##Lord and Lady Morris
##Lady Blanche Morris
##Lady Mary Morrison
##Lady Moseley
##Lord and Lady Mostyn
##Lord and Lady Mowbray and Stourton, Dowager Mowbray and Stourton, Lady Mowbray
##Lord and Lady Muncaster
##Lady Anne Murray
##Lady Murray (2)
##Lady Georgiana Mure, Lady Georgiana Mure [sic]
##Lord and Lady Napier and Ettrick
##Lord and Lady Napier of Magdala and Dowager Napier of Magdala
##Lady Naylor-Leyland
##Lady Nelson
##Lord and Lady Henry Nevill
##Lord and Lady Newton
##Lord and Lady Newtown-Butler
##Lady Nicolson
##Lady Augusta Noel, Lady Agnes Noel
##Lady Norman
##Lord and Lady Norreys
##Lord and Lady North, Lady Muriel North
##Lady Northcote, Lady Northcote (2)
##Lord Norton
##Lady Elizabeth Nugent
##Lady O'Brien, Lady O'Brien [sic]
##Lady O'Hagan
##Lady Olpherts
##Lord and Lady O'Neill
##Lady Gwendoline O'Shee
##Princep [sic] Alice Packe
##Lord and Lady Berkeley Paget
##Lady Alfred Paget
##Lady Paget of Cranmore
##Lady Katherine Pakenham
##Lady Palgrave
##Lady Sophia Palmer, Lady Palmer
##Lady Evelyn Parker
##Lady Parratt
##Lady Maude Parry
##Lady Muriel Parsons
##Lord and Lady Pearson, Lady Pearson
##Lady Peel, Lady Georgiana Peel
##Lady Constance Childe-Pemberton
##Lord and Lady Penrhyn
##Lady Mary Pepys
##Lady Perceval
##Lady Percy (2)
##Lady Petre
##Dowager Lady Peyton
##Lady Phillimore
##Lady William Phipps
##Lord and Lady Pirbright
##Lord and Lady Playfair
##Lady Chichele Plowden
##Lady Anna Chandos-Pole
##Lady Pollock
##Lord and Lady Poltimore
##Lady Pontifex
##Lady Alice Portal
##Lady Powell, Lady Powell [sic]
##Lady Baden-Powell
##Lady Dickson-Poynder
##Lady Poynter
##Lord and Lady George Pratt
##Lady Priestley
##Lady Probyn
##Lady Eva Wyndham-Quin, Lady Wyndham-Quin (2)
##Lord and Lady Raglan, Dowager Raglan
##Lady Ramsay
##Lord and Lady Rathdonnell
##Lady Rathmore
##Lord and Lady Rayleigh, Dowager Rayleigh
##Lord and Lady Reay
##Lady Reid
##Lord and Lady Rendel
##Lord Rendlesham
##Lady Jane Repton
##Lord Revelstoke
##Lord and Lady Ribblesdale
##Lady Laura Ridding
##Lord and Lady Robartes
##Lady O. Roberts
##Lady Roberts of Kandahar
##Lady Robinson
##Lord and Lady Rodney
##Lord Romilly
##Lord and Lady Rookwood
##Lord and Lady Rossmore
##Lord Rowton
##Lady Roxburgh
##Lord and Lady Rothschild
##Lady Victoria Russell, Lady Arthur Russell, Lady G. Russell, Lady W. H. Russell, Lady Alexander Russell
##Lord and Lady Russell of Killowen
##Lord and Lady Ruthven
##Lady Jane Ryan
##Lady Mary Sackville
##Lady Salmon
##Lord and Lady Saltoun
##Lady Samuelson, Lady S. Samuel
##Lady Mary Saurin
##Lord and Lady Savile, Lady Marie Savile
##Lady Savory
##Lord George Scott, Lord Henry Scott, Lord Herbert Scott, Lady Sophie Scott, Lady Charles Scott, Lady Louisa Scott, Lady Scott (2)
##Lord and Lady Seaton
##Lord and Lady Settrington
##Lady Seymour, Lady Albert Seymour, Lady William Seymour, Lady Seymour (2)
##Lord and Lady Shand
##Lady Shaw
##Lady Constance Shaw-Lefevre
##Lady Octavia Shaw-Stewart, Lady Alice Shaw-Stewart
##Lady Mary Shelley
##Lord and Lady Sherborne
##Lady Shippard
##Lady Shute
##Lady Kay-Shuttleworth
##Lady Simeon
##Lady Simmons
##Lady Simpson of Windsor
##Lord and Lady Sinclair
##Lord and Lady Skelmersdale
##Lady Esther Smith, Lady Barbara Smith, Lady Smith, Lady Blanche Smith, Lady Sybil Smith, Lady Euan Smith, Lady D. Smith
##Lady Smyth
##Lady Catherine Somerset, Lady Geraldine Somerset, Lady Henry Somerset
##Lord and Lady Southampton, Dowager Southampton
##Lady Edward Spencer-Churchill
##Lady Margaret Spicer
##Lady Sprigg
##Lady Stafford
##Lord Stalbridge
##Lady Stanhope (2)
##Lord Stanmore
##Lord Stanley, Lady Alice Stanley, Lady Isobel Stanley
##Lady Stansfield
##Lord Stavordale
##Lady Stephenson
##Lady Stevenson
##Lady Helen Stewart, Lady Mary Stewart, Lady Mark Stewart, Lady Stewart, Lady Houston Stewart, Lady Stewart [sic], Lady Isabel Stewart
##Lady Stewart of Grantully
##Lady Edith St. Aubyn
##Lord and Lady St. Levan
##Lady St. Leonards
##Lord and Lady St. Oswald
##Lady Stone
##Lady Charlotte Stopford
##Lord and Lady Stratheden and Campbell
##Lady Mary Stuart-Richardson
##Lord Suffield
##Lady Sutherland
##Lady Evelyn Sutton, Lady Susan Sutton
##Lord and Lady Swansea
##Lady Swinnerton Dyer
##Lady Kathleen Swinnerton-Pilkington
##Lord and Lady E. Talbot, Lady Emma Talbot
##Lady Jane Taylor
##Lady Taylour (2)
##Lady Tatton Sykes
##Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest, Lord Henry Vane-Tempest
##Lord and Lady Templemore
##Lady Tennant
##Lord and Lady Tennyson
##Lady Tenterden
##Lord Tewkesbury
##Lord and Lady Teynham
##Lord and Lady Thring
##Lady E. Thornton
##Lady Thursby
##Lady Ulrica Thynne
##Lord and Lady Tollemache
##Lady Agnes Townshend
##Lady Mary Trefusis
##Lady Tredegar
##Lady Trevelyan, Lady Trevelyan [sic]
##Lord and Lady Trevor
##Lady Troubridge
##Lady Turner
##Lady Henrietta Turnor
##Lady Tuson
##Lord and Lady Tweedmouth
##Lady Tyler
##Lady Emily Van De Weyer
##Lady Jane Van Koughnet
##Lord and Lady Ventry
##Lady Villiers (2), Lady Edith Villiers
##Lady Howard Vincent, Lady Helen Vincent, Lady Vincent
##Lady Vivian, Lady Jane Vivian
##Lady Mary Waldegrave
##Lady F. F. Walker, Lady James Walker
##Lady Walrond
##Lady Clementine Walsh
##Lord Wandsworth
##Lady Wantage
##Lord Warksworth
##Lady Leucha Warner
##Lady Warrender
##Lord and Lady Watson
##Lady Cecilia Webb
##Lady Rose Weigall
##Lord Welby
##Lady Willes
##Lady Willis
##Lady Arthur Wellesley
##Lord and Lady Wenlock
##Lord and Lady Westbury and Dowager Westbury
##Lady Isabella Whitbread
##Lady White
##Lady Whitehead
##Lady Whiteway
##Lady Elizabeth Williamson
##Lady Williams-Wynn
##Lady Willoughby (2)
##Lord Willoughby de Broke
##Lord Willoughby de Eresby
##Lady Willshire
##Lady Wilson, Lady Sarah Gordon Wilson
##Lord and Lady Wimborne
##Lady Windeyer
##Lord and Lady Windsor
##Lady Winnington
##Lady Constance Wodehouse
##Lord and Lady Wolverton
##Lady Julia Wombwell
##Lady Wood, Lady Mary Wood
##Lady Woods
##Lord Wrottesley
##Lady Hugh Wyndham
##Lady Barbara Yeatman
##Lady Lilian Yorke
##Lord Zouche
#Right Honourables
##H. H. Asquith
##E. Ashley
##A. H. Dyke Acland
##J. Atkinson
##J. B. Balfour
##Sir G. Bowen
##G. W. Balfour
##Sir Hicks-Beach
##A. J. Balfour
##James Bryce
##Sir H. Campbell-Bannerman
##A. H. Smith-Barry
##E. Carson
##H. Chaplin
##Sir J. Chitty
##Jesse Collings
##Sir R. Couch
##G. N. Curzon
##J. Chamberlain
##L. Courtney
##Sir M. Grant-Duff
##A. Akers-Douglas
##Sir W. Hart Dyke
##Sir H. Elliot
##F. Foljambe
##Sir H. Fowler
##Sir A. B. Forwood
##Sir J. Fergusson
##Herbert Gladstone
##Sir J. Gorst
##G. J. Goschen
##W. E. Gladstone
##Sir G. Grey
##C. H. Hemphill
##Charles Seale-Hayne
##R. W. Hanbury
##Lord George Hamilton
##Staveley Hill
##Sir J. T. Hibbert
##Sir W. Harcourt
##lon Hamilton
##Sir Arthur Hayter
##Sir F. Jeune
##W. L. Jackson
##Sir John Kennaway
##G. Shaw-Lefevre
##W. Lidderdale
##Sir Massey Lopes
##James Lowther
##Sir J. Lubbock
##Sir H. Lopes
##Walter Long
##Sir N. Lindley
##J. W. Mellor
##Sir G. O. Morgan
##John Morley
##Arnold Morley
##Sir J. Mowbray
##A. J. Mundella
##J. H. Macdonald
##F. Max Müller
##Sir W. Marriott
##Graham Murray (the Lord Advocate)
##Sir E. Monson
##Sir P. O'Brien
##Sir A. Otway
##Sir F. Peel
##Sir R. Paget of Cranmore
##W. J. Pirrie
##J. P. Robertson
##Sir. J. Rigby
##C. T. Ritchie
##Sir S. H. Strong
##Sir B. Saunderson
##Sir J. Stansfeld
##Sir A. Smith
##C. R. Spencer
##Sir C. Kay-Shuttleworth
##Sir R. Temple
##Sir R. Thompson
##Sir E. Thornton
##Lord Henry Thynne
##Sir G. O. Trevelyan
##C. P. Villiers
##Sir Algernon West
##Sir C. L. Wyke
##C. B. Stuart-Wortley
##S. J. Way
#Honourables&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 5a / Col. 5b) and Honourable Ladies&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 5b / Col. 5c)
##Mrs. Acland
##Mrs. Alexander
##H. Allsopp, Mrs. Allsopp, George Allsopp
##Mrs. Anstruther
##Mrs. Armytage
##[Hon. Lady] Vere Annesley
##Mrs. Bagot, Mrs. Bagot [sic 2x]
##Mrs. Baillie of Dochfour
##Mrs. Balfour
##[Hon.] Coplestone and [Hon.] Mrs. Bampfylde
##John Baring, Susan Baring, Lilian Baring
##Mrs. Barker
##Mrs. Barlow
##Eric Barrington, Mrs. Barrington
##Mrs. Hamar Bass
##Misses Bateman-Hanbury (2)
##Allen B. Bathurst
##Mrs. Benyon
##[Hon. Lady] Beresford
##[Hon.] R. Chetwynd
##Arthur Chichester
##Lady Biddulph
##C. E. Bingham, Mrs. Bingham, Albert Bingham, Mrs. Bingham [sic x2]
##Lady Birkbeck
##Ivo Bligh, Mrs. Bligh
##Diana Sclater-Booth
##O. Borthwick
##J. Boscawen
##Henry Bourke, Mrs. H. Bourke, Charles Bourke, Terence Bourke, Mrs. T. Bourke, Algernon Bourke, Mrs. A. Bourke, Mrs. E. R. Bourke
##Charles Brand, Arthur Brand, Mrs. Brand, Mrs. T. Brand
##T. Brassey, Mrs. A. Brassey
##Mrs. Stapleton Bretherton
##Reginald Brett, Mrs. Brett
##Mrs. F. Bridgeman, Misses Bridgeman (2)
##Mrs. Britten
##W. St. John Brodrick, Albinia Brodrick
##Emmeline Brownlow
##Mrs. T. C. Bruce, Misses Bruce (2)
##Misses M'Clintock Bunbury (2)
##Mary Byng
##T. J. Byrnes
##Arthur Cadogan, Mrs. A. Cadogan, Mrs. C. Cadogan, Ethel Cadogan
##Mrs. Gough-Calthorpe, Rachel (Gough) Calthorpe, Misses Gough Calthorpe (2)
##Mrs. Candy
##G. H. Campbell, K. Campbell, Hugh Campbell, Mrs. H. Campbell, Mrs. Ronald Campbell, Misses Campbell (2), Mrs. J. B. Campbell, Mildred Campbell
##Mrs. Carington
##Mrs. Carpenter
##Emily Cathcart
##W. Cavendish, Mrs. W. Cavendish, Mrs. Cavendish
##Eleonora Chetwynd, Mrs. R. Chetwynd
##Mrs. A. Chichester, Hilda Chichester
##Mrs. Clowes
##T. H. Cochrane
##Audrey Coleridge
##George Colville
##Mrs. Corbett
##Mrs. H. Corry
##Caroline Courtenay
##Henry Coventry
##Osbert Craven
##Misses Cross
##Mrs. P. Crutchley
##Henry Cubitt, Mrs. Cubitt
##Hamilton Cuffe, Mrs. Otway Cuffe
##Lady Cunningham
##Montagu Curzon, Darea Curzon, Mrs. Curzon
##Hew Dalrymple
##John Dawnay, Eustace Dawnay, W. Dawnay, Mrs. Dawnay (2)
##Misses de Montmorency (2)
##Mrs. H. Dennison
##R. C. Devereux, Mrs. R. C. Devereux
##Mrs. Digby
##Conrad Dillon, Mrs. C. Dillon, Edith Dillon
##Misses Douglas-Pennant (2)
##A. Hay Drummond, Mrs. Hay Drummond, Frances Drummond, Mrs. M. Drummond
##Hubert V. Duncombe, Cecil Duncombe, Mrs. C. Duncombe
##C. T. Dundas, Mrs. C. T. Dundas, W. Dundas, Mrs. W. Dundas, Mrs. John Dundas
##Lady Du Cane
##Herbert Eaton, Mrs. H. Eaton
##F. Egerton, Mrs. A. F. Egerton, Lady Grey Egerton, Tatton Egerton, Mrs. T. Egerton
##Arthur Elliot, Mrs. Arthur Elliot, Lady Elliot, Mrs. Eliot
##Lilian Elphinstone
##Mrs. Ellis
##Muriel Erskine
##H. Escombe, Mrs. Escombe
##Mrs. Evans
##Mrs. C. Keith-Falconer
##Sir S. Ponsonby Fane
##Mrs. W. Farquhar
##Ailwyn Fellowes, Mrs. A. Fellowes
##Mrs. Ferguson of Pitfour
##Everard Fielding
##N. Fitzgerald, Mrs. N. Fitzgerald, Mrs. Fitzgerald, , Mrs. F. G. FitzGerald, Lady FitzGerald
##R. Fitzwilliam, W. H. Fitzwilliam
##Mary Forester
##Sir John Forrest
##Mrs. W. H. Forster
##Mrs. Lionel Fortescue
##Sir C. Fremantle, Mary Fremantle
##Sir Malcolm Fraser, Misses Fraser (2)
##Mrs. Charles Keith-Fraser
##Violet Gibson
##Evelyn Giffard
##Mrs. Henry Gladstone
##Lady Godley
##George Ormsby Gore
##F. Leveson-Gower
##Mrs. Gough
##Mrs. Alaric Grant
##Ronald Greville, Mrs. R. Greville, Louis Greville, Mrs. L. Greville, Sidney Greville, Mrs. A. Greville, Mrs. A. H. F. Greville
##Robert Grosvenor, Algernon Grosvenor, Mrs. A. Grosvenor, Maud Grosvenor, Elizabeth Grosvenor
##Lady Hamilton Gordon, [Hon. Lady] Nevil Gordon
##Misses Guest (2)
##Geoffrey Browne Guthrie
##Mrs. Gye
##Mrs. A. Haig
##Mrs. Halford
##, Misses Hamilton (2)
##Mrs. North Dalrymple-Hamilton
##Mrs. Hobart Hampden
##Mrs. Assheton Harbord, Mrs. C. Harbord, Judith Harbord, Bridget Harbord, Mrs. Harbord
##C. Hardinge, Mrs. C. Hardinge, A. Hardinge
##A. E. Gathorne-Hardy, Nina Gathorne-Hardy
##Misses Hawke (2)
##C. G. Hay
##Misses Heneage (2)
##Helen Henniker, Mrs. Henniker
##Robert Herbert, Sir Robert Herbert, Mrs. R. Herbert, Mrs. Herbert
##A. Holland Hibbert, Mrs. A. Holland Hibbert
##Lady Higginson
##Mrs. Hill
##Lionel Holland, Sydney Holland
##Grosvenor Hood, Dorothy Hood
##Lady Acland-Hood
##Fanny Hood of Avalon
##Mrs. Curzon Howe
##[Hon.] Evelyn Hubbard, Mrs. E. Hubbard, Alice Hubbard
##Mary Hughes
##Mrs. Meynell Ingram
##G. Jolliffe, Sydney H. Jolliffe, Mrs. Jolliffe
##Lady Johnston
##G. Keppel, Mrs. Keppel, Derek Keppel, Mrs. William Keppel
##Mrs. Alfred Ker
##Constance Kerr
##Mrs. Kingscote
##C. C. Kingston
##Lady Knollys
##Bertha Lambart
##F. W. Lambton, Mrs. Lambton
##Mary Lascelles
##Charles Laurence, Herbert Laurence
##Wilfrid Laurier
##Mrs. Lawley
##Mrs. C. Lawrence, Misses Lawrence (2), Mrs. H. Lawrence
##Mrs. Legge
##T. W. Legh, Mrs. Legh, Sybil Legh
##F. D. Leigh, Mrs. F. D. Leigh, E. Chandos Leigh, Mrs. E. C. Leigh, Cordelia Leigh
##C. Hanbury Lennox, Mrs. Hanbury Lennox
##G. W. Leslie
##R. l’Estrange
##Atholl Liddell, Mrs. A. Liddell
##Mrs. H. Gore-Lindsay
##Reginald Lister
##Henry Littleton, Misses Littleton (2)
##Misses Loch (2)
##William Lowther, Mrs. W. Lowther, L. Lowther, Mrs. L. Lowther
##Mrs. E. H. Loyd
##Mrs. Lumley
##Alfred Lyttelton, Mrs. A. Lyttelton, Misses Lyttelton (2), Mrs. Lyttelton
##Flora Macdonald, Lady Macdonald
##Mrs. Mackinnon
##Mrs. Maclagan
##Mrs. Magniac
##Mrs. Maguire
##W. Massey-Mainwaring, Mrs. Massey-Mainwaring
##Mrs. Fuller-Maitland
##Aline Majendie
##Misses Henniker Major (2)
##Mrs. Mallet
##Archibald Marjoribanks
##Misses Constable Maxwell (2)
##Mrs. M'Calmont
##Schomberg M'Donnell
##Charles Mills, Violet Mills, Mrs. Mills
##Mrs. Percy Mitford
##Maud de Moleyns
##Mrs. C. Molyneux
##Annette Monck, Mrs. Monck
##Violet Monckton
##Mrs. Monson
##John Scott Montagu
##[Hon.] Evelyn Moore
##R. Moreton, Mrs. R. Moreton
##Mrs. Mostyn, Misses Mostyn (2)
##Mrs. G. H. Murray, Alice Murray
##Lady Musgrave
##[Hon. Lady] Napier, Emilia Napier, Mrs. Scott Napier
##Mrs. Neeld
##Sir Hugh Nelson
##[Hon.] R. Nevill
##Mrs. Newdigate
##Sir H. S. Northcote
##Misses O'Brien (2)
##Mary O'Hagan
##Mrs. Okeover
##Mrs. Oliphant
##R. Terence O'Neill, Henrietta O'Neill
##Misses Palk (2)
##Cecil Parker, R. Parker, F. Parker, Mrs. F. Parker, Mrs. Parker
##Mabel Parnell
##[Hon.] C. B. Parsons, Mrs. Parsons
##Mrs. W. Paton
##[Hon.] Sydney Peel, Misses Peel (2)
##Mrs. Anderson Pelham
##E. S. Douglas-Pennant, Mrs. E. S. Douglas-Pennant
##Mrs. Heber Percy
##Albert Petre, Mrs. A. Petre
##Harriet Phipps
##Mrs. Pirie
##Thomas Playford
##Horace C. Plunkett
##[Hon.] Ashley Ponsonby, Mrs. Ponsonby, Misses Ponsonby (2)
##H. Orde Powlett, Mrs. Orde-Powlett, Myra Orde-Powlett
##E. W. B. Portman, Mrs. Portman, Mary Portman
##Mrs. Pretyman
##C. Ramsay, Mrs. C. Ramsay
##G. H. Reid
##Misses Rendel (2)
##Misses Rice (2)
##Lady White Ridley
##Mrs. Ritchie
##F. Roberts, Mrs. Phillips Roberts
##Misses Roberts (of Kandahar) (2)
##J. M. Rolls, Eleanor Rolls
##W. Rothschild, Evelina Rothschild
##W. Rowley, Mrs W. Rowley, Lady Thelluson Rowley
##A. Russell, Misses Russell (2)
##Gustavus Hamilton-Russell, Misses Hamilton Russell (2)
##the Master of Ruthven, Mrs. Ruthven
##Mrs. J. D. Ryder
##Sir Saul Samuel
##A. Saumarez, Mrs. A. Saumarez
##Mrs. E. J. Saunderson
##J. Maxwell Scott, Mrs. Maxwell Scott
##R. J. Seddon
##Mary Sidney
##Lady Simeon
##Misses Skeffington (2)
##Sir Donald Smith, Mrs. A. H. Smith, [Hon.] W. F. D. Smith
##Granville Somerset, Mrs. G. Somerset, Arthur Somerset, Mrs. A. Somerset, R. Somerset, Violet Somerset
##Mrs. C. R. Spencer
##Sir J. Gordon Sprigg
##Lyulph Stanley, F. C. Stanley, George Stanley, Mrs. E. J. Stanley, Mrs. Stanley, Mrs. V. A. Stanley, Maude Stanley
##Lady Cowell-Stepney
##Randolph Stewart, Mrs. R. Stewart, FitzRoy Stewart, Mrs. Stewart
##Mabel St. Aubyn
##Misses St. Clair (2)
##Mrs. Stirling
##Horatia Stopford
##[Hon. Lady] Alison Stourton
##Mrs. Strutt, Misses Strutt (2)
##Hilda Sugden
##Alfred Talbot, Mrs. Talbot, Mrs. R. A. J. Talbot
##Sir D. Tennant
##S. R. Thayer
##Misses Thellusson (2)
##Edward Thesiger, Mrs. E. Thesiger, Frederick Thesiger, Mrs. F. Thesiger, Mary Thesiger
##Lady Thorold
##Katharine Thring
##Misses Tollemache (2)
##R. Marsham-Townshend, Mrs. Marsham-Townshend
##Alice Hanbury-Tracy
##Charles Grey Trefusis, Misses Trefusis (2)
##Mrs. Trelawny
##Mrs Tremayne
##Mrs. W. le Poer Trench
##Charles Trevor
##George Hill-Trevor, Marcus Hill-Trevor, Mrs. Hill-Trevor, Misses Hill-Trevor (2)
##Mrs. C. W. Trotter
##Lady Tryon
##Rosamond Tufton
##Sir G. Turner
##Rev. L. Tyrwhitt
##Misses Tyssen Amherst (2)
##Misses Vereker (2)
##R. Greville-Verney, Mrs. R. G. Verney, Misses Verney (2)
##F. Villiers, Mrs. F. Villiers
##Misses Vivian (2)
##Arthur Walsh
##Mrs. P. E. Warburton
##Robert Ward, Mrs. Dudley-Ward
##Mrs. West
##Mrs. Whateley
##Sir W. Whiteway
##F. Bootle-Wilbraham
##Ella Williamson
##Tatton Willoughby
##Lady Wilson
##[Hon.] Armine Wodehouse, Mrs. Wodehouse
##Frances Wolseley
##F. Wood, Misses Wood (2)
##Mrs. G. Wrottesley, Evelyn Wrottesley
##Percy Wyndham, Mrs. P. Wyndham, Misses Wyndham (2)
##Maud Wynn
##Lois Yarde-Buller
##Alex. G. Yorke, Mrs. J. Yorke, Mrs. E. C. Yorke
#Sirs&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 5c–6a)
##Augustus Adderley
##Edwin Arnold
##John Austin
##George Arthur
##John Heathcoat-Amory
##A. Armstrong
##Andrew Agnew
##Frederick Abel
##Henry Acland
##A. Arnold
##Alexander Arbuthnot
##John Barran
##G. Bower
##J. W. Bonser
##J. Crichton-Browne
##Joseph Bailey
##E. Ashmead-Bartlett
##Henry Barkly
##R. Beauchamp
##Raymond Burrell
##Charles Barrington
##David Baird
##Arthur Birch
##Edward Birkbeck
##W. Cunliffe Brooks
##A. de Capel Brooke
##Courtenay Boyle
##F. Burton
##F. Buxton
##Steuart Bayley
##John Bramston
##John Baker
##H. Bullard
##J. T. Brunner
##H. Bellingham
##Henry Bergne
##Thomas Boughey
##F. J. Bramwell
##E. Burne-Jones
##James Blyth
##Seymour Blane
##Henry Chamberlain
##Roderick Cameron
##Hugh Cholmeley
##John Conroy
##Edward Clarke
##C. Cameron
##E. Carbutt
##W. Coddington
##Marshal Clarke
##Reginald Cathcart
##Savile Crossley
##Edward Colebrooke
##Reginald Cust
##Charles Crosthwaite
##John Colomb
##Daniel Cooper
##F. Astley-Corbett
##Donald Currie
##Henry Cunningham
##Robert Cunliffe
##Henry Cotterell
##T. D. Gibson Carmichael
##F. Curden,
##George Dallas
##James Drummond
##Mortimer Durand
##G. Des Vieux
##Henry Dering
##J. N. Dick
##Dyce Duckworth
##T. Swinnerton Dyer
##E. Hastings Doyle
##John Dorington
##William Dunn
##Humphrey de Trafford
##Charles Dalrymple
##G. Dashwood
##Gardner
##Engleheart
##Francis Evans
##A. Edmonstone
##Whittaker Ellis
##W. H. Flower
##Horace Farquhar
##Joseph Fayrer
##H. Fletcher
##William Ffolkes
##William Fraser
##Bartle Frere
##Gerald Seymour Fitz-Gerald
##Robert Finlay
##B. Walter Foster
##Gerald FitzGerald
##R. FitzGerald
##Maurice FitzGerald
##Forrest Fulton
##William Flower
##Andrew Fairbairn
##John Gilbert
##E. T. Gourley
##Edward Grey
##W. Gull
##Walter Gilbey
##Lepel Griffin
##G. Macpherson-Grant
##Reginald Graham
##Philip Grey Egerton
##Douglas Galton
##R. Glyn
##Arthur Godley
##Charles Grant
##R. Gresley
##Alexander Acland-Hood
##T. G. Fermor Hesketh
##Arthur Haliburton
##Brydges Henniker
##F. Dixon-Hartland
##R. Hanson
##Alfred Hickman
##W. Houldsworth
##Henry Howorth
##F. Seager Hunt
##Charles Hall
##E. W. Hamilton
##Reginald Hardy
##Clement Hill
##Basil Hall
##Joseph Hooker
##Charles Hunter
##Charles Hartopp
##Victor Houlton
##Augustus Hemming
##Henry Irving
##Frederic Johnstone
##W. Jenner
##J. Jenkins
##James Joicey
##Charles Jessell
##Harry Johnston
##Edward Jenkinson
##James Hill Johnes
##John Jackson
##H. Seymour King
##James Kitson
##J. Lister-Kaye
##V. Kennett-Barrington
##George Kekewich
##John Leslie
##Thomas Dick Lander
##T. Villiers Lister
##James Linton
##Charles Lees
##Charles Legard
##Thomas Lea
##Wilfrid Lawson
##Elliott Lees
##A. C. Lyall
##J. T. D. Llewelyn
##Joseph Leese
##Leonard Lyell
##F. Laking
##Godfrey Lushington
##F. Lockwood
##Henry Longley
##George Lewis
##F. Milner
##Herbert Maxwell
##Francis Montefiore
##Graham Montgomery
##Robert Moncreiffe
##Musgrave
##Colin Scott Moncrieff
##Francis Mowatt
##Evan MacGregor
##J. G. Miller
##F. D. Maclean
##J. Blundell Maple
##Allan Mackenzie
##Lewis M'lver
##F. Mappin
##Theodore Martin
##Samuel Montagu
##William MacCormac
##Hubert Miller
##Lewis Morris
##Clements Markham
##A. C. Mackenzie
##John Monckton
##J. Stirling-Maxwell
##J. Heron Maxwell
##Kenneth Matheson
##J. S. Montefiore
##Acquin Martin
##W. Maxwell
##Oswald Moseley
##Arthur Nicolson
##Terence O'Brien
##Reginald Ogilvy
##Herbert Oakeley
##Hush Owen
##G. G. Petre
##Walter Parratt
##Frederick Pollock
##Herbert Perrott
##Douglas Powell
##Weetman Pearson
##Joseph Pease
##Francis S. Powell
##Reginald Palgrave
##W. Priestley
##E. G. Poynter
##G. S. Baden-Powell
##Charles Pontifex
##J. Dickson-Poynder
##James Paget
##C. M. Palmer
##C. Lennox Peel
##James B. Peile
##Westby Perceval
##Charles Pigott
##John Puleston
##W. Plowden
##Richard Quain
##George Russell
##C. Lister Ryan
##W. H. Russell
##J. Ramsay
##Owen Roberts
##R. T. Reid
##Charles Robinson
##J. Thellusson Rowley
##James Reid
##C. Euan-Smith
##J. Barrington Simeon
##J. B. Stone
##M. Shaw-Stewart
##Edward Sieveking
##T. H. Sanderson
##Augustus K. Stephenson
##Thomas Sutherland
##Mark Stewart
##Andrew Scoble
##Joseph Savory
##Douglas Straight
##Charles Shelley
##S. Shippard
##E. Sassoon
##A. Condie Stephen
##E. Sullivan
##Arthur Sullivan
##S. Scott
##H. Simpson
##E. Stafford
##Ernest Satow
##Tatton Sykes
##John Tyler
##Charles Tennant
##John Tenniel
##J. Thorold
##John Thursby
##Thomas Troubridge
##Charles Turner
##H. Meysey-Thompson
##W. Vincent
##Edgar Vincent
##Arthur Vicars
##W. Williams-Wynn
##James Walker
##R. Webster
##George Wombwell
##C. Rivers Wilson
##W. H. Wills
##Donald Mackenzie Wallace
##George Warrender
##F. Winnington
##James Whitehead
##Arthur Willshire
##Henry Wood
##Hugh Wyndham
##W. White
##Sidney Waterlow
##Hedworth Williamson
##Jacob Wilson
##W. Windeyer
##Albert Woods (Garter)
##Allen Young
#Chairman of County Council (Dr. Collins)
#Counts and Countesses
##Count Cassini
##Count and Countess De Ganay
##Count Gurowski
##Count Hohenau
##Count Theodor Bolesta Koziebrodski
##Count Leon Mniszeek
##Count and Countess Potocki
##Count and Countess Raben
#Barons and Baronesses
##Baroness Emile Beaumont d'Erlanger
##Baroness De Brienen
##Baron De Onethau and Baroness D’Onethan [sic]
##Baron and Baroness Alphonse de Rothschild
##Baron Ferdinand Rothschild
##Baron and Baroness Schröder
##Baron and Baroness von Deichmann
##Baron von Heeckeren van Wassenaer
##Baroness von Hügel, Baroness Gertrud von Hügel [sic]
##Baron and Baroness Campbell von Laurentz
##Baroness Wilhelm von Rothschild
#Rev. the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
#Deans — Christ Church, St. Paul's, Westminster, Windsor
#The Provost of Eton
#Master of Trinity (Mr. Butler)
#The Sub-Dean of the Chapels Royal
#Canons — Blundell, Dalton, Duckworth, Fleming, Hervey, Teignmouth Shore, Wilberforce
#Dr. Adler (Chief Rabbi)
#Dr. M'Cormick
#Chaplain of the Fleet
#Chaplain General
#Reverend Doctors — Edmund Warre, C. J. Welldon
#Reverends — Prebendary Hawkshaw, Albert Baillie, W. H. Bliss, M. Ebrington Bisset, Lord W. Cecil, Lord Charles Fitzroy, J. H. Ellison, H. Haweis, W. R. Jolly, G. J. Martin, Newton Mant, Marquis of Normanby, A. Robins. W. Gunion Rutherford, Clement Smith, Montagu Villiers
#Doctors — Lennox Browne, J. V. Bridge, Barlow, Robert Farquharson, J. F. Fox, Surgeon-Major Kilkelly, John Lowe, C. H. H. Parry, G. V. Poore, Dorrien Smith, S. Wilks
#Messieurs&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 6b–7a) — Astor, B. F. Astley, W. Astor, Alfred Austin, Hamilton Aidé, Arthur Ash, W. Ambrose, E. H. Anson, Edward Alderson, John Aird, H. T. Anstruther, C. T. Dyke-Acland, Adeane, A. Asher, Ascroft, Allhusen, R. Anderson, George Alexander, Arbuthnot, Leonard Biddulph, Beresford, Stapleton Bretherton, F. Stapleton Bretherton, Bertier, R. G. Blennerhassett, Cosmo Bevan, R. Benson, Rupert Beckett, W. A. Baillie-Hamilton, Walter Baring, S. B. Bancroft (actor &quot;Bancroft and his wife accepted with becoming grace the congratulations with which they were well-nigh overwhelmed&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (5, Col. 6b)), Biddulph, H. R. Baird, J. Wolfe Barry, H. Bathurst, Victor Biddulph, Wentworth Beaumont, Wentworth B. Beaumont, F. Tress Barry, Baillie of Dochfour, Hamar Bass, G. Bridgman, C. G. O. Bridgeman, Edmund R. Boyle, Banbury, Sydney Buxton, C. H. Babington, A. O. Bruce, W. W. Beach, D. P. Barton, F. G. Barnes, J. Emmott Barlow, E. Bainbridge, James Bailey, J. G. A. Baird, Bolitho, H. C. O. Bonsor, E. W. Beckett, Boulnois. M. M. Bhownaggree, F. F. Begg, Charles Bell, M. Biddulph, Buchanan, A. Birrell, J. G. Butcher, W. R. Bousfield, Barton, Brookfield, T. G. Bowles, Brymer, A. H. Brown, W. Burns, Bucknill, E. Balfour, Baxendale, Bell, Barnes, Benson, Bischoffsheim, Beer, Charles Balfour, F. Bibby, Bigham, Baldwin, Bigwood, R. M. Beachcroft, Brigg, Banks, F. Bevan, H. L. C. Brassey, F. C Burnand, Bagge, Burges, F. Cavendish-Bentinck, Cavendish-Bentinck, Childe-Pemberton, Shepherd Cross, R. Cox, Cobbold, Richard Combe, Henry Pelham Clinton, J. R. G. Cotterell, C. Tyrall Cavendish, Kinloch Cooke, Compton, V. Seymour Corkran, F. Cawley, J. D. Clark, Croombie, Cooke, F. S. W. Cornwallis, Consett, George Courroux, Purdon Clarke, F. L. Cook, Colston, Cameron, R. K. Causton, Victor Cavendish, Henry Cavendish, Percy Crutchley, Austen Chamberlain, Cecil Chaplin, Ernest Clarke. J. D. Campbell, W. A. Cockerell, DOyly Carte, W. M. Cazalet, Burdett-Coutts, Clowes, C. A. Cripps, Cayzer, Clark, Cory, Clough, Evelyn Cecil, W. W. Carlile, Channing, Ward Cook, J. A. Campbell, Atkinson Clark, B. Cohen, Cavendish, Wentworth Cole, T. B. Cochrane, Crawshay, A. Cross, Daniel Cooper, Cameron Corbett, Cruddas, D. Coghill, Wilfrid Cripps, F. Cazenove, P. H. Calderon, Critchett, C. Kinloch Cooke, Lee Dillon, Louis Davidson, W. E. Denison, W. H. Dudley-Ward, W. de Winton, De Trafford, C. S. Dickson, W. Rees Davies, Coningsby Disraeli, A. Drummond, F. Dugdale, R. Disraeli, Gerard Dicconson, J. de la Cour, W. Bromley-Davenport, G. Drummond, J. Diggle, Ben Davies, de Soria, J. K. Digby, C. B. Dalison, Greville Douglas, Kenelm E. Digby, Darling, Dicken, Vaughan Davies, Doxford, Deverell, Thiselton Dyer, Edwin de Lisle, Du Plat Taylor, F. Elliot, Bevan Edwards, Cary-Elwes, T. H. Elliott, Erskine, W. H. Evans, T. E. Ellis, R. Edgcumb, C. C. Edwards, Eyre, F. Eaton, H. P. Ewart, Maurice Euphrussi, M. Eliot, Fitzgerald, Almeric Fitzroy, Alfred Farquhar, J. N. Farquharson, Farquharson of Invercauld, Cecil Fane, G. H. Fane, Herbert Fisher, H. St. George Foley, Hayes Fisher, Dyafer Fakhry, W. Farquhar, Arnold-Forster, Fardell, Munro-Ferguson, W. S. Foster, Johnson-Ferguson, L. Fry, Farmer, Fielden, Firbank, Fison, Flannery, E. Flower, H. W. Forster, Bevill Fortescue, Fane, F. G. Fitzgerald, E. Farquhar, Franklin, J. S. Forbes, Forbes, John Ford, John Gordon, Henry Graves, George Grossmith (&quot;George Grossmith was not a little lionised by titled ladies&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;“The Queen’s Garden Party. Buckingham Palace Grounds. A Brilliant Scene. The Queen’s Cup of Tea.” ''Daily News'' (London) 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a [of 7] – 6, Col. 2a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970629/021/0005. Print pp. 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; (5, Col. 6b)), Howard of Greystoke, Hamilton Gatliff, G. P. Goldney, Goelet, Gye, Grifflth-Boscawen, A. Gosling, Geoffrey Drage, Otto Goldsmidt, Frank Gore, F. Graham, S. Hoffnung Goldnung Goldsmid, W. H. Kendal Grimston, Gilliat, Gadson, F. W. Gibbs, V. Gore, Goschen, J. E. Gordon, G. Leveson-Gower, E. A. Goulding, Graham, H. R. Graham, Ernest Gray, Montagu Guest, Garfit [?], H. D. Greene, W. R. Greene, J. A. Gretton, Henry Gladstone, W. H. Grenfell, S. W. Gore, Wilhelm Ganz, Scott Gatty, Charles Gold, Walter Gibson, Gurdon, W. Gillett, Sydney Gedge, Tyrell Giles, C. C. Graham, F. R. Gosset, A. C. Humphreys-Owen, G. M. Hutton, Heseltine, Claude Hay, Halford, E. Hope, Philip Henriques, C. D. Hohler, Hornyold, Carl Haag, Hardcastle, Hanbury, L. V. Harcourt, R. K. Hodgson, Adrian Hope, Beresford-Hope, J. Hozier, E. S. Howard, Horner, Maurice Holzman, A. C. Howard, Cozens-Hardy, Thomas Halsey, Hardy, James Hope, R. Hallett Holt, T. Hare, Hatch, R. B. Haldane, C. Harrison, J. Henniker Heaton, Hermon-Hodge, E. Brodie Hoare, G. Hoare, H. Hobhouse, VV. H. Hornby, R. P. Houston, G. B. Hudson, John Hutton, A. E. Hutton, Lewis Hall, Augustus Hare, George Harwood, G. T. Hertslet, Hartmann, H. Higgins, Hughes, Francis Hamilton, John Hare, Hungerford, Joseph Howard, Hope, R. R. Holmes, H. Howard, Haggard, Cecil Higgins, J. C. Horsley, The Munshi Abdul Hafiz Karim, Wootton Isaacson, E. R. Jenkins, Arthur James, Jacobs, Jebb, A. F. Jeffreys, J. H. Johnstone, Brynmor-Jones, H. C. Jervoise, W. James, Atherley-Jones, Philip Burne Jones, Henry Joslin, George Kemp, Nigel Kingscote, C. Kempe, W. Kenny, A. Kennard, J. Kenyon, Kearley, King King, Lees Knowles, Knowles, Kimber, Kuhe, T. Kingscote, Landon, Reginald Lucas, Letchworth, Lyon, Henry Gore Lindsay, E. H. Loyd, Leonard Lindsey, Drury Lowe, Fairfax Lucy, E. Law, Cecil Lister-Kaye, H. B. Lindsay, H. T. Lopes, J. Grant Lawson, H. Lubbock, W. A. Lindsay, A. K. Loyd, Lecky, W. F. Laurence, Edwin Laurence, J. W. Lowther, Luttrell, Loder, S. Leighton, W. C. F. Luttrell, E. Lloyd, Heathcote Long, L’Estrange, T. C. March, C. J. Murray, Mount, Morrell, R. J. More, Moon, E. P. Monckton, Monk, F. Bingham Mildmay, Beresford Melville, M’Laren, M'Ewan, Martin, H. H. Marks, lan Z. Malcolm, H. L. B. MCalmont, J. W. Maclure, Campbell Munro, J. Maclean, J. C. Macdona, W. G. E. Macartney, Muir Mackenzie, Hugh Morrison, G. H. Murray, P. C. Milbank, Bingham Mildmay, Alpin Macgregor, M. Myther, V. Montagu, Frederick Macmillan, C. M’Neill, Arundel St. John Mildmay, C. Maud, Fuller Maitland, A. Milman, W. A M’Arthur, Marjoribanks, W. H. Myers, F. W. Maude, Muntz, Charles Morley, Murdoch, A. B. F. Mitford, B. Mallet, Mure, Madden, W. J. Mure, R. Maguire, Mackinnon, Montgomerie, Maxwell-Lyte, Mason, Ronald Moncrieffe, Milvain, T. G. Menzies, G. Manners, Nicol, F. A. Newdigate, G. Noel, T. W. Nussey, Charles Orde, R. A. Oswald, M. Oldroyd, J. C. O'Dowd, Oswald, Oppenheim, Arthur Oliphant, C. L. Orr-Ewing, J. L. Pattison, J. Balfour Paul, Paton, A. Peckover, Archibald Peel, Perks, J. Pender, J. Penn, Price, Powell, Paoli, Constantine Phipps[,] Charles Phipps, Leslie Probyn, B. Faudel-Phillips, Wilton Phipps, L. Faudel-Phillips, Joseph Pease, Pollock, Arthur Pease, Roland Protheroe, Walter Peace, J. M. Paulton, Platt-Higgins, Pennefather, Provand, Guy Pym , A. E. Pease, Godfrey Pearse, Algernon Peel, A. V. Pryor, Montagu Price, Phelips, John Ponsonby, Hussey Packe, Wyndham Portal, Henry Petre, Lort Phillips, H. W. Primrose, E. Parkes, Herbert Praed, Heber Percy, Quilter, J. Rankin, Renshaw, J. A. Rentoul, H. C. Richards, Read, T. Richardson, A. T. Phillips Roberts, Hugo von Ruffer, Alexander Ramsay, Alderman and Sheriff Ritchie, Richardson, Rebow, G. L. Ryder, G. A. Redford, G. W. E. Russell, H. J. H. Russell, Pandeli Ralli, John Rutherford, J. Rennell Rodd, Leopold Rothschild, T. W. RusseII, Forbes Robertson, Alfred Rothschild, Brooke Robinson, Edmund Robertson, Repton, James Round, Royds, Henry Raikes, Bowen Rowlands, J. D. Ryder, Sheriff Hargreaves Rogers, Skeffington Smyth, Augustus Spalding, H. H. Shaw, E. Strachey, J. Murray Scott, J. Stern, P. L. Sclater, R. Sassoon, W. Sidebottom, Abel Smith, Louis Sinclair, C. H. Seely, Lucas Shadwell, W. E. T. Sharpe, C. E. Shaw, E. B. Sparke, T. H. Sidebottom, Steward, Stibbert, H. Somerset, H. S. Samuel, J. P. Smith, Horace Seymour, A. H. Smith, H. M. Stanley, J. A. Swettenham, A. Spicer, Stevenson, J. H. Stock, J. Sturgis, H. C. Smith, C. J. Stewart, Leslie Stephen, T. Smith, Senhouse, Eames Storey, Christopher Sykes, H. Seton-Karr, Philip Somers-Cocks, T. Skewes-Cox, Shelley-Bontein, Salting, Leo Schuster, Smith, Arthur Sassoon, G. D. Smith, Shaw, Michael Shaw-Stewart, E. J. Stanley, Albert Sandeman, Scaramanga, Sant, F. Sutton, Dudley Smith, C. E. Tritton. W. E. M. Tomlinson, H. F. Tollemache, A. M. Torrance, Tarleton, Edward Tighe, Alma-Tadema, W. H. Wilson-Todd, P. Thornton, F. Taylor, Beerbohm Tree, Dan Tupper, Montagu Tharp, Abel Thomas, Algernon Turnor, Tudway, C. W. Trotter, H. J. Tennant, J. C. Thynne, H. D. Trelawny, C. E. Thynne, F. J. Thynne, Montagu Thorold, Tremayne, H. Graham Toler, John Taylor, A. J. R. Trendell, Tosti, Christopher Tower, T. Usher, A. Ure, T. Usborne, Chas van Raalte, Graham Vivian, R. C. de Grey Vyner, Hope Vere, F. E. Villiers, Von André, Venning, L. Van Loon, Van De Weyer, Val Prinsep, Walter, Thomas Wayman, Hwfa Williams, Cornwallis West, R. G. Webster, Sackville West, Wanklyn, A. S. Wiison, G. Fleetwood Wilson, A. F. Warr, F. W. Wilson, Piers Egerton Warburton, S. Wombwell, Weigall, Powell Williams, John Welby, Wingfleld, Whitbread, J. W. Wilson, Walton, D’Arcy Wyvill, Wodehouse, Wylie, A. Wilson, John Wilson, C. H. Wilson, Herbert Whiteley, Wynne, Lee Warner, W. West, G. Whiteley, Spencer Walpole, H. C. Woods, M.D., Deputy Inspector-General, Charles Wyndham, J. Humphrey Ward, F. Walker, Whateley, W. Woodall, Wyndham, Godfrey Webb, J. Welby, Charles Waldstein, H. Yorke,.[sic] and Yerburgh
#Mesdames&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 7a–b) — Adair, A. H. Dyke Acland, Dyke Acland, Asquith, Alfred Austin, Adair, Evelyn Atherley, Ashton, Allhusen, Adeane, Alma-Tadema, Argles, Abdy, Agar, Antrobus, Alexander, Ascroft, Arkwright, Bowden-Smith, Browne, Barton, Bates, H. M. Biddulph, W. H. Bliss, Beresford, Ebrington Bissett, Bertier, R. P. Blennerlhasset, Brownrigg, Bridge, Cosmo Bevan, Rupert Beckett, Bradley, Birch-Reynardson, W. A. Baillie-Hamilton, Walter Baring, Bathurst, S.[?] B. Bancroft (actor &quot;Bancroft and his wife accepted with becoming grace the congratulations with which they were well-nigh overwhelmed&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (5, Col. 6b)), H. R. Baird, Wolfe Barry, Beer, Barlow, Bischoffsheim, F. Bibby, Bigham, Butler, Bankes, W. Borsel, Duncan Baillie, Bagge, Burges, Butler, Brocklehurst, C. H. Babington, Bailey, H. A. Brassey, Barlow, F. Bevan, Tresa [?] Barry, F. C. Burnand, Charles Bagot, Wentworth Beaumont, Charles Balfour, Baxendale, Benson, Blundell, Bryce, C. G. O. Bridgeman, S. Buxton, A. Barry, Banbury, F. G. Barnes, Beaumont, D. P. Barton, W. W. Beach, A. C. Bruce, J. F. Bagot, J. Bailey, J. G. A. Baird, Birrell, Bolitho, Bonsor, Griffith-Boscawen, Boulnois [?], Bowles. F. F. Begg, C. Bill, Buchanan, Brookfield, A. H. Brown, Bell, E. Balfour, Baldwin, R. Benson, C. E. Buckle, Barnes, W. Burns, C. K. Burn, H. Churchill, Crutchley, Curzon, F. Cavendish-Bentinck, W. G. Cavendish-Bentinck, Chamberlain. W. Chetwynd, Dick-Cunynghame, Archibald Calvert, Creignton, Daniel Cooper, Calley, Cox, Kinloch Cooke, Rivett Carnac, C. Kinloch Cooke, Henry Pelham Clinton, Colston, Coghill, Castance, B. F. Clark, Cavaye, Consett, G. D. Clark, A. B. Crosbie, Clerk, Wilfrid Cripps, Chapman, Crawshay, F. Campbell. W. W. Carlile, Channing, Cayzer, F. S. W. Cornwallis, Armar Corry, Cory, Critchett, Craik, W. Campbell, Atkinson Clark, R. Cox, Cruddas, Cavendish, Shepherd Cross, Clive, Crombie, F. L. Cook, C. Tyrall Cavendish, Clifford Corry, Hastings Campbell, Cameron Corbett, Carter, Corroux, Chaloner, Cecil Chapiin, J. D. Campbell, W. A. Cockerell, Compton, D'Oyly Carte, Stanley Clark, Cazalet, Seymour Corkran, Chaine, Carson, Boyd Carpenter, Causton, W. Campbell, Codrington, F. L. Campbell, D. B. O. Campbell, Cuninghame, Stapleton Coton, Coventry, Crabbe, Close, Courtney, E. H. Cooper, Carnegy, Randall Davidson, A. Hay Drummond, G. De Plat Taylor, Dickson, Lawrence Drummond, Louis Davidson, Dicken, Denis Daly, Dalton, R. C. de Grey Vyner, Durnford, W. de Winton, Edwin de Lisle, de Arcos, Drummond, Darling, A. L. Douglas, Doxford, Thiselton Dyer, Vanghan Davies, Denny, Coningsby Disraeli, Geoffrey Drage, Davis, Dundas, R. Disraeli, Dicconson, J. de la Cour, G. Drummond, J. Diggle, Akers-Douglas, Digby, Dunne, Dalbiac, de Salis, C. S. Dickson, Domvile, Ellicott, Edwards, Ellison, C. B. Ewart, Edis, East, Eliot, Egerton, F. Elliot, Floyd, Fenwick, E. Farquhar, Barrington Foote, G. M. Farquhar, Farquarson of Invercauld, Almeric Fitzroy, Lancelot Farmer, FitzGeorge, G. H. Finch, Fenn, Wynne Finch, R. Fitzwilliam, Fanshawe, Fullerton, Fane, Hayes Fisher, Fellowes, Houston French, Arnold-Forster, Fardell, Field, W. H. Foster, H. S. Foster, Johnson Ferguson, Farmer, Fielden, Fison, Firbank, Bevill Fortescue, Farnham, H. Fludyer, S. W. Gore, F. R. Gosset, Gregory, C. C. Graham, Guy-Pym, John Gordon, Gooenough, Henry Graves, Gordon, Garfit [?], S. Gedge, Tyrell Giles, Gilliat, Godson, S. Hoffmung Goldsmid, Kendal Grimston, Goldsworthy, J. E. Gordon, Gunter, W. H. Grenfell, H. Grenfell, G. G. Gordon, Gurney, Goodden, F. Gore, S. Gordon, A Goldsmid, Scott Gatty, Walter Gibson, Gordon, Grant, Goelet, Gye, Gardner, Gladstone, Gore, Green, Goschen, A. Gosling, Hargreaves-Rogers, Staveley Hill, Hanbury. James Hope, Claude Hay, Heneage, Heseltine, E. Hope, Arthur Heath, Philip Henriques, C. D. Hohler, Hornyold, Carl Haag, Marcus Hare, Harford, Hardcastle, Holmes, Beresford Hope, Adrian Hope, Hanbury, Horner, Hammet, Hall, A. C. Howard, Halsey, Hardy, Heath, Hermon Hodge, Brodie Hoare, S. Hoare, H. Hobhouse, W. H. Hornby, G B. Hudson, Platt-Higgins, Hildyard, Lewis Hall, G. M. Hutton, G. Hutton, W. G. G. Hutchinson, Haweis, Hartmann, Higgins, John Hare, Hungerford, Humphreys-Owen, R. W. Hamilton, Hills, Hippisley, Herbert, Hatton, Henderson, Haggard, Hervey, J. Howard, H. Howard, Ian Hamilton, Gathorne-Hardy, Howard, Marcus Hare, Inglefield, Wootton Isaacson, Joicey, Jenkinson, Inigo Jones, Jackson, A. James, Cotton-Jodrell, Jacoby, Jebb, A. F. Jeffreys, Jessel, Brynmor Jones, Pryce Jones, J. E. Jameson, H. C. Jervoise, W. James, Atherley Jones, G. Johnstone, J. H. Johnstone, A. Kennard, Kearley, Kimber, Hegan Kennard, Kitching, Kennion [?], Kennison, Knowles, W. Kenny, Kennedy, Keeley, Kuhe, Kingston, Kilkelly, Colin Keppel, Hanning Lee, A. K. Loyd, Lyon, Long, Lane, Lucas, Lockwood, S. Leighton, Lecky, E. Lawrence, Lawrie, Luck, Lloyd. A. P. Lake, J. W. Lowther, Lowe, Lidderdale, Liddell, Lascelles, Luttrell, H. Lubbock, Leslie, Lucas-Shadwell, Laurier, Naylor Leyland, Langenbach, E. Law, Fairfax Lucy, Lockhart, Lewis, Maxwell-Lyte, F. A. Lucas, G. Manners, Beresford Melville, Morrell, Victor Milward, Marshall, Maclure, J. Maclean, M'Laren, M'Ewan, R. B. Martin, Marks, Markham, J. M'Calmont, F. W. Maude, Napier Miles, M’Neill, Max Muller, Meeking, Manvers Moorson, Arundel St. John Mildmay, Frederick Macmillan, Mount, Muntz, Murdoch, Wyndham Murray, W. J. Mure, Graham Murray, Montefiore, W. C. F. Molyneux, Newton Mant, Millett, Malet, Ashurst Morris, May, Maurice, Milvain, Marjoribanks, J. C. Macdona, Moorhouse, Muir Mackenzie, G. Moncrieff, J. Murray, Montgomery, Milbank, Bingham Mildmay, Mellor, C. Maude, T. G. Menzies, J. M'Donald, W. A. M'Arthur, M'Neile, M'N'eill, Campbell Munro, Mostyn, A. Milman, Majoribanks, Noel, H. F. Nicholson, F. Neville, Nicol, Nevul [?], Nugent, Newhouse, Oppenheim, M. Oldroyd, Charles Orde, H. H. Oldham, R. A. Oswald, Oswald. A. Oliphant, Oakley, J. L Pattison, Price, Perowne, Perks, Constantine Phipps, Peacocke [?], R. Prothero, Powell, Leslie Probyn, Pitman, Upton Prior, Lort Phillips, Primrose, Powlett, Pakenham, Peyton, Parkes, Wyndham Portal, Pipon, Pender, Phillpotts, Pollock, Montagu Price, Phellps, John Ponsonby, Fox Pitt, A. Peel, Aldrich Pelham, J. Pease, Poe, G. Pearse, A. Paget, A. Pease. N. G. Philips, Pirie [?], Dampier Palmer, F. Post, Pakenham, Paget, H. Parr, Wilton[?]-Phipps, Quilter, Rebow, J. C. Russell, Rolfe, Rutherford, I[?]. Richardson. James Ronand, Robins, Rennell Rodd, W. W. Russon[?], Alexander Ramsay, Robinson, J. Rennell Rodd, Redford, Harcourt Rose, Royds, H. Raikes, Carl Rosa, Ronalds, Arrnold Royle [? Royce?], Rice, Leopold Rothschild, Raikes, J. Rankin, Renshaw, F. Russell, Ricardo, Riddel, Robertson, G. Royle, Teignmouth [?] Shore, Sandeman, Stopford, Graham Smith, Salting, Brinsley Sheridan, Salmon [?], Salmond, Edgar Shephard, Sant. A. Sandeman, H. Seymour, H. S. Samuel, St. Clair, AbeI Smith, J. P. Smith, H. M. Stanley, A. Spicer, Stevenson, Swaine, Sullivan, J. H. Stock. E. B. Sparke, J. Sturgis, Louis Sinclair, H. Seton-Karr, Slade, J. Stern, Skefflngton Smyth, P. L. Slater, A. C. Stewart, R. Sassoon, C. Smith, E. Strachey, Napier Sturt, Steward, Eames Storey, Starkie, Senhouse, Bridgman Simpson, Seddon, T. Smith, Leslie Stephen, Settle, Scaramanga [?], Arthur Sassoon, L. Seymour, Shaw. R. F. Synge, T. Skewes-Cox, Stevenson, H. C. Smith, Sterling, T. H. Sidebottom, C. H. Seely, Shelley-Bontem [?], Sandford, Hawley Smart, Sergison [?], Frederick Slade, Scobell, Graves Sawle, Scott, Settle, Smith-Barry, Stewart, J. A. Swettenham, Surtees, Synge, Dudley Smith, Thomson, M. Thorold, H. Graham Toler [?], J. W. Taylor, Christopher Tower, Tosti, Temple, Beerbohm Tree, Dan Tupper, R. T. Thynne, Montagu Tharp, Trotter, Anstruther Thomson, Tupper, Taylor, C. E. Tritton, C. F. Anstruther Thomson, Edward Tighe, F. Taylor, Tillard, Tillbrook, Brook Taylor, Tudway, C. E. Thynne, J. C. Thynne, H. Thomas, Thwaites, Tarleton, A. Ure, Usher, R. Vivian, Val Prinsep, Edmund Vaughan, E. Villiers, C. van Raalte, Von André, Verschoyle, F. E. Villiers, Vance, Hope Vere, Villiers, Venning, Sackviile West, Whatman, Williams Wynn, Watson, Wharton, John Wilson, Williams, Stuart Wortley, Wood, C. H. Wilson, S. J. Way, Walton, H. Whiteley, G. Whiteley, Ellis Williams, Wilson, Weywan, E. F. Wodehouse, John Welby, Wray, Wickham, Whatley, Spencer Walpole, Hwfa Williams. J. Woodford, Charles Wyndham, Wingfield, Charles Wood, Lee Warner, Warre, Humphrey Ward, Wallis, Wilberforce, Wynne, J. Welby, Eardley Wilmot, A. S. Wilson, C. [?] E. Ward, Walter, Warner, R. G. Webster, Wells, Cornwallis-West, F. Charteris Wemyss, Yerburgh
#Misses&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (5, Col. 7c – 6, Col. 1a) — Ascroft, Arnott, Alexander, Armytage (2), Adye [?] (2), Alison, Heathcoat-Amory, Austin (2), Aird (2), Archer-Houblon, Rosomond Anstruther, Adam (2), Arbuthnott, Akers-Douglas, Florence Anderson, Arkwright, Birch-Reynardson (2), Bradley, Bowden-Smith (2), Browne (2), Bromley-Davenport, Barker, Burrell (2), Berkeley, Berkeley (2), Beresford, Berens, Bertier, Baird (2), Brownrigg, Bates, Alice Bagot, Barne, Bartlett (2), Barnardiston (2), Birch, Bourke, Brassey (2), Browne (2), Bruce (2), Hicks-Beach (2), Biddulph (2), Mariot [?] Bayley, Mabel Brackenbury, Browne (2), Stapleton Bretherton [?] (2), Beryl Bradford, Banbury, Evelyne Burne, Bolitho, Bonsor, Beach, Biddulph, Bill, Brunner, Blackwood (2), Bandanaratke [?], Barran (2), Brodie (2), Brookfield, Brown, Barnes (2), Burns, Bowen (2), Buxton (2), Bellingham, Bailey (2), Brooke, Bell (2), Baxendale, Burdett, Mary Bulteel, Burges (2), Bevan, Brassey (2), Duncan Baillie (2), Braddon, Rhoda Broughton, Blyth (2), Baring, Bathurst (2), Blundell, Balfour, Freda Biddulph, Hilda Beaumont, Budgett, Bramwell, Butler, Crutchley (2), Culme-Seymour, Carleton, Chapiin [sic?] (2), Cockerell, Lilah Campbell, Boyd Carpenter (2), Cowell-Stepney, Lucia Creighton, Chrichton-Maitland, Leila Crichton, Campbell, Calvert, Ronald Campbell, Cooper (2), Cochrane, Clarke, Clowes (2), Stanley Clarke, Commerell, Colville, Cayzer, Crosse, Chaning (2), Cunliffe, Chetwode (2), Chetwynd (2), Corry, Clark, J. A. Campbell, Cameron, Colomb, Custance, Clive (2), Grace de Capell-Brooke, Cook, Vera Consett, Cooper, Campbell (2), Cockerell, Cecil, Carlisle, Cholmeley (2), Cruddas (2), Cox, Cowell, Causton, Cust (2), Cuffe, Chitty, Chamberlain (2), Crabbe (2), Edith Chaplin, Corbett, Cameron (2), Chaplin, Cholmondeley, Carden, Cotterell (2), Spencer Churchill, Corkran, Commerell, Edith Drummond, Sybil Dudley-Ward, Gladys Dalgety [?], Drummond (2), Duncombe (2), De Winton, De Trafford, De Perpigna, Dalrymple, Dashwood, Duncombe (2), Dawnay (2), Du Cane  (2), De Brienen (2), La Baronne de Friesen, La Baronne Sirtema de Grovestins [?], Mary Drummond, De Winton, Davey, Digby (2), Dowell, Marion Dunne, Du Chair, De Winton, Domvile [?], Douglas (2), Dunn, Doxford, Deverell, Drummond (2), Digby, Disraeli, Adelizs [?] Drummond, May Dundas, Dillon (2), Bevan Edwards (2), Evans (2), Ellison, Eliot (2), Ellicott, Gertrude Elliot, Egerton (2), Ellis (2), Edis (2), Ellaby, Egerton, Grey Egerton, East (2), Elphinstone (2), Rachel Erskine, Evelyn Ellis, Amelia Farquharson, Henrietta Farquharson, Foster, Farmer, Fielden (2), Fison, Fersuson of Pitfour (2), Fitzwilliam (2), Flower, Keith Falconer (2), Fenwick (2), Forwood (2), Farquharson of Invercauld (2), FitzClarence (2), Olga FitzGeorge, Ethel Fitz-Roy, Fergusson, Dorothy Ffolkes, Finch (2), Fanshawe, Flower, Fullerton (2), Feilding (2), Fardell (2), Fisher (2), Fowler (2), Frere (2), Fitz Gerald, Gold, Graves, Gibbs (2), Gregory, Gough-Calthorpe (2), Helen Gladstone, Goschen (2), Glyn, Godley (2), Gardiner, Gillian [?] (2), Gunter (2), Gilbey, Maud Grenfell, Hamilton Gordon, Gurrney Goodden, Goldsmid, Gardiner, Grant, Victona Grant-Duff, Goelet, Gosling, Gore, Gathorne-Hardy, Gordon (2), Hood (2), Heneage, M. Carew Hunt, Hare (2), Hay  (2), Hickman, Adrian Hope (2), Hare (2), Agnes Beresford Hope, Carl Haag, Hardcastle (2), Heseltine, Hare, Hope, Heron Maxwell (2), Halford (2), Hamilton (2), Hamilton, Howard (2), Hardy (2), Hay (2), Herbert Margaret Acland Hood, Mary Hope, Hill, Hemming (2), Jean Hotham, Hall, Harrison, Gladys Higginson, (Brydges) Henniker, Halsey (2), V. Hanson, (Stock) Hill (2), (Brodie) Hoare (2), Hoare (2), Houldsworth (2), Haig, Hart, Hervey, (Lewis) Hall, Harwood (2), Hutchinson, Hughes (2), Hooker, Hart-Dyke (2), Hervey-Bathurst (2), Louisa Heathcote, Howard, Dora Hanbury, Howard (2), Hornby (2), Satyendra Bala Tagore, Grace Jackson, Jolliffe (2), Helena James, Jenner, Joicey, Cotton-Jodrell, Jenkins (2), Johnstone, Jameson (2), Jessel, Jervoise, S. L. Johnstone, Keith-Falconer (2), Ker (2), Ethel Kenny, Kennedy, Kennard, King King, Kennard (2), Kitson (2), Kerr (2), Kimber, Kennaway (2), Nona Kerr, Keppel, Kemball, C. Lees, Lyson, Gore Lindsay, Linton (2), Lindley (2), Lubbock, Aline Lambton, Lambart (2), Liddell, Alice Loch, Lindsay, Lucas-Shadwell, Hanning Lee (2), Emily Loch, Larking, Leese, Llewelyn, Leighton (2), Lawrence (2), Lopes (2), J. Lawson, Laurie (2), Lyte (2), Lloyd (2), Lyall, Luttrell, Lockwood, Lister, Lidderdale (2), Violet Leigh, Liddell (2), Drury Lowe, Lewis (2), Loftus, Lindsay, Lyell (2), Aimee Lowther, l’Estrange, Graham Murray, Mellor (2), Milward, Monk (2), Maxwell (2), Massey-Mainwaring, Mackworth (2), Markham (2), Macdonald, More-Molyneux, Cicely Monson, Maclure, Lena Milman, Morris (2), Macnaghten, Mowatt (2), Margaret Muir MacKenzie, Murray, Mundella, Mowbray, Ethel Morris, Beatrice Mildmay, May Milbank, Evelyn Moreton, Magniac (2), Mackenzie, M'Clintock, Madden, MacGregor(2) Mount (2), Muntz, Murdoch, Mitford, Montagu (2), Mure, Menzies, Macpherson-Grant, Malet, Moseley (2), Meeking, Macgregor, Mary Moore, Montgomery, St. John Mildmay, Madden (2), Milman (2), Constance Maude, Martyn, Campbell Munro, Nevill (2),Noel (2), Nevill, Nicol, Neville, Nelson (2). Olpherts [?] (2), Oakley, Ogilvy, Humphreys Owen, V. A. Okeover, O’Brien (2), Linda Oppenheim, Phoebe Otway, Alina O'Shee, Anderson Pelham, Pole, Pereira, Peyton, Pattison, Orde Powlett, Powlett, Pelly (2), Perowne, Charlotte Probyn, Julia Ponsonby, Peekover, Peel (2), Penn, Peace, Baden Powell, Powell (2), Pease, Priestley, Palgrave, Post, Parker, Pease, Palmer, Packe (2), Alice Paget, Paget, Paget of Cranmore (2), [?] Phillips, Phipps, Cecilia Peel, Chandos Pole, Pollock Phellps, Parry, Ponsonby, Wilton Phipps, Quain, Quilter (2), Russell of Killowen(2), Ritchie (2), Robins, Sibyl Robertson, Round (2), Royds (2), Russell, Rebow, Jane Ryan, Ramsay, Ricardo (2), Rigby, Russell (2), Lucy Raikes, Rankin, Frances Rod, Beatrix Rice, Russell (2), K. Reiss, Ricardo, Smith, Stafford, Stevenson, Stopford (2), M. Seymour, Kay Shuttleworth [?] (2), Seymour (2), Shaw, Shaw-Stewart, Evelyn Starling[?], Maxwell Scott, Abel Smith, Sartorius (2), Maud S[?]hey, Stewart, Magaret Stanley, Dorrien Smith, Smith (2), [?]-Smith, Saurin, Salmond (2), Sandeman (2), Sant, Dudley Smith[?], Swaine, Stephenson (2), Stewart (2), Dora Stone, Sparkes, [Stanley?], Nita Houston Stewart, Lily Severn, Evelyn Stanley, [Sheppart?], Saumarez Smith, Truda Saunderson, Swinburne, [Sullivan?], Mabel Seymour, Shute, R. Sterling, Stern (2), Sar[?] (2), Sassoon (2), P. L. Sclater, Sparke, Smith (Clement), [Sanderson?], Hilda Stewart, Seddon (2), Shelley, Sprigg (2), [?] Stephen, Ruby Spencer Churchill, Rachel Smith, [?], Tremayne (2), Ellen Terry, Ethel Thomas, Muriel [?], Taylor, Mary Talbot, Tomlinson, G. le M. Tupper, [?], Ella Taylor, Thorold, Taylor (2), E. Tuson, Trelawny [?], Adela[?] Trefusis, Rachel Thynne, Tritton (2), Thomson (2), [?], Thesiger, Thynne, I. C. (2), Thynne (2), Thornton (2), [Temple?], Turner, Talbot, Thynne, Usher, Van de Weyer (2), [Vivian?] (2), Dorothy Villiers, Freda Villiers, Verschoyle, Van [der Byl?], Villiers, Venning, Hilda von Deichmann, Wood[ford?], Fleetwood Wilson, Eardley-Wilmot, Maud Walpole, [?hend?] Wilson, Wilson, Wilberforce, Warren (2), [W?vil?] (2), Wills (2), Warrender (2), Walrond (2), Wynd[ham?] (2), Webster (2), Watson, Wombwell, Whitehead (2), [W?Ieyer?] (2), Evelyn Wellesley, Cornwallis West, Whatman {2), [?] (2), Rachel Weigall, F. Walker, Smart Walker, Wood (2), de la Wood[?], Ward, Wilbraham, Wilberforce (2), Walker, Williams, [Workham?] (2), Yeatman
#Admirals of the Fleet [initial large caps, rest sm caps] — Earl of Clanwilliam, Lord John [Hay?], the Hon. Sir H. Keppel
#Admirals — H. G. Andoe, C. E. Buckle, Sir F. Bedford, Britten, the Hon. W. Carpenter, H. F. Cleveland, Sir H. Chads, Close, [?], Carr, E. J. Church, Sir W. Dowell, R. G. Douglas, A. L. [?], C. E. Domvile, A. T. Dale, D’Eyncourt, Field, Sir A. [Farquhar?], Fitzgerald, Fellowes, Fanshawe, Sir H. Fairfax, Sir [?] Fisher, C. J. Fane, Fullerton, the Hon. Sir E. Fremantle, [?] FitzGeorge, Woods Pasha, Sir W. Hunt-Grubbe, Sir Anthony [?] Hoskin, Lord Hood of Avalon, Sir Leopold Heath, Sir [?] [F.?] Hotham, Sir Algernon Heneage, R. H. Hamond, the Right Hon. Sir [J.?] Hay, St. G. C. D’Arcy Irvine, Jones, Kennedy, Sir A. [?s], A. P. Lake, R. M. Lloyd, Sir L. Loraine, A. H. Markham, [Sir?] R. More-Molyneux, Sir F. L. M'Clintock, Sir R. Macdonald, [the?] Hon. V. Montagu, Nicholson, Noel, Marquis of Northampton, Sir E. Ommaney [?], Sir Augustus Phillimore, A. T. Powlett, [?], [?. ?.] Rowley, Sir F. Richards, Lord Charles Scott, [? St.? John?], W. H. C. St. Clair, Bowden Smith, Sulivan, E. H. Sey[mour?], H. Stephenson, Sir Nowell Salmon, Sir W. Houston [Stewart?], Sir M. [Cuhne?]-Seymour, E. W. Turnour, E. W. Van[?] Wharton, Sir G. Willes, the Hon. W. J. Ward
#Captain, R.N. — W. A. D. Acland, C. J. Barlow, F. R. Board[?], H. Bainbridge, Hon. T. Brand, Bickford, Lord Charles [B?ford?], B. F. Clark, Colville, Carter, Hon. S. Cecil Colville, [?ford?], A. G. Douglas, Sir C. Domville, Hon. A. Hay Dru[?], [?] [W.?] [?] Gordon, Hammet, Hon. Curzon Howe, Hender[?], [?] Ingles, Jellicoe, Jephson, Johnstone, Jeffreys, H. C. [?], Hon. A. Littleton, Hon. Hedworth Lambton, Moore, May, [? Net?], Poe, Pipon [?], Aldrich Pelham, Alfred Paget, [Bi.idcl?], Rolleston, John Sinclair, Bridgeman Simpson, [?], Van Koughnet [?], Burges Watson, Eardley-Wilmot, [?ham, Winsloe, Hon. J. Yorke
#[Lieutenants???] — Anson, G. R. Bethell, Blair, Bayley, Cave[?], [?] Cave,Hon. Cecil Cadogan, de Salis, Fraser, Floyd, Hon. [?] [F?], Alaric Grant, Morgan, Moore, Marescaux, [?] Stuart, Tupper, Wells, Williams, G. J. S. Warrender
#[Lieutenants?] R.N. — Alton, Murray Aynsley, Boyle, Bather, [?], [R. F.?] Boyle, Chaytor, Sir Charles Cust, G. W. Davy, [?] Wyndham-Fiennes, Fair, Godfrey Faussett, Garforth, [L?]ord Clifford, Hopkinson, Henderson, Keyes, Keppel, [?] Lloyd, Majendie, Mitchell, Morant, Kerr-Pearse, [?] Richmond, Rae, Stewart, Hon. Victor Stanley, [?] [Calta?]-Seymoar, Trye, Thring, Hon. Cyril Ward, W[?], R. E. Wemyss, Woolcombe
#[Captain?] Trinity House, Sir J. Sydney Webbe
#[Field?] Marshall — Sir F. P. Haines, Sir Lintorn Simmons, Sir [?] Stewart, Lord Roberts of Kandahar, Viscount Wolseley
#[Generals?] —Sir J. Ardagh, Sir A. Alison, Sir H. J. Alderson, [?n] Annesley, J. Alleyne, Sir J. M. Adye, Sir C. G. [Arbuth?]not, Sir H. Havelock-Allan, R. Bateson, Sir W. F. [B?er, Sir H. Brackenbury, H. M. Bengough, the Right Hon. [?] Buller, Sir Owen Tador-Burne, H. J. Buchanan, Sir C. H. [Brown?low], Sir S. Browne, Sir M. Biddulph, Viscount Bridport, [?. O.?] Barnard, E. F. Chapman, Lord Clarina, C. F. Clery, the Hon. S. Gough-Calthorpe, E. H. Clive, Godfrey Clerk, Lord [Ch?]sford, the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke, Sir E. Du Cane, Crutchley [?], Lord de Ros, Sir John Donelly, J. H. Dunne, Sir Martin Dillon, Sir Collingwood Dickson, Sir H. de Bathe, Davis, Sir F. de Winton, Sir T. Dennehy, Sir H. Ewart, Sir J. B. Edwards, C. B. Ewart, Cecil East, Arthur French, Sir T. Fitz-Wygram, the Hon. Sir P. Feilding, Sir T. E. Gallwey, Sir T. Goldsmid, Sir R. Gipps, Sir R. Grant, Sir F. W. Grenfell, Coleridge Grove, Goldsworthy, J. J. H. Gordon, Sir E. A. Holdich, Sir E. W. Higginson, Sir R. J. Hay, Sir R. Harrison, Julian Hall, Earl Howe, the Hon. W. Home, J. Jameson, Sir Arnold Kemball, Kelly-Kenay, Lord Mark Kerr, F. T. Lloyd, Sir D. Lysons, Sir Drury Lowe, G. Luck, J. W. Laurie, F. Marshall, the Hon. R. Monck, Crichton Maitland, Sir J. M'Neill, Montgomery, the Hon. S. Mostyn, G. Moncrieff, E. Markham, Sir W. A. Mackinnon, Bryan Milman [?], H. M’Calmont [?], M'Donnell, W. C. F. Molyneux, Lord [Methuen?], J. F. Maurice, Sir F. Middleton, O. H. Nicolls, Sir E. [?] Newdegate, Sir H. N[orman?], Sir W. Olpherts, F. Peyton [?], G. [?] Upton Prior, T. H. Pakenham, G. W. T. Rich, Lord [?der] Russell, Robinson, Rowlands, J. C. Russell, F. [Russell?], A. C. Stewart, Sir Henry Smyth, Sterling, Sir C. [?] Shute, N. Stevenson, Swaine, Lord William Seymour, [?] [Sahmond?], Sir Frederick Stephenson, Sir John Stokes, Sir R. [?], Sir H. B. Tuson, the Hon. R. A. J. Talbot, G. le M. [Tupper?], Taylor, Hon. C. Thesiger, R. T. Thynne, Upperton, [?]H. Utterson, Sir J. Watson, Sir C. W. Wilson, Sir F. F. Walker, Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir C. Warren, Albert Williams, the Hon. G. Wrottesley, Sir G. H. Willis, Sir H. Wilmot
#Colonels — Armytage, Arkwright, Pat Boyle, Burges, the Hon. [?] Byng, H. B. H. Blundell, M. S. Brownrigg, Sir E. Bradford, Sir A. [Blyge? Bigge?], the Hon. F. Bridgeman, Brassey, Lord William Beresford, St. John Barne, N. Barnardiston, Lord Blythswood, [?] Cunynghame, F. H. Custance, Clayton, Sir Henry Colville, [?] Carnac [?], Cavaye, Seymour Corkran, the Hon. Charles [?], W. Campbell, Chaloner, Archibald Calvert, the Hon. [?] Campbell, the Hon. Wenman C. Coke, the Hon. W. [?ton], the Hon. Sir W. Colville, Chaine, A. B. Crosbie, [T.?] [R?] Crosse, Lord Edward Pelham Clinton, the Hon. Henry [C?hton], E. H. Cooper, the Hon. H. Corry, John Clerk, Lord Dorchestcr, C. R. Dease, the Hon, Lewis Dawnay, [the?] Hon. H. Denison, Denny, Dalbiac, A. Davidson, the Hon. Cathbert Edwards, the Right Hon. Sir F. Edwards, [?son], R. Edis, the Hon. Charles Edgecumbe, Aubone Fife, [?], Wynne Finch, Ferguson of Pitfour, Forster, Lancelot [?r] H. Frudyer, Barrington Foote, Goldsmid, Gore, Grenfell, [?n], C. G. Gordon, R. Gunter, Alan Gardner, Hon. G. Gough, [?] [?iton], the Hon. A. Hood, the Earl of Home, Lord Claud [Hamilton?], Harford, Herbert, the Earl of Haddington, Haygarth, G. Hatton [?], Hillyard, Arthur Haig, Sir E. Stock Hill, R. Hennell, Archer Houblon [?], the Hon. Cospatrick Home, the Hon. C. Gathorne-Hardy, Johnstone, Cotton-Jodrell, Hegan, [H?nard], Sir N. Kingscote, H. A. Lascelles, the Hon. Heneage [L?], Hanning Lee, F. A. Lucas, the Hon. H. Lyttelton, Lockwood, L. V. Loyd, C. W. Long, Ronald Lane, Lucas, J. Leslie, the Hon. Caryl [?]Molyneux, John Murray, Sir A. W. Mackworth, J. M'Calmont [?], Milward, the Hon. F. C. Morgan, J. J. Mellor, Meeking, Manvers [?], Moorsom, H. Malet, the Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, the [Earl?] of March, Wyndham Murray, Sir V. Majendie, the Hon. G. [Napper?], H. H. Oldham, L. J. Oliphant, A. Paget, Dampier Palmer, [Earl?] Percy, George Paget, C. D. Patterson, Arthur Peel, [Birch?] [Richardson?], the Hon. F. W. Stopford, Sir W. G. Stirling, E J. [Sanderson?], T. M. Sandys, H. Smith, J. F. Sandeman, Renyon-[Surrey?], C. E Stewart, E. H. Sartorius, the Hon. Walter [Stewart?], L. Seymour, Settle, Stevenson, Starkie, C. H. Seafe, the Hon. Sir W. P. Talbot, J. Du Plat[?] Taylor, H. Thomas, A. W. [T?], the Hon. W. Ie Poer Trench, H. P. Vance, Sir C. E. Howard Vincent, M.P.; R. Vivian, A. P. Vivian, E. Villiers, the Duke of Westminster, the Earl of Wemyss, Lord Wantage, Ward, [Waring?], [Earle?] Welby, Lord Arthur Wellesley, Robert Williams, the Hon. H. L. Wood, Sir W. H. Walroud, F. Smart Walker, A. [Williams?] Wynn, Wardrop
#Majors — Anne, Atherley, Ashton, F. H. Bowles, the Hon. [?] R. Bourke, Carnegy, H. Candy, Close, the Hon. F. Colborue, the Hon. Wenman Coke, Lawrence Drummond, Alfred [Edgecombe?], G. Egerton, E. H. Elliot, the Hon. A. Henniker, J. [H?a?h], the Hon. Assheton Harbord, the Hon. North Dalrymple [Hamilton?], Jameson, Pryce Jones, Larnach, the Hon. Osbert [Lumley?], C. Little, Marindin, the Hon. J. Scott Napier, Wyndham Quin, F. C Rasch, the Hon. A. Sidney, the Hon. J. T. St. Aubyn, Sir Edgar Sebright, Stirling, T. E. M. Swinnington-Parkington, [?.] M. Temple, Tillbrook, Anstruther Thomson, [E.?] [L.?] Woodhouse, and the Marquis of Winchester
#Captains — O. Ames, J. Acland, Alan Boisragon, Bates, H. M. [Biddulph?], the Hon. Baring, Butler, the Hon. J. Byng, the Hon. [N.?] Yarde-Butler, E. W. Blunt, J. F. Bagot, the Hon. W. Bagot, Seymour Combe, W. Chetwynd, Dundas, Denis Daly, Cecil Drummond, M. Drummond, Ellison, Houston French, Gye, R. G. [Gilmour?], P. Green, W. G. Grice-Hutchinson, Ahmed Hussain, G. [L.?] Holford, Jessel, the Hon. W. Lambton, the Hon. G. H. [L?], Sir H. Naylor-Leyland, G. Lister, Matthews, A. D. Miller, [?],M. M'Neill, C. Norton, Phillpotts, N. G. Philips, Prety[man?], Duncan Pirie, Pitman, Fox Pitt, Petre, Harcourt Rose, [W.?] [J.?] Stopford, Sir Eyre Shaw, H. G. D. Shute, Spicer, the Hon. [?.] St. Aubyn, Sutton, Tillard, Webbe, Wray, and Gordon [Watson?]
#Lieutenants — Baun, A. Cowell, the Hon. E. C. Lennox, F. Ponsonby, J. Ponsonby, Vandeleur, the Hon. C. Willoughby, and the Hon. C. S. H. D. Willoughby
===Entertainment===
&quot;The Bands of the 1st Life Guards, Grenadier Guards, and Royal Artillery played a selection of music during the afternoon.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; (4, Col. 2c)

==Anthology==

====Quote Intro====
&lt;quote&gt;&lt;/quote&gt; ()

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==
*
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Talk:Crafting Your Life Program</title>
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    <id>313708</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-29T14:13:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dan Polansky</username>
        <id>33469</id>
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      <text bytes="5454" sha1="28vvxz1sgcx9z4e8sjxv2724o9c9pz7" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="7081" sha1="bdabe2ior08b8gix77k8s2igcunw1op" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:10, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bdabe2ior08b8gix77k8s2igcunw1op</sha1>
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      <text bytes="7162" sha1="8nm2dp2g3w0hum1kx4s65rdncahjb7l" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

Nature preservation includes protection of biological species and biodiversity.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:24, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8nm2dp2g3w0hum1kx4s65rdncahjb7l</sha1>
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      <text bytes="9715" sha1="gn3vudp4z6teulf1saizq9i4mqmr446" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

Nature preservation includes protection of biological species and biodiversity.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:24, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

== Negentropy and life as that which feeds on negative entropy ==
A key item is the power of life. In the section on the definition of life, there is &quot;OR life based on silicon digital storage, including robots&quot;. That is very uncustomary use of the word life. It seems rather unfortunate.

No serious genus-differentia definition of life is attempted or investigated. It seemed like a good idea back then, but now it looks like a deficiency. It is perhaps no way to do serious philosophy.

One characterization of life is from Schrödinger: that which feeds on negative entropy. Popper criticizes this definition. (See also [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]].) It seems reasonable to reject this definition of life as leading to uncustomary results and uncustomary use of the word life. Nonetheless, it seems to be a definition of ''something''. We could call it negentropic system. This would lead to another item, the power of negentropic systems. Or it could be maximum negentropy generated by negentropic systems, if that makes any sense.

This deliberation or a similar one could have lead to the name Extropy, used by the Extropy Institute. The relating subject labels are transhumanism and posthumanism. A relating film is TechnoCalyps. I must have read in some analysis that it seems as if the transhumanists or posthumanists plan or want to turn the universe into a huge supercomputer. Put differently, they want to turn it into a huge pattern machine that can emulate sort of anything and thus, on the pattern level, save anything real and represent anything imaginary (see also [[Mind Children]]). Of course, not anything, since &quot;anything&quot; refers to too many patterns.

Another word that comes to mind is universalism, whatever that means outside this context. It seems that ''life'' is not broad enough for the taste of some; they want something broader, more general. The most general concept seems to be entity, but I have no idea what entitism would be.

Coming back to whether including robots as alive is too unconventional, some media seem to disagree. After all, &quot;Number Five is alive!&quot;, Short Circuit (1986) says. Nonetheless, it now seems to me that this extension of the concept of life is analytically fragile and unfortunate. One should use the word quasi-life if one has to go in that direction, but perhaps even that is too suggestive of life.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:20, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="9749" sha1="4pz9zz934a6b1k93c2seixp4k3x5kqm" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

Nature preservation includes protection of biological species and biodiversity.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:24, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

== Negentropy and life as that which feeds on negative entropy ==
A key item is the power of life. In the section on the definition of life, there is &quot;OR life based on silicon digital storage, including robots&quot;. That is very uncustomary use of the word life. It seems rather unfortunate.

No serious genus-differentia definition of life is attempted or investigated. It seemed like a good idea back then, but now it looks like a deficiency. It is perhaps no way to do serious philosophy.

One characterization of life is from Schrödinger: that which feeds on negative entropy (see also [[W:Entropy and life]]). Popper criticizes this definition. (See also [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]].) It seems reasonable to reject this definition of life as leading to uncustomary results and uncustomary use of the word life. Nonetheless, it seems to be a definition of ''something''. We could call it negentropic system. This would lead to another item, the power of negentropic systems. Or it could be maximum negentropy generated by negentropic systems, if that makes any sense.

This deliberation or a similar one could have lead to the name Extropy, used by the Extropy Institute. The relating subject labels are transhumanism and posthumanism. A relating film is TechnoCalyps. I must have read in some analysis that it seems as if the transhumanists or posthumanists plan or want to turn the universe into a huge supercomputer. Put differently, they want to turn it into a huge pattern machine that can emulate sort of anything and thus, on the pattern level, save anything real and represent anything imaginary (see also [[Mind Children]]). Of course, not anything, since &quot;anything&quot; refers to too many patterns.

Another word that comes to mind is universalism, whatever that means outside this context. It seems that ''life'' is not broad enough for the taste of some; they want something broader, more general. The most general concept seems to be entity, but I have no idea what entitism would be.

Coming back to whether including robots as alive is too unconventional, some media seem to disagree. After all, &quot;Number Five is alive!&quot;, Short Circuit (1986) says. Nonetheless, it now seems to me that this extension of the concept of life is analytically fragile and unfortunate. One should use the word quasi-life if one has to go in that direction, but perhaps even that is too suggestive of life.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:20, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="9952" sha1="j8lce0hntv99eo6qmlusjk620jgxsd7" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

Nature preservation includes protection of biological species and biodiversity.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:24, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

== Negentropy and life as that which feeds on negative entropy ==
A key item is the power of life. In the section on the definition of life, there is &quot;OR life based on silicon digital storage, including robots&quot;. That is very uncustomary use of the word life. It seems rather unfortunate.

No serious genus-differentia definition of life is attempted or investigated. It seemed like a good idea back then, but now it looks like a deficiency. It is perhaps no way to do serious philosophy.

One characterization of life is from Schrödinger: that which feeds on negative entropy (see also [[W:Entropy and life]]). Popper criticizes this definition. (See also [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]].) It seems reasonable to reject this definition of life as leading to uncustomary results and uncustomary use of the word life. Nonetheless, it seems to be a definition of ''something''. We could call it negentropic system. This would lead to another item, the power of negentropic systems. Or it could be maximum negentropy generated by negentropic systems, if that makes any sense.

This deliberation or a similar one could have lead to the name Extropy, used by the Extropy Institute. The relating subject labels are transhumanism and posthumanism. A relating film is TechnoCalyps. I must have read in some analysis that it seems as if the transhumanists or posthumanists plan or want to turn the universe into a huge supercomputer. Put differently, they want to turn it into a huge pattern machine that can emulate sort of anything and thus, on the pattern level, save anything real and represent anything imaginary (see also [[Mind Children]]). Of course, not anything, since &quot;anything&quot; refers to too many patterns.

Another word that comes to mind is universalism, whatever that means outside this context. It seems that ''life'' is not broad enough for the taste of some; they want something broader, more general. The most general concept seems to be entity, but I have no idea what entitism would be.

Coming back to whether including robots as alive is too unconventional, some media seem to disagree. After all, &quot;Number Five is alive!&quot;, Short Circuit (1986) says. Nonetheless, it now seems to me that this extension of the concept of life is analytically fragile and unfortunate. One should use the word quasi-life if one has to go in that direction, but perhaps even that is too suggestive of life.

A major problem with these entropy-relating deliberations seem to be that entropy is not a single thing/concept and that thermodynamics does not capture the whole of physics, e.g. gravitational forces.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:37, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="10114" sha1="hsii9i9yi81ibi6j1wio9yyrkn0935o" xml:space="preserve">==Reinhold Messner==
(Perhaps to be incorporated later.)

I must have heard Reinhold Messner, perhaps at Markus Lanz, state something to the effect that he is mountain climbing since it is most meaningful (something like ''sinnvollste'') while at the same time most useless (something like ''nutzloseste'') (the German spellings may need checking).

One can find Messner talk like this: &quot;It’s the conquering of the useless.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimclash/2014/09/24/reinhold-messner-on-his-legacy-climbing-is-the-conquering-of-the-useless/&lt;/ref&gt; Similar language is used in an Independent article.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/reinhold-messner-mountaineer-b2422306.html&lt;/ref&gt;

I find this idea interesting, though from a logical point of view, I have some doubts about it. He also must have said something to the effect that he goes to places where he can die not to die. He uses the words ''Grenzgang'' and ''Grenzgänger''&lt;ref&gt;https://reinhold-messner.de/de/lebenspanorama/der-grenzgaenger/&lt;/ref&gt;.

A question for generative AI: What does Messner say about the most useless while most meaningful?

References:
&lt;references/&gt;

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 11:38, 3 November 2024 (UTC)

==Whence the concept of life program==
I wondered where I got this concept of life program from, including the name for the concept.

One candidate is Eric Berne, who speaks of ''life plan'', also known as ''script''. And as a computer programmer, I easily interpret ''script'' as a certain kind of program (as in Unix shell script), although that is not necessarily what Berne had in mind. I seem to recall Berne speaks of ''parental programming''.

Moreover, I seem to recall the phrase ''životní program'' (life programs) being used in a Czechoslovak film whose screenwriter could have been Zdeněk Svěrák. I seem to recall that the film makes fun of someone who lives their life in a very planned way, someone working as a computer programmer. I would need to check.

One could make a Google search for Czech ''životní program'' and figure out the life of this phrase. It could be used quite differently from English life program; perhaps it does correspond to ''life plan''.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 12:05, 22 November 2024 (UTC)

==Well-being==
Interestingly, ''well-being'' is not mentioned. On the other hand, happiness and pleasure are mentioned. But well-being can be contrasted to happiness. If, say, someone has an early stage of cancer and does not know that, they may be happy (ignorance is bliss), but they are not ''really well''.

Relating to well-being is health, which is mentioned. Also related is psychological well-being, which is not mentioned; one could perhaps claim psychological well-being is same thing as happiness, but that would require more carefully analysis.

There is an implied contrast between well-being and well-having. Of course, one can proclaim having to be a species of being, as in &quot;having X&quot; is &quot;being an entity that has X&quot;; still, this can be probably dismissed on grounds yet to be articulated and a contrast can still be maintained.

Another contrast could be between well-being and ''well-feeling''. Thus, one would argue that to ''be well'' and to ''feel well'' are different; one who has an early stage of cancer without knowing it is not really well, but they may still feel well. Under this interpretation, well-being is something more substantial (whatever that means) than well-feeling. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 06:36, 25 November 2024 (UTC)

==Immortality==
Immortality is not mentioned. It may be because such an objective may have seemed to me not to be taken seriously. From a gene-copying Dawkinsian perspective, it may even seem absurd: the genes &quot;care&quot; about being copied from a body to a body, not about immortality of the individual body.

1) The direction of immortality is the same as longevity. And longevity is now covered.

2) If one takes one's children to be quasi-identical to oneself (or some other weakening or alienating prefix other than quasi-), one can aim in the direction of immortality by aiming at having children, grandchildren, etc. Someone might want to invent a cloning device, to achieve genetic identity (since he would be dissatisfied with the loss of genetic identity resulting fom genetic recombination). The doctrine of quasi-identity seems peculiar or bizarre, but perhaps someone may want to adopt it anyway.

3) Some people such as Hans Moravec seem to want to achieve extreme longevity by uploding themselves into human-like robots. More such people are featured in the film [[W:TechnoCalyps]]. See also [[Mind Children]].

4) Some may consider immortal fame to be a form of immortality. One can think in this way: the spirits of Ancient Greek philosophers are still with us. They get activated or strengthened whenever someone reads their works. I have some qualms with this line of reasoning, but let it be mentioned nonetheless. Immortal fame is now covered in &quot;Fame&quot; section.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 14:13, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

==Nature preservation==
This item is not covered. It perhaps did not seem like a candidate ''ultimate''. But if one considers a multi-element, eclectic life program, nature preservation can well fit in. One can perhaps ask why one would go for nature preservation, but in a sense, no such question is allowed concerning ultimates. Alternatively, one may consider nature preservation to be not an ultimate aim but rather an intermediate one, relating to causing irritation in someone who cares about it; and thus, actions aiming at nature preservation would be certain kind of hedonic actions.

Nature preservation includes preservation of both living and non-living nature. Perhaps paradoxically, Mars colonization is at odds with nature preservation, since Mars as it naturally is would be turned into something created artificially. Similary, turning deserts into gardens would be destruction/elimination of the natural form known as desert.

Nature preservation includes protection of biological species and biodiversity.

If one would aim at nature preservation and nothing else, extermination of humankind could be seen as a good plan. Thus, a curator of a natural museum could be happy, figuratively speaking. But a curator of the museum of arts or such would not be amused. What we currently have on Earth is results of both natural creativity and artificial creativity (this terminology may need clarification). Nature preservation as the sole objective disregards the latter as valuable.

This subject should perhaps be explored much deeper. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 15:24, 29 November 2024 (UTC)

== Negentropy and life as that which feeds on negative entropy ==
A key item is the power of life. In the section on the definition of life, there is &quot;OR life based on silicon digital storage, including robots&quot;. That is very uncustomary use of the word life. It seems rather unfortunate.

No serious genus-differentia definition of life is attempted or investigated. It seemed like a good idea back then, but now it looks like a deficiency. It is perhaps no way to do serious philosophy. On the other hand, one can argue that serious definitions or attempted characterizations of life are in online encyclopedias and do not need to be repeated here.

One characterization of life is from Schrödinger: that which feeds on negative entropy (see also [[W:Entropy and life]]). Popper criticizes this definition. (See also [[Technology as a threat or promise for life and its forms]].) It seems reasonable to reject this definition of life as leading to uncustomary results and uncustomary use of the word life. Nonetheless, it seems to be a definition of ''something''. We could call it negentropic system. This would lead to another item, the power of negentropic systems. Or it could be maximum negentropy generated by negentropic systems, if that makes any sense.

This deliberation or a similar one could have lead to the name Extropy, used by the Extropy Institute. The relating subject labels are transhumanism and posthumanism. A relating film is TechnoCalyps. I must have read in some analysis that it seems as if the transhumanists or posthumanists plan or want to turn the universe into a huge supercomputer. Put differently, they want to turn it into a huge pattern machine that can emulate sort of anything and thus, on the pattern level, save anything real and represent anything imaginary (see also [[Mind Children]]). Of course, not anything, since &quot;anything&quot; refers to too many patterns.

Another word that comes to mind is universalism, whatever that means outside this context. It seems that ''life'' is not broad enough for the taste of some; they want something broader, more general. The most general concept seems to be entity, but I have no idea what entitism would be.

Coming back to whether including robots as alive is too unconventional, some media seem to disagree. After all, &quot;Number Five is alive!&quot;, Short Circuit (1986) says. Nonetheless, it now seems to me that this extension of the concept of life is analytically fragile and unfortunate. One should use the word quasi-life if one has to go in that direction, but perhaps even that is too suggestive of life.

A major problem with these entropy-relating deliberations seem to be that entropy is not a single thing/concept and that thermodynamics does not capture the whole of physics, e.g. gravitational forces.

--[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 16:47, 29 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* COGS: The conformal group of flat space */</comment>
      <origin>2689326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5103" sha1="mzs2c5qy03k8and0og6p3yfpkay43id" xml:space="preserve">
== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat, in other words there always exist [[w:isothermal coordinates]]. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 


The counting is also valid in the case &lt;math&gt;g_1=g_2&lt;/math&gt;, which informs us on the existence of conformal transformations:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Dimension 
! Conformal transformations
|-
| &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;
| Any &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; 
|- 
| &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;
| Some &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, depending on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;
| Some &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, depending on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;
|}

d=2 need more precise statements. Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

case of flat metric, dilations etc.

not conformal example. &lt;math&gt;z^2&lt;/math&gt;? Not conformal at a point. 

conformal symmetry: inv. under conf. transfo.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

Now the metric is dynamical as well.

2d already special

String theory (while we are at it)

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of an arbitrary conformal transformation on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
      <sha1>mzs2c5qy03k8and0og6p3yfpkay43id</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689327</id>
      <parentid>2689326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T21:42:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* COGS: The conformal group of flat space */</comment>
      <origin>2689327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5099" sha1="jtrad8xmry6ivporz2jgtlexfljqp5s" xml:space="preserve">
== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat, in other words there always exist [[w:isothermal coordinates]]. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 


The counting is also valid in the case &lt;math&gt;g_1=g_2&lt;/math&gt;, which informs us on the existence of conformal transformations:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Dimension 
! Conformal transformations
|-
| &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;
| Any &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; 
|- 
| &lt;math&gt;d=2&lt;/math&gt;
| Some &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, depending on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;
| Some &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, depending on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;
|}

d=2 need more precise statements. Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

case of flat metric, dilations etc.

not conformal example. &lt;math&gt;z^2&lt;/math&gt;? Not conformal at a point. 

conformal symmetry: inv. under conf. transfo.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

Now the metric is dynamical as well.

2d already special

String theory (while we are at it)

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
      <sha1>jtrad8xmry6ivporz2jgtlexfljqp5s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689328</id>
      <parentid>2689327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T21:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conformal transformations */</comment>
      <origin>2689328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5067" sha1="cw0hk2hbkmtgz1bisw6fyia6n88vqac" xml:space="preserve">
== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat, in other words there always exist [[w:isothermal coordinates]]. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. 


d=2 need more precise statements. Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

case of flat metric, dilations etc.

not conformal example. &lt;math&gt;z^2&lt;/math&gt;? Not conformal at a point. 

conformal symmetry: inv. under conf. transfo.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

Now the metric is dynamical as well.

2d already special

String theory (while we are at it)

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2689330</id>
      <parentid>2689328</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T21:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2689330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5090" sha1="bcwgvv4u7xy6tbgnd7y1dxj46taftek" xml:space="preserve">
== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat, in other words there always exist [[w:isothermal coordinates]]. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. 

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 


case of flat metric, dilations etc.

not conformal example. &lt;math&gt;z^2&lt;/math&gt;? Not conformal at a point. 

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

Now the metric is dynamical as well.

2d already special

String theory (while we are at it)

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2689332</id>
      <parentid>2689330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-29T22:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sylvain Ribault</username>
        <id>2127778</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Conformal transformations of flat space */</comment>
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== Conformal invariance == 

=== Conformal transformations ===

On a given space or spacetime &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;, distances are defined using a metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. In particular, the length of an infinitesimal vector &lt;math&gt;v^\mu&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math&gt;\|v\| = \sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}&lt;/math&gt;. If we know distances, we can also compute angles. The angle &lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; between two infinitesimal vectors &lt;math&gt;v^\mu,w^\mu&lt;/math&gt; obeys 
:&lt;math&gt;
\cos\theta = \frac{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu w^\nu}{\sqrt{g_{\mu\nu}v^\mu v^\nu}\sqrt{ g_{\mu\nu}w^\mu w^\nu}}
&lt;/math&gt;
For &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; a diffeomorphism, we define the [[w:pullback]] &lt;math&gt;f^*g&lt;/math&gt; of the metric by 
:&lt;math&gt;
 (f^*g)_{\mu\nu} = g_{\rho\sigma}(f(x)) \frac{\partial f^\rho}{\partial x^\mu}\frac{\partial f^\sigma}{\partial x^\nu}
&lt;/math&gt;
equivalently &lt;math&gt;(f*g)_{\mu\nu}(x)dx^\mu dx^\nu = g_{\mu\nu}(f)df^\mu df^\nu&lt;/math&gt;. 
A diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; is called an '''isometry''' if it preserves distances, equivalently if 
:&lt;math&gt;f^* g = g&lt;/math&gt;.
It is called a '''conformal transformation''' if it preserves angles. Any isometry is a conformal transformation, but the converse is not true. For any function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, the metrics &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;\lambda g_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt; define the same angles. 
So &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation if it preserve the metric up to a scalar factor,
:&lt;math&gt;
\exists \lambda,\ f^* g = \lambda g
&lt;/math&gt;
The set of conformal transformations is called the '''conformal group''' associated to &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;.

Let us indicate how many functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; are needed to parametrize the objects &lt;math&gt;\lambda, f,g&lt;/math&gt;, if &lt;math&gt;d=\dim(M)&lt;/math&gt;:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:small; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! Object 
! Number of functions on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Function &lt;math&gt;\lambda:M\to \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;
|- 
| Diffeomorphism &lt;math&gt;f:M\to M&lt;/math&gt; 
| &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Metric &lt;math&gt;g&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
|}
Therefore, given two metrics &lt;math&gt;g_1,g_2&lt;/math&gt;, the condition &lt;math&gt;f^* g_1 = \lambda g_2&lt;/math&gt; that they are conformally equivalent involves &lt;math&gt;\frac{d(d+1)}{2}&lt;/math&gt; equations for &lt;math&gt;d+1&lt;/math&gt; unknowns.
For &lt;math&gt;d\leq 2&lt;/math&gt;, there is always a solution (under reasonable assumptions): in particular any metric on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^2&lt;/math&gt; is conformally flat, in other words there always exist [[w:isothermal coordinates]]. For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, two metrics are in general not equivalent modulo rescaling. 

Similarly, the size of the conformal group depends on the dimension:
* For &lt;math&gt;d=1&lt;/math&gt;, any diffeomorphism is conformal. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 2&lt;/math&gt;, the conformal group depends on &lt;math&gt;M,g&lt;/math&gt;, with flat space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; having the largest possible group &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;. 
* For &lt;math&gt;d\geq 3&lt;/math&gt;, a generic space has only one conformal transformation: the identity. 

=== Conformal transformations of flat space === 

The conformal group of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; first includes isometries:
* Translations.
* Rotations.
There are also conformal transformations that are not isometries:
* Dilations &lt;math&gt;x^\mu \to \lambda x^\mu &lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\lambda \in \mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;. 
* Special conformal transformations 
All these generate the conformal group. 

not conformal example. &lt;math&gt;z^2&lt;/math&gt;? Not conformal at a point.

=== Conformal symmetry and gravitation ===

Now the metric is dynamical as well.

2d already special

String theory (while we are at it)

=== Conformal transformations in two dimensions === 

Riemann surfaces, moduli. 

== Scale invariance and conformal invariance == 

== Fixed points of the renormalization group ==

== Applications ==

== Exercises ==

=== COGS: The conformal group of flat space ===

Consider the Euclidean space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; with the flat metric &lt;math&gt;g_{\mu\nu}=\delta_{\mu\nu}&lt;/math&gt;, and the Minkowski space &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt; with coordinates &lt;math&gt;Y=\left(y^\mu,y^-,y^+\right)&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\mu = 1,2,\dots, d&lt;/math&gt; and the flat metric &lt;math&gt;\|dY\|^2 = \sum_{\mu=1}^d \left(dy^\mu\right)^2 -dy^-dy^+ &lt;/math&gt;.
Consider the diffeormorphisms
:&lt;math&gt; \varphi:\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^d &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ x^\mu &amp;\mapsto &amp; \left(x^\mu,\|x\|^2,1\right) \end{array}\right.  \quad , \quad \psi: \left\{\begin{array}{ccl} \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} &amp; \to &amp; \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1} \\ Y &amp;\mapsto &amp; \frac{1}{y^+}Y = \left(\frac{y^\mu}{y^+},\frac{y^-}{y^+},1\right) \end{array}\right.
&lt;/math&gt;
# Check that &lt;math&gt;\varphi&lt;/math&gt; is an isometry. Is &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; an isometry? Is it a conformal transformation?
# Show that the restriction of &lt;math&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt; to the light cone &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{L}=\left\{Y\in \mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}\left| \|Y\|^2 = 0\right.\right\}&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation.
# Let &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; be an isometry of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^{d+1,1}&lt;/math&gt;, in particular &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; is linear. Show that &lt;math&gt;\varphi^{-1}\circ \psi \circ G\circ \varphi&lt;/math&gt; is a conformal transformation of &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt;. Deduce that the conformal group of  &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}^d&lt;/math&gt; includes &lt;math&gt;SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt;.
# Explicitly write the action of &lt;math&gt;G\in SO(d+1,1)&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math&gt;x^\mu&lt;/math&gt;.


[[Category: CFT course]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/1895 Bal Poudre Warwick Castle</title>
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      <id>2689336</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="77040" sha1="5cfh7f1haoisv75w5tkti6otjzu3dnq" xml:space="preserve">=Bal Poudré at Warwick Castle=
==Overview==
A bal poudré was held at Warwick Castle on Friday, 1 February 1895, with [[Social Victorians/People/Warwick|Countess Warwick]] dressed as Marie Antoinette. [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]] was part of the house party as well as attending the ball,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Court Circular.&quot; ''Times'', 2 Feb. 1895, p. 10. ''The Times Digital Archive'', http://tinyurl.galegroup.com/tinyurl/AHQju3. Accessed 20 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.” ''Midland Daily Telegraph'' [now in BNA: ''Coventry Evening Telegraph''] 1 February 1895, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/18950201/021/0003 (accessed July 2019).&lt;/ref&gt; as was &quot;Mr [[Social Victorians/People/Craven|Caryl Craven]], to whom so many thanks are due for the able way in which he assisted his charming hostess in carrying out her scheme, Mr Craven being quite an authority on eighteenth century French art and dress.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Warwick Bal Poudre.&quot; ''The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper'' 09 February 1895 Saturday: 38 [of 80], Col. 2c [of 3] – 39, Col. 3c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18950209/233/0038.&lt;/ref&gt;

Daisy, Countess Warwick dressed as Marie Antoinette for the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's 1897 fancy-dress]] ball as well.

Miss Beatrice Fitzherbert &quot;wore a beautiful pearl necklace, with large diamond pendant, and two diamond sprays, all of which were given by George IV. to Mrs Fitzberbert.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt; (6, 4b)

Lady Peel wore a costume that, the Leamington Spa Courier says, &quot;was designed by Madame Eloffe, dressmaker to Marie Antoinette.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; (6, 6a)

==Logistics==
* Friday, 1 February 1895
* Warwick Castle
* Hosts, Countess and the Earl of Warwick
==Related Events==
* 2 July 1897, the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]]

== Main Newspaper Report ==
The ''Leamington Spa Courier'' had the definitive story in the next issue, a week after the event:&lt;blockquote&gt;THE GRAND BAL POUDRE AT WARWICK CASTLE.

A profound impression has been created throughout the country by the enormously successful ''bal poudre'' given by the Earl and Countess of Warwick at Warwick Castle on Friday night last week, a lengthy, but — owing to the exigencies of the occasion — necessarily incomplete record of which appeared in our issue on the following morning. It is conceded on all hands that it was unmistakably the most splendidly organised and artistically perfect function of the kind that has been given during the present century, and certainly unexampled in the annals of the county. In times past, the historic fortlace has been the scene of many gay and festive ''re-unions'', but history gives no mention of one that in any way equalled in point of completeness of detail or magnificence that in which some 400 of the present Earl and Countess’s guests participated on Friday night. For the nonce, the prosaic modern gave place to the splendour of the past, and the luxurious and gorgeous conditions which prevailed at the Tuilleries during the glories of the regime of Louis XV., and the reign of his ill-fated successor and his beautiful consort, were revived in all their sparkling radiance, thus creating a pageant of unrivalled grandeur and beauty, and one that will be long retained in the recollections of those who took part in or were permitted to gaze upon it. Moreover, never, perhaps, had the old Castle had within its walls such a notable company, including as it did, some of the most distinguished personages of the day, connections of Royalty, Ambassadors, of foreign Powers, Dukes and Duchesses, Earls and Countesses, Lords and Ladies, representatives of the three great services of the State, Statesman, lawyers, and other ornaments of the highest and most aristocratic circles. The long suite of rooms, with the abundance of rich and historic art treasures therein contained, was most tastefully and effectively decorated, and the gilded and brocaded furniture and lovely fittings were arranged so as to form a replica of the interior of the Tuilleries at the period which the Countess had, with consummate judgment, selected for representation. Wide-spreading palms were placed at different points, and rare flowers of brilliant hues from Cannes and other parts of Southern Europe were seen on every hand. The whole was brilliantly illuminated by innumerable wax candles affixed to crystal chandeliers, in addition to the rays of the electric light, emitted from glow-lamps so constructed as to simulate candles, and having the bulbs hidden by delicately tinted shades; and when the guests in their picturesque costumes perambulated the apartments, the spectacle afforded was unique and enthralling. The most striking scenes, however, were witnessed in the Cedar Drawing-room when the dancing was in full operation, and again when the richly-dressed and white-wigged guests sat down to supper in the grand Banquetting-hall. (6, Col. 1a/1b)

The guests commenced to arrive about half-past ten, and carriages continued to roll up until close upon midnight. The traffic was directed by the same staff of police who were in attendance at the recent concert, and these were also assisted by the Commissionaires. Under the instructions of the House Steward, Inspector Hall and his men guided the traffic most skilfully, notwithstanding that the entrance to the courtyard beneath the gateway and barbican is very narrow. Precaution had been taken to fix a large number of lamps along the approaches to the Castle, to minimise the danger of an accident. The guests did not use the grand entrance under the porch, but entered by the door at the other end beyond the chapel, over which a large striped awning served as a porch and a crush room, the interior being decorated with flowering and foliage plants, and splendidly lighted by pendant lamps. They then passed through the armour passage to the centre State Drawing-room, adjoining the ballroom, where they were received by the Countess, the train of whose lovely and charming costume, a la Marie Antoinette, was borne by her little daughter, Lady Marjorie Greville, and a young companion, Miss Hamilton, who were attired as imitation China shepherdesses in white broche silk, and large white satin hats, trimmed with roses and long ostrich feathers, and carried wands. Dancing commenced at a quarter to 11, the music being supplied by Herr Wurms’ Viennese band, the members of which wore the dress of the period carried out in white and gold, and were ensconced in an orchestra formed in one of the arched windows. The ball was opened by a quadrille, in which one set was made up of the Countess and Count Demyn (the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador), the Duchess of Sutherland and [[Social Victorians/People/de Soveral|M. de Soverel]] [sic] (the Portuguese Ambassador), Princess Henry of Pless and the Earl of Warwick, and Prince Henry of Pless and Lady Feodora Sturt. The programmes of dance music were in book form, bearing a miniature medallion of Marie Antoinette on the one side, and Warwick Castle, set in a little Louis Quinze frame, on the other. The scene, while the dancing was in full swing, was replete with animation and splendid beauty. The infinite variety of costumes, flashing diamonds and other jewels, and a brilliance of colour ever changing with wondrous rapidity, as the dancers advanced and receded, or mingled in the crowd, backed by the cedar pannelling with the light falling from the candelabra and incandescent electric lights upon the fine Vandyck family portraits hanging round it, the large crystal chandeliers pending from the white and gold ceiling, and standing in each corner of the room and on either side of the great marble and alabaster mantelpiece, made up a picture at once quaint, full of life, animation, and picturesque beauty. Shortly after midnight, three trumpeters, correctly dressed in the gold-bedecked uniform of English heralds of the time of Louis XV., took up a position at the entrance to the banquetting hall and gave the signal that supper was served, by blowing a fanfare. Thereupon, a procession was formed, the Conntess [sic] of Warwick leading the way with Count Deym. M. de Soverel followed with the Duchess of Sutherland; then came the Earl of Warwick with Princess Henry of Pless, Prince Henry with Lady Feodora Sturt, the Earl of Lonsdale with Mrs Arthur Paget, and Lord Kenyon with Mrs Miller-Munday [sic for Mundy]. [6, Col. 1b–c] This party of 12 seated themselves at the centre table, other guests occupying the round and oval tables, about 14 in number, and each laid for eight. Special arrangements had been made for the serving of ''souper'', which was supplied entirely from the Castle kitchens, and it was originally intended, when it was thought the number of guests would not exceed 240, that all should sit down together. But the applications from those who wished to be included in what may, without exaggeration, be termed an historical event in the social functions of Warwickshire, were so very numerous that it was necessary to divide the company into two sections. On the centre table was an imposing display of the handsome gold and silver family plate, including a celebrated gold cup modelled by Benvenuto Cellini, and the floral embellishments consisted of choice flowers from Cannes and magnificent orchids from Trentham. The round and oval tables were also handsomely decorated with silver plate. The meal was a truly sumptuous one, and the menu, which was printed inside a little white and gold Louis XV. screen, having a picture of Warwick Castle on one side and “Souper, Février 1, 1895,” on the reverse, included some triumphs of the culinary art. The dessert comprised strawberries, apricots, grapes, pineapples, and other fruits rare and expensive at this season of the year,[sic] The hall, with its shining coats of mail, the magnificent Beauvais tapestry forming portieres and hanging from the gallery, the massive silver candelabra on the tables, and the immense ecclesiastical candlesticks standing on the floor and bearing torches which towered far above the heads of the guests, constituted a truly marvellous sight, and one upon which the eye never tired to dwell. To render the picture more complete, the servants, who flitted about attending upon the wants of the guests, were clothed in the livery of the period, some in white and gold and red velvet, and others in sabre suits of black, all wearing knee-breeches, silk stockings, and white wigs. The staff of servants at the Castle was quite inadequate to carry out the various duties which devolved upon them in consequence of the ball, and Mr J. Hall (the House-steward) consequently found it necessary to engage a special staff of first-class waiters from London. A few privileged persons, to whom tickets had previously been issued, were admitted to the long narrow passage in the thickness of the wall near the roof, which was discovered at the time of the disastrous fire in 1871, to which access is gained through the oak and carnation rooms. After supper, dancing was resumed, and continued with unabated vigour until considerably after four o’clock, the Countess remaining during the whole of that time with her guests.

One of the guests made an unfortunate miss of the train which cost him a good deal of inconvenience, and his host and hostess some anxiety. The gentleman in question was taken as one of a large house party in the county to Warwick, and there was a special train chartered from Milverton to carry the guests back to a station near the host's residence. A short time before his party were returning home, the guest went into the smoke-room at the Castle, and though the heard the name of his host called, he thought it was the company of a lady of the same name who were wanted. In the end the gentleman was left behind, and then he drove to Leamington, but could get no train from there. All the hotels were [6, Col. 1c–2a] full, and so it was no use to apply there for a bed. The consequence was he had to spend the night in a waiting room either at Leamington or Milverton Station, getting back to the country house on Saturday. He will long remember Lady Warwick’s ball.

Letters have been received from guests expressing satisfaction in regard to the efficient way in which the police carried out their duties. It may be stated that the numerous alterations and renovations at the Castle, especially in regard to the private apartments, have been carried out by Messrs Bertram and Sons, the great upholsterers, of Dean-street, Soho.

As one of the lady guests was alighting from her carriage at the Castle, on Friday night, a large diamond and turquoise ornament, valued at 200 guineas, became detached from her hair, and fell to the ground. The loss was quickly discovered, and, fortunately, the costly ornament was recovered intact.

Viscount Dungarven, whe was to have formed one of Mr W. M. Low’s party, was prevented by unforseen circumstances from attending the ball. Mr Perry (Bitham House) was also prevented attending by illness.

LIST OF GUESTS.

It has been found impossible to obtain a complete list of the names of the guests owing to the fact that the presentation of tickets was dispensed with, and we have, therefore, been compelled to rely on extraneous sources for information. The following is a list of the names of a large number of those present at the function:—

P&lt;small&gt;RINCES&lt;/small&gt; [init caps large, rest sm] — Francis of Teck and Henry of Pless (Viscomte de Bragabene [Bragelonne?].)

P&lt;small&gt;RINCESS&lt;/small&gt; — Henry of Pless (Adrienne Lecouvreur.)

E&lt;small&gt;ARLS&lt;/small&gt; — Clonmell (modern Court dress), Rosslyn (Duc de Nemours), Lonsdale (M. de Copinson, Keeper of the Koyal [sic] Stud, Louis XV.), and Chesterfield (Court costume.)

D&lt;small&gt;UKE&lt;/small&gt; of Manchester (Marquis de Grammont.)

D&lt;small&gt;UCHESS&lt;/small&gt; of Sutherland (Queen of Louis XV.)

M&lt;small&gt;ARQUIS&lt;/small&gt; of Hertford (Court costume.)

M&lt;small&gt;ARCHIONESS&lt;/small&gt; of Hertford (Court costume.)

C&lt;small&gt;OUNT&lt;/small&gt; Paiffy (costume Louis XV.)

C&lt;small&gt;OUNTESSES&lt;/small&gt; Cairns (Duchess de Bouillon) and Rosslyn (Marchande Coquette.)

C&lt;small&gt;OMTESSE&lt;/small&gt; Ahlefeldt-Laurvig (Dame de la temps Louis XVI.)

V&lt;small&gt;ISCOUNTS&lt;/small&gt; — Southwell (Court dress of the period), and Clifden (Court dress of the period ).

H&lt;small&gt;IS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;XCELLENCY&lt;/small&gt; the Portuguese Minister (Mousquetaire of the 2ud [sic] Company of the Royal Household, Louis XV.)

H&lt;small&gt;IS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;XCELLENCY&lt;/small&gt; the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador (English Court dress.)

L&lt;small&gt;ORDS&lt;/small&gt; — Burford (Mousquetaire), Cecil Manners (Court dress of the period), Churchill (Mons. de Brissac), Kenyon (officer of the Regiment du Roi, Louis XVI.), Clifton (officer of the Guards, Louis XV.), Lovat (Comte d’Artagnas), Richard Neville (Duc de Lauzun), Frederick Hamilton; Royston (Souis Brigadier of Mousquetaires, Louis XVI.), Grey de Wilton (gentlemen temps Louis XV.). and Doneraile (modern Court dress.)

L&lt;small&gt;ADIES&lt;/small&gt; — Norreys (Paysaune Galante), Ann Murray (Madame de Pompadour), Waller (Comtesse d’Artois), Peel (costume 1787), Chetwode, Angela St. Clair Erskine (Lady Mary Campbell), Eva Greville (Polichinelle, Louis (XV.), G. Petre, Feodora Sturt (Madame la Marquise de la Pompadour), Gerard (Duchess de Pognac), Edith Seymour (Lady of the reign of Louis XVI.), Mordaunt (Princess de Lambelle), and Churchill (French Marquise in the time of Louis XV.)

S&lt;small&gt;IRS&lt;/small&gt; — Algernon Osborne (civilian costume, Louis XV.), Archibald Edmonstone (Mousquetuaire), Francis Burdett, Charles Mordaunt (gentleman of the time of Louis XVI.), and F. Peel.

[6, Col. 2a–b]

H&lt;small&gt;ONOURABLES&lt;/small&gt; — Mrs Louis Greville (dress of the period), Dudley Ward (Mousquetaire), C. Finch (gentleman of the period of Louis XV.), Captain Alwyn Greville (Mousquetaire), Mr and Mrs Chandos Leigh, Mrs Alwyn Greville (Dame de la Court Louis XV.), Captain Hedworth Lambton (Courtier of Louis XVI.), Humphrey Sturt, M.P. (Abbé Bouvet), Mrs E. Lyon (''à la'' Watteau), Mrs Dudley Ward, B. W. H. Stoner (Mousquetaire, Louis XVI.), Sidney Greville (officer of the Regiment of the Swiss Guards), Louis Greville (Mousquetaire, Regiment de Provence, Louis XV.), [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]] (Mousquetaire), [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|Mrs George Keppel]] (lady, t[i]me of Louis XVI.), Malcolm Lyon, Mrs Herbert Dormer (costume, Louis XV.), Mrs Frank Parker, and Cecil Freemantle (Court dress of the period).

B&lt;small&gt;ARONS&lt;/small&gt; — Macar (Court dress of the period) and Schimmelpennick Van der Oye (Court dress).

B&lt;small&gt;ARONESS&lt;/small&gt; — Schimmelpennick Van der Oye (costume Louis XVI.)

G&lt;small&gt;ENERAL&lt;/small&gt; — Arbuthnot (Court dress of the period).

C&lt;small&gt;OLONELS&lt;/small&gt; — Paulet and Mildmay Willson, C.B. (Scots Guards).

M&lt;small&gt;AJORS&lt;/small&gt; — Armstrong (modern Court dress), Norris Fosbery (Mousquetaire), and Alston.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAINS&lt;/small&gt; — Molesworth (Mousquetaire), J. Barry (costume, Louis XVI.), Somerset (Mousquetaire), Brinkley (Court costume of the period), East (Mousquetaire), Granville (Mousquetaire), Cowan, Lafone, Keighly-Peach, Bruce Hamilton, H. Welman (Court dress), Grant, Towers Clark (Court dress), Allfrey (Court dress, Louis XV.), and Oxley, 60th Rifles.

M&lt;small&gt;ESDAMES&lt;/small&gt; — Armstrong (French Marquise), Gerald Arbuthnot (Court Dame), Armitage (Dame de la temps Louis XV.), H. Allfrey (Marquise, temps Louis XV.), Brinkley (Court Dame, Louis XV.), Frank Bibby (Lady of the Court of Louis XVI.), Everard Browne (Court Dame), Beech, Aubrey Cartwright, Chamberlayne (Court dress), Cowan, Cove-Jones, H. Chamberlain, George Cartland, Cartwright (Court Dame), J. S. Dugdale (Court lady), Blanche Drummond, Lindsay Eric-Smith (Pompadour costume), Fosbery, Wilson Fitzgerald, Fairfax-Lucy (Marquise Louis XV.), Granville, Graham, Gaskell (Grande Dame), Hulton (Court costume), Harvey Drummond, Irwin, Joliffe (Watteau), Edward Lucas (Lady of Court Louis XVI.), Morton P. Lucas (Court Lady, Louis XV.), E. Little, Leslie (of Balquhain), Lakin (Madame Roland), W. M. Low, Leslie (a la Watteau), Beresford Melville (Dame de la Court), J. Menzies (Duchess d’Angoulêne), Molesworth (costume Louis XVI.), Basil Montgomery (Marquise), Miller-Munday [sic] (Marie Therese, Queen of the Sicilies), Robert O. Milne (Dame de la Louis XVI.), Norris, Osborne (Madame de Pompadour), Arthur Paget (Duchess d’Orleans), Paulet, Ramsden (Madame de Colonne), Arthur Somerset (Shepherdess a la Watteau), Smythe, L. Gay Scott, Beauchamp Scott (Lady of time of Louis XVI.), Shaw, Sanders, Fred Shaw, S. C. Smith (Marquise temps Louis XVI.), Tree (Lady Louis XVI. period), Thursby-Pelham (Court dress), Tower (Duchess de Polignac), Towers-Clark (Lady of the Court of Louis XV.)[,] Francis Williams, Wheatley (Lady of time of Louis XV.), West [(]Court costume Louis XV.), and Francis Williams (Louis XV. costume).

[6, Col. 2b–c]

M&lt;small&gt;ADEMOISELLES&lt;/small&gt; — Allfrey, Armstrong (a laWatteau), Bromley Davenport, N. Booker (English lady of the Court of King George III.), Booker (Lady of time of Louis XV.), Muriel Bell, Nora Battye, Decapell Brooke, Spender Clay (Mdme Lamballe), Carleton (Watteau, Louis XV.), Chetwode, Anna Cassel, Carruthers (costume of the period Louis XV.), Champion, Hugh Drummond (Court costume), Constance Dormer (costume, Louis XV.), Beatrice Fitzherbert (Court Dame), Lucy (Mademoiselle de Montmirail), Granville, Gaskell (costume, Louis XV.), Hodgson (a la Watteau), Gladys Hankey (Marquese, reign Louis XV.), Irwin, Keighly-Peach akin (Dame de la Cours, Louis XV.), Lakin (a la Watteau), Lister-Kaye, Violet Leigh (Mdlle. de Chévreuse), Murray, Miller-Mundy (Court dress), J. Menzies (Duchess d’ Angoulêne), Naylor (Lady of the Court of Louis XV.), Nicol, Osborne (Mdme. de Pompadour, in garden dress), Perry, Constance Peel, Ramsden (Mdlle. de Colonne), E. N. Ramsden (Mdlle. de Coloane), Rushton (Lady of the Court of Louis XV), C. Starkey, Cicely Dudley Smith (Court dress, Louis XVI.), May Sanders (Louis XVI. costume), Cornwallis West (Mdlle. de la Court), Muriel Wilson (English costume of the period, Louis XV. and XVI.), Fleetwood Wilson (Lady, time Louis XVI.), and Waller (Fille de la Comtesse d’Artoix).

M&lt;small&gt;ESSIEURS&lt;/small&gt; — G. A. Arbuthnot (modern Court dress), W. C. Alston (Infanterie Regiment de Forés), Allfrey, J. Arkwright, W. Armstrong, J. P. Arkwright, Robertson Aikman, Frank Bibby, Bromley-Davenport, Brinckman, P. B. Vander Byl (Mousquetaire), Beaumont, 60th Rifles, L. Bethell (Mousquetaire), Bainbridge, A. E. Batchelor (Garde de la Porte), Everard Browne (gentleman, temps Louis XV.), R. Barnes, Battye, F. C. Hunter Blair (Mousquetaire), Beech (Garde au corps du Roi), C. B. Clutterbuck (Mousequetaire), Cassel (modern Court dress), Collings (modern court dress), Felix Cassel, Caryl Craven (military uniform of the period), Aubrey Cartwright, Chamberlayne, Bertram Chaplin, Cove-Jones, E. S. Chattock, H. Chamberlain, Drummond Chaplin (Court dress), G. Cartland, J. S. Dugdale (Recorder), M. Farquahar (Mousquetaire), Cyril Foley (officer du corps du Roi Pologne Stanilas), Kenneth Foster (Mousquetaire), S. M. Fraser (Mousquetaire), Fairfax-Lucy (Colonel George Lucy), J. S. Forbes (Mousquetaire), B. J. Fitzgerald (Mousquetaire), Francis Fitz-Herbert (Fusilier du Roi), J. B. Fitz-Herbert (gentleman, temps Louis XV.), Wilson Fitzgerald, R. Flower (modern Court dress), Francis, Flower (modern Court dress), Granville, J, Grenfell, Graham, G. de J. Hamilton (Mousequetaire), E. Harrington (Mousquetaire), Hutton, Head, H. T. Hickman (Court dress), Percival Hodgson (Court dress), Irwin, Joliffe, Joostens (Diplomatic Court dress), M. T. Kennard (Maison du Roi), F. Laycock (officer of Pondicherry Regiment), Morton P. Lucas (gentleman of the period), R. W. Lindsay (Court dress, late 18th century), E. Little, Lister-Kay, Lakin (modern Court dress), R. Lakin (the Duc de Brissac), Richard Lant (modern court dress), John Lant (M. Vauthier), H. G. Lakin (the Marquis de Breze), W. M. Low (David Garrick), Meyrick, Murray (Mousquetaire), C. de Murietta (Marechal Saxe), J. Moncrieffe (gentleman of the period), H. Mordaunt (gentleman, temps. Louis XV.), T. J. Meyrick (gentleman, temps. XV.), F. Menzies, H. Molesworth, Basil Montgomery (Courtier, Louis XV.), John Monckton, R. O. Milne (Chevan-le’ ger de la Garde du Roi, Louis XVI.), H. du C. Norris (Court dress, Louis XV.), J. Norris (Marquis of France), Norton (Louis XVI. costume), C. S. Paulet (modern Court dress), Quinton-Dick (Mousquetaire), Arthur Paget, Ralph Paget (dress of Louis XV.), Oswald Petre (modern Court dress), George Peel, W. R. W. Peel, G. R. Powell (Court dress), Mark J. Paget (gentleman of period of Louis XV.), Ramsden (Mons. de Calonne), L. G. Scott (Mousquetaire), H. Spender Clay (Court dress of the period), Smythe, Shaw, S. Sanders (Mousquetaire), F. Shaw, S. O. Smith (modern court dress), M. Oswald Smith (gentleman of the Court of Louis XVI.), Cameron Skinner, W. L. Thursby (Mousequetaire), C. J. H. Tower (officier Gardes Suisses), Tree, Thursby-Pelham, Tower (officier Gardes Suisses), J. H. Wheatley (modern Court dress), Read Walker (officier d'Infanterie), Francis Williams, Montague Wood, West, Gordon Wood and Anthony White.

DESCRIPTION OF COSTUMES.

Appended are descriptions of the chief costumes worn:—

E&lt;small&gt;ARL OF&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;.

Field Marshal, Louis XVI. — Military coat with the long skirts of the period, having turned-back revers of white cloth, laced, after the military fashion, with gold, white knee-breeches and silk stockings. The cravat and ruffles were of lace. A white wig in Louis XVI. style, and a three-cornered black beaver hat with gold braid all round the brim, which was edged with small white ostrich plumes, completed a handsome and artistic costume. A sword was worn in a swordbelt of the period.

C&lt;small&gt;OUNTESS OF&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;.

Marie Antoinette — Gala costume. Rich brocade dress, with a ground of a delicate tint of pearl, with a suggestion of pink in it, the design roses in gold, with gold foliage, lilies in white, some small blue flowers and clusters of pink blossoms, with bright old- world green as foliage. The skirt was quite plain, and the [6, Col. 2c–3a] bodice drawn into shaped points at the hips, so that it sat right out at either side. It was full, and yard on the ground at the back. The bodice was finished with points back and front, and was cut with absolute perfection. Round the shoulders were full soft folds of gold-flecked French silk muslin edged with beautiful gold lace. The sleeves were plain and tight to the elbow, whence they were finished with triple frills of the gold-flecked muslin, each bordered with gold lace, and with ruffles falling from beneath the frills of point d’Alençon lace. The frills were headed with bands of gold embroidery. At the back, suspended from both shoulders by gold cords, was a beautiful Court mantle of deep rich blue velvet, not so pale as turquoise nor so strong as the shade we call Royal, but a bright lovely colour. This was embroidered all over with a raised design of fleur de lys in dull and burnished gold, and was lined with the same blue velvet. The hair was dressed high with a magnificently embroidered head-dress. Her ladyship wore the Warwick family diamonds round her neck as a collar, a turquoise velvet cap clasped with jewels on her white coiffure and a bandeau of family jewels under her cap. Her court mantle was fastened at the shoulders with a tiara of diamonds widened out so as to clasp the cloak from shoulder to shoulder.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;OMTESSSE&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;HLEFELDT&lt;/small&gt;.

Dame de Ia temps Louis XVI. — cream silk petticoat, with front of real ha[n]d-worked silk embroidery, done in the time of Louis XVI., the design being convolvulus and other flowers wrought in dull pink, blue, and green silks, and feathers tied with true lover’s knots. There was a bright shell pink tunic-shaped overdress, with Watteau back, edged with real Brussels, white silk stomacher, large pink bows in front and on each hip; and wreath of pink roses.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ERALD&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RBUTHNOT&lt;/small&gt;.

Brocade gown with Watteau back and paniers, cerise satin petticoat, studded with large blue satin bows, cerise velvet stomacher, fechu of Brussels lace; head-dress, cap of cerise velvet and blue plumes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RMITAGE&lt;/small&gt;.

Dame de la temps Louis XV. — Light grey satin dress brocaded with bunches of cyclamen, roses with green leaves, and ornamented with velvet to match, and groups of yellow and cyclamen roses.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RMITAGE&lt;/small&gt; (K&lt;small&gt;IRROUGHTEN&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of the Court of Louis XVI. — Bodice and short train, with Watteau plait of pale heliotrope and green brocade, with large revers of heliotrope satin, and bodice trimmed with petunia velvet and petunia and yellow roses and lace; petticoat of heliotrope satin and lace flounces, diamond and sapphire ornaments; hair ''poudré'', with heliotrope feathers.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RMSTRONG&lt;/small&gt;.

''A la'' Watteau. — White watered silk, brocaded with stripes and clusters of roses. The front of the petticoat was draped with blue chiffon, and edged at the bottom with pink roses, bodice with blue satin bows in front, and on the shoulders and neck, and sleeves trimmed with full white chiffon and pink roses, powdered hair, wreath of roses and blue bow.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RMSTRONG&lt;/small&gt;. French Marquise. — Handsome cream coloured real old brocade with black velvet front, and trimmings of very old point de Venice, and festoons of pink roses.

[6, Col. 3a–b]

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;VERARD&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ROWNE&lt;/small&gt;.

Brocaded satin with silver stripes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;RANK&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;IBBY&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady of the Court of Louis XVI. — White satin dress, with skirt draped with old lace, pink chiffon sash embroidered with silver; diamond buttons on corsage.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;RINKLEY&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress of the period — Claret-coloured coat and knee-breeches, white silk embroidered waistcoat, white silk stockings and old paste buckled shoes, Louis XVI. wig, and Court sword.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;RINKLEY&lt;/small&gt;.

Marquise du Deffant — Train of white brocade embroidered in roses and forget-me-nots, the paniers lined and turned back with green satin and guipure; petticoat of pink satin and old Honiton lace, trimmed with pink roses; Louis XV. wig, with roses and diamonds.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;ARL OF&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;URFORD&lt;/small&gt;.

Military costume of Louis XV.’s time — White cloth with pale blue facings, trimmed handsomely and effectively with gold.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;URIEL&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ELL&lt;/small&gt;.

Princesse de Lamballe — Pink satin brocade, white petticoat, pink roses; hair ''poudré''.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; N. B&lt;small&gt;ATTYE&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt;).

English dress of the period — Light blue satin dress[,] lace fichu, large black velvet hat with white ostrich feathers.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;DE&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;APELL&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ROOKE&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady of the time of Louis XV. — Pink figured silk, over white satin skirt, edged with gold gimp, Watteau back; hair powdered.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;EECH&lt;/small&gt;.

Garde du Corps du Roi — Crimson coat, white facings, and gold lace.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;EECH&lt;/small&gt;.

Madame de La Fayette — Old brocade, with lace and crimson roses and black velvet bows.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; F. C. H&lt;small&gt;UNTER&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;LAIR&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;EAMINGTON&lt;/small&gt;).

Mousquetaire Uniform Louis XV., in white, scarlet, and gold.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN&lt;/small&gt; J&lt;small&gt;IM&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ARRY&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt;).

Mousquetaire Louis XV. — Black knee-breeches, light blue coat and waistcoat, faced with white, and trimmed with gold lace.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ARYL&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;RAVEN&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire, Louis XVI. — White and gold.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;ARL OF&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HESTERFIELD&lt;/small&gt;.

Court costume — Coat of pale blue corded silk, the cuffs, pocket flaps, and fronts all richly wrought with gold, while the buttons were old paste and amethysts. The knee-breeches were blue silk, and the blue silk stockings were clocked with gold, and Court shoes were worn, with diamond buckles, The waistcoat was of yellow satin, brocaded with pink rosebuds, and having old paste and amethyst buttons. A jabot of old lace was pinned with a diamond brooch, and the ruffles were of similar lace. A white wig was worn with a three-cornered gold-laced and white-plumed hat.

[6, Col. 3b–c]

C&lt;small&gt;OUNTESS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;AIRNS&lt;/small&gt;.

Duchess de Bouillon — Dress of light-hued satin, with relief of pink diamonds, and pink roses in the hair.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HAPLIN&lt;/small&gt;.

Court suit of green silk velvet, with embroidered vest and white wig.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HURCHILL&lt;/small&gt;.

Court costume — Blue brocade, with steel buttons and knot of ribbon, fringed with silver on one shoulder; white satin waistcoat and blue knee-breeches.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;LIFTON&lt;/small&gt;.

Officer of the Guards, Louis XV. — Coat of pale green cloth, turned back with crimson, and laced with gold.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;PENDER&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;LAY&lt;/small&gt;.

Madme. Lamballe — A pretty pink and white brocade dress in the style of Louis XV., and with large hat, trimmed with ostrich plumes and roses. She carried a white wand surmounted by roses.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ARLETON&lt;/small&gt;.

Watteau, Louis XV. — Blue silk brocaded dress, with little pink roses, and pink satin petticoat with Watteau pleat, hair arranged with pink wreath of roses and pink feathers.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ARTWRIGHT&lt;/small&gt;.

White satin dress, trimmed with sable and point de gaze lace; musseline de soie fichu edged with lace, and caught up with clusters of pink roses.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HAMPION&lt;/small&gt; (N&lt;small&gt;ORFOLK&lt;/small&gt;).

Dress of old brocade; petticoat of Rose de Barri satin, trimmed with pearls and lace; lace fichu, large rose hat with plumes, and pearl ornaments.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HAMBERLAYNE&lt;/small&gt; (S&lt;small&gt;TONEY&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;HORPE&lt;/small&gt;).

Marquise Louis XV. — Pink satin petticoat, yellow flowered silk bodice, and train from the shoulders; pink satin ribbon and diamonds in the powdered hair.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ARUTHERS&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ARDINGTON&lt;/small&gt;, B&lt;small&gt;ANBURY&lt;/small&gt;).

Short-waisted dress of period Louis XV.; yellow brocade over yellow satin petticoat; old lace and roses.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ERTRAM&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HAPLIN&lt;/small&gt;.

Period Louis XVI. — White satin coat and breeches, pink satin waistcoat.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; Q&lt;small&gt;UENTIN&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;ICK&lt;/small&gt;.

Officer of the Household of Louis XV. — White cloth uniform, faced with blue, and braided with gold.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;RUMMOND&lt;/small&gt; (S&lt;small&gt;HERBOURNE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;OUSE&lt;/small&gt;).

A blue brioche, brocaded with pink roses and leaves, and gaily trimmed with pink Banksia roses, petticoat of white satin, flounced with lovely Brussels lace, bodice [sic] of bioche silk, with white front trimmed with roses and old-fashioned gauze, necklace of roses and pearls, and wreath of roses.

HON. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;UBERT&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;ORMER&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress Louis XVI. — Petticoat of pink satin, point lace flounce; overdress of dark red satin, in paniers, looped with red and pink roses, diamond and pearl ornaments.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; J. S. D&lt;small&gt;UGDALE&lt;/small&gt;, Q.C.

Recorder’s Court dress of the period — Black silk gown with lace ruffles, black silk stockings, buckle shoes, and full bottomed wig.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; J. S. D&lt;small&gt;UGDALE&lt;/small&gt;.

A very handsome bright blue silk brocaded with white, and made ''à la'' Pompadour, with white satin front trimmed with dark fur, the bodice made with pearl trimmings, and a white muslin fichu tied at one side under a bunch of pink roses, hair dressed with blue feathers, wreath of pink roses, and a tiara of diamonds in front.

[6, Col. 3c–4a]

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ONSTANCE&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;ORMER&lt;/small&gt; (H&lt;small&gt;ASTINGS&lt;/small&gt;.)

Marquise Louis XVI. — Gown of white silk brocaded with roses, Watteau back. Pearl ornaments.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;NGELA&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;T&lt;/small&gt;. C&lt;small&gt;LAIR&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;RSKINE&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady Mary Campbell — White muslin costume, with broad blue silk sash.

S&lt;small&gt;IR&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RCHIBALD&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;DMONSTONE&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — White cloth uniform, faced with blue and showing a blue waistcoat, the whole having a large amount of silver military braiding.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;INDSAY&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;RIC&lt;/small&gt;-S&lt;small&gt;MITH&lt;/small&gt; (E&lt;small&gt;LFINSWARD&lt;/small&gt;, H&lt;small&gt;AYWARD'S&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;EATH&lt;/small&gt;. [sic no paren]

Pompadour dress, period Louis XVI. — Yellow brocade, and white satin petticoat.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;AIRFAX&lt;/small&gt;-L&lt;small&gt;UCY&lt;/small&gt; (C&lt;small&gt;HARLECOTE&lt;/small&gt;).

A Marquise. — Rich white brocade dress, with blue and straw brocade saque, edged with Brussels lace, and Brussels lace flounce, Vandycked round, petticoat with pink roses, lace ruffles and fichu, and pink roses and diamonds in the hair completed the costume.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;AIRFAX&lt;/small&gt;-L&lt;small&gt;UCY&lt;/small&gt; (C&lt;small&gt;HARLECOTE&lt;/small&gt;).

Colonel George Lucy — Red lilac-coloured cloth suit, Court dress of the period, edged with silver lace, and belonged to Colonel G. Lucy in 1744; silk stockings of the same colour, high-heeled shoes, with diamond buckles, and knee buckles, lace ruffles, and cravat.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ASIL&lt;/small&gt; J. F&lt;small&gt;ITZGERALD&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — Uniform of dark green cloth, faced with tan, and trimmed with silver, old point d’Alencon ruffles, tan silk sash, and cross belt of tan and silver.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; B. F&lt;small&gt;ITZGERALD&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — White uniform, with orange velvet facings braided with gold, crossbelt of white and gold, a yellow sash, and the high black leather boots of the period.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;-F&lt;small&gt;ITZGERALD&lt;/small&gt;.

Dress of the real old brocade of Louis XV.’s reign.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. C&lt;small&gt;LEMENT&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;INCH&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman of the period Louis XV. — Coat of blue watered silk, with silver trimming, satin breeches to match, white satin vest, and black hat decked with silver.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;EATRICE&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;ITZHERBERT&lt;/small&gt;.

Dress of pale blue satin, lined with pink, with pink roses on the corsage, Louis XVI. period. She wore a beautiful pearl necklace, with large diamond pendant, and two diamond sprays, all of which were given by George IV. to Mrs Fitzberbert.

M&lt;small&gt;AJOR&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;OSBERY&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;).

Mousquetaire — Claret-coloured tunic, with salmon-colour cuffs, lace ruffles, &amp;c.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;OSBERY&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;).

Marquise — Pink satin petticoat, covered with lace, grey and pink brocaded bodice and train, pink roses and ostrich plume in powdered hair.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ERARD&lt;/small&gt;.

Duchess de Pognac — Dress of pale blue brocade, decked with small roses, with front of pink satin; fichu of muslin and lace, and stomacher of lace and roses.

[6, Col. 4a–b]

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;VA&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Polichinelle, Louis XV. — White satin gown ornamented at the bottom with a trelliswork of silver, studded with small pink roses; corsage to correspond, and fastened across the stomacher by large diamond hooks and eyes.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. S&lt;small&gt;IDNEY&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Officer of the Regiment of Swiss Guards — Coat of pale blue cloth, nearly bordering on green — quite a turquoise shade. The revers were white, and turned back from a white waistcoat braided with gold. The braiding was continued down the white revers of the coat and on the skirts; white satin knee-breeches, silk stockings, Court shoes, white wig, and three-cornered hat, trimmed with gold braid and white ostrich feathers, completed one of the most effective of military attires. A sword was, of course, worn.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. L&lt;small&gt;OUIS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire, Louis XV. — Claret-coloured coat, laced with gold over white; a white silk sash, sword-belt of red cloth with gold, white knee-breeches, Court shoes, silk stockings, and the wig and three-cornered hat of the time.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OUIS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Dress of the period — Petticoat of deep rose-petal pink satin, with a full flounce of white lace headed by trails of roses; over-dress of white satin, brocaded with a design of roses and lined with pale-green satin, pointed bodice showing a pink vest laced across, and ruffles and fichu of Mechlin lace to correspond with the flounce. The hair was powdered and dressed high, with an ornament of roses and diamonds at one side.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN THE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. A&lt;small&gt;LWYN&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — Coat of scarlet cloth, cuffs and fronts turned back with white and laced with gold, and broad red silk sash, white knee-breeches, silk stockings, and Court shoes.

THE H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;LWYN&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Dame de la Court Louis XV. — Over-dress of pink mirror velvet bordered with dark fur, opening over a front of cream satin, long pink velvet sleeves with roses and fichu of fine old lace on the corsage; hair dressed ''a la'' Princess Lambale.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ARKELL&lt;/small&gt;.

Grande Dame — Blue shot-satin dress adorned with point, d’Alençon lace, veiled with silver tissue under white gauze and tied up by a wide blue chiffon sash caught at the arm-holes with diamond buttons; ornaments, enamelled medallions set in diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ASKELL&lt;/small&gt;.

Gainsborough costume — White satin and blue chiffon, Louis XVI.; old diamond necklace.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ASKELL&lt;/small&gt;.

Costume, Louis XV. — Blue and pink costume of that period, with a very large black velvet hat, trimmed with blue feathers.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ORDON&lt;/small&gt;.

All in white, lined with blue satin, the front of the bodice made of fine muslin, caught up with small pink roses; and a little wreath of pink roses in the hair, and diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;ARCHIONESS OF&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ERTFORD&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady time of Louis XVI. — Black velvet dress and train, white satin front covered with old point lace; long pointed bodice with lace fichu, long velvet sleeves lined with white satin, front of dress covered with diamonds. White full-dress wig, with lace lappets and diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;RNEST&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;UTTON&lt;/small&gt; (G&lt;small&gt;ROVE&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ARK&lt;/small&gt;, W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;.)

Marquise Louis XVI. — Overdress of light green satin brocaded with pink roses and faced with pale pink satin over white satin petticoat, with lace flounce beaded with pink roses. Pearl and diamond ornaments.

[6, Col. 4b–c]

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;UTTON&lt;/small&gt; (G&lt;small&gt;ROVE&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ARK&lt;/small&gt;).

English Court dress — Black velvet, point lace ruffles.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; H. T. H&lt;small&gt;ICKMAN&lt;/small&gt;.

Court dress, time of Louis XV. — Black velvet coat, knee-breeches, trimmed with white lace.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;UTTON&lt;/small&gt;.

Court costume — Dress with paniers of pale-green brocade over a white satin petticoat having a flounce of lace headed by roses.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ODGSON&lt;/small&gt;.

''A la'' Watteau — Sang de boeuf coloured satin petticoat, trimmed with old lace, caught up with roses; a corset and polonaise of rose figured satin, the latter trimmed with deep revers of green satin; white wig; ornaments, pearls and diamonds.

M. J&lt;small&gt;OOSTENS&lt;/small&gt; (B&lt;small&gt;ELGIAN&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;EGATION&lt;/small&gt;, L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt;).

Courtier, Louis XVI. — White satin knee breeches, claret velvet coat and waistcoat, point lace ruffles.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; H. J&lt;small&gt;OLIFFE&lt;/small&gt; (G&lt;small&gt;OLDICOTE&lt;/small&gt;).

Marquise of Louis XV. — Blue silk brocaded dress with pink roses, the petticoat of pink satin trimmed with white lace and pink roses, and the over-dress turned back with green satin edged with gold embroidery.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; K&lt;small&gt;ENYON&lt;/small&gt;.

Officier of the Regiment du Roi, Louis XVI. — Handsome dress of white cloth faced with pale-blue and laced with gold.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. G&lt;small&gt;EORGE&lt;/small&gt; K&lt;small&gt;EPPEL&lt;/small&gt;]] (2, Wilton Crescent, London).

Mousequetaire — White cloth, with an exquisitely jewelled Order around his neck.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; [[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;EORGE&lt;/small&gt; K&lt;small&gt;EPPEL&lt;/small&gt;]].

Lady, time Louis XVI. — Gown of shell pink satin, pointed bodice, with full paniers, of antique brocade of the real deep rose shade known as du Barri sewn with silver thread and bouquets of roses. Full petticoat, of dull creamy-tinted satin, with a deep band round it of silver tissue embroidered with garlands of small leafless roses. The sleeves had long ruffles of old lace. The hair was powdered and dressed elaborately and high, with three rose du Barri feathers in it and a little cap of lace. The shoes were of pink satin, with diamond buckles.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;ARL OF&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ONSDALE&lt;/small&gt;.

M. de Capuisan, Keeper of the Royal Stud, Louis XV. — Coat and knee-breeches were of ruby velvet, richly wrought with gold and with rare and valuable paste buttons on the former, while the vest was of pearl-white satin edged with very beautiful embroidery, white silk stockings, Court shoes with diamond buckles, lace ruffles and jabot with diamond brooch, jewelled hilted Court sword, and white wig with three-cornered hat with gold lace and white plumes.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OVAT&lt;/small&gt;.

Comte d’Artagnas — Military costume of the period in white, faced with blue and laced with gold; an embroidered pouch slung from his belt, embroidered in gold, silk stockings, Court shoes, white wig, sword, and three-cornered hat.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;UCY&lt;/small&gt; (C&lt;small&gt;HARLECOTE&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ARK&lt;/small&gt;).

Madenoiselle de Montmirail — White satin petticoat, with deep flounce of Brussels lace, caught up with pompom; pink roses; witite brocade saque, laced with pearls; lace ruffles and fichu; large black velvet hat and plumes.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;AKIN&lt;/small&gt;.

Watteau costume — White satin brocade with white satin petticoat, festooned with roses.

[6, Col. 4c–5a]

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ORTUGUESE&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;INISTER&lt;/small&gt; (D&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OUIE DE&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OUVERAL&lt;/small&gt; [Soveral]).

Mousquetaire of the 2nd Company of the Royal Household, Louis XV. — Scarlet, laced with gold and relieved with white, high black Mousquetaire boots, a plastron [sic] embroidered with the Royal arms, white wig, three-cornered hat gold-laced and white-plumed, sword.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; R&lt;small&gt;ICHARD&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ANT&lt;/small&gt; (N&lt;small&gt;AILCOTE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ALL&lt;/small&gt;, C&lt;small&gt;OVENTRY&lt;/small&gt;).

Present day Court dress, with Louis XV. white wig.

H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;HANDOS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;EIGH&lt;/small&gt;.

The Duchesse de Polignac, period Louis XVI. — Petticoat of pale pink brocade, with corsage and train of sapphire blue velvet and lace fichu.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; V&lt;small&gt;IOLET&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;EIGH&lt;/small&gt;.

Mdlle. de Chévreuse, period Louis XV. — Petticoat of white satin, with lattice work of pink roses, corsage with paniers and Watteau plait of sxy blue satin, lined with pale pink satin; powdered hair, with small wreath of roses, pearls, and white plume.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;RNEST&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ITTLE&lt;/small&gt; (&lt;small&gt;OF&lt;/small&gt; N&lt;small&gt;EWBOLD&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ACEY&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of the reign of Louis XV. — Train of brocade, in white and purple, over dress of satin, trimmed with old lace and pink roses.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;INDSAY&lt;/small&gt; (R&lt;small&gt;ED&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;OUSE&lt;/small&gt;, B&lt;small&gt;ARFORD&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress late 18th century, composed of black velvet.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;DWARD&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;UCAS&lt;/small&gt; (15, L&lt;small&gt;ENNOX&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;ARDENS&lt;/small&gt;, L&lt;small&gt;ONDON&lt;/small&gt;)

Lady of Court Louis XVI. — Pink brocade, with green satin petticoat.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ORTON&lt;/small&gt; P. L&lt;small&gt;UCAS&lt;/small&gt; (T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;AKS&lt;/small&gt;).

Court lady, Louis XV. — Black velvet bodice and train; and white satin petticoat trimmed Brussels lace and roses.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ORTON&lt;/small&gt; P. L&lt;small&gt;UCAS&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman of the period — Black velvet Court dress, trimmed with steel, white satin waistcoat, and knee- breeches.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ISTER&lt;/small&gt;-K&lt;small&gt;AYE&lt;/small&gt;.

Period Louis XVI. — Blue silk brocade, white petticoat, pink roses.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ISTER&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ISTER&lt;/small&gt;-K&lt;small&gt;AYE&lt;/small&gt;.

Period Louis XVI. — Plum-coloured velvet coat and breeches, brocaded satin waistcoat.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;ESLIE AND&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; E. L&lt;small&gt;YON&lt;/small&gt;.

A la Watteau — Dresses of white and gold flowered brioche, with plain white satin fronts handsomely painted, the design being large, full blown pink roses and butterflies; hip panniers, and the bodices were of gold brioche, with white satin fronts trimmed with lace, large pearls, and Cairngorm jewels, neck ruffles edged with pearls and gold, and aigrettes and velvet bow of pink and gold.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN THE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. H&lt;small&gt;EDWORTH&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;AMBTON&lt;/small&gt;.

Courtier of Louis XVI. — Coat of bronze satin, richly-embroidered knee-breeches, and richly-embroidered waistcoat of pearl white corded silk, lace ruffles and jabot, and all the details to correspond.

[6, Col. 5a–b]

D&lt;small&gt;UKE&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;OF&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ANCHESTER&lt;/small&gt;.

Marquis de Grammont — White satin knee-breeches, white silk stockings, shoes with paste buckles, a coat of real old Louis XVI. brocade, with a design of feathers in gold on a cream-coloured background and of pink rose sprays, the fronts, pockets, and cuffs all richly wrought in gold, and with fine old paste buttons. He had also an exquisite real lace jabot, fastened with an antique diamond brooch, a white satin waistcoat finely emboidered, white wig, and black three-cornered hat.

S&lt;small&gt;IR&lt;/small&gt; C. M&lt;small&gt;ORDAUNT&lt;/small&gt;, B&lt;small&gt;ART&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman of the period — Coat and knee-breeches of black velvet, with waistcoat of black broché, all three trimmed with cut steel buttons; lace ruffles and necktie; white wig, three-cornered hat, gold-headed cane finished with red and green ribbons; black silk stockings, and shoes with silver buckles.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ORDAUNT&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ALTON&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ALL&lt;/small&gt;).

Princess de Lamballe — Bodice and train of rich white brocade, trimmed with lace and wreaths of small pink roses, the train being edged with them all round; over pink satin petticoat, ornamented with bows of lace, lace flounce, and vandykes of pink roses. Hair powdered, over a cushion with curls in the neck, with wreath of pink roses, and loops of pink ribbon: White satin shoes, with pink heels and pink rosettes. Row of pearls round neck.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ASIL&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ONTGOMERY&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — Uniform of white cloth and Royal blue velvet, embroidered in gold.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ONCRIEFFE&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman of the period — Coat of pale ''vieux'' rose brocade trimmed with silver, satin breeches to match, sea-green satin waistcoat lightly worked over in silver, ruffles and jabot of white lace.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; R&lt;small&gt;OBERT&lt;/small&gt; O. M&lt;small&gt;ILNE&lt;/small&gt;.

Chevau léger de la Garde de Roi, Louis XVI. — Scarlet cloth coat, faced with gold lace, knee-breeches, three-cornered hat with ostrich feathers, large Hessian boots.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; J. M&lt;small&gt;ONCRIEFFE&lt;/small&gt;.

Courtier Louis XVI. — Coat of yellow brocade, heliotrope knee-breeches, and gold laced heliotrope waistcoat. The coat had paste buttons, and the details as to wig, sword, ruffles, shoes, stockings, and three-cornered hat, were all correctly carried out.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; H. M&lt;small&gt;ORDAUNT&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ALTON&lt;/small&gt;).

Courtier of period Louis XV. — Coat of mauve brocade, full skirted and embroidered with gold, the waistcoat of mauve satin embroidered in floral design, knee breeches of shot manve and gold, silk stockings, Court shoes, powdered hair, lace ruffles, jabot and sword made up a costume, correct in every particular, of one of Louis XVI.’s courtiers.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ERBERT&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;OLESWORTH&lt;/small&gt; (D&lt;small&gt;EVONPORT&lt;/small&gt;, D&lt;small&gt;EVON&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress of Louis XVI. — Yellow satin gown in paniers, trimmed with light blue velvet and pink roses. Diamond ornaments.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ERBERT&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;OLESWORTH&lt;/small&gt; (F&lt;small&gt;IELD&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RTILLERY&lt;/small&gt;, D&lt;small&gt;EVONPORT&lt;/small&gt;, D&lt;small&gt;EVON&lt;/small&gt;).

Mousquetaire, Louis XV. — Claret velvet costume, slashed with pink satin.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;URRAY&lt;/small&gt; (D&lt;small&gt;IDDINGTON&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ALL&lt;/small&gt;).

Short eau-de-nil satin skirt, trimmed band of passementarie, bodice and paniers of pink and white broché, looped up with pink satin bows; trimmed ruching of mousselaine-de-soie over pink satin; white wig; pink roses; ornaments, pearls and diamonds.

[6, Col. 5b–c]

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;NN&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;URRAY&lt;/small&gt;.

Madam de Pompadour (after La Tour). — Dress was of white and gold, brocaded with large sprays of coloured flowers trimmed with ruching of vieux rose satin and lace; white wig; lace cap, with lappets and bow; ornaments, pearls and emeralds.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ILLER&lt;/small&gt;-M&lt;small&gt;UNDAY&lt;/small&gt; [sic].

Pink dress with fichu.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ILLER&lt;/small&gt;-M&lt;small&gt;UNDAY&lt;/small&gt; [sic] (Shipley Hall, Derby).

Court dress — Petticoat of yellow satin, draped with white silk muslin edged with little pink roses; over-bodice low and double-breasted, of blue velvet with miniature and paste buttons, and revers faced with pale-hued brocade and finished with lace; headdress of Marie Theresè, Queen the Sicilies, a silk handkerchief tied in a knot at one side, very like the portrait of Madame le Brun in the Louvre Gallery done by herself; also plumes and jewels.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; J. M&lt;small&gt;ENZIES&lt;/small&gt;.

Duchess d’Angoulêne — Dress of pink satin in a loose full skirt, with a frill round the hem, a white muslin bodice, and a blue sash. Her bonnet, one of the period, was of blue velvet, with purple and blue ostrich plumes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;ERESFORD&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ELVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Dress of green satin, lined with rose silk, and trimmed with roses and Venetian point lace.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; R&lt;small&gt;ICHARD&lt;/small&gt; N&lt;small&gt;EVILLE&lt;/small&gt;.

Duc de Lanzun — Military coat of violet cloth, faced with white and braided with silver, violet silk stockings and knee-breeches, a white satin gold-embroidered waistcoat, silver epaulets, a sword in sword-belt, and all details to correspond.

MR H. D&lt;small&gt;U&lt;/small&gt; C. N&lt;small&gt;ORRIS&lt;/small&gt;.

Marquis of France, temps Louis XVI. — Coat and breeches rose silk, large diamond buttons to waistcoat, and superb diamond buckles on shoes. Sword hilt jewelled in steel.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; J. N&lt;small&gt;ORRIS&lt;/small&gt;.

Marquis of France — Green brocade velvet coat and breeches, white satin waistcoat, diamond buckles to shoes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SBORNE&lt;/small&gt;.

Madame de Pompadour. — White silk dress, flowered with dandelions, and made with a Watteau back faced with pink, the petticoat of Rose du Barri silk with |ace flounces and jewelled trimmings, bodice also trimmed with lace and jewels, and long puffed tulle sleeves, drawn with narrow black ribbons; feathers in hair; gold and jewelled girdle.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SBORNE&lt;/small&gt;.

Madame de Pompadour — In garden dress, pink petticoat with bands of black velvet at the edge, and overdress of white, brocaded with small rosebuds, large black velvet bow on one side under large pink roses, bodice ''en suite'' with lace and roses, and black bow on the right shoulder, and large white chip hat, wreathed in roses, and with black velvet and roses under the brim.

S&lt;small&gt;IR&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;LGERNON&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SBORN&lt;/small&gt;, C&lt;small&gt;HICKSANDS&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;RIORY&lt;/small&gt;.

Civilian costume — Black velvet, with steel buttons, lace cravat, white wig and sword.

P&lt;small&gt;RINCESS&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ENRY OF&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;LESS&lt;/small&gt;.

Adrienne Lecouvreur — A handsome gown of ivory satin, the underskirt full, and embroidered, nearly half a yard deep, all round with gold, turquoise, amethyst, topaz, and briiliant jewelling. On the hip, the upper skirt was caught back with turquoise blue satin similarly embroidered. There were scalloped embroidered basques. Hair high and poudré; ornaments, diamond and turquoise.

[6, Col. 5c–6a]

P&lt;small&gt;RINCE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ENRY OF&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;LESS&lt;/small&gt;.

Vicomte de Bragebone — Green uniform of an Officer of the Guard of Louis XVI., faced with scarlet and relieved with white, the whole elaborately braided with gold. [Col 5c–6a]

C&lt;small&gt;OUNT&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ALFFY&lt;/small&gt; (A&lt;small&gt;USTRAILIAN&lt;/small&gt; E&lt;small&gt;MBASSY&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress—Black velvet, point lace ruffles.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ERRY&lt;/small&gt; (B&lt;small&gt;ITHAM&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;OUSE&lt;/small&gt;).

Louis XV. period. — Blue brocade, white satin petticoat, with beautiful deep old BrusseIs lace flounce.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;EEL&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady of 1787 — This costume, which was '''designed by Madame Eloffe, dressmaker to Marie Antoinette''', was composed of a white satin skirt, waistcoat and sleeves of blue satin; the back of the bodice, puffs on the sleeves, and loose train being of striped canary yellow and mauve brocade; a fichu of white satin lace, and frills of lace on the sleeves. A white wig with long falling curls, and a very high turban of lace on a blue bandeau, with feathers and flowers on the left side; ornaments, diamonds and emeralds.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ONSTANCE&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;EEL&lt;/small&gt;.

Bergère of about 1771 — Petticoat of pink satin, with festoons of lace, hooped up with pink and yellow roses; bodice and puffed top skirt of white brocade and pink roses, and large puffed sleeves; Tuscany straw Gainsborough hat, with high pink and white feathers; hair ''poudre''.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SWALD&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ETRE&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;HITLEY&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;BBEY&lt;/small&gt;, C&lt;small&gt;OVENTRY&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress (present day), with wig.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;RANK&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ARKER&lt;/small&gt;.

Costume from a picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds — Grey brocade, white muslin fichu and cap; powdered hair.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;RACH&lt;/small&gt;.

Louis XV., Dame de Cours — White satin bodoce [sic] and tunic, jewelled over blue petticoat, trimmed with lace and roses, coffieur of the period.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RTHUR&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;AGET&lt;/small&gt;.

Duchess d’Orleans — A white satin dress bordered with sable and richly embroidered with steel. She wore diamond ornaments across the top of her bodice, down the front of the dress, and round her neck, while in her white hair were three black ostrich plumes. Her dress sleeves were bound with roses.

E&lt;small&gt;ARL OF&lt;/small&gt; R&lt;small&gt;OSSLYN&lt;/small&gt;.

Duc de Nemours — Uniform of a Colonel of Dragoons, period Louis XVI.; French grey and cherry colour, elaborately braided with gold.

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; R&lt;small&gt;OYSTON&lt;/small&gt;.

Souis Brigadier of Mousquetaires, Louis XVI. — White coat with gold-laced cuffs and collar, a tabard of sapphire blue edged with gold and white embroidery, a diamond Maltese cross suspended on the breast, white knee-breeches and silk stockings, Court shoes, white wig, and three-cornered hat.

[6, Col. 6a–b]

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;DUCHESS OF&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;UTHERLAND&lt;/small&gt;.

Marie Leczinski, the wife of Louis XV. — White satin dress wrought handsomely with silver, and a regal robe, or mantle, of ruby velvet embroidered with gold. The front of the long pointed bodice was fairly ablaze with jewels — rubies, emeralds, and diamonds — of the Sutherland family collection. Along rivière of very large brilliants was used to loop up the Court mantle at the shoulders, a pointed diadem was worn on the forehead, and a large pearl ornament with pendant pear-shaped pearls at one side. The coiffure was low, in Louis XV. style.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; J&lt;small&gt;ANE&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;EYMOUR&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady, time of Louis XVI. — Biue quilted satia petticoat, white satin over-skirt and bodice trimmed with broad Valenciennes lace and pale-pink roses; hair powdered, with chaplet of roses and pearl ornaments.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;EODORA&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;TURT&lt;/small&gt;.

Madame la Marquise de la Pompadour — White satin costume, with the over-dress full and plain, and opening on a similar under-dress. The sleeves were of satin to the elbow, and finished with ruffles of point d’Alençon lace, while lace was arranged round the top of the bodice. The hair was worn high and ''poudré'', with a black cockade, the badge of the Queen’s Household, at one side. She wore a black satin cap sewn with diamonds and having a diamond aigrette.

B&lt;small&gt;ARONESS&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;CHIMMELPENNINCK VON DER&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;YE&lt;/small&gt;

Pompadour costume—Overdress of dark green satin en train, Watteau back, over petticoat of white satin, brocaded with flowers; pearl and diamond ornaments.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;AURICE&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SWALD&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;MITH&lt;/small&gt; (H&lt;small&gt;AMMINWOOD&lt;/small&gt;, E&lt;small&gt;AST&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;RINSTEAD&lt;/small&gt;).

Gentleman of the period of Louis XVI., copied from an old family picture.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;UY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;COTT&lt;/small&gt; (H&lt;small&gt;OCKLEY&lt;/small&gt;, M&lt;small&gt;ARTON&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of the time of Louis XV. — Pink satin skirt, with Brussels lace and roses, white brocade body and overskirt, white wig, with pink roses and feather.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;MITH&lt;/small&gt; (T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;AWN&lt;/small&gt;, W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;). 

Lady of the Court of Louis XV. — A handsome gown of Louis XV. period, made of yellow brocade, lined and turned back with pale mauve satin and gold embroidery, over a petticoat of moss-green satin, with flounces of Brussels lace, and trails of westeria; bodice of yellow brocade, with fischu [sic] of white chiffon, fastened with green velvet bow and diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;AY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;ANDERS&lt;/small&gt; (S&lt;small&gt;NITTERFIELD&lt;/small&gt;).

Court dress of the period of Louis XVI. — White silk gown trimmed with gold, pink satin petticoat with revers of old point lace; hair ''poudré''; muslin fichu and pink roses.

MR S. S&lt;small&gt;ANDERS&lt;/small&gt; (S&lt;small&gt;NITTERFIELD&lt;/small&gt;).

Mousquetaire Corps du Garde de Louis XVI. — White frock coat with silver lace facings, blue waistcoat and breeches, white silk stockings, white wig, three-cornered hat, and sword.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C. S&lt;small&gt;TARKEY&lt;/small&gt; (N&lt;small&gt;OTTS&lt;/small&gt;).

Dress of white brocade, lined with pink silk; pink silk petticoat, trimmed with old lace and wreaths of roses; hair ''poudré'', with pink roses; pearl ornaments.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; B&lt;small&gt;EAUCHAMP&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;COTT&lt;/small&gt;.

Period Louis XVI. — White and mauve satin brocade, trimmed with lace and fur, white wig.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; A&lt;small&gt;RTHUR&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;OMERSET&lt;/small&gt;.

Shepherdess ''à la'' Watteau — Pompadour style, the dress and hat being trimmed with pink roses, and her crook tied with similar flowers.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; O&lt;small&gt;SWALD&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;MITH&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman of the Court, Louis XVI. — Dark-striped yellow coat, with needlework design in flowers in shaded silk, embroidered cream silk waistcoat, and pale-green satin breeches.

C&lt;small&gt;APTAIN&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;OMERSET&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — Gold cloth with broad gold-bued silk sash.

[6, Col. 6b–c]

H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt;. B. W. H. S&lt;small&gt;TONOR&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire, Louis XVI. — Knickerbockers of a dark blue, with a doublet to match, having a cross emblazoned on the breast, and deep point lace collar, white satin coat skirts almost like a simulation of armour below his doublet, and a long military cloak of French grey cloth lined with scarlet, three-cornered hat, white wig, sword, silk stockings, and Court shoes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;HURSBY&lt;/small&gt;-P&lt;small&gt;ELHAM&lt;/small&gt;.

White satin, with white roses and lace.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; V&lt;small&gt;IOLET&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OFTUS&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;OTTENHAM&lt;/small&gt;.

Pink and white brocade over white satin, and pink roses in her powdered hair.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;OWER&lt;/small&gt;.

Officier Garde Suisse — Scarlet coat lined with white, blue facings, and three-cornered hat.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;OWER&lt;/small&gt;.

Duchesse de Polignac — White satin, with old lace and rose coloured plumes.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; T&lt;small&gt;REE&lt;/small&gt;.

Court Dame, Louis XV — Skirt of pink satin, with a tunic of most lovely silver tinsel brocade, having alternate stripes encllosing bunches of roses and baskets of flowers. Were the usual Watteau back and hip panniers, and the petticoat was arranged with a twist of chiffon above a frill of most beautiful cream lace, over these being a garland of pink roses, caught up on either side with a cluster of pink and cream feathers repeating to the top; the sleeves were made of brocade to the elbow, with hanging cream lace over pink chiffon and feathers on the shoulders, and the dress was completed by pink slippers with pink velvet bows, a Louis XV. fan of great beauty, and a staff of pink and green with green ribbons, roses, and feathers to match the dress. 

L&lt;small&gt;ORD&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;REY DE&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILTON&lt;/small&gt;.

Gentleman, temps Louis XV. — Coat of dark petunia velvet embroidered with gold, a white satin waistcoat elaborately gold laced, white silk stockings, jabot ruffles, wig, sword, hat, and shoes ''en suite''.

T&lt;small&gt;HE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ON&lt;/small&gt; D&lt;small&gt;UDLEY&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ARD&lt;/small&gt;.

Mousquetaire — Uniform of dark blue cloth, with scarlet facings and elaborately braided with gold.

L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ALLER&lt;/small&gt;.

Comtesse d’Artois — White satin quilted petticoat with a pearl at each corner of the pattern; gown of grey brocade lined with white satin; white lisse stomacher crossed by grey velvet bows fastened with diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ALLER&lt;/small&gt;.

Fille de la Comtesse d’Artois — Gown of pale blue satin flecked with pink roses tied with ribbon, paniers and wreaths of roses. 

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ORNWALLIS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;EST&lt;/small&gt;.

Mademoiselle de la Court — Costume after a picture by Roslin depicting a girl about to decorate the statue of Love. She wore an underdress of pale pink satin with gown of white satin with demi-train, lined with pink. The body was decked with tulle, and long tulle streamers were pendant from the sleeves; head-dress was roses and violets, with pink and white ribbons.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILLIAMS&lt;/small&gt;.

Black velvet Court dress, with Louis XV. wig.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;RANCIS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILLIAMS&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ATCHBURY&lt;/small&gt;, W&lt;small&gt;ARWICK&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of the Court, Louis XV. — White satin bodice and train, with white satin petticoat trimmed with lace and pink roses.

[6, Col. 6c – 7, Col. 1a]

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;EST&lt;/small&gt; (A&lt;small&gt;LSCOT&lt;/small&gt; P&lt;small&gt;ARK&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of the Court of Louis XV. — A handsome gown of Louis XV. period, made of white broché silk, with bouquets of pink roses, over petticoat of rich pink satin with deep flounce of Brussels lace, caught up with trails of pink roses; bodice of same broché, with white chiffon fichu fastened in front with pink velvet bow and diamonds. [6, Col. 6c – 7, Col. 1a]

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; C&lt;small&gt;ARTLAND&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady of the court, Louis XV. — Green brocade bodice and skirt; white satin petticoat trimmed with old lace and roses; white Leghorn hat with roses.

M&lt;small&gt;ISS&lt;/small&gt; F&lt;small&gt;LEETWOOD&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;.

Lady of the period — Black peau de soie silk, the Watteau and over-skirt lined with white, pointed panniers, skirt caught up with roses, while black roses wee worn on the powdered hair. A splendid stomacher of diamonds and emeralds was worn.

L&lt;small&gt;IEUTENANT&lt;/small&gt;-C&lt;small&gt;OLONEL&lt;/small&gt; M&lt;small&gt;ILDMAY&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;, C.B. (S&lt;small&gt;COTS&lt;/small&gt; G&lt;small&gt;UARDS&lt;/small&gt;).

Guardsman, 1790 — Red tunic, gold braid, [9R?] on buttons, white gaiters coming above the knee, black garters, wig, and three-cornered hat. 

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;HEATLEY&lt;/small&gt; (B&lt;small&gt;ERKSWELL&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;ALL&lt;/small&gt;).

Lady of Louis XV. Court — Bodice and train of pale green and pearl coloured striped brocade, with bunches of pink roses; petticoat and corsage of pale green satin, embroidered in pearls, and high collar of lace; diamond ornaments, a wig with pink roses and diamond stars.

M&lt;small&gt;RS&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILLIE&lt;/small&gt; L&lt;small&gt;OW&lt;/small&gt; (W&lt;small&gt;ELLESBOURNE&lt;/small&gt; H&lt;small&gt;OUSE&lt;/small&gt;).

Duchess of Gainsborough — Dress copied exactly from the portrait of the Hon. Mrs Graham, in brocade, with pink satin petticoat, a big black hat trimmed with white plumes, with diamonds.

M&lt;small&gt;R&lt;/small&gt; W. M. L&lt;small&gt;OW&lt;/small&gt;.

David Garrick — Costume worn by the actor, Mr Richard Wyndham, when impersonating that character, of rich purple vevet coat, purple satin waistcoat and knee-breeches, steel buttons, purple silk stockings, diamond buckles, black three-cornered hat, and steel sword.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Leamington Spa Courier'' 09 February 1895, Saturday: 6 [of 8], Cols. 1a–6c [of 6] – 7, Col. 1a. ''British Newspaper Archive''  [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006# https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000319/18950209/042/0006].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Anthology==

====Quote Intro====
The day of the ball, the ''Coventry Evening Telegraph'' published the following:&lt;blockquote&gt;GRAND BAL POUDRE AT WARWICK CASTLE.

Writing this morning our Warwick representative says: Warwick Castle will tonight be the scene of a memorable spectacle, the Earl and Countess of Warwick having invited about four hundred guests to a ''bal poudre'', in which the costumes were to be of the style of the Louis XIV. and XV. period. The event has been looked forward to with considerable interest by the ''élite'' of the fashionable world, on account of the prominent position occupied by the Countess in society. Great preparations were made the Castle, the greater portion of which has been most lavishly decorated in the light and airy French style of the period. The dancing will take place in the Cedar drawing-room, the adjoining rooms having been set apart as retiring rooms. Supper will be served in the Great Hall, where the whole of the guests will be able to sit down together. The decorations have been carried out under the personal supervision of the hostess, who has received the valuable assistance and advice of Mr. Caryll Craven. The dance music will be supplied by Worm's famous &quot;White Viennese&quot; Band, while Johnson's (Manchester) Band will discourse in the supper room. The hostess will be dressed as &quot;Mary Antoinette,&quot; Queen of Louis XVI. Her costume will be of rose-coloured brocade with a gold pattern, and a sky-blue velvet train embroidered with gold fleur-de lys. Lady Warwick's relative, the Duchess of Sutherland, will appear as the wife of Louis XV. in a costume of white and silver with crimson velvet train and silver fleur-de-lys. Lord Warwick will be in the dress of a military officer of the period, while Prince Francis of Teck has signified his intention of appearing in the uniform of &quot;the Royals&quot; (of the period). Owing to the demise of Lord Randolph Churchill, the Duke of Marlborough will not be present.

The house party at the Castle included the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, Prince Francis of Teck, Prince and Princess Henry of Pless and Miss Cornwallis West, Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, Duke of Manchester, Earl and Countess of Rosslyn, Earl of Lonsdale, Earl of Burford, Earl of Chesterfield, Countess Cairns, Lord Clifden, Lord Kenyon, Lady Gerard, Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord Royston, Lord Lovat, Lady Norreys, Lady Eva Greville, Lord Richard Neville, Hon H. and Lady Fedora Sturt, Hon. H. Stonor, Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, Mr. F. Menzies and Miss Muriel Wilson, Miss Naylor, Mr. Arthur Paget, Mr. Cyril Foley, Mr. C. de Murietta, and Mr. Layoock.

The following accepted invitations to the ball, and most of them brought parties with them, the guests numbering in all about four hundred:— The Earl and Countess of Aylesford, Mr. and Mrs. Aubrey Cartwright, Mr. and Mrs. J. Stratford Dugdale, Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlayne, Sir C. and Lady Mordaunt, Mr. and Mrs. Smythe, Lord and Lady Hertford, Lady and Miss Waller, Mr. J. and Mr. J. P. Arkwright, Mr. and Mrs. M. Lucas, Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Dugdale (18), Mr., Lady Anne, and Miss Murray, Captain and Mrs. Brinkley, Mr. and Mrs. Guy Scott, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Irwin, Mr. and Miss Perry, Major and Mrs. Fosbery, Mr. Lindsay, Mr. R. Paget, Sir A. and Lady Hodgson, Mrs. Beauchamp Scott, Major and Mrs. Norris, Mr. and Mrs. Tree, Mr., Mrs. and Miss Granville, Mr. and Mrs. Joliffe, Captain and Mrs. Osborne, Mr. and Mrs. E. Little, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Lakin, Officers 6th Reg. District, Mr. Batchelor, Hon. Mrs. and Miss Chandos Leigh, Colonel and Mrs. Paulet, Mr. F. Hunter Blair, Mr. J. Alston, Mr. and Mrs. Hutton, Captain and Mrs. Cowan, Mr. and Mrs. Williams, Mr. and the Misses Allfrey, Mr. and Mrs. Wilson Fitzgerald, Mr. and Mrs. W. Allfrey, Mrs. and Miss Drummond, Mr. and Mrs. Shaw, Mr. R. and Mr. J. Lant, Mr. and Mrs. Sanders and party, Captain Lafone, Sir F. and Lady Peel, Captain and Mrs. Keighly-Peach, Miss Nicol and party, Mr. and Mrs. Fred Shaw, Mr. and Mrs. Cove Jones, Mr. and Lady G. Petre, Mr. R. Barnes, Mr. and Mrs. Wheatley, Mr., Mrs., and Miss Ramsden, Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Low, Mrs. Basil Montgomery, Mr. and Mrs. Thursby-Pelham, Mr. and Mrs. H. Chamberlain, Mr. Francis, Mr. and Mrs. Graham, Mr. and Mrs. West, Mr. and Mrs. Sam Smith, Officers 17th Lancers.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Grand Bal Poudre at Warwick Castle.&quot; ''Coventry Evening Telegraph'' 01 February 1895, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/18950201/021/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The report from the ''Morning Post'' the next day:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Countess of Warwick's Bal Poudré at Warwick Castle last night was attended by a company of nearly 400 guests, and was a brilliant success. The magnificent suite of apartments was superbly decorated with choice flowers, while the many treasures of antiquity and historic interest which the Castle contains were displayed in the various rooms. The choice of costume was restricted to the period covering the reigns of Louis XV. and Louis XVI., with powdered hair or white wigs, but gentlemen were given the option of appearing in English Court dress with Louis XV. wigs. The Countess of Warwick, who represented Marie Antoinette, wore a dress of rose-coloured material brocaded with gold, with a train of sky-blue velvet, embroidered with fleur-de-lis. The Earl of Warwick was attired in a Maison du Roi costume of rich velvet, with gold and diamond buttons. Prince Francis of Teck wore the uniform of the period of his own regiment, the Royals. The Duchess of Sutherland, as the wife of Louis XV., was in a costume of white and silver, with a crimson velvet train embroidered with silver fleur-de-lis. Prince Henry of Pless wore a blue military dress of the period with red facings, while the Earl of Rosslyn donned the uniform of a Colonel of the reign of Louis XVI. The Hon. H. Sturt represented the Church of the period as an Abbé, and Mr. W. Low the stage as David Garrick. Amongst the other guests were the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, the Portuguese Minister, Princess Henry of Pless, Lady Angela St. Clair Erskine, the Duke of Manchester, the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn, the Earl of Lonsdale, the Earl of Burford, the Earl of Chesterfield, Countess Cairns, Lord Clifden, Lord Kenyon, Lady Gerard, Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord Royston, Lord Lovat, Lady Norreys, Lady Eva Greville, Lord Richard Nevill, Lady Feodorowna Sturt, the Hon. S. Greville, the Hon. H. Stonor, Captain the Hon. Hedworth Lambton, Mrs. Menzies, Miss Muriel Wilson [sic no comma] Miss Naylor, Mr. Arthur Paget, Mr. Cyril Foley, Mr. C. de Murrieta, Mr. Caryl Craven, Mr. Kennard, and Mr. Laycock. The Countess of Aylesford brought a large party from Packington Hall. Herr Würm's White Viennese Band occupied the orchestra. Dancing commenced at nine o'clock, and at midnight the entire company sat down to supper in the large banqueting hall. The assembly was undoubtedly one of the most brilliant which has ever been gathered together within the walls of the historic Castle.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Arrangements for This Day.&quot; ''Morning Post'' 02 February 1895, Saturday: 5 [of 10], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18950202/052/0005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Notes and Questions ==
# 

==References==</text>
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    <title>An analysis of the concept of being</title>
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This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of being. An inspiration is the concept of being by Aristotle. However, what we get here may turn out to be something different.

In this conception, &quot;being&quot; is a countable noun. Example beings are the following:
* Being a cat.
* Being white.
* Being a brother (of at least one person).
* Being the brother of Martin.
* Being in the process of swimming.
* Being an entity that has two eyes.
* Being an entity that has at least two eyes.
* Being a cat that has broken a vase.
* Being Albert Einstein (the special relativity guy).
* Being a human called Albert Einstein.

Analogically, we may concieve of the concept of ''having''. This gives us the following example havings:
* Having a body.
* Having a house.
* Having a guitar.
* Having a brother.

Interestingly, purely syntactically, we may proclaim all havings to be beings. Since the following are apparently beings:
* Being an entity that has a body.
* Being an entity that has a house.

The scheme is &quot;Being an entity that has X&quot;.

We may also do it the other way around, proclaiming all beings to be havings:
* Having the characteristic of being a cat. (Having cathood.)

These beings are (putative?) entities, often taking the place of the ''subject'' in a sentence:
* Being happy is a tough assignment. (Dyer?)
* Being an entity that has a car is advantageous.

Unsurprisingly, they also take place of a ''predicate'':
* Being a cat in: This animal is a cat.
If we want to keep the noun form of the being, one option is to use the verb to have:
* This animal has being a cat. (Not natural, but perhaps acceptable.)

The space of all beings is very hard to overview. Beings seem to result from taking sentences and drilling a single hole (but not any drilling at any place will do).

These beings seem to be the same thing as monadic predicates. However, we may note that the beings are there regardless whether there is someone predicating, a mind. Thus, the particular individual animal's being a cat is there even if no one is looking, thinking and predicating.

It appears obvious that there are many more beings than the language can readily capture. A much more powerful mind than the human one could easily register more beings.

Some beings can be classified using Aristotelian categories, e.g. being a cat and being white. Other beings less so, e.g. being a white cat or even being a cat that has broken a vase.

The use of language brings beings forward to the mind. Let us consider:
* Being a human with XX chromosomes.
* Being a child bearer.
* Being a human with a womb.
* Being a human that wears lipstick.

The words characteristic, property, sign and pattern come to mind. Their relationship to this concept of being is yet to be investigated.

Some beings are indirect and vague:
* Being something like human but not exactly human.
* Being something that has some characteristics (beings?) of a human.

We see that some beings correspond to single words. This makes it possible to classify these beings in some ways similar to classification of words. Thus:
* Some beings correspond to nouns (e.g. cat, where the being is being a cat, or it is being an entity that has cathood).
* Some beings correspond to adjectives and certain nouns derived from them (e.g. to white and whiteness).
* Some beings correspond to verbs and certain nouns derived from them (e.g. to swim and swimming).
* Some beings pertain to the domain of biology.
* Some beings pertain to the domain of geography.
* Some beings pertain to the domain of mathematics.

But we have seen that beings can be complex and then, the above classification is impossible. Consider:
* Being a woman that wears a red scarf.
This being is multi-domain, in part biological, in part cultural.

Beings appear to be not specific to a particular language, but this is probably a matter for a debate. Thus, the following beings are the same:
* Being a cat.
* Eine Katze sein.
Since we specify beings by means of sequences of words, the question whether the beings exist independent of words and culture is at least debatable. I think they do exist independently in principle, but the matter is perhaps not entirely simple.

The concept of being is implied in certain conventional definitions in dictionaries. Thus, whiteness is:
* The quality of state of being white.
This definition explicitly classifies the being under investigation as a quality or a state. But we can omit this classification and we get:
* Being white.

Above, we mentioned the concept of having (countable). To be and to have seem somewhat central, but we can add more, e.g. feeling:
* Feeling bad.
* Feeling that this is going to be a good day.
These can again be turned into beings:
* Being in a state of feeling bad.
* Being in a state of feeling that this is going to be a good day.

And we can find some strange creatures:
* Being in the state of being. (Whatever that is supposed to mean. Does every word salad starting at &quot;being&quot; refer to a being?)

Above, we have used ambiguous specifications. Do ambiguous specifications really correspond to a single being? Thus, is being white really a being (since, in what sense of white?) It seems more plausible that a single sense in a dictionary corresponds to a single being. For a multi-word specification, we would need to disambiguate all words to get a single being. Thus, being a white cat is not a single being since in which sense of cat? On the other hand, the noun cat seems to disambiguate the adjective white.

Does every entity correspond to a being? It seems to. Since, e.g. London corresponds to this:
* Being London, the capital of the U.K.
In general:
* Being numerically identical to entity so-and-so.

But the entity is not identical to the being; London is not the same thing as being London.

We see that entities have multiple beings. Since, as for London, the following examples apply:
* Being a city.
* Being the capital of the U.K.
* Being on Thames.
* Being in England.
* Being a city that has major so-and-so.

A being can contain a large amount of information. For instance, being a person who sees photograph so-and-so. This can be further extended: being a person who has seen photograph so-and-so, photograph so-and-so, and photograph so-and-so. Here, the actual photographs are only represented via &quot;so-and-so&quot;.

Beings can be in relation of more specific or generic or neither. The following increases in specificity:
* Being an animal.
* Being a mammal.
* Being a feline.
* Being a domestic cat.
* Being a white domestic cat.
* Being a white domestic cat that has broken a vase.

Some beings have single-word names, some ending in -hood, some in -ness, some in something else. Thus:
* Being a person → personhood.
* Being white → whiteness.

Some beings can be explicitly language-specific:
* Being an entity that is the subject of the English sentence form &quot;X is a white cat&quot;.
We can translate the specification of the being into, say, German, but the quoted part cannot be translated.

Some beings can be thought of as residing in the subject, but others much less so. The following seem to reside in the subject:
* Being a cat.
* Being white.
Since, inspecting the object under investigation without inspecting its environment or other objects would in principle yeild the presence of the being.

The following not so much:
* Being an entity called &quot;cat&quot;.
* Being an entity that subject so-and-so calls &quot;bavagai&quot;.
* Being an entity that is owned by person so-and-so.

The art of definition and specification involves consideration of candidate beings to be incorporated into a sentence. Perhaps something like a relatively general inquiry into beings would contribute to these arts. One such inquiry or undertaking seems to be the first-order logic, but this would need to be properly articulated.

One being could be called existence, based on the usage of the verb to be in &quot;To be or not to be? That is the question.&quot; (Shakespeare, quoted from memory) or &quot;This parrot is no more!&quot; (Monty Python) But that seems to be something else. On the other hand, ''being in the state of existence'' seems to be a being. It implies a possible going over into the state of nonexistence. That interprets existence as a state in which an entity is. It implies the entity is in fact indestructible; it merely goes into the state of nonexistence. A certain analogy could be deleting a row from a database table vs. marking it via the field &quot;deleted&quot;.

The words essence and entity would be from the verb to be as well (to be verified). It would be worthwhile to clarify their relationship to beings.

== Further reading ==
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/ Aristotle’s Categories], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- uses Aristotle's concept of being</text>
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This article by Dan Polansky looks at the concept of being. An inspiration is the concept of being by Aristotle. However, what we get here may turn out to be something different.

In this conception, &quot;being&quot; is a countable noun. Example beings are the following:
* Being a cat.
* Being white.
* Being a brother (of at least one person).
* Being the brother of Martin.
* Being in the process of swimming.
* Being an entity that has two eyes.
* Being an entity that has at least two eyes.
* Being a cat that has broken a vase.
* Being Albert Einstein (the special relativity guy).
* Being a human called Albert Einstein.

Analogically, we may concieve of the concept of ''having''. This gives us the following example havings:
* Having a body.
* Having a house.
* Having a guitar.
* Having a brother.

Interestingly, purely syntactically, we may proclaim all havings to be beings. Since the following are apparently beings:
* Being an entity that has a body.
* Being an entity that has a house.

The scheme is &quot;Being an entity that has X&quot;.

We may also do it the other way around, proclaiming all beings to be havings:
* Having the characteristic of being a cat. (Having cathood.)

These beings are (putative?) entities, often taking the place of the ''subject'' in a sentence:
* Being happy is a tough assignment. (Dyer?)
* Being an entity that has a car is advantageous.

Unsurprisingly, they also take place of a ''predicate'':
* Being a cat in: This animal is a cat.
If we want to keep the noun form of the being, one option is to use the verb to have:
* This animal has being a cat. (Not natural, but perhaps acceptable.)

The space of all beings is very hard to overview. Beings seem to result from taking sentences and drilling a single hole (but not any drilling at any place will do).

These beings seem to be the same thing as monadic predicates. However, we may note that the beings are there regardless whether there is someone predicating, a mind. Thus, the particular individual animal's being a cat is there even if no one is looking, thinking and predicating.

It appears obvious that there are many more beings than the language can readily capture. A much more powerful mind than the human one could easily register more beings.

Some beings can be classified using Aristotelian categories, e.g. being a cat and being white. Other beings less so, e.g. being a white cat or even being a cat that has broken a vase.

The use of language brings beings forward to the mind. Let us consider:
* Being a human with XX chromosomes.
* Being a child bearer.
* Being a human with a womb.
* Being a human that wears lipstick.

The words characteristic, property, sign and pattern come to mind. Their relationship to this concept of being is yet to be investigated.

Some beings are indirect and vague:
* Being something like human but not exactly human.
* Being something that has some characteristics (beings?) of a human.

We see that some beings correspond to single words. This makes it possible to classify these beings in some ways similar to classification of words. Thus:
* Some beings correspond to nouns (e.g. cat, where the being is being a cat, or it is being an entity that has cathood).
* Some beings correspond to adjectives and certain nouns derived from them (e.g. to white and whiteness).
* Some beings correspond to verbs and certain nouns derived from them (e.g. to swim and swimming).
* Some beings pertain to the domain of biology.
* Some beings pertain to the domain of geography.
* Some beings pertain to the domain of mathematics.

But we have seen that beings can be complex and then, the above classification is impossible. Consider:
* Being a woman that wears a red scarf.
This being is multi-domain, in part biological, in part cultural.

Beings appear to be not specific to a particular language, but this is probably a matter for a debate. Thus, the following beings are the same:
* Being a cat.
* Eine Katze sein.
Since we specify beings by means of sequences of words, the question whether the beings exist independent of words and culture is at least debatable. I think they do exist independently in principle, but the matter is perhaps not entirely simple.

The concept of being is implied in certain conventional definitions in dictionaries. Thus, whiteness is:
* The quality of state of being white.
This definition explicitly classifies the being under investigation as a quality or a state. But we can omit this classification and we get:
* Being white.

Above, we mentioned the concept of having (countable). To be and to have seem somewhat central, but we can add more, e.g. feeling:
* Feeling bad.
* Feeling that this is going to be a good day.
These can again be turned into beings:
* Being in a state of feeling bad.
* Being in a state of feeling that this is going to be a good day.

And we can find some strange creatures:
* Being in the state of being. (Whatever that is supposed to mean. Does every word salad starting at &quot;being&quot; refer to a being?)

Above, we have used ambiguous specifications. Do ambiguous specifications really correspond to a single being? Thus, is being white really a being (since, in what sense of white?) It seems more plausible that a single sense in a dictionary corresponds to a single being. For a multi-word specification, we would need to disambiguate all words to get a single being. Thus, being a white cat is not a single being since in which sense of cat? On the other hand, the noun cat seems to disambiguate the adjective white.

Does every entity correspond to a being? It seems to. Since, e.g. London corresponds to this:
* Being London, the capital of the U.K.
In general:
* Being numerically identical to entity so-and-so.

But the entity is not identical to the being; London is not the same thing as being London.

We see that entities have multiple beings. Since, as for London, the following examples apply:
* Being a city.
* Being the capital of the U.K.
* Being on Thames.
* Being in England.
* Being a city that has major so-and-so.

A being can contain a large amount of information. For instance, being a person who sees photograph so-and-so. This can be further extended: being a person who has seen photograph so-and-so, photograph so-and-so, and photograph so-and-so. Here, the actual photographs are only represented via &quot;so-and-so&quot;.

Beings can be in relation of more specific or generic or neither. The following increases in specificity:
* Being an animal.
* Being a mammal.
* Being a feline.
* Being a domestic cat.
* Being a white domestic cat.
* Being a white domestic cat that has broken a vase.

Some beings have single-word names, some ending in -hood, some in -ness, some in something else. Thus:
* Being a person → personhood.
* Being white → whiteness.

Some beings can be explicitly language-specific:
* Being an entity that is the subject of the English sentence form &quot;X is a white cat&quot;.
We can translate the specification of the being into, say, German, but the quoted part cannot be translated. One might think that the above would be equivalent to being a white cat, but I am not so sure.

Some beings can be thought of as residing in the subject, but others much less so. The following seem to reside in the subject:
* Being a cat.
* Being white.
Since, inspecting the object under investigation without inspecting its environment or other objects would in principle yeild the presence of the being.

The following not so much:
* Being an entity called &quot;cat&quot;.
* Being an entity that subject so-and-so calls &quot;bavagai&quot;.
* Being an entity that is owned by person so-and-so.

The art of definition and specification involves consideration of candidate beings to be incorporated into a sentence. Perhaps something like a relatively general inquiry into beings would contribute to these arts. One such inquiry or undertaking seems to be the first-order logic, but this would need to be properly articulated.

One being could be called existence, based on the usage of the verb to be in &quot;To be or not to be? That is the question.&quot; (Shakespeare, quoted from memory) or &quot;This parrot is no more!&quot; (Monty Python) But that seems to be something else. On the other hand, ''being in the state of existence'' seems to be a being. It implies a possible going over into the state of nonexistence. That interprets existence as a state in which an entity is. It implies the entity is in fact indestructible; it merely goes into the state of nonexistence. A certain analogy could be deleting a row from a database table vs. marking it via the field &quot;deleted&quot;.

The words essence and entity would be from the verb to be as well (to be verified). It would be worthwhile to clarify their relationship to beings.

== Further reading ==
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-categories/ Aristotle’s Categories], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- uses Aristotle's concept of being</text>
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-29
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-29
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-29
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
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== Licensing ==
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-29
|Author=Young W. Lim
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|Date=2024-11-29
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
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    <title>Talk:WikiJournal Preprints/Preventive antibiotics in cancer therapy: Evaluating life-saving benefits and associated risks</title>
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      <comment>Not much</comment>
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
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|Author=Young W. Lim
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;== November 2024 == {{subst:uw-vandalism1}} ~~~~&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="512" sha1="d294n9meafitdha0283hq9zaxam6x8w" xml:space="preserve">== November 2024 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I’m letting you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been reverted because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikiversity:Sandbox|sandbox]] or ask for assistance at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]]. Thank you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:54, 30 November 2024 (UTC)</text>
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|Description=LCal.8A: Combinator (20241129 - 20241128)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
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|Description=LCal.8A: Combinator (20241130 - 20241129)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241128 - 20241127)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-28
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-28
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=ARM.2ASM: Branch and Return Methods (20241130 - 20241129)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241129 - 20241128)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=Work2.1A: Packages (20241130 - 20241129)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=1. Bisection Method (20241129 - 20241128)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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|Description=1. Bisection Method (20241130 - 20241129)
|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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{{Information
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|Source={{own|Young1lim}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=Young W. Lim
|Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}
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== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}}</text>
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    <title>Role Play</title>
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;== Introduction == This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios: * Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate poli...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5686" sha1="11nkikpwv1t0ybndahdzf6k8djd2m8v" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection. 

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view. 

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity</text>
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      <text bytes="5945" sha1="exsc2ptez5n8q5swfzwgasgzanr5e8b" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection. 

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view. 

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity</text>
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      <text bytes="6259" sha1="5k6lm4i3pp4qsaer345t0qtpd5dw39e" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view. 

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity</text>
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      <text bytes="6862" sha1="tny7sbpxzx4nf9r4aohsrrsw2snbpnq" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity</text>
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      <text bytes="6921" sha1="279z04l7ysoxt6i9l83yq94r2z0tcnk" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.</text>
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      <text bytes="6955" sha1="gzz4or30qt97a1t8mdreqzxee8qor7s" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.

[[Category:Learning activities]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6997" sha1="oyssxos490m5v0p51jxglgq2wcajtat" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7109" sha1="svfxa52nsg48k0qnaez0v27sgnp6nbj" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.
* [[3D Modelling]] and the virtual environments.
* [[Digital Learning Environment]]s for supporting role plays.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]</text>
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== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.
* [[3D Modelling]] and the virtual environments.
* [[Digital Learning Environment]]s for supporting role plays.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7278" sha1="3vitjl1pv114vb7rqtzfzhxw425vvio" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Religious Assistants Play Supporting Role DVIDS130770.jpg|thumb|Role play in a job interview]]
[[File:Role play.jpg|thumb|Role play of characters in literature]]
== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.
* [[3D Modelling]] and the virtual environments.
* [[Digital Learning Environment]]s for supporting role plays.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]</text>
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[[File:Role play.jpg|thumb|Role play of characters in literature]]
== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.
* [[3D Modelling]] and the virtual environments.
* [[Digital Learning Environment]]s for supporting role plays.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]
[[Category:Roleplaying]]</text>
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[[File:Role play.jpg|thumb|Role play of characters in literature]]
== Introduction ==
This learning resource  about ''&quot;role plays&quot;'' is considered in the context of learning activities in Wikiversity and should support teachers in using &quot;[[w:en:Role-playing|Role Plays]]&quot; as a learning tool which support learners to engage in a specific simulated scenarios:
* Collaborative problem solving&lt;ref&gt;Sterman, J., Fiddaman, T., Franck, T. R., Jones, A., McCauley, S., Rice, P., ... &amp; Siegel, L. (2012). Climate interactive: the C-ROADS climate policy model.&lt;/ref&gt; with different views on a topic ([[Sustainable Development Goals|sustainable energy supply]], use of [[w:en:Power station|small power plant]] to compensate green energy production, fossil energy, economic costs of climate change, ...
* Acting out a scenario of a job interviewer and an applicant for the job,
* Playing a historical figure (e.g. [[w:en:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]], [[w:en:Christopher Columbus|Christopher Columbus]]) or 
* Playing a fictional character in literature or a movie (e.g. protagonists in [[w:en:Goethe's Faust|Goethe's Faust]]).
* Engaging in a debate or discussion, taking on different perspectives (e.g. freedom of speech and human rights) and taking on different roles and perspectives to develop essential skills, build empathy, and foster critical thinking. 

== Learning Environment ==
In a learning environment&lt;ref&gt;Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., Rodríguez-Jiménez, C., Gómez-García, G., &amp; Ramos Navas-Parejo, M. (2020). Educational innovation in higher education: Use of role playing and educational video in future teachers’ training. Sustainability, 12(6), 2558.&lt;/ref&gt;, role plays need to prepare with scientific resources to validate views and negotiate in discussion. The learner should take some notes about the different views of other learners for a reflection of the discussion later. Video recordings with a consent of all participants can be used to analyze the role play afterwards.

== Objective of Role Plays ==
Role play should promote a deeper understanding of various perspectives of stakeholder and encouraging them to combine different views into acceptable solution for the participants. Discuss also worst-case scenarios in which a single participant or stakeholder is violating the respectful discussion of stakeholders.

== Definition of role play ==
A role play is a simulated activity where learners take on specific roles of stakeholders, protagonists in literature. The roles have a specification that is defined in the learning environment e.g. 
* by a script for each role or stakeholder individually without the knowledge about the objectives of other roles,
* complete description of the scenario, that is visible for all learners and the learners need to identify properties and activities of the role by themselves and practice their role before running the role play with other participants.
In general the learning outcome is intended to develop skills in a safe and controlled environment with the possibility of an reflection&lt;ref&gt;Kilgour, P., Reynaud, D., Northcote, M. T., &amp; Shields, M. (2015). Role-playing as a tool to facilitate learning, self-reflection and social awareness in teacher education. International Journal of Innovative Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 8-20.
KILGOUR, Peter, et al. Role-playing as a tool to facilit&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Learning Tasks ==
* '''(Language Courses)''' Read literature of choice and identify the protagonist roles and place the protagonists in a new situation, that was not part of the content of literature. Let the learners specify independently of other learner how their fictional character would react in the new situation.
* '''(Fake News - Human Rights)''' Take the role of someone publishes [[w:en:Fakes News|Fakes News]] and a role of people that are affected by the Fake News and e.g. human rights are violated. This role play is basic example for developing empathy by taking on different roles, learners can gain insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of others, fostering empathy and understanding.
* '''(Scenario Development)''' Create a societal scenario of your choices that causes problems e.g. democratic and collaborative problem solving. Write a role description for different stakeholders.
* '''(VR and AR)''' How can [[Virtual Reality]] and [[Augmented Reality]] to incorporate a role or scenario (e.g. scenario in the [[w:en:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]]) 

== Benefits of Role Plays in Learning Environments ==
* '''Communication Skills:''' Role plays is intended to support learners in practicing effective communication for their role objectives and aims and at the same should enable  active listening to be able to find a solution in a collaborative way and learn how to deal with conflict resolution if participant seem to have only their own benefit in mind or in health care situation in which life threatening results had to be communicated to the patient or family members&lt;ref&gt;Baile, W. F., &amp; Blatner, A. (2014). Teaching communication skills: using action methods to enhance role-play in problem-based learning. Simulation in Healthcare, 9(4), 220-227.&lt;/ref&gt;. Discuss in general the role of role plays in [[Risk Management]]&lt;ref&gt;McEwen, L., Stokes, A., Crowley, K., &amp; Roberts, C. (2014). Using role-play for expert science communication with professional stakeholders in flood risk management. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 38(2), 277-300.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* '''Critical Thinking''': Problem solving is in general complex with multiple criteria that are pointing to different and contrary options for solutions. Learners must analyze situations, identify simplifications by leaving out other perspectives and identify the reason for the simplifications of the problem. Finally the learner should be able make informed decisions with validated resources.
* '''Creativity:''' Exposing learners to different views they had not though of before could result in the promotion of creativity to enhance to simplified solution towards a more advanced one that incorporates more perspectives and encourage learners to think outside the box. The exploration of new ideas and perspective can trigger and develop innovative ideas and solutions that widen the perspective on problem solving options.
* '''(Active Learning)''' By taking up the role of someone in role play and being exposed to emotions of empathy or missing empathy for another perspective the learners are directly exposed to situation and a specific behavior is performed in role to encouraging active learning. Learners are engaged and motivated to interact as part of the scenarios in contrast to a learning environment in which they get information about a scenario in third persons view.

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== See also ==
* [[Sustainable Development Goals]]
* [[Commercial Data Harvesting]] for an example of an role play in Wikiversity
* [[Risk Management]] and the application of role-playing.
* [[3D Modelling]] and the virtual environments.
* [[Digital Learning Environment]]s for supporting role plays.

[[Category:Learning activities]]
[[Category:Digital Learning Environment]]
[[Category:Roleplaying]]
[[Category:Role-playing games]]</text>
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== Licensing ==
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Mathematical text/Definition
|Text=
Let
{{
Mathcor|term1=
G
|and|term2=
H
|pm=
}}
be
{{
Definitionlink
|groups|
|pm=.
}}
A bijective
{{
Definitionlink
|group homomorphism|
|pm=
}}
{{
Mapping/display
|name=\varphi
|G|H
||
|pm=
}}
is called an {{Word of definition|isomorphism|pm=.}}
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      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= The {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |groups| |Context=| |pm= }} {{ Mathcor|term1= H |and|term2= G |pm= }} are called {{ Word of definition |Premath= |isomorphic| |pm=, }}  if there exists a {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |group isomorphism| |Context=| |pm= }} {{ Mapping |name= \varphi |G|H || |pm=. }} |Textform=Definition |Category=    |Word of definition=Isomorphic groups }}&quot;</comment>
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Mathematical text/Definition
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The
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath=
|groups|
|Context=|
|pm=
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{{
Mathcor|term1=
H
|and|term2=
G
|pm=
}}
are called
{{
Word of definition
|Premath=
|isomorphic|
|pm=,
}} 
if there exists a
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath=
|group isomorphism|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
{{
Mapping
|name= \varphi
|G|H
||
|pm=.
}}
|Textform=Definition
|Category=   
|Word of definition=Isomorphic groups
}}</text>
      <sha1>fp4k7u0lneeytsz43nvdww3q0n10y68</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bijective group homomorphism/Inverse mapping/Homomorphism/Fact</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689400</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:36:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Fact |Text= {{ Factstructure |Situation= Let {{ Mathcor|term1= G |and|term2= H |pm= }}  be {{ Definitionlink |groups| |Context=| |pm=, }} and let {{ Mapping/display |name=\varphi |G|H || |pm= }} be a  {{ Definitionlink |group isomorphism| |Context=| |pm=. }} |Condition= |Segue= |Conclusion= Then also the  {{ Definitionlink |Premath= |inverse mapping| |Context=| |pm= }} {{ Mapping/display |name= \varphi^{-1} | H | G | h | \varphi^{-1}(h) |pm=, }} is a...&quot;</comment>
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Mathematical text/Fact
|Text=
{{
Factstructure
|Situation=
Let
{{
Mathcor|term1=
G
|and|term2=
H
|pm=
}} 
be
{{
Definitionlink
|groups|
|Context=|
|pm=,
}}
and let
{{
Mapping/display
|name=\varphi
|G|H
||
|pm=
}}
be a 
{{
Definitionlink
|group isomorphism|
|Context=|
|pm=.
}}
|Condition=
|Segue=
|Conclusion=
Then also the 
{{
Definitionlink
|Premath=
|inverse mapping|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
{{
Mapping/display
|name= \varphi^{-1}
| H | G
| h | \varphi^{-1}(h)
|pm=,
}}
is a group isomorphism.
|Extra=
}}
|Textform=Fact 
|Category=
|Factname=
|Request=Inverse mapping of an isomorphism
}}</text>
      <sha1>t48yav2gnw4693ocw9m3e8ns97e9u0t</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bijective group homomorphism/Inverse mapping/Homomorphism/Fact/Proof</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689401</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Proof |Text= {{ Proofstructure |Strategy= |Notation= |Proof= This follows from {{ Relationchain/align | \varphi^{-1} (h_1h_2) || \varphi^{-1} {{mabr| \varphi (\varphi^{-1} (h_1)) \varphi (\varphi^{-1} ( h_2)) |}}   || \varphi^{-1} {{mabr| \varphi  {{mabr| \varphi^{-1} (h_1) \varphi^{-1} ( h_2) |}} |}}      || \varphi^{-1} (h_1) \varphi^{-1}(h_2) |pm=. }} |Closure= }} |Textform=Proof  |Category=See }}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="424" sha1="nsvu43r454c26enxls0m1ue2eny7p9h" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Proof
|Text=
{{
Proofstructure
|Strategy=
|Notation=
|Proof=
This follows from
{{
Relationchain/align
| \varphi^{-1} (h_1h_2)
|| \varphi^{-1} {{mabr| \varphi (\varphi^{-1} (h_1)) \varphi (\varphi^{-1} ( h_2)) |}}  
|| \varphi^{-1} {{mabr| \varphi  {{mabr| \varphi^{-1} (h_1) \varphi^{-1} ( h_2) |}} |}}     
|| \varphi^{-1} (h_1) \varphi^{-1}(h_2)
|pm=.
}}
|Closure=
}}
|Textform=Proof 
|Category=See
}}</text>
      <sha1>nsvu43r454c26enxls0m1ue2eny7p9h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Group isomorphism/Real exponential function/Example</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689402</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= We consider the additive group of the real numbers, that is {{mathl|term= (\R,   0,   +) |pm=,}} and the multiplicative group of the positive real numbers, thus {{mathl|term= (\R_+,1,\cdot ) |pm=.}} Then the exponential function {{ Mapping/display |name=\exp |\R|\R_+ |x| \exp(x) |pm=, }} is a  {{ Definitionlink |group isomorphism| |pm=. }} This rests on basic analytic properties of the exponential function. The homomorphism property is...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689402</origin>
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      <text bytes="1037" sha1="tlpi8by5qr555xx1kg8xg8oz2s939t5" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Example
|Text=
We consider the additive group of the real numbers, that is {{mathl|term= (\R,   0,   +) |pm=,}} and the multiplicative group of the positive real numbers, thus {{mathl|term= (\R_+,1,\cdot ) |pm=.}} Then the exponential function
{{
Mapping/display
|name=\exp
|\R|\R_+
|x| \exp(x)
|pm=,
}}
is a 
{{
Definitionlink
|group isomorphism|
|pm=.
}}
This rests on basic analytic properties of the exponential function. The homomorphism property is just a reformulation of the 
{{
Factlink
|functional equation|
|Factname=
Exponential series/Real/Functional equation/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=
}}
{{
Relationchain/display
| \exp(x+y) 
|| e^{x+y}
|| e^x e^y
|| \exp(x) \exp(y)
|pm=.
}}
The injectivity of the mapping follows from the strict monotonicity, the surjectivity follows from the 
{{
Factlink
|Intermediate value theorem|
|Factname=
Continuous function/R/Intermediate value theorem/Fact
|Nr=
|pm=.
}}
The inverse mapping is the natural logarithm, which is also a group isomorphism.
|Textform=Example 
|Category=
}}</text>
      <sha1>tlpi8by5qr555xx1kg8xg8oz2s939t5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Group theory/Inner automorphism/Definition</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689403</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Definition |Text= Let {{mat|term= G |pm=}} be a  {{ Definitionlink |group| |pm=, }} and {{ Relationchain | g |\in| G  |pm= }} be fixed. The mapping defined by {{mat|term= g |pm=,}}  {{ Mapping/display |name=\kappa_g | G | G | x | gxg^{-1} |pm=, }} is called an {{Word of definition|inner automorphism|pm=.}} |Textform=Definition |Category=    |Word of definition=Inner automorphism }}&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689403</origin>
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      <text bytes="405" sha1="0carkimi1ebbiuc3kk6zhby06duzaah" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Definition
|Text=
Let {{mat|term= G |pm=}} be a 
{{
Definitionlink
|group|
|pm=,
}}
and
{{
Relationchain
| g
|\in| G 
|pm=
}}
be fixed. The mapping defined by {{mat|term= g |pm=,}} 
{{
Mapping/display
|name=\kappa_g
| G | G
| x | gxg^{-1}
|pm=,
}}
is called an {{Word of definition|inner automorphism|pm=.}}
|Textform=Definition
|Category=   
|Word of definition=Inner automorphism
}}</text>
      <sha1>0carkimi1ebbiuc3kk6zhby06duzaah</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inner automorphism/Automorphism/Fact</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689404</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T09:55:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Fact |Text= {{ Factstructure |Situation= |Condition= An  {{ Definitionlink |inner automorphism| |pm= }} is indeed |Segue= |Conclusion= an automorphism. |Extra=The assignment {{ Mapping/display |name= | G |  {{op:Aut|G|}}  | g | \kappa_g |pm=, }} is a {{ Definitionlink |group homomorphism| |pm=. }} }} |Textform=Fact  |Category= |Factname= |Request=Inner automorphism }}&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="391" sha1="7p3cffk6zeme3210nlsc8pc4k1m8opi" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Fact
|Text=
{{
Factstructure
|Situation=
|Condition=
An 
{{
Definitionlink
|inner automorphism|
|pm=
}}
is indeed
|Segue=
|Conclusion=
an automorphism.
|Extra=The assignment
{{
Mapping/display
|name=
| G |  {{op:Aut|G|}} 
| g | \kappa_g
|pm=,
}}
is a
{{
Definitionlink
|group homomorphism|
|pm=.
}}
}}
|Textform=Fact 
|Category=
|Factname=
|Request=Inner automorphism
}}</text>
      <sha1>7p3cffk6zeme3210nlsc8pc4k1m8opi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inner automorphism/Automorphism/Fact/Proof</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689405</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T10:02:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Proof |Text= {{ Proofstructure |Strategy= |Notation= |Proof= We have {{ Relationchain/display | \kappa_g(xy) || gxyg^{-1} || gxg^{-1}gyg^{-1} || \kappa_g(x) \kappa_g(y) |pm=, }} so that {{mat|term= \kappa_g |pm=}}  this is a  {{ Definitionlink |group homomorphism| |pm=. }} We have {{ Relationchain/display | \kappa_g (\kappa_h(x)) || \kappa_g (hxh^{-1}) || ghxh^{-1}g^{-1} || ghx (gh)^{-1} || \kappa_{gh} |pm=. }} This implies, on one hand, that {{ Rela...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="811" sha1="gbeo4sqkmpwpdrmguqj7gqccmkoypf6" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Proof
|Text=
{{
Proofstructure
|Strategy=
|Notation=
|Proof=
We have
{{
Relationchain/display
| \kappa_g(xy)
|| gxyg^{-1}
|| gxg^{-1}gyg^{-1}
|| \kappa_g(x) \kappa_g(y)
|pm=,
}}
so that {{mat|term= \kappa_g |pm=}}  this is a 
{{
Definitionlink
|group homomorphism|
|pm=.
}}
We have
{{
Relationchain/display
| \kappa_g (\kappa_h(x))
|| \kappa_g (hxh^{-1})
|| ghxh^{-1}g^{-1}
|| ghx (gh)^{-1}
|| \kappa_{gh}
|pm=.
}}
This implies, on one hand, that
{{
Relationchain/display
| \kappa_{g^{-1} }  \circ \kappa_g    
|| \kappa_{g^{-1}  g}
|| {{op:identity|G|}} 
|pm=;
}}
therefore, {{mat|term= \kappa_g |pm=}} is bijective and an automorphism. On the other hand, this implies that the total mapping {{mat|term= \kappa |pm=}} is a group homomorphism.
|Closure=
}}
|Textform=Proof 
|Category=See
}}</text>
      <sha1>gbeo4sqkmpwpdrmguqj7gqccmkoypf6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Matrices/Inner automorphisms/Base change/Example</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689406</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T10:10:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical text/Example |Text= For a fixed {{ Definitionlink |invertible matrix| |Context=| |pm= }} {{ Relationchain | B |\in| {{op:GLG|n|K}} || || || |pm=, }} the {{ Definitionlink |conjugation| |Context=group| |pm= }} {{ Mapping/display |name= \kappa_B | {{op:GLG|n|K}}| {{op:GLG|n|K}} | M | B M B^{-1} |pm=, }} is just the mapping that assigns, to a describing matrix {{mat|term= M |pm=}} of a linear mapping with respect to a basis, the describing matrix with respec...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689406</origin>
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      <text bytes="525" sha1="rpu3kr3euunm45hi0ir9a6dyxdrh8r2" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical text/Example
|Text=
For a fixed
{{
Definitionlink
|invertible matrix|
|Context=|
|pm=
}}
{{
Relationchain
| B
|\in| {{op:GLG|n|K}}
||
||
||
|pm=,
}}
the
{{
Definitionlink
|conjugation|
|Context=group|
|pm=
}}
{{
Mapping/display
|name= \kappa_B
| {{op:GLG|n|K}}| {{op:GLG|n|K}}
| M | B M B^{-1}
|pm=,
}}
is just the mapping that assigns, to a describing matrix {{mat|term= M |pm=}} of a linear mapping with respect to a basis, the describing matrix with respect to a new basis.
|Textform=Example 
|Category=
}}</text>
      <sha1>rpu3kr3euunm45hi0ir9a6dyxdrh8r2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part II/Lecture 46</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689407</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T10:41:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;  An equivalence relation {{mat|term= \sim |pm=}} on a set {{mat|term= M |pm=}} defines the quotient set {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=}} and the canonical projection {{ Mapping |name= | M | M/\sim || |pm=. }} If there are further structures on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} and if the equivalence relation respects this, then it is often possible to define on {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=}} the same structure. As the main example for this process, we consider those equivalence relations o...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2157" sha1="sgq8nkh04x1de0kgmndtkrgjfg0unik" xml:space="preserve">

An equivalence relation {{mat|term= \sim |pm=}} on a set {{mat|term= M |pm=}} defines the quotient set {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=}} and the canonical projection
{{
Mapping
|name=
| M | M/\sim
||
|pm=.
}}
If there are further structures on {{mat|term= M |pm=,}} and if the equivalence relation respects this, then it is often possible to define on {{mathl|term= M/\sim |pm=}} the same structure. As the main example for this process, we consider those equivalence relations on a group that are defined by a subgroup.

{{Subtitle|Cosets}}

{{:Group theory/Left and right cosets/Examples/Introduction/Section|pm=}}

{{Subtitle|Lagrange's theorem}}

{{:Group theory/Lagrange's theorem/Section|extra1=
{{
inputdefinition
|Group theory/Group order/Definition||
}}
With this concept, we can say that the order of a subgroup divides the order of the group.

{{
inputfactproofexercise
|Group theory/Finite/Order/Different/Fact|Lemma||
}}
}}

Even if {{mat|term= G |pm=}} is not finite, it is still true that the different equivalence classes are {{Quotation2|similar|pm=}} to each other, as there is always a natural bijective mapping
{{
Mapping/display
|name=
| H | gH
| h | gh
|pm=.
}}

{{Subtitle|Normal subgroup}}

{{:Normal subgroup/Kernel/Introduction/Section}}

{{Subtitle|Residue class formation}}

{{
inputimage
|ParalleleGeradenEbeneAdditionWohlefiniert|png|230px {{!}} right {{!}} 
|Text=The picture shows the equivalence classes for a linear subspace, together with the well-defined addition on the classes.
|User=Mgausmann
|Domain=
|License=CC-by-sa 4.0
}}
We show now that every normal subgroup can be realized as the kernel of a suitable surjective group homomorphism. Instead of {{mathl|term= G/\sim_H |pm=,}} we just write {{mathl|term= G/H |pm=.}} 

{{
inputimage
|Coset multiplication|svg| 200px {{!}} thumb {{!}} 
|epsname=Coset_multiplication
|Text=The multiplication of the cosets for a normal subgroup
{{
Relationchain
| N
|\subseteq| G
|| 
|| 
|| 
|pm=.
}}
|User=Cronholm 144
|Domain=
|License=CC-by-sa 2.5
}}

{{:Normal subgroup/Residue class group/Introduction/Section}}

{{
inputexample
|Cyclic group/Canonical representation/Example||
}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1129radian00.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>316816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689408</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T10:43:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=graph in 2 dimensions illustrating 1 radian.
|Source={{own}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=ThaniosAkro
|Permission=public domain
}}</comment>
      <origin>2689408</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="195" sha1="jv7j5uzxt9une5j5z7yaazslh25rjae" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=graph in 2 dimensions illustrating 1 radian.
|Source={{own}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=ThaniosAkro
|Permission=public domain
}}
== Licensing ==
{{PD-self}}</text>
      <sha1>jv7j5uzxt9une5j5z7yaazslh25rjae</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Group theory/Left and right cosets/Examples/Introduction/Section</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689410</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bocardodarapti</username>
        <id>289675</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New resource with &quot;{{ Mathematical section{{{opt|}}} |Content= {{ inputdefinition |Group theory/Subgroup/Equivalence relation/Definition|| }}  This is indeed an  {{ Definitionlink |equivalence relation| |Context=| |pm=: }} From {{ Relationchain  | x^{-1}x || e_G | \in | H  ||  ||  ||  ||  |pm= }}  we get that this relation is reflexive. From {{ Relationchain | x^{-1}y |\in| H || || || |pm= }} we get immediately  {{ Relationchain | y^{-1}x || (x^{-1}y)^{-1} | \in | H ||  ||  ||  ||  |pm=, }...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>2689410</origin>
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      <text bytes="2226" sha1="t131xr37phku51t4oikoctkady36whk" xml:space="preserve">{{
Mathematical section{{{opt|}}}
|Content=
{{
inputdefinition
|Group theory/Subgroup/Equivalence relation/Definition||
}}

This is indeed an 
{{
Definitionlink
|equivalence relation|
|Context=|
|pm=:
}}
From
{{
Relationchain 
| x^{-1}x
|| e_G
| \in | H 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|pm=
}} 
we get that this relation is reflexive. From
{{
Relationchain
| x^{-1}y
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
we get immediately 
{{
Relationchain
| y^{-1}x
|| (x^{-1}y)^{-1}
| \in | H
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|pm=,
}}
and from
{{
Relationchain
| x^{-1}y 
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
and
{{
Relationchain
| y^{-1}z 
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
we get
{{
Relationchain
| x^{-1}z
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}

Two group elements
{{
Mathcor|term1=
x
|and|term2=
y
|pm=
}}
are equivalent if and only if there exists an element
{{
Relationchain
| h
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=
}} 
of the subgroup with
{{
Relationchain
|y
||xh
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
In accordance with
{{
Examplelink
|Examplename=
Equivalence relation/Symmetric accessibility relation/Example
|Nr=
|pm=,
}}
we can interpret this situation in the sense that the subgroup {{mat|term= H |pm=}} provides a set of possible moves, and two elements are equivalent if and only if they can be moved to each other by a movement from {{mat|term= H |pm=.}}

{{
inputexample
|Cosets/Additive case/Z and vector space/Example||
}}

{{
inputdefinition
|Group theory/Left and right coset/Definition||
}}

The equivalence classes to the equivalence relation defined above are, because of
{{
Relationchain/align
| {{[}}x{{]}}
|| {{Setcond|y \in G|x \sim y}}
|| {{Setcond|y \in G|x^{-1} y \in H}}
|| {{Setcond|y \in G|\text{there exists } h \in H \text{ with } x^{-1 }y {{=|}} h}}
|| {{Setcond|y \in G|\text{there exists } h \in H \text{ with } y {{=|}} xh}}
|| xH
|pm=,
}}
the left cosets. The coset to the neutral element is the subgroup {{mat|term= H |pm=}} itself. Therefore, the left cosets form a disjoint decomposition
{{
Extra/Bracket
|text=a {{Keyword|partition|pm=}}|
|pm=
}}
of {{mat|term= G |pm=.}} This holds for the right cosets as well. In the commutative case, one does not have to distinguish between left cosets and right cosets.
{{
inputfactproof
|Group theory/Cosets/Properties/Fact|Lemma||
}}
|Textform=Section
|Category=
|}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:1130value of pi.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>316818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689411</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ThaniosAkro</username>
        <id>2805358</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Information
|Description=value of pi as python command.
|Source={{own}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=ThaniosAkro
|Permission=public domain
}}</comment>
      <origin>2689411</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="q1yyh9cgiu3cjxfkxhad4hk860dz48x" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=value of pi as python command.
|Source={{own}}
|Date=2024-11-30
|Author=ThaniosAkro
|Permission=public domain
}}
== Licensing ==
{{PD-self}}</text>
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    <title>Group theory/Lagrange's theorem/Section</title>
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    <id>316819</id>
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{{
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{{
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|Group theory/Lagrange/Order of an element/Fact|Corollary||
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{{
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|Group theory/Index/Definition||
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In the preceding definition, the number is in general to be understood as the {{Keyword|cardinality|pm=}} of a set. However, the index is mainly used if it is finite, that is, if there are only finitely many cosets. This is, for finite {{mat|term=G|pm=,}} always the case but can also hold for infinite {{mat|term=G|pm=,}} as already the example
{{Mathcond
|term= \Z n \subseteq \Z
|condterm1= n \geq 1
|pm=,}}
shows. If {{mat|term=G|pm=}} is a finite group, and 
{{
Relationchain
| H
|\subseteq| G
|| 
|| 
|| 
|pm=
}}
is a subgroup, then Lagrange's theorem yields the simple {{Keyword|index formula|pm=}}
{{
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|  {{op:Number|G}}
|| {{op:Number|H}} \cdot {{op:Group index|H|G}}
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}
|Textform=Section
|Category=
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Op:Group index</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>316820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689414</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:29:41Z</timestamp>
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    <title>Normal subgroup/Kernel/Introduction/Section</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:56:04Z</timestamp>
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Mathematical section{{{opt|}}}
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{{
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|Subgroup/Normal subgroup/Definition||
}}

For a normal subgroup, it is not necessary to distinguish between left cosets and right cosets; we just talk about {{Keyword|cosets|pm=.}} Instead of 
{{
Mathcor|term1=
xH
|or|term2=
Hx
|pm=,
}}
we write usually {{mat|term= [x] |pm=.}} The equality
{{
Relationchain
|xH
||Hx
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
does {{Emphasize|term=not|pm=}} mean that
{{
Relationchain
| xh
|| hx
||
||
||
|pm=
}}
for all 
{{
Relationchain
| h
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=;
}}
it only means that for every
{{
Relationchain
| h
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=,
}} 
there exists a
{{
Relationchain
| \tilde{h} 
|\in| H
||
||
||
|pm=
}} 
fulfilling
{{
Relationchain
| xh
||\tilde{h}x
||
||
||
|pm=.
}}

{{
inputfactproof
|Normal subgroup/characterization/Fact|Lemma||
}}

{{
inputexample
|Permutation group S3/Subgroups and normal subgroup/Example||
}}

{{
inputfactproof
|Group homomorphism/Kernel/Normal subgroup/Fact|Lemma||
}}
|Textform=Section
|Category=
|}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Normal subgroup/Residue class group/Introduction/Section</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>316822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2689416</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-30T11:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>289675</id>
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Mathematical section{{{opt|}}}
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}}

{{
inputdefinition
|Residue class group/Representative/Definition||
}}
|Textform=Section
|Category=
|}}</text>
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